Article(id=1149779600642891801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719504000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-28, revisedDate=1721750400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058418665, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058418665, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058418665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058418665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149779599254581563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='201', pageEnd='390', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058418334, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780722751, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003467609956875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003467609956876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=326, endPage=331, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149779600827441179, articleId=1149779600642891801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Research on Multi-objective Topology Optimization Design of the Power Module Cold-Plate for the Electric Vehicles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=

With the increasing power levels and integration of electric vehicles,the thermal load of power modules is rising rapidly,which puts higher demand on the thermal management technology of power modules. The topology optimization design of power module liquid cooled plates is becoming a key technology for achieving high heat flux density heat dissipation due to its high heat transfer and low-pressure drop loss characteristics. In this paper,based on the density topology method,a topology optimization design model is constructed for the flow channel structure of the power module liquid cooling plate. Through the coupling of multiple physical fields of flow and heat transfer; multi-objective topology optimization design for the flow channel of the liquid cooling plate is carried out. The results show that the topology-optimized liquid cooling plate design presents a multi-level biomimetic flow channel structure,which significantly reduces pressure drop loss and improves heat dissipation capacity. Compared to the traditional finned liquid cooling plate structure of the benchmark,the pressure drop loss of the flow channel structure after topology optimization is reduced by 72.8% ,with a maximum temperature reduction of 33.28 K,which provides a new design idea for high-performance liquid cooling plates of automotive electronic control power modules.

, articleAbstract=

With the increasing power levels and integration of electric vehicles, the thermal load of power modules is rising rapidly, which puts higher demand on the thermal management technology of power modules. The topology optimization design of power module liquid cooled plates is becoming a key technology for achieving high heat flux density heat dissipation due to its high heat transfer and low-pressure drop loss characteristics. In this paper, based on the density topology method, a topology optimization design model is constructed for the flow channel structure of the power module liquid cooling plate. Through the coupling of multiple physical fields of flow and heat transfer; multi-objective topology optimization design for the flow channel of the liquid cooling plate is carried out. The results show that the topology-optimized liquid cooling plate design presents a multi-level biomimetic flow channel structure, which significantly reduces pressure drop loss and improves heat dissipation capacity. Compared to the traditional finned liquid cooling plate structure of the benchmark, the pressure drop loss of the flow channel structure after topology optimization is reduced by 72.8%, with a maximum temperature reduction of 33.28 K, which provides a new design idea for high-performance liquid cooling plates of automotive electronic control power modules.

, correspAuthors=Jiapei Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Heping Ling, Jiapei Yang, Hanzhi Wang, Haijun Liu, Bin He), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149779614651867232, articleId=1149779600642891801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=车用功率模块液冷板多目标拓扑优化设计研究*, columnId=null, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=

随着电动汽车动力性与集成度的不断提升,电控功率模块热负荷问题日益突出,这对功率模块的热管理技术提出了更高的要求。功率模块液冷板的拓扑优化设计因其高换热量、低压降损失等特点,正在成为实现高热流密度散热的关键技术。为此,本文基于密度拓扑方法,构建了功率模块液冷板流道结构拓扑优化设计模型,通过流动与传热多物理场耦合,对液冷板的流道进行多目标拓扑优化设计。结果表明,基于拓扑优化的液冷板设计呈现出多层级仿生流道结构,该结构显著降低了压降损失,并提高了散热能力。与基准的传统翅片式液冷板结构相比,拓扑优化后的流道结构压降损失降低72.8%,液冷板最高温度降低33.28 K,为车用电控功率模块高性能液冷板提供了新的设计思路。

, articleAbstract=

随着电动汽车动力性与集成度的不断提升,电控功率模块热负荷问题日益突出,这对功率模块的热管理技术提出了更高的要求。功率模块液冷板的拓扑优化设计因其高换热量、低压降损失等特点,正在成为实现高热流密度散热的关键技术。为此,本文基于密度拓扑方法,构建了功率模块液冷板流道结构拓扑优化设计模型,通过流动与传热多物理场耦合,对液冷板的流道进行多目标拓扑优化设计。结果表明,基于拓扑优化的液冷板设计呈现出多层级仿生流道结构,该结构显著降低了压降损失,并提高了散热能力。与基准的传统翅片式液冷板结构相比,拓扑优化后的流道结构压降损失降低72.8%,液冷板最高温度降低33.28K,为车用电控功率模块高性能液冷板提供了新的设计思路。

, correspAuthors=杨家培, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨家培,中级工程师,博士,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/Ib/zrC2wsYSMQ6LEEEFQw==, magXml=YP75PmidRB1QxiyMI8e2Ww==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ApyU4BZxhKi79FZLA5Uqpw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=z7MJJu+ssd9B8UNCYedl1w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

中级工程师,博士

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(图中颜色条显示范围与图5保持一致)

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材料

密度

ρ/(kg·m-3

定压热容

cp/(J·kg-1·K-1

导热系数

k/(W·m-1·K-1

动力黏度

η/mPa

2 700 900 237
1 000 4 180 0.61 1
), ArticleFig(id=1170299350694507291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149779600642891801, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冷板固体与流体材料物性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料

密度

ρ/(kg·m-3

定压热容

cp/(J·kg-1·K-1

导热系数

k/(W·m-1·K-1

动力黏度

η/mPa

2 700 900 237
1 000 4 180 0.61 1
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车用功率模块液冷板多目标拓扑优化设计研究*
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凌和平 , 杨家培 , 王汉治 , 刘海军 , 贺斌
汽车工程 | 2025,47(2): 326-331
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汽车工程 | 2025, 47(2): 326-331
车用功率模块液冷板多目标拓扑优化设计研究*
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凌和平, 杨家培 , 王汉治, 刘海军, 贺斌
作者信息
  • 比亚迪汽车工业有限公司汽车工程研究院,深圳 518118

通讯作者:

杨家培,中级工程师,博士,E-mail:
Research on Multi-objective Topology Optimization Design of the Power Module Cold-Plate for the Electric Vehicles
Heping Ling, Jiapei Yang , Hanzhi Wang, Haijun Liu, Bin He
Affiliations
  • Auto Engineering Research Institute,BYD Auto Industry Co.,Ltd.,Shenzhen 518118
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.013
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随着电动汽车动力性与集成度的不断提升,电控功率模块热负荷问题日益突出,这对功率模块的热管理技术提出了更高的要求。功率模块液冷板的拓扑优化设计因其高换热量、低压降损失等特点,正在成为实现高热流密度散热的关键技术。为此,本文基于密度拓扑方法,构建了功率模块液冷板流道结构拓扑优化设计模型,通过流动与传热多物理场耦合,对液冷板的流道进行多目标拓扑优化设计。结果表明,基于拓扑优化的液冷板设计呈现出多层级仿生流道结构,该结构显著降低了压降损失,并提高了散热能力。与基准的传统翅片式液冷板结构相比,拓扑优化后的流道结构压降损失降低72.8%,液冷板最高温度降低33.28K,为车用电控功率模块高性能液冷板提供了新的设计思路。

功率模块  /  液冷板  /  多目标  /  拓扑优化

With the increasing power levels and integration of electric vehicles, the thermal load of power modules is rising rapidly, which puts higher demand on the thermal management technology of power modules. The topology optimization design of power module liquid cooled plates is becoming a key technology for achieving high heat flux density heat dissipation due to its high heat transfer and low-pressure drop loss characteristics. In this paper, based on the density topology method, a topology optimization design model is constructed for the flow channel structure of the power module liquid cooling plate. Through the coupling of multiple physical fields of flow and heat transfer; multi-objective topology optimization design for the flow channel of the liquid cooling plate is carried out. The results show that the topology-optimized liquid cooling plate design presents a multi-level biomimetic flow channel structure, which significantly reduces pressure drop loss and improves heat dissipation capacity. Compared to the traditional finned liquid cooling plate structure of the benchmark, the pressure drop loss of the flow channel structure after topology optimization is reduced by 72.8%, with a maximum temperature reduction of 33.28 K, which provides a new design idea for high-performance liquid cooling plates of automotive electronic control power modules.

power module  /  cold-plate  /  multi-objective  /  topology optimization
凌和平, 杨家培, 王汉治, 刘海军, 贺斌. 车用功率模块液冷板多目标拓扑优化设计研究*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (2) : 326 -331 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.013
Heping Ling, Jiapei Yang, Hanzhi Wang, Haijun Liu, Bin He. Research on Multi-objective Topology Optimization Design of the Power Module Cold-Plate for the Electric Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (2) : 326 -331 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.013
功率模块作为电动汽车电机控制器的关键组件,其在电能转换过程中伴随着功率耗散,并最终转化成热能形式散出。随着电动汽车动力性能与集成度的快速提升,功率模块的热流密度急剧增加,这对传统的翅片式冷板设计提出了前所未有的挑战[1]。研究表明,55%以上的功率模块失效由芯片散热问题导致[2]。为确保功率模块的热安全性,先进的液冷板翅片设计正逐步趋向微型化。尽管这种设计在一定程度上增强了换热效率,但也导致了运行能耗和运行成本的显著增加。
功率模块冷板的拓扑优化设计是应对这一挑战的关键技术[3]。该技术通过在限定空间内对流道与固体结构布局进行优化设计,以实现最优的换热性能,并显著降低压降,是一种增强工业设备换热性能的前沿技术。拓扑优化的关键优势在于可以应用先进算法自适应地生成新颖高效的换热结构,以打破传统设计的散热能力限制,从而显著提升能源利用效率和经济效益[4-6]。近年来,拓扑优化技术在换热设备设计中的应用日益受到研究人员的关注,Picelli等[7]对流固耦合问题的拓扑优化进行了研究,通过将流体和固体处理成0和1的控制变量场,并基于COMSOL和MATLAB的联合仿真,成功实现了对流固耦合问题的拓扑优化设计。尽管这种方法实现了优化算法的收敛,但由于无法对流体-固体进行统一场处理,其计算过程相对复杂。相比之下,密度方法提供了一种更为先进的拓扑优化手段,它将流体-固体视为统一的控制变量场,并且允许流动传热物理场的统一设置,无须分别为各相设置物理控制方程,从而实现了更高自由度的拓扑结构设计。Mo等[8]基于ANSYS的密度拓扑方法对电池冷板流道进行了优化设计,结果显示,优化后的冷板在压降和最高温度方面分别下降了47.9%和2.30 K,为电池热管理提供了高效且个性化的解决方案。Qian等[9]对有源相控阵天线的热管理方案进行了拓扑优化设计,与传统的S型流道设计相比,优化方案在相同压降条件下显著降低了最高温度,从320.27降至307.69 K。Xia等[10]研究了基于密度方法的微通道热沉的拓扑优化问题,考虑了5种不同进出口情况下的多目标拓扑优化问题,研究结果表明,在保持换热能力的前提下,优化后的拓扑结构可降低功率耗散20%-50%,展现出显著的节能效果。
以上研究表明换热设备的密度拓扑方法在优化流动与传热问题方面具有巨大潜力,但同时模型的复杂性也导致其在多物理场计算过程中计算收敛性和优化效果较差,从而限制了其在工程实践中的广泛应用[11-13]。本文以高功率芯片的高效热管理为研究目标,基于多物理场软件COMSOL建立了功率模块冷板的流动传热多物理场拓扑优化模型,并实现了功率模块冷板的最优拓扑仿真设计。此外,通过调整多目标函数的权重,本文研究了不同温度和压降目标对换热流道拓扑优化设计的影响。通过以上研究可为高性能、低成本的功率模块热设计提供创新方案,为高性能电动汽车的发展中功率芯片热失控问题的解决提供新的思路和方法。
本文考虑功率模块冷板的二维流动传热问题,基准冷板的翅片和流道设计如图1所示,其中左侧与右侧通道的宽度为0.01 m,换热区域的长度(L)为0.1 m,宽度(W)为0.05 m。换热区域内设计有均匀分布的翅片和流道结构。运行过程中,冷却液从左侧流入,在换热区域分流为多个支流道,并从右侧汇流后流出。为简化计算,本文将热源设置为均匀面热源,入口采用均匀速度边界,出口设置为压力边界。
冷板的仿真过程涉及流动与传热多物理场计算,其控制方程包括流体动量方程、连续性方程以及传热方程。由于功率模块冷板的流速较低,本文考虑不可压缩的层流流动,其动量方程如下:
ρ(u)u=-p+η2u+f
连续性方程:
ρu=0
能量方程:
ρcp(uT)=(kT)+Q
式中:变量ρ为流体密度;u为速度场;p为压力场;T为温度场;η为流体动力黏度;cp为定压热容;k为导热系数;f为体积力;Q为热功率。
模型计算涉及的材料物性在表1中给出,本研究主要考虑铝和水为固液材料的冷板系统。仿真与优化过程中,热功率Q设置为20 W·cm-2,并保持不变。
数值仿真模型对应的进出口边界条件设置如下:
u=uin, T=Tin      on  Γin
p=0, -nkT=0      on  Γout
式中:ΓinΓout分别表示进出口边界; n为边界的单位法向向量。入口速度固定为0.1 m·s-1,入口温度为293.15 K。此外,壁面采用无滑移和绝热边界条件。
为验证仿真模型的准确性,本文基于文献[8]中的冷板实验数据对仿真结果进行了对比验证。验证过程中,冷板结构以及边界条件与文献[8]中给出的实验条件保持一致,并计算了不同Re数下的冷板平均温度。从图2可以看出,基于本文仿真模型计算的结果与实验值的误差在2%以内,且随着Re数增大温度参数变化趋势与实验结果保持高度一致,从而验证了本文仿真模型的准确性。
本文基于密度方法对功率模块冷板散热区域进行流道拓扑优化设计。冷板的结构尺寸与基准设计模块一致,拓扑优化设计区域如图3所示。基于密度模型的拓扑优化方法无须预先给定初始的流道结构,冷板的固液两相材料采用统一变量场表示,仿真计算过程中根据拓扑优化算法自适应地区分出固体材料和流道,从而实现高效、个性化的冷板结构设计。
在密度模型中,固液两相材料的区分采用设计变量θc来表示。一般而言,θc可以用0和1来表示固体和流体。然而,不连续的变量场不利于数值计算的稳定。因此,θc通常须通过Helmholtz密度过滤器进行光滑化处理,其计算方程如下:
θh=Rmin22θh+θc
式中:θh为光滑处理后的控制变量;R min为过滤半径。
通过Helmholtz过滤器处理后的控制变量在变得连续的同时也让两相界面变得模糊。在拓扑优化算法中,通常采用一个投影方法减小相界面的灰度。最常用的是通过Heaviside方程进行投影:
θ=tanh(β(θh-θβ))+tanh(βθβ)tanh(β(1-θβ))+tanh(βθβ)
式中:β为投影斜率;θβ为投影点;θ为投影后的控制变量。
采用统一控制变量表示固液两相后,本文对流动方程也进行统一处理,其方法是在式(1)的体积力项中引入Brinkman惩罚模型[14]
f=-α(θ)u
式中α是阻尼系数,表示为控制变量θ的函数。在流体区域,α的值应趋于0,从而满足层流Naiver-Stokes方程。而在固体区域α应趋于无穷大,从而限制固体区域速度无限接近于0。本文采用SIMP插值的方式计算α随变量θ的分布,计算公式如下:
α(θ)=αmin+(αmax-αmin)q(1-θ)q+θ
式中:q是一个大于0的调节参数;αminαmax分别是流体区和固体区的阻尼系数。
对能量方程的等效处理则主要考虑对导热系数的插值:
k(θ)=ks+(kf-ks)θ(1+p1)θ+p1
式中:kskf分别为固体与流体的导热系数;p1为大于0的惩罚因子。
功率模块冷板设计的主要目标是强化换热并降低流动阻力。因此,本文以进出口压降和平均温度作为主要目标进行冷板流道的拓扑优化设计。多目标函数如下:
f=λ(pin-pout)+ξ1SΩTdΩ
式中:等号右侧第1项为进出口压差,第2项为平均温度;λξ是调节两个目标比例的权重因子。
优化求解流程如图4所示,优化过程中的约束条件为
s.t. 1SΩθdΩ<0.5 
即平均材料因子上限为0.5。优化算法采用MMA,该算法在多物理场的拓扑优化问题中已得到了广泛的应用[15]
基准冷板设计如图1所示,采用传统的翅片式结构,设计区流道占比为50%。本文首先基于COMSOL建立了基准冷板流动传热多物理场仿真模型,然后在设计工况下研究了其流动传热特性。如图5(a)所示,基准冷板设计沿流动方向总体温度呈上升趋势,尤其是在流动末端的上下边界区域温度明显升高,平均温度为325.88 K,最高温度达到434.25 K。从图5(b)中可知,该冷板结构中间区域的流速明显高于上下两边的流速,流量分配不均导致中间与边缘区域的温度分布存在显著差异。而从图5(c)的冷板压力分布可知,冷板的进出口压降约为26.8 Pa,且主要集中在流速较快的中间4个流道区域,整体分布也存在明显的不均匀。由以上结果可知,该基准冷板在流道布局上未能实现流量均匀分配,且流道未能实现减阻设计,从而导致换热性能较差。
图6给出了误差函数随迭代次数的递减趋势,在最初的几个迭代循环中,误差函数快速下降,体现在平均温度和压降皆快速降低,随着迭代次数的继续增加,尤其是在迭代次数大于50后,误差函数下降趋于平缓,从图6中给出的流道拓扑随迭代次数的变化可以看出,初始条件下优化区域不存在流道结构,随着迭代进行,在迭代次数为20次左右时,主流道结构开始出现,但存在较大的灰度。然后,随着拓扑优化迭代次数的增加,控制变量的灰度逐渐降低,主流道结构与固体结构之间的界面变得清晰,且中间区域演化出支线流道,最终形成具备仿生结构的冷板流道设计,从240次到300次的迭代过程中,新的支线流道结构从主流道中生成,并进一步降低了压降和平均温度,该过程与动物血管的生成过程类似。
最优拓扑结构的仿真结果如图7所示,为对比基准板效果,图中颜色条的范围与图5保持一致。从图7(a)的温度场分布可知,采用优化拓扑的流道结构可以显著提升冷板的换热能力,冷板最高温度降低到400.97 K。与基准冷板设计不同,当前的流道设计主流道分布在进出口和上下边界处,这合理地解决了基准冷板设计流速分布不均匀的问题。从图7(b)中可以得出,采用拓扑优化设计的流道流速更加均匀,流速偏高区域在主流道中心区域,该分布有利于降低压力损失。从图7(c)可以看出,冷板流道的整体压力分布更加均匀,进出口压降在7.3 Pa左右,相比基准冷板设计,压降减少72.8%。
本文的优化目标包括降低压降与平均温度。通常而言,这两个目标存在对立的特点,最优的散热通常伴随着较大的压降损失。实际优化过程中可以根据工程设计需求对这两个目标做出权衡,在本模型中,通过调整两个目标的权重因子构造出了不同的多目标函数,从而考察不同设计需求下冷板最优流道拓扑结构的变化趋势。图8给出了不同目标函数下优化冷板的压降和平均温度的变化趋势,并在图8中以控制变量 θ = 0.5为阈值提取出了最优的流道拓扑结构。随着温度的权重因子ξ不断上升,最优拓扑结构的平均温度呈现降低趋势,而最优压降参数上升,最优拓扑结构的演化特点主要表现为:主流道结构变化较小,具有较好的一致性,但支流结构分布变得更为复杂。从图8中可知,通过加大温度目标的权重,最优拓扑结构的平均温度降低4.01 K,压降升高1.3 Pa。
本文针对功率模块冷板的强化换热和节能要求,进行了拓扑优化设计。在COMSOL上基于密度方法建立了流动传热拓扑优化模型,优化后的冷板流道结构设计呈现出仿生分层布局,不仅显著提升了换热效率,同时也大幅降低了流动损失。与基准冷板设计相比,优化流道的主要差异体现在以下几个方面:
(1)优化结构采用了主流道与支流道的仿生分层布局,这种设计有助于提高流体的热交换效率;
(2)在靠近进出口的中间流道,流体分流后向上下两边流动,有效地平衡了冷板整体的流速分布,解决了基准冷板中流速分布不均的问题;
(3)支流道的毛细结构有助于降低整体温度,从而提高冷板的换热性能。
通过流道拓扑优化设计,冷板最高温度降低了33.28 K,压降损失减少了72.8%。此外,目标函数的调整对优化结果产生了显著影响。通过增加温度目标的权重,冷板流道演化出更多的支流结构,进一步将平均温度降低了4.01 K,尽管这导致压降参数升高了1.3 Pa。总而言之,拓扑优化设计为冷板的流道布局提供了高效换热与低压降的设计方案。结合3D打印技术,这种设计为新能源汽车的热管理系统提供了高性能、高集成、低成本的发展新方向。后续的研究中将针对3D问题建立拓扑优化模型,从而实现更复杂工况的拓扑优化设计。
  • *国家重点研发计划“新能源汽车”重点专项(2021YFB2501700)
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2025年第47卷第2期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.013
  • 接收时间:2024-06-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-28
  • 修回日期:2024-07-24
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*国家重点研发计划“新能源汽车”重点专项(2021YFB2501700)
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    比亚迪汽车工业有限公司汽车工程研究院,深圳 518118

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杨家培,中级工程师,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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