Article(id=1149420605805592906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726502400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-17, revisedDate=1730822400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751972827624, onlineDateStr=2025-07-08, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751972827624, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751972827624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1755739168583, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149420601376412046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='587', pageEnd='795', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751972826539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754389785974, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=701, endPage=713, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149420607567200593, articleId=1149420605805592906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=A Method for Energy Consumption Optimization of In-wheel Motor-Driven Vehicles Considering Torque Fluctuations, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

For the high energy consumption problem caused by the large torque fluctuations of in-wheel motor-driven vehicles on uneven roads and frequent shifting of vehicles,in this paper a method for energy consumption optimization of in-wheel motor-driven vehicles considering torque fluctuations is proposed. Firstly,based on the longitudinal drive dynamics equation of electric vehicles and the CarSim vehicle dynamics model,the motor energy consumption model,tire slip energy consumption model,and yaw torque tracking error model are established as the upper control target,and the in-wheel motor dynamics model considering road surface excitation is established as the lower control target. Secondly,taking the upper-level control target as the objective function of the torque optimization of the in-wheel motor vehicle,the motor torque and speed energy limit as the inequality constraints,and the fuzzy control method for objective function weight distribution,the upper-level torque optimization model is established based on NSGAⅡ. At the same time,the lower-level in-wheel motor vector control model of torque overshoot and delay caused by road surface excitation is established based on the sliding mode anti-disturbance observer. Finally,the joint simulation of Simulink and CarSim of a four-wheel in-wheel motor-driven car is carried out,and the changes of the front and rear axle wheel torque,total energy consumption of the car,and the SOC of the car battery under different optimization methods are analyzed under WLTC operating conditions and CLTC-P operating conditions. The in-wheel motor bench test shows that the energy consumption optimization method of in-wheel motor-driven vehicles considering torque fluctuations can effectively reduce energy consumption under WLTC and CLTC-P operating conditions.

, articleAbstract=

For the high energy consumption problem caused by the large torque fluctuations of inwheel motordriven vehicles on uneven roads and frequent shifting of vehicles, in this paper a method for energy consumption optimization of inwheel motordriven vehicles considering torque fluctuations is proposed. Firstly, based on the longitudinal drive dynamics equation of electric vehicles and the CarSim vehicle dynamics model, the motor energy consumption model, tire slip energy consumption model, and yaw torque tracking error model are established as the upper control target, and the inwheel motor dynamics model considering road surface excitation is established as the lower control target. Secondly, taking the upperlevel control target as the objective function of the torque optimization of the inwheel motor vehicle, the motor torque and speed energy limit as the inequality constraints, and the fuzzy control method for objective function weight distribution, the upperlevel torque optimization model is established based on NSGA II. At the same time, the lowerlevel inwheel motor vector control model of torque overshoot and delay caused by road surface excitation is established based on the sliding mode antidisturbance observer. Finally, the joint simulation of Simulink and CarSim of a fourwheel inwheel motordriven car is carried out, and the changes of the front and rear axle wheel torque, total energy consumption of the car, and the SOC of the car battery under different optimization methods are analyzed under WLTC operating conditions and CLTCP operating conditions. The inwheel motor bench test shows that the energy consumption optimization method of inwheel motordriven vehicles considering torque fluctuations can effectively reduce energy consumption under WLTC and CLTC-P operating conditions.

, correspAuthors=Shi Wu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi Wu, Maoyuan Ma, Wenguang Li, Mingyi Li, Wenqing Yu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149420628261896313, articleId=1149420605805592906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

针对轮毂电机驱动汽车在凹凸不平路面和汽车频繁变速时出现的转矩波动大所引起能耗高的问题,本文提出了一种考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法。首先,基于电动汽车纵向驱动动力学方程和CarSim车辆动力学模型,建立电机能耗模型、轮胎滑移能耗模型、横摆力矩跟踪误差模型作为上层控制目标,并建立考虑路面激励的轮毂电机动力学模型作为下层控制目标。其次以上层控制目标为轮毂电机汽车转矩优化的目标函数,以电机转矩和转速极限为不等式约束,以模糊控制方法进行目标函数权重分配,基于NSGAⅡ建立了上层转矩优化模型;同时,基于滑模抗扰动观测器建立了路面激励引起轮毂电机转矩超调和延迟的下层轮毂电机矢量控制模型。最后进行四轮轮毂电机驱动汽车的Simulink和CarSim联合仿真,分析了WLTC工况和CLTC-P工况下汽车前后轴车轮转矩、汽车总能耗、汽车电池SOC在不同优化方法下的变化情况。轮毂电机台架试验表明,考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法在WLTC和CLTC-P工况下能有效降低能耗。

, articleAbstract=

针对轮毂电机驱动汽车在凹凸不平路面和汽车频繁变速时出现的转矩波动大所引起能耗高的问题,本文提出了一种考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法。首先,基于电动汽车纵向驱动动力学方程和CarSim车辆动力学模型,建立电机能耗模型、轮胎滑移能耗模型、横摆力矩跟踪误差模型作为上层控制目标,并建立考虑路面激励的轮毂电机动力学模型作为下层控制目标。其次以上层控制目标为轮毂电机汽车转矩优化的目标函数,以电机转矩和转速极限为不等式约束,以模糊控制方法进行目标函数权重分配,基于NSGA II建立了上层转矩优化模型;同时,基于滑模抗扰动观测器建立了路面激励引起轮毂电机转矩超调和延迟的下层轮毂电机矢量控制模型。最后进行四轮轮毂电机驱动汽车的Simulink 和CarSim联合仿真,分析了WLTC工况和CLTCP工况下汽车前后轴车轮转矩、汽车总能耗、汽车电池SOC在不同优化方法下的变化情况。轮毂电机台架试验表明,考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法在WLTC和CLTCP工况下能有效降低能耗。

, correspAuthors=吴石, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴石,教授,博士后,E-mail:
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教授,博士后

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参数 数值
标称电圧/V 500~550
额定功率/kW 54
峰值功率/kW 75
额定转矩/(N·m) 515
峰值转矩/(N·m) 716
额定转速/(r·min-1 600
峰值转速/(r·min-1 1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1170299546115519048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轮毂电机参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
标称电圧/V 500~550
额定功率/kW 54
峰值功率/kW 75
额定转矩/(N·m) 515
峰值转矩/(N·m) 716
额定转速/(r·min-1 600
峰值转速/(r·min-1 1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1170299546186822217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
w2 i ax
ZE PS PM PB
s ZE NS NS ZE PM
PS NS ZE PS PM
PM ZE PS PM PB
PB PM PM PB PB
), ArticleFig(id=1170299546258125386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

权重系数 w 2 i的模糊推理规则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
w2 i ax
ZE PS PM PB
s ZE NS NS ZE PM
PS NS ZE PS PM
PM ZE PS PM PB
PB PM PM PB PB
), ArticleFig(id=1170299546350400075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
w3 i E
NM NS ZE PS PM
vx NS ZE NM NM NM ZE
ZE PS NS NM NS PS
PS PM ZE NS ZE PM
PM PM PS ZE PS PM
PB PB PM PS PM PB
), ArticleFig(id=1170299546522366540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

权重系数 w 3 i的模糊推理规则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
w3 i E
NM NS ZE PS PM
vx NS ZE NM NM NM ZE
ZE PS NS NM NS PS
PS PM ZE NS ZE PM
PM PM PS ZE PS PM
PB PB PM PS PM PB
), ArticleFig(id=1170299546694333005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车身参数 数值
汽车整备质量 M/kg 1 270
滚动阻力系数 C r 0.017
迎风面积 A/m2 1.97
空气阻力系数 C a 0.35
车轮滚动半径 R/m 0.31
前轴到质心距离 L r/m 1.8
旋转质量系数 K δ 1.1
前后轴长度 B 1 , B 2/m 3.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170299546761441870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

4IWMDV参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车身参数 数值
汽车整备质量 M/kg 1 270
滚动阻力系数 C r 0.017
迎风面积 A/m2 1.97
空气阻力系数 C a 0.35
车轮滚动半径 R/m 0.31
前轴到质心距离 L r/m 1.8
旋转质量系数 K δ 1.1
前后轴长度 B 1 , B 2/m 3.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170299546866299471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 转矩优化分配策略

循环能耗/

kJ

SOC/%

(初始/结束)

WLTC 平均分配 5 437.75 100/47.5
NSGAⅡ 4 977.44 100/50.1
NSGAⅡ-ESMDO 4 890.71 100/51.3
CLTC-P 平均分配 3 723.26 100/70.9
NSGAⅡ 3 556.93 100/72.7
NSGAⅡ-ESMDO 3 403.39 100/73.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170299547046654544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同能耗优化方法下仿真结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 转矩优化分配策略

循环能耗/

kJ

SOC/%

(初始/结束)

WLTC 平均分配 5 437.75 100/47.5
NSGAⅡ 4 977.44 100/50.1
NSGAⅡ-ESMDO 4 890.71 100/51.3
CLTC-P 平均分配 3 723.26 100/70.9
NSGAⅡ 3 556.93 100/72.7
NSGAⅡ-ESMDO 3 403.39 100/73.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170299547113763409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 平均分配 NSGAⅡ优化方法 NSGAⅡ+SMADO优化方法
WLTC工况电池SOC 100/45.1 100/49.4 100/50.6
CLTC-P工况电池SOC 100/70.2 100/72.2 100/73.0
WLTC工况电池SOC仿真值和试验值误差均值对比 100/6.2 100/0.9 100/0.7
CLTC-P工况电池SOC仿真值和试验值误差均值对比 100/3.2 100/0.5 100/0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1170299547210232402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1149420605805592906, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同能耗优化方法下试验结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 平均分配 NSGAⅡ优化方法 NSGAⅡ+SMADO优化方法
WLTC工况电池SOC 100/45.1 100/49.4 100/50.6
CLTC-P工况电池SOC 100/70.2 100/72.2 100/73.0
WLTC工况电池SOC仿真值和试验值误差均值对比 100/6.2 100/0.9 100/0.7
CLTC-P工况电池SOC仿真值和试验值误差均值对比 100/3.2 100/0.5 100/0.4
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考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法*
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吴石 , 马茂原 , 李文广 , 李明义 , 于文庆
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025,47(4): 701-713
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025, 47(4): 701-713
考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法*
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吴石 , 马茂原, 李文广, 李明义, 于文庆
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨理工大学机械动力工程学院,哈尔滨 150080

通讯作者:

吴石,教授,博士后,E-mail:
A Method for Energy Consumption Optimization of In-wheel Motor-Driven Vehicles Considering Torque Fluctuations
Shi Wu , Maoyuan Ma, Wenguang Li, Mingyi Li, Wenqing Yu
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering,Harbin University of Science and Technology,Harbin 150080
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.011
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针对轮毂电机驱动汽车在凹凸不平路面和汽车频繁变速时出现的转矩波动大所引起能耗高的问题,本文提出了一种考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法。首先,基于电动汽车纵向驱动动力学方程和CarSim车辆动力学模型,建立电机能耗模型、轮胎滑移能耗模型、横摆力矩跟踪误差模型作为上层控制目标,并建立考虑路面激励的轮毂电机动力学模型作为下层控制目标。其次以上层控制目标为轮毂电机汽车转矩优化的目标函数,以电机转矩和转速极限为不等式约束,以模糊控制方法进行目标函数权重分配,基于NSGA II建立了上层转矩优化模型;同时,基于滑模抗扰动观测器建立了路面激励引起轮毂电机转矩超调和延迟的下层轮毂电机矢量控制模型。最后进行四轮轮毂电机驱动汽车的Simulink 和CarSim联合仿真,分析了WLTC工况和CLTCP工况下汽车前后轴车轮转矩、汽车总能耗、汽车电池SOC在不同优化方法下的变化情况。轮毂电机台架试验表明,考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法在WLTC和CLTCP工况下能有效降低能耗。

轮毂电机驱动汽车  /  转矩波动  /  NSGAⅡ  /  SMADO  /  能耗优化

For the high energy consumption problem caused by the large torque fluctuations of inwheel motordriven vehicles on uneven roads and frequent shifting of vehicles, in this paper a method for energy consumption optimization of inwheel motordriven vehicles considering torque fluctuations is proposed. Firstly, based on the longitudinal drive dynamics equation of electric vehicles and the CarSim vehicle dynamics model, the motor energy consumption model, tire slip energy consumption model, and yaw torque tracking error model are established as the upper control target, and the inwheel motor dynamics model considering road surface excitation is established as the lower control target. Secondly, taking the upperlevel control target as the objective function of the torque optimization of the inwheel motor vehicle, the motor torque and speed energy limit as the inequality constraints, and the fuzzy control method for objective function weight distribution, the upperlevel torque optimization model is established based on NSGA II. At the same time, the lowerlevel inwheel motor vector control model of torque overshoot and delay caused by road surface excitation is established based on the sliding mode antidisturbance observer. Finally, the joint simulation of Simulink and CarSim of a fourwheel inwheel motordriven car is carried out, and the changes of the front and rear axle wheel torque, total energy consumption of the car, and the SOC of the car battery under different optimization methods are analyzed under WLTC operating conditions and CLTCP operating conditions. The inwheel motor bench test shows that the energy consumption optimization method of inwheel motordriven vehicles considering torque fluctuations can effectively reduce energy consumption under WLTC and CLTC-P operating conditions.

in-wheel motor drive automobiles  /  torque fluctuation  /  NSGAII  /  SMADO  /  energy consumption optimization
吴石, 马茂原, 李文广, 李明义, 于文庆. 考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (4) : 701 -713 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.011
Shi Wu, Maoyuan Ma, Wenguang Li, Mingyi Li, Wenqing Yu. A Method for Energy Consumption Optimization of In-wheel Motor-Driven Vehicles Considering Torque Fluctuations[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (4) : 701 -713 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.011
四轮轮毂电机驱动汽车(four in-wheel motor drive vehicle,4IWMDV)具有转向灵活、传动效率高、驱/制动力矩易于分配等特点,成为新能源汽车技术未来主要发展方向之一[1] 。4IWMDV在路面凹凸不平和车速不断变化的情况下,轮毂电机转矩波动造成汽车总能耗损失较大,探究该问题对能耗优化具有重要的研究意义。
针对轮毂电机驱动汽车建模主要围绕车辆动力学模型进行研究。Sun等[3] 和Zhao等[4] 基于车辆动力学模型,分析车辆转弯节能机理和轮胎滑移能耗,建立车辆节能模型。而Wu等[5] 在其基础上额外建立了考虑轮毂电机功率损失的4IWMDV能耗模型。以上研究大多聚焦于车辆动力学模型所造成的能耗,以传递函数的形式代替轮毂电机动力学模型,未考虑轮毂电机动力学模型行驶时的动态能耗。丁晓林等[6] 基于轮毂电机台架试验数据得出轮毂电机模型在汽车行驶能耗中占重要地位的结论。于是Lei等[7] 除了考虑车辆动力学模型,还通过帕累托前沿分析了电机效率和质量对汽车能耗的影响,提出了约束能量法建立轮毂电机动力学模型,降低汽车在高效区的能耗。而Deng等[8] 采用麦克斯韦应力张量法分析,认为路面激励引起的不平衡径向力也会对轮毂电机的转矩和能耗产生影响。上述研究表明,针对4IWMDV的建模,从最开始只针对多自由度车辆动力学建模,进一步又在动力学模型基础上将车辆的转向阻力系数、轮胎侧偏刚度等纳入考虑因素,到现在额外分析轮毂电机动力学模型所引起的汽车驱动能耗。所以本文旨在分析同时考虑车辆动力学模型和路面激励下轮毂电机动力学模型的轮毂电机驱动汽车的能耗问题。
针对4IWMDV的转矩优化分配,已有很多学者将不同的控制方法运用在上面进行研究。Wang等[9] 通过模糊控制调节PID控制参数自适应调控汽车转向时车轮差优化汽车转矩分配。Zhou等[10] 通过非线性模型预测方法优化车轮滑移率输出车轮转矩。黄彩霞等[11] 基于区域极点配置,分析了保性能权重矩阵参数对控制性能的影响,提出了规则化转矩分配控制策略。Adeleke 等[12] 在动态规划算法上加入反向递归算法,逆向计算车辆前后轮转矩分配和车辆能耗的动态最优路径。He等[13] 对各种转矩优化方法进行对比分析得出,当优化目标在某些区域内存在冲突时,智能优化算法相比模型预测、动态规划等方法可以有效提高能效和计算效率,并具有良好的实时性。漆星等[14] 针对电动汽车的电机效率和电池效率在某些区域内存在控制策略冲突问题,采用粒子群算法优化车辆整体转矩分配和能耗问题。针对轮毂电机驱动汽车转矩分配优化,带精英策略的遗传算法通过适应度筛选多目标函数值具有更好的优势。但NSGAⅡ所具有的固定权重系数不能及时适应汽车在各种行驶状态下的经济性和稳定性,所以设计了模糊控制动态调整NSGAⅡ优化目标的权重系数。
目前针对下层轮毂电机的抗扰动控制研究较少,大多以电机矢量控制为主,结合其他控制方法来增强系统对扰动的抑制情况。Gandhi等[15] 在转速环上采用粒子群算法优化PID控制器参数,使控制器参数随着扰动的变化而实时整定。Fan [16]在电机矢量控制的转速环上改进非线性自抗扰控制,通过对系统产生的扰动进行估计和补偿,提高系统抗扰动性能。相比于其他控制方法,由于滑模控制不是规定一个值,而是建立一个滑模面,使控制对象到达滑模面持续振荡,不需要对其精确控制。所以其在电机抗扰动控制中有较多的应用。Wang等[17] 在传统矢量控制框架上加入了滑模速度控制器对扰动进行抑制。但由于传统滑模控制方法只能把扰动规定在一个范围。所以本文改进传统滑模方法,使扰动到达滑模面后逐渐趋向于原点。并根据改进滑模方法推导滑模抗扰动观测器,在对扰动进行估计后传递给速度环,增加抗扰动控制的精确性,降低转矩变化时的能耗。
针对上述问题,本文以轮毂电机驱动汽车为研究对象。首先,基于4IWMDV驱动动力学和CarSim车辆动力学模型,建立电机能耗模型、轮胎滑移能耗模型、横摆力矩跟踪误差模型作为上层控制目标,并建立考虑路面激励的轮毂电机动力学模型作为下层控制目标。其次,以上层控制目标为目标函数,通过模糊控制器实时控制轮胎滑移能耗和横摆力矩跟踪误差的权重系数构建上层转矩分配优化控制器;同时,基于滑模抗扰动观测器建立下层轮毂电机矢量控制模型。最后,搭建考虑转矩波动的4IWMDV能耗优化方法的联合仿真平台,并通过轮毂电机台架进行试验验证。
为研究4IWMDV能耗优化,建立能耗优化总体控制结构模型图,如图1所示。
基于CarSim车辆动力学模型、电动汽车驱动动力学模型和电池SOC模型建立轮毂电机驱动汽车模型。然后根据城市循环工况提供的汽车行驶所需的目标车速、加速度等数据,计算出上层控制器所需的总驱动转矩、各车轮转速和滑移率、前轮转角,上层控制器根据参数计算每个车轮的驱动转矩并分配给对应车轮的轮毂电机控制器驱动汽车行驶。同时4个轮毂电机将行驶所消耗的电流传输到电池模型,通过电池模型计算汽车行驶能耗。
建立车辆驱动受力示意图,如图2所示。根据受力分析,车辆在行驶过程中会受到4个轮毂电机产生的驱动力、空气阻力、坡度阻力、滚动阻力以及加速阻力的共同作用。因此车辆行驶所需总转矩为
T = F t × R = ( F a + F G + F r + F ω ) × R
其中:
F a = M a x F G = M g s i n   θ F r = f   M g c o s   θ F ω = 1 2 ρ A C a v x 2
式中: F a为加速阻力; F G为坡度阻力; F r为滚动阻力; F ω为空气阻力; M为车辆总质量; v x为纵向车速; a x为纵向加速度; g为重力加速度; f为滚动阻力系数; C a为空气阻力系数; A为车身迎风面积; R为车轮半径。
任何行驶环境中的凹凸不平等路面状况,都会通过车轮传递给轮毂电机,造成车轮和轮毂电机经历不断的冲击和振动。导致轮毂电机出现气隙形变问题,这就会对电磁转矩和转矩脉动造成影响[18] 。所以建立考虑路面激励下气隙形变的永磁同步轮毂电机动力学方程:
T m i - T i = J P 0 d ω i d t T m i = 3 2 P 0 [ ψ f i q + ( L d - L q ) i d i q ] = 3 2 P 0 ψ f i q ψ f = N B A 0 B = μ 0 H g g 0 + δ g
式中: T m i为电机的输出转矩; P 0为电机转子的磁极对数; T i为输入转矩; J为转动惯量; ψ f为磁链; i d i q分别为定子电流的直轴和交轴电流分量; L d L q分别为直轴和交轴同步电感; N为线圈匝数; B为磁通密度; A 0为磁场面积; H g为气隙磁场强度; g 0为初始气隙长度; δ g为气隙形变量。
4IWMDEV动力系统所需的轮毂电机总功率需要由电池提供,其公式如下:
P t o t a l = P o u t + P l o s s . o u t
式中: P t o t a l表示4IWMDV动力系统所需总功率; P o u t为轮毂电机的输出功率; P l o s s . o u t表示轮毂电机的功率损失,如式(5)所示。
P l o s s . o u t = T i ω i 9549 η ( 1 - η )
式(5)可以看出,轮毂电机损失功率不仅与转速和转矩有关,还与轮毂电机效率有关。所以利用轮毂电机测功柜,测试轮毂电机输入和输出功率,并基于式(6)计算出轮毂电机各工作点效率,建立轮毂电机MAP图,如图3所示。其中轮毂电机参数如表1所示。
η = P o u t P i n
式中 P o u t P i n分别为轮毂电机的输出和输入功率。
因此,轮毂电机及其传动系统功率损失如式(7)所示:
J 1 = i = 1 4 P l o s s . o u t i = i = 1 4 T i ω i 9549 η i ( 1 - η i )
式中 T i ω i分别为转矩优化后轮毂电机的输入转矩和输入转速, i = 1 2 3 4分别代表4IWMDV的左前、右前、左后、右后车轮。
轮胎滑移能耗的产生主要是因为在滑移区域内轮胎接触面与地面之间的相对滑动。根据车轮转动动力学方程和滑移率计算方程[19] ,可以将各轮胎滑移能量消耗表示为
J 2 = i = 1 4 F s i v s i = i = 1 4 ω i T i 9549 S i ( 1 - S i )
式中: F s i为车轮滑移力; v s i为车轮滑移速度。
采用前馈加反馈的控制方法计算横摆力矩跟踪误差模型,既能利用前馈控制的快速响应特性,还能通过反馈控制保持系统鲁棒性。横摆力矩跟踪误差模型框架如图4所示。
首先,根据前轮转角 δ计算出车辆稳定性控制所需的理想质心侧偏角[20] ,如式(9)所示。
γ d = m i n δ v x / L i s 1 + K s v x 2 , ξ γ μ g v x s g n ( δ )
式中: L为轴距; K s为稳定系数; i s为转向系统传动比; ξ γ为纵向力对横向力的修正系数。
因此,前馈控制和反馈控制的横摆力矩分别如式(10)式(11)所示。
M f f = L f + L r L r C f C r - L f C f M v x 2 L f C f - L r C r + M v x 2
M f b = g f b γ d - γ
式中: L f L r分别为质心到前后轴长度; C f C r分别为前后轮侧偏刚度; g f b为反馈系数。
所以系统总期望横摆力矩为
M d = M f f + M f b
车辆转弯时产生的实际附加横摆力矩为
M r = i = 1 4 T i R L i
式中 L i分别表示前左、前右、后左、后右绕 Z轴旋转的力臂。
因此,横摆力矩跟踪误差可以表示为
J 3 = i = 1 4 T i R L i - M d 2
电池模型的目的是根据电流估算电池SOC,所以电池模型采用等效内阻模型,其功率计算公式为
P b a t = U t I b a t t
式中: I b a t t表示电池的内部电流; U t表示电池总电压,可以表示为式(16)
U t = U o c - R o I L
式中: U o c为开路电压; R o为电池内阻。
电池电流为
I b a t t = I i n N p
式中: I i n表示电池输入电流; N P表示并联电池节数。
最后对电流进行积分估算电池SOC值:
S O C ( t ) = - 1 C a p b a t t 0 t I b a t t d t
式中 C a p b a t t表示电池容量。
以电机能耗、轮胎滑移能耗和横摆力矩跟踪误差为4IWMDV转矩优化的目标函数,建立转矩能耗优化问题。因此根据式(7)式(8)式(14)可得总优化目标函数为
J = m i n w 1 i J 1 + w 2 i J 2 + w 3 i J 3
式中: J 1为电机能耗; J 2为轮胎滑移损耗; J 3为横摆力矩跟踪误差。其中 w 1 i为0.5,并由于 J 2 J 3相互影响,所以对其权重系数 w 2 i w 3 i进行互相限制,如式(20)所示。
( w 2 i w 2 i + w 3 i + w 3 i w 2 i + w 3 i ) × 50 % = 0.5 w 2 i * = w 2 i w 2 i + w 3 i ; w 3 i * = w 3 i w 2 i + w 3 i
式中 w 2 i w 3 i分别为实际轮胎滑移能耗和横摆力矩跟踪误差权重系数。
在计算过程中,要保证总驱动转矩需求,即
i = 1 4 T i = T
其次,各电机的驱动转矩应在轮毂电机输出转矩范围内,定义为
T i ( t ) [ T m i n i ( ω i ( t ) ) , T m a x i ( ω i ( t ) ) ] ω i ( t ) [ 0 , m a x ( ω i ( t ) ) ]
在不同行驶条件下,4IWMDV是保证稳定性还是保证经济型取决于多目标优化函数中的权重系数。所以设计如图5所示的权重系数模糊控制器。该模糊控制器可以根据系统状态参数反馈实时调整目标函数的权重系数,从而在不影响稳定性的情况下保证车辆的经济性。
轮胎滑移能耗的权重系数 w 2 i与车轮滑移率 s和车辆加速度 a x两个变量有关。据此建立基于 s a x的对 w 2 i进行动态调整的模糊控制器,其中 s a x w 2 i的隶属度函数设置如图6所示,模糊推理规则如表2所示。
横摆力矩跟踪误差权重系数 w 3 i由车速 v x和质心侧偏角误差率 E两个变量求得,质心侧偏角误差率定义如下:
E = ( γ d - γ ) / γ d
因此,建立基于 v x E w 3 i进行动态调整的模糊控制器。其中 v x E w 3 i隶属度函数设置如图7所示,模糊推理规则如表3所示。
确定各权重指标的权重系数后,本文选择NSGAⅡ来求解多目标优化函数。NSGAⅡ与传统NSGA相比,加入了精英策略,保证尽可能多的最优个体成功进化而不丢失,改善了种群进化品质,同时将非支配排序与拥挤度评估结合,既降低了计算复杂度,使得更适合处理四轮转矩优化分配这种大规模、复杂的多目标优化问题,又对Pareto前沿解集进行了合理的筛选,避免了局部最优解,使得NSGAⅡ能够生成均衡的Pareto前沿解集。将NSGAⅡ算法用于转矩分配优化的具体求解流程如图8所示。
通过上层转矩分配优化控制器获得每个轮毂电机的最优输入转矩和转速。但由于路面坡度和汽车行驶车速变化会造成轮毂电机内部对输入转矩响应的延迟和超调,进而造成转矩变化瞬间电流过大,造成能耗。所以为了让轮毂电机输出转矩能够更好地跟踪输入转矩。本文提出了一种基于改进型趋近律的滑模抗扰动观测器(sliding mode anti-disturbance observer,SMADO),其控制框图如图9所示。
根据式(3),考虑轮毂电机内部参数变化,电机动力学方程可以改写为
ω ˙ m i = α n i q - χ n ω m i + r ( t ) r ( t ) = Δ α i q - Δ χ ω m i - β T m i d ( t ) = r ˙ ( t )
其中:
α = α n + Δ α = 3 p 2 ψ f / 2 J β = β n + Δ β = p / J χ = χ n + Δ χ = p B / J
式中: α n β n χ n是标称参数; Δ α Δ β Δ χ是电机参数变化值; r ( t )表示内部参数变化和外部负载扰动等集中扰动; d ( t ) r ( t )的变化率。
当集中扰动存在时,如果相应的补偿方法不能抑制它,则会降低控制性能。为此,提出了SMADO在线估计集中扰动 r ( t ),并将估计的扰动作为前馈部分,对式(24)中的扰动进行补偿,其结构框图如图10所示。
因此,为系统式(24)构造滑模抗扰动观测器:
ω ^ ˙ = α n i q - χ n ω ^ m i + r ^ ( t ) + u s m o r ^ ˙ ( t ) = g u s m o
式中: ω ^为速度 ω的估计值; r ^ ( t )为集中扰动 r ( t )的估计值; g为滑模参数, g = 1 u s m o表示为开关信号,将其设计为式(27)
u s m o = ξ s g n ( s )
式中 ξ > 0
该改进型滑模趋近律是在传统指数趋近律的基础上改进的,能够适应系统状态的变化,从而抑制控制过程中存在的扰动现象。改进型趋近律如式(28)所示。
d s d t = - e q ( x , s ) s a t ( s ) - k 2 s e q ( x , s ) = k 1 k 3 + 1 + 1 x - k 3 e - δ s
式中:x表示系统状态; k 1 > 0 δ > 0 0 < k 3 < 1 k 2 > 0
转速环控制器应在扰动发生时准确地保持参考转速 ω i的实际转速轨迹。所以建立如下转速环滑模面:
S = e = ω i - ω m i
式中: e为转速跟踪误差; ω m i为轮毂电机的输出转速。
最后,将式(26)和新的趋近律式(28)代入式(29)中可得在SMC+SMADO方法下的速度环控制器 i q *
i q * = α n - 1 ω ˙ i + χ n ω m i - r ^ ( t ) + e q ( x , s ) s g n ( s ) + k 2 s
该控制器可以在线估计和补偿系统扰动,提高轮毂电机系统的抗扰动能力。
不论是路面坡度还是汽车车速变化,主要影响的还是转矩的变化,因此为更直观验证转矩变化对能耗的影响,截取0.5 s的轮毂电机在输入负载转矩下的转矩和电流变化情况,分别在0和0.2 s对轮毂电机施加转矩,观察转矩变化下的电流变化,如图11所示。从图11中可以看出,转矩在发生变化时,电流会在瞬间发生剧烈变化,并须经过一段时间才能恢复稳定,造成系统能耗的增加。图12图13分别为施加5、10 N·m扰动后转矩及其局部放大对比图。从图12(a)图12(b)中可以看出,SMADO转矩波动明显比PI和传统SMC要小,且系统状态也更稳定。而从图13可以看出,即使增加较大扰动,系统依然有很好的抗扰动能力。而通过图11(a)图11(b)图11(c)两种控制方法下的电流变化图进行对比可以发现,基于SMADO的下层控制方法可以有效抑制转矩响应延迟和超调带来的电流瞬间波动过大所造成的电机能耗。
在CarSim中选取WLTC工况和CLTC-P工况作为4IWMDV的能耗测试工况,并搭建坡度变化的操场道路分析路面坡度变化对4IWMDV的能耗影响,其中整体路面附着系数设为0.85;通过对比NSGAⅡ-SMADO、NSGAⅡ、平均分配方法下的电池SOC下降值和汽车能耗值,验证本文所提算法的优越性。其中,用于仿真的4IWMDV参数如表4所示。两工况下车速如图14所示。
通过NSGAⅡ-SMADO对转矩进行分配优化,分别得到两种工况下车轮转矩的分配结果,如图15图16所示。然后通过电池SOC模块计算出电池SOC值和汽车总能耗,如图17图18所示。能耗对比结果如表5所示。
图15图16可知,在平均分配模式下,不论行驶速度是高是低,整车前后轴转矩都趋向于平均分配。因此如图17图18所示,可以看出在加速阶段会导致电池SOC急剧下降。而在NSGAII-SMADO模式下,汽车在行驶速度较低时,整车转矩趋向于前轴分配;行驶速度较高,纵向驱动力矩需求较小时,整车转矩趋向于后轴分配。此时电池SOC下降变小,减小了汽车能耗。由表5可知,本文所提出的算法在两种工况下与平均分配、NSGAII优化方法相比,都减少了汽车能耗。其中在WLTC工况下比平均分配电池SOC消耗降低了3.80%,能耗降低了10.06%;比NSGAⅡ优化方法的电池SOC消耗降低了1.20%,能耗降低了1.74%。在CLTC-P工况下比平均分配电池SOC降低了2.50%,能耗降低了8.59%;比NSGAⅡ优化方法电池SOC消耗降低了1.20%,能耗降低了4.32%。因此,本文提出的能耗优化方法能有效降低行驶能耗。
为进一步验证本文中提出的考虑转矩波动的轮毂电机驱动汽车能耗优化方法的有效性,开展了硬件在环HIL试验,如图19所示。
HIL试验具体可分为硬件系统和软件系统两个子系统。硬件系统包括实时控制器HNLM10-16、轮毂电机控制器HN01、轮毂电机、工控机、电池模拟柜4部分组成,其中信号采集卡采用中泰的EM9636,通信协议采用TCP/IP协议;软件系统由实时仿真模块和控制器算法模块组成。实时仿真模块包括基于CarSim开发的整车动力学模型和道路模型,控制器算法模块基于Matlab/Simulink进行开发。HIL试验搭建环境如图20所示,工控机主界面如图21所示。
在城市循环工况下,由于前文对横摆力矩进行了实时跟踪及控制,所以在转矩分配的过程中,只考虑前后轮对于总转矩的分配,而后进行左右轮转矩的分配。因此,采用如图20所示的轮毂电机台架,两组轮毂电机分别模拟车辆的前轮和后轮,并通过在工控机输入不同能耗优化方法控制轮毂电机运行,实时记录和计算4IWMDV在两种工况下的运行数据。
重复上述试验,分别得到平均分配、NSGAⅡ、NSGAⅡ-SMADO 3种能耗优化方法下4IWMDV的电池SOC曲线,如图22所示。由试验结果可以看出,在NSGAⅡ-SMADO能耗优化方法下,车辆能耗在两种工况下均小于平均分配和NSGAⅡ优化分配。其中,在WLTC工况下,与平均分配相比,电池SOC消耗降低了4.7%;与NSGAⅡ优化方法相比,电池SOC消耗降低了1.2%。在CLTC-P工况下比平均分配,电池SOC降低了3.2%;与NSGAⅡ优化方法相比电池SOC消耗降低了0.9%。并对试验值和仿真值进行误差均值计算,能耗优化试验对比结果如表6所示。通过表6可以看出,在两种工况下试验值较仿真值误差较少,其中在CLTC-P工况下试验结果最为接近仿真值,而在WLTC工况下试验结果误差较大,是因为在超过120 km/h的高速下试验值和仿真值误差较大。但日常行驶超过120 km/h的高速使用较少,所以考虑转矩波动的4IWMDV能耗优化方法能够有效降低行驶能耗。
针对4IWMDV在凹凸不平路面和汽车频繁变速时出现的转矩波动大所引起能耗高的问题,本文提出了一种考虑转矩波动的4IWMDV能耗优化方法。
(1) 基于汽车纵向驱动动力学模型和CarSim车辆动力学模型,建立电机能耗模型、轮胎滑移能耗模型、横摆力矩跟踪误差模型作为上层控制目标。并建立了考虑路面激励影响轮毂电机转矩波动的轮毂电机动力学模型。
(2) 在NSGAⅡ算法的基础上,加入模糊控制器实时控制轮胎滑移能耗和横摆力矩跟踪误差的权重系数,构建兼顾稳定性与经济性的上层转矩分配优化控制器。
(3) 在轮毂电机矢量控制基础上,加入滑模扰动观测器和滑模转速环,对转矩波动进行实时观测和抑制,进而降低因为转矩变化导致电流瞬间过大造成的能耗。
(4) 通过轮毂电机台架试验,模拟4IWMDV在城市循环工况下运行,得到不同转矩优化方法下的SOC曲线。试验结果表明,考虑转矩波动的4IWMDV能耗优化方法在WLTC和CLTC-P工况下能有效降低能耗。
  • *国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFE0121300)
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2025年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.011
  • 接收时间:2024-09-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-08
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-17
  • 修回日期:2024-11-06
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*国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFE0121300)
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    哈尔滨理工大学机械动力工程学院,哈尔滨 150080

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吴石,教授,博士后,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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