Article(id=1149779600575787329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=1724342400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058418648, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058418648, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058418648, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058418648, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149779599254581563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='2', pageStart='201', pageEnd='390', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058418334, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780722751, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003467609956875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003467609956876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149779599254581563, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=356, endPage=366, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149779600806474050, articleId=1149779600575787329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Research on the Mechanical Properties and Process Parameter Influence of BFRP/AA5052 Adhesive Joints, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In this article,the effect of adhesive type,substrate properties,and structural dimensions on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP)-aluminum alloy (AA5052) and BFRP-BFRP single lap adhesive joints is investigated. Using the response surface methodology (RSM),a predictive model is established to evaluate the impact of three process parameters (aluminum substrate thickness,overlap length,and the angle between the loading direction and the primary direction of the basalt fibers) on the mechanical performance of the joints. The results indicate that the strength and stiffness of the adhesive joints are influenced by the yield strength and stiffness of the bonded substrates. BFRP-BFRP adhesive joints exhibit higher peak load,whereas BFRP-AA5052 adhesive joints demonstrate greater overall stiffness. The use of brittle structural adhesives can significantly enhance the strength and fracture energy absorption of the adhesive joints,reaching up to 57.4% and 1 128.5%,respectively. The shear strength Y is introduced as an evaluation metric for assessing the adhesive strength utilization rate. A strength prediction model for Y is established based on RSM,resulting in a regression equation with good significance,and the optimal range for the process parameters is predicted. The analysis of the coupling effect of the process parameters based on the strength prediction model reveals a negative correlation between fiber direction and joint strength,while overlap length and aluminum substrate thickness show a positive correlation with joint strength. Considering the joint strength,adhesive cost,and lightweight effect,it is recommended that the loading direction aligns with the primary direction of the fibers,with the overlap length controlled within the range of 20 mm to 25 mm,and the aluminum substrate thickness within the range of 2 mm to 2.5 mm. This study provides theoretical and data support for the application of BFRP-AA5052 adhesive structures in transportation equipment.

, articleAbstract=

In this article, the effect of adhesive type, substrate properties, and structural dimensions on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP)-aluminum alloy (AA5052) and BFRP-BFRP single lap adhesive joints is investigated. Using the response surface methodology (RSM), a predictive model is es-tablished to evaluate the impact of three process parameters (aluminum substrate thickness, overlap length, and the angle between the loading direction and the primary direction of the basalt fibers) on the mechanical performance of the joints. The results indicate that the strength and stiffness of the adhesive joints are influenced by the yield strength and stiffness of the bonded substrates. BFRP-BFRP adhesive joints exhibit higher peak load, whereas BFRP-AA5052 adhesive joints demonstrate greater overall stiffness. The use of brittle structural adhesives can sig-nificantly enhance the strength and fracture energy absorption of the adhesive joints, reaching up to 57.4% and 1 128.5%, respectively. The shear strength Y is introduced as an evaluation metric for assessing the adhesive strength utilization rate. A strength prediction model for Y is established based on RSM, resulting in a regression equation with good significance, and the optimal range for the process parameters is predicted. The analysis of the coupling effect of the process parameters based on the strength prediction model reveals a negative correlation be-tween fiber direction and joint strength, while overlap length and aluminum substrate thickness show a positive cor-relation with joint strength. Considering the joint strength, adhesive cost, and lightweight effect, it is recommended that the loading direction aligns with the primary direction of the fibers, with the overlap length controlled within the range of 20 mm to 25 mm, and the aluminum substrate thickness within the range of 2 mm to 2.5 mm. This study provides theoretical and data support for the application of BFRP-AA5052 adhesive structures in transportation equipment.

, correspAuthors=Shaoluo Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dayong Wang, Junjia Cui, Shaoluo Wang, Shuhao Wang, Hao Jiang, Guangyao Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149779622914651015, articleId=1149779600575787329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=BFRP/AA5052胶粘接头力学性能及工艺参数影响研究*, columnId=null, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=

本文研究了胶粘剂、基材和尺寸等重要参数对玄武岩纤维增强塑料(BFRP)-铝合金(AA5052)和BFRP-BFRP单搭接胶粘接头力学性能的影响。基于响应面分析法(RSM)建立了工艺参数(AA5052基板厚度、搭接区长度、加载方向与玄武岩纤维主方向的夹角)对接头机械性能影响的预测模型。结果表明胶粘接头的强度和刚度受到被粘基材的屈服强度和刚度影响,BFRP-BFRP胶粘接头具有更高的峰值载荷,而BFRP-AA5052胶粘接头的整体刚度更大。使用脆性结构胶可以显著提升胶粘接头的强度和断裂吸收能,最高分别达到了57.4%与1 128.5%。引入了剪切强度Y作为评估胶粘剂强度利用率的评价指标,基于RSM建立了Y的强度预测模型,得到了具有良好显著性的回归方程,并对最佳工艺参数的区间进行了预测。根据强度预测模型分析了工艺参数的耦合作用,发现纤维方向与接头强度呈负相关,而搭接区长度和铝合金基板厚度与接头强度呈正相关。综合考虑接头强度、胶粘剂使用成本和轻量化效果,应使加载方向和纤维主方向一致,并控制搭接区长度在20-25 mm区间内,AA5052基板的厚度在2-2.5 mm区间内。本文为BFRP-AA5052胶粘结构在载运装备中的应用提供了理论和数据支持。

, articleAbstract=

本文研究了胶粘剂、基材和尺寸等重要参数对玄武岩纤维增强塑料(BFRP)-铝合金(AA5052)和BFRP-BFRP单搭接胶粘接头力学性能的影响。基于响应面分析法(RSM)建立了工艺参数(AA5052基板厚度、搭接区长度、加载方向与玄武岩纤维主方向的夹角)对接头机械性能影响的预测模型。结果表明胶粘接头的强度和刚度受到被粘基材的屈服强度和刚度影响,BFRP-BFRP胶粘接头具有更高的峰值载荷,而BFRP-AA5052胶粘接头的整体刚度更大。使用脆性结构胶可以显著提升胶粘接头的强度和断裂吸收能,最高分别达到了57.4%与1128.5%。引入了剪切强度Y作为评估胶粘剂强度利用率的评价指标,基于RSM建立了Y的强度预测模型,得到了具有良好显著性的回归方程,并对最佳工艺参数的区间进行了预测。根据强度预测模型分析了工艺参数的耦合作用,发现纤维方向与接头强度呈负相关,而搭接区长度和铝合金基板厚度与接头强度呈正相关。综合考虑接头强度、胶粘剂使用成本和轻量化效果,应使加载方向和纤维主方向一致,并控制搭接区长度在20-25 mm区间内,AA5052基板的厚度在2-2.5mm区间内。本文为BFRP-AA5052胶粘结构在载运装备中的应用提供了理论和数据支持。

, correspAuthors=王绍螺, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王绍螺,助理研究员,博士,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JXWIUSCEvz/zmkUy7neNdQ==, magXml=BVSIDeVF3/4J8ttin/WS0A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QvbStM951qO1StOsk6HUZQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OBUqq8LHUPHAagbvmJBBsw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

助理研究员,博士

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密度/

(g·cm-3

拉伸强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 纤维质量分数/% 单层厚度/mm
1.99 465.5 20.7 42 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1170299512556892467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149779600575787329, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BFRP复合材料基板材料属性

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密度/

(g·cm-3

拉伸强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 纤维质量分数/% 单层厚度/mm
1.99 465.5 20.7 42 0.25
), ArticleFig(id=1170299512619807028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149779600575787329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AA5052 Araldite 2015/回天7130
参数 数值 参数 数值
弹性模量/GPa 70.3 密度/(kg·m-3 1 200/1 400
屈服强度/MPa 167.2 固化温度/℃ 25/180
拉伸强度/MPa 223.5 固化时间 24 h/30 min
泊松比 0.31 tg/℃ 67/>100
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AA5052金属材料基板与胶粘剂属性

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AA5052 Araldite 2015/回天7130
参数 数值 参数 数值
弹性模量/GPa 70.3 密度/(kg·m-3 1 200/1 400
屈服强度/MPa 167.2 固化温度/℃ 25/180
拉伸强度/MPa 223.5 固化时间 24 h/30 min
泊松比 0.31 tg/℃ 67/>100
), ArticleFig(id=1170299512871465270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149779600575787329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组 试件编号 基板1材料 基板2材料 胶粘剂
A BAH BFRP AA5052 回天-7130
BAA BFRP AA5052 Araldite 2015
B BBH BFRP BFRP 回天-7130
BBA BFRP BFRP Araldite 2015
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试验方案和试样编号

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分组 试件编号 基板1材料 基板2材料 胶粘剂
A BAH BFRP AA5052 回天-7130
BAA BFRP AA5052 Araldite 2015
B BBH BFRP BFRP 回天-7130
BBA BFRP BFRP Araldite 2015
), ArticleFig(id=1170299513005683000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149779600575787329, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号 因素A 因素B 因素C 响应值Y
1 2.0 15 0 14.53
2 2.0 35 0 12.78
3 2.0 15 45 10.21
4 2.0 35 45 6.64
5 2.5 15 22.5 13.44
6 2.5 35 22.5 9.62
7 2.5 25 0 17.76
8 2.5 25 45 9.38
9 1.5 15 22.5 11.59
10 1.5 35 22.5 8.71
11 1.5 25 0 12.12
12 1.5 25 45 8.92
13 2.0 25 22.5 12.94
14 2.0 25 22.5 13.47
15 2.0 25 22.5 12.98
), ArticleFig(id=1170299513202815289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149779600575787329, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

BBD三因素试验结果

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试验序号 因素A 因素B 因素C 响应值Y
1 2.0 15 0 14.53
2 2.0 35 0 12.78
3 2.0 15 45 10.21
4 2.0 35 45 6.64
5 2.5 15 22.5 13.44
6 2.5 35 22.5 9.62
7 2.5 25 0 17.76
8 2.5 25 45 9.38
9 1.5 15 22.5 11.59
10 1.5 35 22.5 8.71
11 1.5 25 0 12.12
12 1.5 25 45 8.92
13 2.0 25 22.5 12.94
14 2.0 25 22.5 13.47
15 2.0 25 22.5 12.98
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平方和 自由度 均方差 F P
模型 107.65 9 11.96 30.46 0.000 8
A 9.81 1 9.81 24.99 0.004 1
B 18.06 1 10.08 45.99 0.001 1
C 60.72 1 60.72 154.62 <0.000 1
AB 0.220 9 1 0.220 9 0.562 5 0.048 7
AC 6.71 1 6.71 17.08 0.009 1
BC 0.828 1 1 0.828 1 2.11 0.206 2
A 2 1.52 1 1.52 3.88 0.105 9
B 2 10.02 1 10.02 25.52 0.003 9
C 2 0.723 1 0.723 1.84 0.232 9
残差 1.96 5 0.392 7
失拟项 1.79 3 0.596 4
绝对误差 0.174 2 2 0.087 1
总离差 109.61 14
), ArticleFig(id=1170299513378976059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149779600575787329, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

误差分析结果

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平方和 自由度 均方差 F P
模型 107.65 9 11.96 30.46 0.000 8
A 9.81 1 9.81 24.99 0.004 1
B 18.06 1 10.08 45.99 0.001 1
C 60.72 1 60.72 154.62 <0.000 1
AB 0.220 9 1 0.220 9 0.562 5 0.048 7
AC 6.71 1 6.71 17.08 0.009 1
BC 0.828 1 1 0.828 1 2.11 0.206 2
A 2 1.52 1 1.52 3.88 0.105 9
B 2 10.02 1 10.02 25.52 0.003 9
C 2 0.723 1 0.723 1.84 0.232 9
残差 1.96 5 0.392 7
失拟项 1.79 3 0.596 4
绝对误差 0.174 2 2 0.087 1
总离差 109.61 14
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BFRP/AA5052胶粘接头力学性能及工艺参数影响研究*
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王大勇 1 , 崔俊佳 1, 2 , 王绍螺 1 , 王书豪 1 , 蒋浩 1 , 李光耀 1, 2
汽车工程 | 2025,47(2): 356-366
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汽车工程 | 2025, 47(2): 356-366
BFRP/AA5052胶粘接头力学性能及工艺参数影响研究*
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王大勇1, 崔俊佳1, 2, 王绍螺1 , 王书豪1, 蒋浩1, 李光耀1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082
  • 2 北京理工大学深圳汽车研究院,深圳 518118

通讯作者:

王绍螺,助理研究员,博士,E-mail:
Research on the Mechanical Properties and Process Parameter Influence of BFRP/AA5052 Adhesive Joints
Dayong Wang1, Junjia Cui1, 2, Shaoluo Wang1 , Shuhao Wang1, Hao Jiang1, Guangyao Li1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hunan University,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle,Changsha 410082
  • 2 Shenzhen Automotive Research Institute,Beijing Institute of Technology,Shenzhen 518118
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.016
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本文研究了胶粘剂、基材和尺寸等重要参数对玄武岩纤维增强塑料(BFRP)-铝合金(AA5052)和BFRP-BFRP单搭接胶粘接头力学性能的影响。基于响应面分析法(RSM)建立了工艺参数(AA5052基板厚度、搭接区长度、加载方向与玄武岩纤维主方向的夹角)对接头机械性能影响的预测模型。结果表明胶粘接头的强度和刚度受到被粘基材的屈服强度和刚度影响,BFRP-BFRP胶粘接头具有更高的峰值载荷,而BFRP-AA5052胶粘接头的整体刚度更大。使用脆性结构胶可以显著提升胶粘接头的强度和断裂吸收能,最高分别达到了57.4%与1128.5%。引入了剪切强度Y作为评估胶粘剂强度利用率的评价指标,基于RSM建立了Y的强度预测模型,得到了具有良好显著性的回归方程,并对最佳工艺参数的区间进行了预测。根据强度预测模型分析了工艺参数的耦合作用,发现纤维方向与接头强度呈负相关,而搭接区长度和铝合金基板厚度与接头强度呈正相关。综合考虑接头强度、胶粘剂使用成本和轻量化效果,应使加载方向和纤维主方向一致,并控制搭接区长度在20-25 mm区间内,AA5052基板的厚度在2-2.5mm区间内。本文为BFRP-AA5052胶粘结构在载运装备中的应用提供了理论和数据支持。

玄武岩纤维  /  铝合金  /  胶粘接头  /  工艺参数  /  力学性能  /  预测模型

In this article, the effect of adhesive type, substrate properties, and structural dimensions on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP)-aluminum alloy (AA5052) and BFRP-BFRP single lap adhesive joints is investigated. Using the response surface methodology (RSM), a predictive model is es-tablished to evaluate the impact of three process parameters (aluminum substrate thickness, overlap length, and the angle between the loading direction and the primary direction of the basalt fibers) on the mechanical performance of the joints. The results indicate that the strength and stiffness of the adhesive joints are influenced by the yield strength and stiffness of the bonded substrates. BFRP-BFRP adhesive joints exhibit higher peak load, whereas BFRP-AA5052 adhesive joints demonstrate greater overall stiffness. The use of brittle structural adhesives can sig-nificantly enhance the strength and fracture energy absorption of the adhesive joints, reaching up to 57.4% and 1 128.5%, respectively. The shear strength Y is introduced as an evaluation metric for assessing the adhesive strength utilization rate. A strength prediction model for Y is established based on RSM, resulting in a regression equation with good significance, and the optimal range for the process parameters is predicted. The analysis of the coupling effect of the process parameters based on the strength prediction model reveals a negative correlation be-tween fiber direction and joint strength, while overlap length and aluminum substrate thickness show a positive cor-relation with joint strength. Considering the joint strength, adhesive cost, and lightweight effect, it is recommended that the loading direction aligns with the primary direction of the fibers, with the overlap length controlled within the range of 20 mm to 25 mm, and the aluminum substrate thickness within the range of 2 mm to 2.5 mm. This study provides theoretical and data support for the application of BFRP-AA5052 adhesive structures in transportation equipment.

basalt fiber  /  aluminum alloy  /  adhesive joint  /  process parameters  /  mechanical properties  /  prediction model
王大勇, 崔俊佳, 王绍螺, 王书豪, 蒋浩, 李光耀. BFRP/AA5052胶粘接头力学性能及工艺参数影响研究*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (2) : 356 -366 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.016
Dayong Wang, Junjia Cui, Shaoluo Wang, Shuhao Wang, Hao Jiang, Guangyao Li. Research on the Mechanical Properties and Process Parameter Influence of BFRP/AA5052 Adhesive Joints[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (2) : 356 -366 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.016
运载装备轻量化是降低运输能耗和环境污染的重要手段,使用轻质高强材料是实现运载装备轻量化的有效方式。纤维增强复合材料以其优异的性能已经广泛应用在汽车、高铁、飞机等领域。随着纤维增强复合材料成本的降低和加工工艺的成熟,纤维增强复合材料在运载装备行业得到广泛关注,并且开始逐步替代传统钢制部件[1-3]
常见的纤维增强复合材料主要包括碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)、玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)和芳纶纤维增强塑料(AFRP)。其中CFRP作为一种高模量、高强度、低密度高性能材料,经常用于豪华轿车和大飞机的结构部件。然而,CFRP的低年产量和高成本,在现阶段很难得到广泛的应用,尤其在民用领域的应用构成了巨大挑战。玄武岩纤维增强塑料(BFRP)作为一种天然环保、性能优良、可回收的替代材料越发得到重视,是碳纤维和玻璃纤维的低成本替代品。因此,BFRP具有非常广阔的应用前景[4-6]
随着纤维增强复合材料的广泛应用,如何使复合材料与其他材料之间可靠连接已成为困扰行业的关键问题之一。因纤维增强复合材料具有各向异性,与其他金属材料连接困难。目前运载装备常见连接方式主要有机械连接、焊接、胶接及混合连接等方式。传统焊接较难实现复合材料之间的连接。螺栓和铆接方式需要在复合材料上开孔,会破坏纤维丝束的一致性,造成局部应力集中,使材料强度下降。同时,螺栓和铆钉增加了质量,不利于实现轻量化。胶接作为常用连接技术,以其较强的力学性能、高灵活性、良好的适应性、抗疲劳、耐腐蚀等优势,在载运领域得到了广泛应用[7-10]。特别是对于纤维复合材料,粘接相比机械连接,不仅避免了对母材的破坏,保证了纤维的连续性和结构完整性,且连接强度也相对较高。在运载装备中胶粘剂不仅起到结构连接作用,在机身密封、减振及钣金折边等场景中均发挥了重要作用,胶粘连接在运载装备中的占比与日俱增。
近年来,专家学者对影响复合材料胶粘接头性能的几何参数、表面质量、断裂模式以及环境耐久性等方面进行了大量研究工作。Pereira等[11]通过试验和数值模拟手段对被粘物厚度和重叠长度对单搭接胶粘接头剪切性能的影响进行了研究。发现被粘物厚度和重叠长度的增加提高了接头刚度,接头旋转角度减小,从而减小了塑性应变峰值,增加了破坏载荷。Sun等[12]研究表明,被粘物的厚度与复合材料异种胶粘接头的强度和刚度呈正相关。被粘物的屈服强度决定了粘接接头的强度、断裂状态和破坏模式。Hasheminia等[13]通过仿真和试验研究了对称和不对称CFRP-钢胶粘接头的失效模式,发现纤维材料存在粘结破坏和分层破坏,重叠长度和纤维角度均对接头强度产生影响,提出了一种新的胶粘接头失效预测方法。Wang等[14]利用DIC技术研究了低速冲击和高速加载对CFRP-Al胶粘接头力学性能和破坏模式的影响。结果表明高加载速率对胶粘接头的抗剪强度和刚度有显著的增强效应。不同的加载速率会造成失效模式和失效位置的显著差异。Hu等[15]通过试验和数值模拟手段研究了长期温度循环老化环境对不同属性胶粘剂的胶接接头力学性能的影响,建立了胶层退化的评估模型,揭示了不同类型胶粘剂在湿热循环老化下的退化机理。
Fiore等[16]对比了不同制造工艺对BFRP-AA6086混合接头拉伸性能的影响,发现采用真空袋技术制造的BFRP使粘接接头的平均失效载荷提高23%。比较了不同的BFRP接头的连接性能(胶接、铆接和复合连接)。结果表明,粘接接头和复合连接具有较高的抗拉强度,而铆钉会破坏BF。崔岸等[17]通过试验和仿真研究了BFRP-Al层合板复合结构的拉伸、压缩、剪切、弯曲和抗冲击特性。将纤维金属层合板应用于发动机罩外板,进行发动机罩静态刚度和行人头部碰撞仿真分析。结果表明,与原发动机罩相比,纤维金属层合板发动机罩的弯曲和扭转刚度均有不同程度提高,行人头部保护性能得到改善。由于复合材料和胶粘剂具有环境敏感性和应变率效应,胶粘剂和复合材料长期在温度、湿度的作用下会发生老化从而造成性能下降,复合材料胶接结构受到碰撞时,加载速率的变化也会对其承载能力造成影响。吉林大学那景新团队[18-21]通过高低温老化、湿度老化、加载速率等环境耐久性试验研究了BFRP-铝合金胶接接头力学性能和失效行为,建立了失效准则随老化时间的响应面模型,对BFRP-铝合金粘接结构胶层的裂纹产生和扩展进行了预测。
以上研究表明,许多研究人员通过试验分析和数值模拟等手段从表面处理方式、接头参数、服役性能等方面对纤维增强复合材料胶粘接头进行了大量研究,评估了胶粘接头的力学性能、失效模式以及损伤演化过程,相关理论已经比较完备。但是大部分的研究都集中于CFPR、GFRP等常见的纤维增强复合材料,而针对BFRP复合材料连接性能的相关研究较为缺乏,尤其在BFRP胶粘接头的力学性能和工艺参数影响方面缺乏深入的研究。BFRP-铝合金和BFRP-BFRP胶粘接头的工艺影响、失效机理和损伤演化过程仍然不明。
本文以BFRP-AA5052胶粘接头为研究对象,探究了各种因素对于BFRP胶粘接头强度的影响,基于多因素RSM,从胶粘剂类型、工艺参数和材料属性入手,深入研究了多因素对BFRP胶粘接头力学性能的影响,建立了BFRP-AA5052胶粘接头的强度预测模型。本文研究可以指导BFRP复合材料的工程应用并为其他学者进行更加深入的研究提供参考。
本文试验采用BFRP和5052-H32(AA5052)两种基板材料以及高韧性胶粘剂Araldite 2015和高模量脆性胶粘剂回天7130两种材料。BFRP是6层斜纹编织BF通过热压工艺制成的材料,由宜兴市中富碳纤维制品有限公司提供,基体为双组分环氧树脂YPH-305,黏度为40 000-50 000 cps。每层编织纤维毡使用环氧树脂渗透制备预浸料,编织纤维尺寸为400 mm×500 mm,按每层铺层方向为[(0°/90°)]6正交放置。在130 ℃和40 kg/m2的条件下热压固化1.5 h。AA5052基板广泛应用于载运领域覆盖件和结构件中,是一种性能良好的轻质材料。Araldite 2015是双组份1∶1环氧树脂胶,常温固化、应用广泛,可以粘接高分子塑料、金属、陶瓷等,拥有良好的适应性、韧性、耐冲击性。回天7130是一种单组份环氧树脂结构胶,170 ℃以上高温固化,具有高强度、高模量、强适应性特点,广泛应用于汽车白车身结构件中。通过测试和计算得到BFRP和AA5052基板材料属性,以及胶粘剂材料属性和固化条件如表1表2所示。
采用DHG-9240高温环境箱对胶粘剂固化,最大温度为255 ℃。利用最大拉伸载荷为100 kN的万能试验机测试胶粘接头的力学性能。通过非接触全场应变测量系统(DIC)分析胶接接头的拉伸失效行为,以2 fps的频率记录试件的失效过程,采用VIC-2D-6软件处理图像,并计算拍摄区域的纵向和剥离全场应变。DIC系统由低速CCD相机、VIC-2D-6分析系统、三脚架及光源组成。在室温(25 ℃)条件下根据国标GB/T 228—2002对AA5052基材的力学性能进行测试;将BFRP基板切割成250 mm × 25 mm标准试样,根据ASTM D3039标准对BFRP基材的基本性能进行测试,设置恒定静态加载速度为2 mm/min,准静态拉伸试验过程如图1所示。
根据ASTM D5868-01标准,将被粘物材料切割成100 mm×25 mm的基板。BFRP-AA5052单搭接胶粘接头的装配结构及具体尺寸示意图如图2所示。胶层厚度较大或较小均不利于单搭接胶粘接头的力学性能[22-23],为了获得更好胶粘性能,通过相关研究将胶粘剂厚度确定为0.2 mm。使试样夹持端厚度相同,将两个与被粘物厚度匹配的垫片分别贴在试样末端,避免产生偏心力矩。由于工艺参数对胶粘接头的力学性能有影响,所以需要对多个关键影响因素条件下接头的力学性能和失效行为进行深入的研究。选取接头搭接区长度L 0和金属材料基板厚度H 1为研究对象,在后文的工艺参数对力学性能耦合作用的探究中设置不同的参数值。
BFRP-AA5052胶粘接头的制作过程如下。
(1) 首先将BFRP和AA5052基材切割成100 mm × 25 mm的基板并去除毛刺。
(2) 被粘物的表面处理会影响接头的性能,为了获得良好的粘接效果,利用360目的砂纸以0°/90°交错的方式对粘结区域进行打磨。相同目数砂纸打磨情况下,0°/90°的交错打磨能够获得最大表面自由能,而360目砂纸能使被粘物表面达到良好的粗糙度及润湿效果[24]
(3) 为去除油脂、灰尘以及氧化物等杂质,机械打磨后用无水乙醇清洁表面粘接区域。对于BFRP基材,表面处理只需要轻微打磨表面树脂,防止内部纤维遭到破坏。
(4) 然后在基板表面划定粘接区域,并使用刮板使胶粘剂在粘接区表面均匀分布。
(5) 通过夹具加压固定搭接件,为保证胶层厚度的准确性,在试件制备过程中利用0.2 mm厚的垫片夹在与基板同厚度的垫片下,防止板件移动,刮去溢出的残胶。
(6) 将接头放入恒温干燥箱中固化,固化的条件为180 ℃、30 min。
(7) 使接头自然冷却至室温,完成全部固化过程。
(8) 最后在识别区的正面和侧面喷涂白色薄漆,待晾干后在白漆的表面用记号笔随机点涂上合适的斑点(每个斑点对应于VIC-2D中的4-6像素)。BFRP-AA5052胶粘试件具体制备过程,如图3所示。
通过静态拉伸试验对AA5052和BFRP基板材料的力学特性进行了测试,将试验测得的两种材料的数据转化成相应的应力-应变曲线,如图4所示。使用了两种不同类型的胶粘剂分别制作了BFRP-AA5052与BFRP-BFRP单搭接胶粘接头,AA5052基板为2.0 mm,粘接区长度为25 mm,胶层厚度为0.2 mm,BFRP基板的纤维方向均为0°/90°正交。试验方案与试样编号,如表3所示。A组为BFRP-AA5052异种材料胶粘接头,B组为BFRP-BFRP胶粘接头,每组3次重复试验。
A组与B组胶粘接头的载荷-位移曲线如图5所示。A组与B组接头的平均峰值载荷和断裂吸收能如图6所示。在A组试验中,不同胶粘剂属性对接头的性能影响较大。BAH接头载荷明显高于BAA。BAH组接头平均峰值载荷达到10 694.2 N,而BAA组接头仅有6 950 N。表明更高强度脆性胶粘剂会提高接头强度。接头在加载过程中呈现近似线性上升的趋势,初始阶段两条曲线斜率一致,刚度近似相等。随着加载,接头出现突然破坏,呈现脆性断裂特征。此时试件的刚度近似等于胶粘剂剪切刚度。而BAH接头的AA5052基板发生显著塑性变形,产生刚度退化。当达到7 500 N左右的载荷水平时,BAH组接头曲线较为平缓,呈现典型的韧性失效特征。此时AA5052基材产生了显著屈服,平均断裂吸收能更大,达到42.1 J,对比BAA提升1 128.5%。
在B组试验中,基材不同致使接头力学性能存在差异,BB接头载荷均比BA接头高约20%。铝合金因较低的屈服强度,在偏心载荷的作用下产生塑性变形导致接头强度变低。基板屈服强度越高,接头峰值载荷亦越高。胶粘剂的性能差异也对接头性能产生一定影响。B组试验中与A组类似,BBH组的峰值载荷达到13 172 N,BBA组仅有8 370 N,对比BBA组,BBH组提升了57.4%。使用了更高模量及剪切强度的回天7130胶粘剂的BBH组接头峰值载荷更大。这表明脆性胶粘剂能够明显提升接头性能。但是BB组接头刚度均比BA组接头低约33%,失效位移更小。这说明在剪切应力达到AA5052屈服强度之前,AA5052较高的弹性模量降低了粘接区域的弹性形变,从而使BA接头具有更高刚度。
实际应用过程胶粘接头力学性能可能受到各种因素影响。不同材料之间相连,若增加板厚则违背轻量化初衷,若搭接尺寸过大则影响胶粘剂的用量进而增加成本,而纤维铺层方向则影响接头的应力分布,所以为了可靠评估与预测胶粘接头的力学性能,非常有必要研究多种因素耦合作用。RSM是一种统计学方法,可以对受多个因素变量影响的响应变量进行准确的拟合分析,建立变量与响应量之间多项式对应关系[25]。RSM的重点在于建立与变量之间的响应函数。假设 x为影响因素变量,Y为响应量,那么低阶多项式的方程为
Y(x)=i=1Naiφi(x)+ε
式中:Yx)为响应函数;ai为回归系数;φi x)为基函数;N为基函数的个数;ɛ是随机误差; x=[x 1x 2,…,xn]Tn维自变量。
响应函数的准确度与函数的阶次和基函数的数量成正比,在实际应用采用2阶响应面模型进行拟合,方程如下:
Y(x)=a0+i=1Naixi+i=1Naiixi2+i<jNaijxixj+ε
式中存在xi 2平方项与xixj交互项。基于最小二乘法求解式(2)中的系数矩阵 a=[a 1a 2,…,a n]T,设每个取样点xi的真实试验结果为yi,而对应的拟合函数得到的响应值为yi.,响应数值与真实值之间的绝对误差ɛi
εi=y˙i-yi=i=1Naiφi(x)-yi
选取M个采样点,系统误差的平方和为
E(a)=i=1Mεi2=i=1M[i=1Naiφi(x)-yi]2
由无偏估计的极值:
E(a)ai=0
通过求式(4)式(5),可以获得系数矩阵 a =[a 1a 2,…,an]T的表达式:
a=(ΦTΦ)-1(ΦTy)
式中: y =[y 1y 2,…,ym]T为真实试验结果的响应因素矩阵; Φ为拟合函数的基函数,其矩阵表达式为
Φ=φ1(x1)  φ1(x2)  φN(x1)φN(x2)φ1(xM)φN(xM)
进行RSM采样方法有多种:3 k全因子试验;中心组合设计(CCD)以及Box-Behnken(BBD)试验设计。BBD试验设计可以评价指标和因素的非线性关系,与CCD和全因子试验相比不用连续多次试验,可以减少试验次数,用更经济的方法得到较为准确的拟合值[26]。本文采用常用的BBD试验设计法进行因素数为3的试验设计,3个因素用ABC表示。每种因素以0为中心点、+1、-1分别代表高水平和低水平因素。
本文选取3个因素分别为:金属基板厚度、搭接区长度和加载方向与纤维主方向的夹角。按照试验设计法,确定金属基板厚度因素的3个水平因素为1.5、2.0、2.5 mm;搭接区长度因素的3个水平因素为15、25、35 mm。而对于纤维角度,由于编织布纤维正交。当加载方向和纤维主方向的夹角为45°-θθ>0)时,与加载方向和纤维方向的夹角为45°+θθ>0)情况一致,如图7所示。所以纤维角度影响因素的取值范围为[0°,45°],故纤维角度因素的3个水平因素可确定为0°、22.5°、45°。
选择影响因素设计点须剔除非显著因子,响应因素的选择也要符合实际情况,选取的设计点应具有较强的显著性。单搭接胶粘接头的载荷大小无法完全反映接头对粘接区的利用率,单纯的对峰值载荷进行预测不能反映工程实际情况。所以本文引入接头剪切强度Y作为模型响应值,Y的计算式为
τ=Fd×l
式中:F为接头峰值载荷;d为搭接区宽度;l为搭接区长度。
通过对响应值-剪切强度可以有效判断胶粘接头对粘接区面积的利用率。通过RSM的试验设计,可以对工艺参数组合进行寻优,并拟合出各工艺参数与力学性能的响应面回归模型。按照试验设计的水平因素及BBD试验方案获得的结果如表4所示。
在RSM试验设计中求得的拟合函数需要先进行显著性检验,如果方程的显著性在标准范围之内,则认为模型具有显著性,可以进行使用,否则模型无效,试验的误差分析如表5所示。
置信度F是用来判断响应面显著性的一个参数,对两个假设H 0a 1=a 2=…=am=0和H 1a 1a 2,…,am中至少有一个不为0。置信度F表达式为
F=U/fUQE/fQE
式中:U为回归平方和;fU为模型的自由度;QE为残差的平方和;fQE为残差平方和的自由度。
通过Fα=0.05的置信区间值判断模型显著性。如FFαfUfQE,那么可以判定模型显著,否则模型方程没有意义[27]。通过试验得到的数据计算可得模型F=30.46,而F0.05(9.5)=7.56。FF0.05(9.5),且调整R2=0.9889,表明该模型显著。此外因为置信度设为95%置信,那么相对于显著性概率P,则P<0.05时,说明该方程显著。当P<0.01时,表明极其显著,模型具有很强的可信度。而当P>0.05时,说明显著性差。
表5可知,回归方程的显著性概率PHG=0.0008<0.01。表明该模型极其显著。而对于影响接头强度的3个影响因素:铝基板厚度(A)、搭接区长度(B)、纤维角度(C),同样可以用显著性概率判定其对响应值的影响程度。可以看到PA=0.0041,PB=0.0011,PC<0.0001,说明在3个工艺参数中,BF角度对剪切强度具有极其显著的影响,而AA5052基板厚度和搭接区长度对响应值也有显著影响,但是其敏感程度没有BF角度影响因素显著。交互作用项中PAB=0.0487,PAC=0.0091,PBC=0.2062。表明只有AA5052基板厚度和搭接区长度的耦合影响与AA5052基板厚度和BF角度耦合的影响比较显著,而搭接区域长度和BF角度耦合作用不显著。故模型中各单一参数项均存在较强显著性,可以得到响应面的回归方程:

Y=13.13+1.11A-1.5B-2.76C-0.235AB-

1.3AC-0.455BC-0.6425A 2-

1.65B 2-0.4425C 2

式中:Y为响应值,即胶粘接头剪切强度;A为AA5052基板厚度;B为搭接区长度;C为BF角度;ABACBC为两两因素的交互项;A 2 、B 2C 2为各因素的平方项。
为进一步验证预测模型的精度,用式(11)计算了试验值YT与响应值Y的相对误差Δ。每组试验误差曲线如图8所示。可以看到各组试验的最大误差为-6.2%,小于±10%。预测模型的拟合较好,回归方程Y可以有效地预测上述3个工艺参数在相应定义域范围内对剪切强度的影响,对BFRP - AA5052胶粘接头的强度可以进行准确预测。
Δ=YT-YYT×100%
通过构建的RSM模型可知选取的3个因素对胶粘接头的力学性能均有显著影响,但显著性各有差异。图9显示BBD试验中的部分结果与前文力学试验中的载荷-位移曲线的对比分析。结果显示,胶粘接头的工艺参数对力学性能有明显影响。在相同的AA5052基板厚度和BFRP基板纤维角度的情况下,搭接区长度增加,载荷峰值随之增大。因为AA5052基板自身强度极限限制,搭接区长度大于25 mm后,强度提升有限。此时增加粘接面积无法提高接头的性能,剪切强度Y下降。如果继续增加搭接区长度只会增加质量,违背轻量化原则。若只改变AA5052基板厚度,控制其他参数不变,AA5052基板的厚度从1.5增加到2.0 mm,接头的力学性能得到了提升,载荷峰值提升41.3%,而当AA5052基板厚度为2.5 mm时,峰值载荷和剪切强度Y提高有限。所以在RSM模型中,AA5052基板厚度影响因素的显著性较小。注意在单因素对比试验中各组试验的初始刚度相近,失效位移随着搭接区长度的增加而增加。因为更大胶粘面积使AA5052基板达到了屈服极限,接头刚度退化,失效位移增加,而增加基板的厚度增大了AA5052基板屈服极限,从而使胶粘接头的刚度提高,减小了失效位移。但是较厚的基板增大了接头的偏心力矩,所以AA5052基板厚度从2.0增加至2.5 mm,相应的峰值载荷几乎没有提升。
由RSM模型可知,加载方向与纤维主方向的夹角对胶粘接头力学性能也存在很大的影响。图9(c)表明加载方向与纤维主方向呈45°夹角时,载荷峰值最小。峰值载荷随夹角减小而增大,0°时载荷最大。BFRP复合材料是正交各向异性材料,加载方向与纤维主方向不一致。通过坐标变换可以将载荷方向分解为与纤维主方向相同和垂直的应力状态。因为复合材料自身的特性,环氧树脂基体有传递载荷的作用。但树脂基体的强度远远低于纤维丝束,纤维与基体也不是紧密结合的。垂直方向分应力会导致基体内部微裂纹的积累,造成树脂基体发生开裂,BFRP的整体性遭到破坏。在加载过程中树脂基体首先被破坏,BF发生脱粘及断裂,进而导致BFRP基板变形失效。如图10所示,22.5°和45°的BFRP基板出现了不同程度的扭曲变形。45°的BF发生层间脱粘并撕裂,树脂基体开裂,BFRP产生严重的分层破坏,降低了接头剪切强度。此现象还造成了22.5°和45°曲线在末端出现不同程度的波动。
在RSM的回归方程中,通过固定某个影响因素的数值,可以分析其他两项参数对接头剪切强度的耦合影响,从而预测工艺参数的取值范围对接头剪切强度的影响。图11是根据RSM回归模型建立的关于AA5052基板厚度和搭接区长度的3D响应面。在BF角度一定情况下,接头剪切强度Y随着AA5052基板厚度增大而增大,随着搭接区长度的增加呈现先增大后减小。搭接区长度在20-25 mm区间出现峰值区域,且在这一区间内的曲面平缓。当搭接区域长度超过25 mm以后,接头剪切强度迅速下降。为了获得较高的接头剪切强度,应选取在20-25 mm区间内的搭接区域长度,而当AA5052基板的厚度大于2 mm后,曲面虽然呈上升趋势但坡度显著变缓。所以AA5052基板厚度在2-2.5 mm区间内的情况下,能够有效发挥胶粘剂承载能力。
图12是AA5052基板厚度和BF角度的3D响应面。当搭接区长度一定时,增加AA5052基板厚度的同时减小加载方向与BF主方向的夹角均可以增大剪切强度。因PAPC,所以靠近C轴一侧的曲面要比靠近A轴一侧的曲面更加陡峭。粘接接头剪切强度对纤维角度的敏感性更高。
所以应尽量减小加载方向与BF主方向的夹角,最好与纤维主方向一致,以获得较高的接头剪切强度。
图13是搭接区长度和BF角度的3D响应面。当AA5052基板厚度一定时,与上述类似,须控制搭接区长度在20-25 mm区间内,并减小加载方向与BF主方向的夹角,方能获得较高的接头剪切强度。另外PBC=0.2062,说明搭接区长度和BF角度因素的耦合作用不显著,改变搭接区域长度和BF角度不会产生相互作用。
本文研究了不同的基板材料(BFRP - AA5052、BFRP - BFRP)和胶粘剂类型对BFRP复合材料单搭接胶粘接头力学性能的影响。探究了AA5052基板厚度、搭接区域长度与BF角度多因素对胶粘接头力学性能的影响规律。基于多因素RSM,建立了BFRP-AA5052胶粘接头强度预测模型,分析了多工艺参数对胶粘接头的耦合作用。主要研究结论如下。
(1) 基材属性对粘接接头的力学性能影响较大。BFRP材料相比于AA5052具有更高屈服强度,使得相同材料接头具有更高的峰值载荷。而AA5052相比于BFRP材料具有更高的刚度,使得异种材料胶粘接头的初始刚度更大。
(2) 胶粘剂属性对粘接接头的力学性能有直接影响。采用高模量的回天7130脆性结构胶的接头相比于采用Araldite 2015韧性胶粘剂的接头峰值载荷高57.4%,断裂能最大达1 128.5%。
(3) 引入了剪切强度Y作为评估胶粘剂利用率的评价指标。AA5052基板厚度、搭接区域长度与BF角度3个参数均对胶接接头的剪切强度有显著影响,其显著性顺序依次为:BF角度、搭接区长度、AA5052基板厚度。减小加载方向与BF主方向的夹角,可以提高胶粘接头的力学性能。增加AA5052基板厚度和搭接区域长度,峰值载荷增加。当AA5052基板厚度和搭接区域长度分别增加至2.5和35 mm后,强度提升有限。在两两因素耦合作用中,只有搭接区长度和BF角度因素的交互项无显著影响。
(4) 根据构建的RSM回归预测模型可知,为了获得较高的接头剪切强度并最大限度实现轻量化效果,应尽量减小加载方向与BF主方向的夹角,最好与纤维主方向平行,并控制搭接区长度在20-25 mm区间内。对于AA5052基板的厚度,应控制其在2-2.5 mm区间内,防止过早达到屈服极限。
  • *国家自然科学基金(52175315)
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(KQTD20200820113110016)
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.02.016
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
  • 修回日期:2024-08-23
基金
*国家自然科学基金(52175315)
深圳市科技计划项目(KQTD20200820113110016)
作者信息
    1 湖南大学,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082
    2 北京理工大学深圳汽车研究院,深圳 518118

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王绍螺,助理研究员,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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