Article(id=1149779603436298276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720886400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-14, revisedDate=1724083200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058419331, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058419331, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058419331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058419331, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149779599254581563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='201', pageEnd='390', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058418334, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780722751, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003467609956875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003467609956876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=259, endPage=268, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149779603675373606, articleId=1149779603436298276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Brake Stability Control Technology of Multi-axle Commercial Vehicle on Wet and Low Adhesion Road, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Rain and snow often lead to slippery and low adhesion road surface,and the bottleneck of vehicle braking technology caused by it needs to be broken through. Among them,due to the differences in road adhesion in complex open-side road conditions,higher stability requirements are put forward for emergency braking control of multi-axle commercial vehicles. In order to improve the braking efficiency,the model free adaptive control (MFAC) algorithm is used to control the slip rate of each tire near the ideal value,and the electric and hydraulic coupling braking torque distribution strategy is set for distributed drive technology. In order to reduce the lateral errors in the braking process,PID-sliding mode observer (PID-SMO) is used to accurately observe the longitudinal force of each wheel,and the additional yaw torque caused by the longitudinal force difference is compensated by the middle and rear axle assisted steering. Through the joint simulation analysis,the emergency braking control strategy based on MFAC reduces the braking distance and avoids the slip rate fluctuation at the end of the braking period,ensuring the consistency of the wheel speed. The intervention of middle and rear axle steering greatly improves the lateral stability of the vehicle during braking.

, articleAbstract=

Rain and snow often lead to slippery and low adhesion road surface, and the bottleneck of vehicle braking technology caused by it needs to be broken through. Among them, due to the differences in road adhesion in complex open-side road conditions, higher stability requirements are put forward for emergency braking control of multi-axle commercial vehicles. In order to improve the braking efficiency, the model free adaptive control (MFAC) algorithm is used to control the slip rate of each tire near the ideal value, and the electric and hydraulic coupling braking torque distribution strategy is set for distributed drive technology. In order to reduce the lateral errors in the braking process, PID-sliding mode observer (PID-SMO) is used to accurately observe the longitudinal force of each wheel, and the additional yaw torque caused by the longitudinal force difference is compensated by the middle and rear axle assisted steering. Through the joint simulation analysis, the emergency braking control strategy based on MFAC reduces the braking distance and avoids the slip rate fluctuation at the end of the braking period, ensuring the consistency of the wheel speed. The intervention of middle and rear axle steering greatly improves the lateral stability of the vehicle during braking.

, correspAuthors=Yingfeng Cai, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuanyu Shi, Yingfeng Cai, Hai Wang, Xiaoqiang Sun, Long Chen, Chao Yang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149779628916695510, articleId=1149779603436298276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=湿滑低附路面多轴商用车制动稳定控制技术*, columnId=null, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=

雨雪天气常会导致湿滑低附路面,由此引发的车辆制动技术瓶颈亟待突破。其中,复杂的对开路面工况由于其路面附着存在差异,对多轴商用车的紧急制动控制提出了更高的稳定性要求。为提升制动效能,基于无模型自适应控制(MFAC)算法将各轮胎滑移率控制在理想值附近,并提出了面向分布式驱动技术的电、液耦合制动力矩分配策略。为降低制动过程产生的横向误差,基于PID-滑模观测器(PID-SMO)对各轮制动的纵向力进行准确观测,并通过中后轴辅助转向对纵向力差异产生的附加横摆力矩进行补偿。经联合仿真分析,基于MFAC的紧急制动控制策略降低了制动距离并避免了制动末期的滑移率波动,确保了各轮轮速的一致性控制。中后轴转向的引入,显著提升了制动过程中车辆的横向稳定性。

, articleAbstract=

雨雪天气常会导致湿滑低附路面,由此引发的车辆制动技术瓶颈亟待突破。其中,复杂的对开路面工况由于其路面附着存在差异,对多轴商用车的紧急制动控制提出了更高的稳定性要求。为提升制动效能,基于无模型自适应控制(MFAC)算法将各轮胎滑移率控制在理想值附近,并提出了面向分布式驱动技术的电、液耦合制动力矩分配策略。为降低制动过程产生的横向误差,基于PID-滑模观测器(PID-SMO)对各轮制动的纵向力进行准确观测,并通过中后轴辅助转向对纵向力差异产生的附加横摆力矩进行补偿。经联合仿真分析,基于MFAC的紧急制动控制策略降低了制动距离并避免了制动末期的滑移率波动,确保了各轮轮速的一致性控制。中后轴转向的引入,显著提升了制动过程中车辆的横向稳定性。

, correspAuthors=蔡英凤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
蔡英凤,教授,博士,E-mail:
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参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值
m/kg 14 670 Iz/(kg·m2 43 669.27 J T/(kg·m2 14
a/m 2 b/m 2.5 c/m 3.77
t f/m 1.95 t mt r/m 1.815 R Te/m 0.528
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仿真车型参数

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参数 数值 参数 数值 参数 数值
m/kg 14 670 Iz/(kg·m2 43 669.27 J T/(kg·m2 14
a/m 2 b/m 2.5 c/m 3.77
t f/m 1.95 t mt r/m 1.815 R Te/m 0.528
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项目 RMSE/N
观测器 Fx fl Fx fr Fx ml Fx mr Fx rl Fx rr
SMC 280.4 659.5 335.6 690.5 334.8 692.8
PID-SMC 204.5 462.0 242.0 486.3 241.4 488.6
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纵向力估计结果的均方根误差

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项目 RMSE/N
观测器 Fx fl Fx fr Fx ml Fx mr Fx rl Fx rr
SMC 280.4 659.5 335.6 690.5 334.8 692.8
PID-SMC 204.5 462.0 242.0 486.3 241.4 488.6
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方案

前轴转向-

PID制动

前轴转向-

MFAC制动

多轴转向-

MFAC制动

制动距离/m 134 131.5 130.1
), ArticleFig(id=1170299564406874997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149779603436298276, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

制动距离对比

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方案

前轴转向-

PID制动

前轴转向-

MFAC制动

多轴转向-

MFAC制动

制动距离/m 134 131.5 130.1
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湿滑低附路面多轴商用车制动稳定控制技术*
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石轩宇 1 , 蔡英凤 2 , 王海 1 , 孙晓强 2 , 陈龙 2 , 杨超 3
汽车工程 | 2025,47(2): 259-268
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汽车工程 | 2025, 47(2): 259-268
湿滑低附路面多轴商用车制动稳定控制技术*
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石轩宇1, 蔡英凤2 , 王海1, 孙晓强2, 陈龙2, 杨超3
作者信息
  • 1 江苏大学汽车与交通工程学院,镇江 212013
  • 2 江苏大学汽车工程研究院,镇江 212013
  • 3 徐工集团工程机械研究院,徐州 221004

通讯作者:

蔡英凤,教授,博士,E-mail:
Brake Stability Control Technology of Multi-axle Commercial Vehicle on Wet and Low Adhesion Road
Xuanyu Shi1, Yingfeng Cai2 , Hai Wang1, Xiaoqiang Sun2, Long Chen2, Chao Yang3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013
  • 2 Automotive Engineering Research Institute,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013
  • 3 Xuzhou Construction Machinery Research Institute,XCMG,Xuzhou 221004
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.006
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雨雪天气常会导致湿滑低附路面,由此引发的车辆制动技术瓶颈亟待突破。其中,复杂的对开路面工况由于其路面附着存在差异,对多轴商用车的紧急制动控制提出了更高的稳定性要求。为提升制动效能,基于无模型自适应控制(MFAC)算法将各轮胎滑移率控制在理想值附近,并提出了面向分布式驱动技术的电、液耦合制动力矩分配策略。为降低制动过程产生的横向误差,基于PID-滑模观测器(PID-SMO)对各轮制动的纵向力进行准确观测,并通过中后轴辅助转向对纵向力差异产生的附加横摆力矩进行补偿。经联合仿真分析,基于MFAC的紧急制动控制策略降低了制动距离并避免了制动末期的滑移率波动,确保了各轮轮速的一致性控制。中后轴转向的引入,显著提升了制动过程中车辆的横向稳定性。

分布式驱动  /  多轴转向  /  无模型自适应控制  /  制动防抱死  /  对开路面

Rain and snow often lead to slippery and low adhesion road surface, and the bottleneck of vehicle braking technology caused by it needs to be broken through. Among them, due to the differences in road adhesion in complex open-side road conditions, higher stability requirements are put forward for emergency braking control of multi-axle commercial vehicles. In order to improve the braking efficiency, the model free adaptive control (MFAC) algorithm is used to control the slip rate of each tire near the ideal value, and the electric and hydraulic coupling braking torque distribution strategy is set for distributed drive technology. In order to reduce the lateral errors in the braking process, PID-sliding mode observer (PID-SMO) is used to accurately observe the longitudinal force of each wheel, and the additional yaw torque caused by the longitudinal force difference is compensated by the middle and rear axle assisted steering. Through the joint simulation analysis, the emergency braking control strategy based on MFAC reduces the braking distance and avoids the slip rate fluctuation at the end of the braking period, ensuring the consistency of the wheel speed. The intervention of middle and rear axle steering greatly improves the lateral stability of the vehicle during braking.

distributed drive  /  multi-axis steering  /  model-free adaptive control  /  anti-lock braking  /  split pavement
石轩宇, 蔡英凤, 王海, 孙晓强, 陈龙, 杨超. 湿滑低附路面多轴商用车制动稳定控制技术*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (2) : 259 -268 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.006
Xuanyu Shi, Yingfeng Cai, Hai Wang, Xiaoqiang Sun, Long Chen, Chao Yang. Brake Stability Control Technology of Multi-axle Commercial Vehicle on Wet and Low Adhesion Road[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (2) : 259 -268 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.006
多轴商用车在货车运输业、公共交通系统和长途运输服务中发挥着至关重要的作用[1]。然而,多轴商用车的高道路占有率和不稳定性是造成道路交通事故和人员伤亡的重要原因。研究人员开发了各种车载辅助系统,从最初的防抱死制动系统(ABS)[2]和高级驾驶员辅助系统(ADAS)[3]到最新的主动前转向系统(AFS)[4]和直接横摆力矩控制系统(DYC)[5]应运而生,并逐步在商用车辆领域普及。其中,防抱死制动系统(ABS)是世界范围内使用最为广泛的一种重要的主动安全系统。
雨雪天气常产生湿滑低附路面,车辆制动时极易失控,而ABS可防止车轮抱死,保持操控性、提高制动效率、缩短制动距离并增强稳定性,保障行车安全[6]。然而,在现实生活中,单边积水、不均匀的冰雪覆盖、溢油等都可能使得车辆两侧车轮接触的路面附着系数产生差异,形成一种更具挑战性的特殊低附工况——对开路面[7]。当车辆进行紧急制动时,制动力差异将施加给车辆较大的附加横摆力矩,使车身向高附着一侧跑偏,甚至失稳驶离车道[8]。通常有两种方案来应对该项挑战:降低高附着侧轮胎的制动力以消除附加横摆力矩[9-10],该方案被认为是保持车辆横向稳定性最直接的方法,然而使得制动效率降低,极大延长了车辆的制动距离;通过控制前轮转向补偿附加横摆力矩[11-12],但由于紧急制动时轮胎力极易饱和,前轮转向难以完全满足稳定性需求[13]。分布式驱动多轴转向技术的革新[14-15],为解决该问题提供了新的思路。Hou等[16]设计了一种分级电子转向控制策略,提升了四轮分布式驱动车辆在变附着系数路面上的转向稳定性。Cai等[17]提出了一种基于协同分布式模型预测控制的多智能体协同控制体系结构,设计了路面附着系数的自适应权重选择方法,由此全面提升分布式驱动多轴转向车辆的稳定性能。分布式驱动和多轴转向技术可充分协调各轴在紧急制动时的轮地附着关系,辅助调整车辆轨迹,提升横向稳定性能。
由于设计理念和应用领域的不同,多轴商用车的动力学性能与乘用车存在显著差异[18],且重载车辆紧急制动也对其液、电制动系统提出了更高的稳定性要求[19]。Kamel等[20]采用TruckSim动态仿真软件建立挂车组合的非线性模型,研究其转向、制动稳定性并加入ABS辅助控制,对其非线性模型有一定的优化效果。史培龙等[21]提出了基于道路行驶工况辨识的重载货车制动系统主动控制策略,避免因行车制动系统使用不当而引发制动器热衰退风险的问题。国内外对重型车辆制动不确定性分析的研究较少,且多集中在制动磨损和经验模型方面。
湿滑的对开路面工况存在不确定性,同时重载商用车在紧急制动过程中存在较大的载荷转移与轮胎滑移率的突变,系统设计存在复杂性[22]。无模型自适应控制方法仅利用被控系统的输入输出数据,不依赖于被控系统的精确数学模型,具有克服时滞、自适应能力强、鲁棒性强等特点[23],已在诸多领域得到工程验证[24-25]。因制动过程的附加横摆力矩全程存在,基于横向预瞄位置的转向控制将存在稳态误差,需通过多轴转向控制进行准确补偿。Khemoudj 等[26]基于低成本传感器数据提出了一种基于SMO观测器的重型车辆轮胎力鲁棒估计方法。为此,可实时观测各轮制动力,计算附加横摆力矩,但SMO观测器在响应速度与消除抖振方面存在冲突。
综上所述,本文面向分布式驱动多轴转向商用车的对开路面制动工况,创新设计了一种基于MFAC方法的制动防抱死控制器,并制定了电、液耦合的制动力分配策略,降低对系统模型的依赖程度,实现高速短距离紧急制动。进一步改进了SMO观测器,增加对误差的积分与微分补偿机制,实现各轮制动力的精确观测,通过中后轴转向控制补偿附加横摆力矩,全面提升对开路面工况下重载多轴商用车紧急制动的横向稳定性。
车辆制动过程中两侧车轮的制动力差异将产生不稳定因素,为准确判定分布式驱动六轮转向商用车制动过程中的车辆状态,设计对应的9自由度车辆动力学模型,包括车身的纵向、横向和横摆自由度,以及分布式驱动的六轮转动自由度。
目标车型包括6个轮边驱动电机,在制动时具备响应快的优势,将配合液压系统的较大制动效能进行期望滑移率的跟踪控制,辅以多轴转向系统确保制动时的车身稳定性。车辆在直线对开路段制动时,转向系统辅助航向保持稳定,仅产生较小的各轮转角,为此将车身动力学模型简化如下:
mv˙x-vyγ=Fxij ,mv˙y+vxγ= FyijIzγ˙=aFyfl+Fyfr-bFyml+Fymr-cFyrl+Fyrr+            tf2Fxfr-Fxfl+tm2Fxmr-Fxml+tr2Fxrr-Fxrl
式中:m为车辆总质量;vxvyγ分别表示车辆的纵向速度、横向速度和横摆角速度;FxijFyij分别表示车辆各轮的纵、横向力,其下标i∈[f,m,r]表示前、中、后轴的序号,j∈[l,r]表示左、右两侧轮胎序号;t ft mt r分别表示前、中、后轴的轮距;Iz表示车辆横摆转动惯量;abc分别表示前、中、后轴质心到车辆质心的距离。
车辆在制动时,根据图1所示的轮胎制动动力学模型,可进一步表示如下:
ω˙ij=1JTRTeFxij-Tbij
式中:J T为轮胎转动惯量;R Te为轮胎有效半径;ωij为轮胎转速;T b ij为轮胎制动力矩;下标ij的解释参照上文。
制动时各轮胎的滑移率λij可定义如下:
λij=vx-RTeωijvx
根据TruckSim轮胎的纵向滑移动力学数据进行魔术轮胎公式的参数拟合(路面附着为0.8):
Fxij(λij)=-μFzijQ(1)sin(Q(2)arctan(Q(3)λij))0.810-5Fzij+Q(4)
其中,进一步根据实际轮胎载荷(60 000-80 000 N)范围将拟合区间进行扩展,经最小二乘法拟合可得参数为 Q= [2.051 1,1.638 8,8.051,1.685]。拟合结果如图2所示,该模型具备较好的拟合效果,为避免制动器延迟导致的制动超调使得性能恶化[27],设定期望滑移率为0.15。
电机驱动系统具备响应快的特性,且兼顾制动回收功能。与此同时,液压制动系统可提供较为平稳、连续的制动力。为充分兼顾上述系统的制动优势,本研究采用串联式制动方案[28]以最大化能量回收效率。
该底盘的液压制动系统由6个独立的液压轮缸组成,分别控制各对应轮胎的制动压力,其轮缸压力与制动力矩近似呈正相关关系,如图3所示。
其中,每个液压轮缸的最大制动压力为9 MPa,响应时间为60 ms,引入值为0.06的迟滞因子建立传递函数Gs)表征建压的动态过程:
G(s)=10.06s+1
式中s代表复频率变量。
分布式驱动系统可生成反向力矩,实现车辆制动减速,额定功率为50 kW,额定转速为1 020 r/min,最大制动力矩T Mmax为700 N·m,同时受其外特性曲线限制,如图4所示。各轮边电机输出端配置传动比k c=4的减速器,则行驶过程电机可供给轮胎的最大制动力矩T Tmax满足如下条件:
TTmax=TMmaxkc
本文采用MFAC方法进行制动防抱死控制,避免因模型不准确和路面附着不确定带来的控制差异。与此同时,基于PID-SMO观测器通过轮胎转动动力学模型进行轮胎纵向力估计,并根据其产生的附加横摆力矩进行中、后轴转向稳定性控制,控制逻辑架构如图5所示。
针对各轮制动时式(2)和如图4所示的单输入单输出非线性系统,其离散化形式可表示如下:
λij(k+1)=fλij(k),,λijk-ζ1Tbij(k),,Tbijk-ζ2
式中ζ 1ζ 2是与迭代步数相关的正整数。与此同时该系统在有限时刻点外满足如下定理假设[23]
(1) f(…)关于第(ζ 1+2)个变量的偏导数是连续的。
(2)满足广义利普希茨条件。即存在正数ξ,对k 1k 2(且≥0)的任意时步满足如下定式:
λijk1+1-λijk2+1ξTbijk1-Tbijk2s.t.       Tbijk1Tbijk2
则对所有的时刻k有ΔT b ijk)≠0成立时,基于紧格式动态线性化的MFAC可表达为如下的数学模型:
λij(k+1)=λij(k)+ϕc(k)ΔTbij(k)
式中时变参数向量ϕcR是系统的伪偏导数。基于上述步骤可使式(7)所示的非线性系统实现等价的动态线性化表示。因系统模型具有复杂性,难以精确获取ϕc的精确真实值,但可以根据被控对象迭代过程的输入输出数据求得伪偏导数的估计值ϕ^c(k)。为此提出对应的准则函数如式(10)所示。
Jϕ^c(k)=λij(k)-λij(k-1)-ϕ^c(k)ΔTbij(k-1)2+        κ1ϕ^c(k)-ϕ^c(k-1)2=[λij(k)-λij(k-1)]2+        ϕ^c(k)ΔTbij(k-1)2+κ1ϕ^c(k)-ϕ^c(k-1)2-         2[λij(k)-λij(k-1)]ϕ^c(k)ΔTbij(k-1)
式中κ1>0为权重因子。对上式求得随ϕ^c(k)变化的极值可得:
ϕ^c(k)=ϕ^c(k-1)+ηΔTbij(k-1)κ1+ΔTbij(k-1)2·
Δλij(k)-ϕ^c(k-1)ΔTbij(k-1)
式中η∈(0,1]为步长因子,可提升算法的灵活性。为增强伪偏导数估计算法对时变参数的跟踪能力,引入了算法重置机制:
ifϕ^c(k)εΔTbij(k-1)ε         signϕ^c(k)signϕ^c(1),         ϕ^c(k)=ϕ^c(1)else,          ϕ^c(k)=ϕ^c(k)
为兼顾控制精度和控制代价之间的平衡,进一步结合式(9)式(11)获得控制输入准则函数:
J[Tbij(k)]=λref(k+1)-λij(k)-ϕ^c(k)ΔTbij(k)2+             κ2|Tbij(k)-Tbij(k-1)|2=             λref(k+1)-λij(k)2+ϕ^c(k)ΔTbij(k)2-             2λref(k+1)-λij(k)ϕ^c(k)ΔTbij(k)+
    κ2[Tbij(k)-Tbij(k-1)]2
式中κ2>0为权重因子。进一步令dJ[T b ijk)]/ΔT b ijk)=0可得:
Tbij(k)=Tbij(k-1)+ρϕ^c(k)ϕ^c(k)2+κ2·λref(k+1)-λij(k)
其中,引入了步长因子ρ∈(0,1],是为了让控制算法更具一般性。在MFAC算法的设计中,步长因子η的选择基于系统的响应时间和鲁棒性要求。通过仿真分析,选择η=0.01,以保证系统在扰动下仍能快速收敛。权重因子κ 1=0.05和κ 2=0.1的选择基于控制精度和控制代价的平衡,通过对不同设置的仿真结果对比,确定了此参数组合能够最有效地抑制系统振荡并提高控制精度。
为最大限度发挥各轮边电机的制动能力,可根据电机外特性曲线调控电机的最大制动力矩T Mmax。因紧急制动阶段轮胎滑移率并非为0,车速与轮速之间并无恒定的定量关系,遂通过轮速传感器获取各轮的实际转速ωij。进一步根据外特性曲线函数f m(·)查表求得当前电机转速(ωij k c)下可输出给轮端的最大制动力矩T Tmax
TTmax=TMmaxkc=fmωijkckc
在本文的研究中,未将电池剩余电量与再生制动的约束条件纳入考虑。结合式(6)所示的力矩比例关系,设定如下所示的复合制动力矩分配策略:
Tmbij=Tbijkc,Thbij=0,                            ηsTTmaxTbijTmbij=ηsTTmaxkc,Thbij=Tbij-ηsTTmax,  ηsTTmax<Tbij
式中:T hb ij为各轮期望的液压制动力矩;T mb ij为各轮期望的电机制动力矩;η s=0.95为安全系数,避免持续峰值制动力矩对车辆动力系统产生的较大负荷。
PID观测器具有简单可靠、易于实现的特点。然而,在非线性系统的紧急制动控制过程中,由于其参数固定,难以适应对开路面的各种运行条件。SMO观测器具有鲁棒性强的优点,然而其设计过程中仍然须建立观测系统的动力学模型,因此不确定性始终存在。将两种观测器结合,可进一步提升其处理不确定性因素的能力[29]。定义观测器滑模面S如下:
S=ωij-ω^ij
式中ω^ij为对应轮胎转速的估计值,可由下式迭代求得。
ω^ij(k)=ω^ij(k-1)+-Tbij(k-1)+RF^TeF^xij(k-1)τJT
式中:k表示当前时步;τ表示单位步长;F^xij表示轮胎纵向力观测值。基于式(2)设计的滑模观测器如下所示:
ω^˙ij=RTeJTF^xij-1JTTbij+kSf(S)
式中:kS为滑模增益;fS)为与滑模面相关的PID误差函数。
f(S)=KPS+KISdt+KDdSdt=KPωij-ω^ij+
KIωij-ω^ijdt+KDdωij-ω^ijdt
式中K PK IK D均为增益系数。
定义李雅普诺夫函数如下:
V=S22
结合式(18)式(20),进一步对式(21)求导可得:
V˙=SS˙=(SRTeFxijJT-1JTTbij-        RTeJTF^xij-1JTTbij+kSf(S))=
        -SRTeJTF^xij+SRTeFxijJT-kSf(S)
Fxij为未知的有界输入量,则存在一个足够大正常数σ满足如下条件:
RTeFxijJT-kSf(S)σ
式(22)可表达为
V˙=-SRTeJTF^xij+SRTeFxijJT-kSf(S)
-SRTeJTF^xij+Sσ-SRTeJTF^xij+|S|σ0
为此,综合式(24)假定F^xij满足如下条件:
F^xij=σJTRTesgn(S)
式中sgn(·)为符号函数。为满足S˙=0的收敛条件,结合式(2)式(18)式(20)式(25)可得:
S˙=ω˙ij-ω^˙ij=-RTeJTσJTRTesgn(S)+
RTeFxijJT-kSf(S)=0
Fxij的实际观测值为
F^xij=JTRTeσsgn(S)+kSf(S)
在PID-SMO观测器的设计中,PID参数K P=1.5、 K I=0.1、 K D=0.05的整定基于Ziegler-Nichols整定法,并结合实际仿真结果进行微调,以优化观测器的响应速度和稳定性。滑模增益kS=0.2的选择则通过对系统的抗干扰能力和抖振程度的折中考虑。通过一系列仿真试验,最终确定了该参数组合在各类工况下均表现出较好的跟踪精度和鲁棒性。
根据轮胎纵向力观测器的估算结果可计算制动力差异产生的附加横摆力矩ΔM r
ΔMr=tf2F^xfr-F^xfl+tm2F^xmr-F^xml+
         tr2F^xrr-F^xrl
前轮转角由驾驶员预瞄期望路径进行跟踪控制,同时根据式(29)可求得由中、后轴转向可产生的转向横摆力矩ΔM s,并对ΔM r进行补偿。
ΔMs=akf-bkm-ckrvxvy-akfδf+
a2kf+b2km+c2krvxγ+bkmδm+ckrδr
式中k fk mk r分别表示前、中、后各轴轮胎的等效侧偏刚度。前轴转角为驾驶员控制的已知量,中、后轴辅助转向控制策略的控制目标是降低因制动力差异导致的稳态横向误差,该转向控制受制于阿克曼转向约束。为此,中轴及后轴等效转角呈现固定的比例关系,δ m=(b/cδ r。综合式(28)式(29)并使ΔM r= -ΔM s即可求得对应的中后轴等效转角。
根据如图5所示的控制逻辑进行Simulink- TruckSim进行联合仿真,表1所示为仿真车辆对应的主要参数。
初始车速设定为100 km/h,以模拟在高速行驶情况下的紧急制动工况,对多轴转向进行控制辅助车身姿态调整。仿真中的对开路面条件如图6所示:下侧为结冰水泥路面μ=0.2,上侧为潮湿水泥路面μ=0.5。当车速满足vx<3 km/h时,不存在失控危险,解除防抱死控制。
图7所示为制动过程中各轮纵向力观测结果,将PID-SMO观测器和SMO观测器的结果进行对比,并于纵向力实际值(根据式(4)求得)进行比较。在制动初期,观测器具有明显的跟踪滞后,在稳定制动阶段,均具有较好的跟踪效果。表2所示为纵向力估计结果的均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE),相比之下,PID-SMO因引入误差的积分和微分项,对于制动力的波动具备更好的适应性和观测准确性。观测的纵向力误差将会对中后轴转向的分配结果产生干扰,但前轴转向基于路径跟踪结果进行补偿,可补偿观测误差产生的影响。
基于各轮转速,根据式(15)所述传动关系的查表结果对各轮边电机的制动力矩进行约束,图8所示为其电制动力矩的输入结果,符合外特性约束及安全阈值的限制。液压制动按照式(16)所述策略进行分配,如图9所示为各轮缸的制动压力,当总制动力需求较小时,可仅通过电机进行制动,无须触发轮缸压力。
图10(a)所示为MFAC算法制动过程的各轮滑移率结果,增加经典的PID控制方法进行制动过程对比,如图10(b)所示。两者在稳定制动阶段均呈现出振荡现象,因为转向系统的介入以及车速的逐渐降低导致整车并非一个定常系统,不稳定的车辆状态要求制动控制进行适时调整。相较之,MFAC控制算法避免了在制动末端的滑移率大幅振荡,响应具有较好的实时性。
图11所示为多轴转向控制模式下的FMAC控制器与PID控制器进行紧急制动时的速度对比结果。相比之下,MFAC控制器使得各轮速度具有较好的控制一致性,将提升制动时的车辆稳定性并减少轮胎偏磨。
图12所示为式(28)所表示的附加横摆力矩ΔM r的绝对值和式(29)所表示的转向横摆力矩ΔM s,具有较高的补偿精度。图13所示为各轴转角的控制结果,中后轴辅助转向的介入可显著降低前轮转向幅度,降低轮胎力负荷,提升制动效能,如表3所示。
中后轴辅助转向的介入进一步提升了制动过程中的横向稳定性。图14所示为各种转向输入下的横向速度,无转向控制时将导致车辆失稳,而全轴转向控制显著降低横摆角速度,与此同时正如图15所示,也确保了较好的路径跟踪效果,具有较小的横向误差。
本研究基于湿滑低附路面的一种特殊对开工况,针对其不确定因素,提出了一种基于无模型自适应控制的紧急制动防抱死控制策略,进一步完成面向分布式驱动技术的电、液耦合的制动力分配。同时,为避免因车辆两侧制动力差异产生的附加横摆力矩导致较大的横向路径跟踪误差,设计了PID-SMO观测器对各轮制动力进行观测,并经中后轴辅助转向对其进行了补偿。中后轴辅助转向的介入,减少了前轮转向负荷,提升制动效能且降低了路径横向误差。但同时,对于制动末端的抱死工况,辅助转向系统的介入收效甚微,应采取更加先进的控制逻辑避免横纵向轮胎力的饱和与附加控制。在未来的研究中,应考虑整车电池管理系统的功率限制,完成电、液制动力的分配,并进行实际道路测试,验证所提方法在真实环境中的适用性和可靠性。
  • *国家自然科学基金(52225212)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52272418)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U22A20100)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2503302)
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.006
  • 接收时间:2024-07-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-14
  • 修回日期:2024-08-20
基金
*国家自然科学基金(52225212)
国家自然科学基金(52272418)
国家自然科学基金(U22A20100)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2503302)
作者信息
    1 江苏大学汽车与交通工程学院,镇江 212013
    2 江苏大学汽车工程研究院,镇江 212013
    3 徐工集团工程机械研究院,徐州 221004

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蔡英凤,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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