Article(id=1149420604710883742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724169600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-21, revisedDate=1728057600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751972827365, onlineDateStr=2025-07-08, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751972827365, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751972827365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751972827365, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149420601376412046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='587', pageEnd='795', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751972826539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754389785974, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=680, endPage=691, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149420605050622372, articleId=1149420604710883742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Research on High-Reliability Path Planning for Three-Dimensional Terrain Considering Non-Terrain Fluid Characteristics, columnId=1149809888211198868, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic:Key Technologies on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Three-dimensional terrain scenes typically possess complex and diverse environment along with jagged terrain features,which poses challenges to path planning. To address this issue,in this paper a highly reliable path planning approach under the influence of non-topographic fluid characteristics and three-dimensional complex terrain is proposed. This method encompasses initial global path planning,path inspection,and re-planning under 3D terrain. For the initial global path,an AHTR algorithm that combines the advantages of Hybrid A* and Theta* is proposed. This algorithm enhances the inter-node sampling and detection methods in accordance with the traits of the 3D terrain scene and introduces in a terrain risk assessment function.to plan a path for the vehicle that can evade rough terrain and comply with kinematic constraints. For path inspection,the path risk test function is designed based on the results of vehicle dynamics analysis considering the characteristics of non-terrestrial fluid,and the impact of non-terrestrial fluid characteristics on path planning is verified. For path re-planning,an enhanced AHTR algorithm is proposed,which takes into account of both 3D terrain features and non-terrain fluid features to guarantee that the planned path can effectively avoid risks. Simulation experiments demonstrate that compared with Hybrid A* and Theta*,the intensity of ground undulation in the path planned by the AHTR algorithm is decreased by 26.54% and 49.04%,with the average pitch angle of the vehicle reduced by 44.39% and 69.40%,the path risk lowered by 26.32% and 41.67%,and the final path safety improved by 58.06% and 88.46%,which effectively ensures path reliability.

, articleAbstract=

Threedimensional terrain scenes typically possess complex and diverse environment along with jagged terrain features, which poses challenges to path planning. To address this issue, in this paper a highly reliable path planning approach under the influence of nontopographic fluid characteristics and threedimensional complex terrain is proposed. This method encompasses initial global path planning, path inspection, and replanning under 3D terrain. For the initial global path, an AHTR algorithm that combines the advantages of Hybrid A* and Theta* is proposed. This algorithm enhances the internode sampling and detection methods in accordance with the traits of the 3D terrain scene and introduces in a terrain risk assessment function.to plan a path for the vehicle that can evade rough terrain and comply with kinematic constraints. For path inspection, the path risk test function is designed based on the results of vehicle dynamics analysis considering the characteristics of nonterrestrial fluid, and the impact of nonterrestrial fluid characteristics on path planning is verified. For path replanning, an enhanced AHTR algorithm is proposed, which takes into account of both 3D terrain features and nonterrain fluid features to guarantee that the planned path can effectively avoid risks. Simulation experiments demonstrate that compared with Hybrid A* and Theta*, the intensity of ground undulation in the path planned by the AHTR algorithm is decreased by 26.54% and 49.04%, with the average pitch angle of the vehicle reduced by 44.39% and 69.40%, the path risk lowered by 26.32% and 41.67%, and the final path safety improved by 58.06% and 88.46%, which effectively ensures path reliability.

, correspAuthors=Yongjie Zhu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhicheng He, Yongjie Zhu, Yu Qiu, Yue Liu, Enlin Zhou, Hao Zheng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149420620426941259, articleId=1149420604710883742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=考虑非地形流体特征的三维地形高可靠性路径规划研究*, columnId=1149809888341222293, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=专题:汽车智能化关键技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=

三维地形场景通常具有复杂多变的环境和崎岖的地形特征,给路径规划带来挑战。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种非地形流体特征和三维复杂地形共同影响下的高可靠性路径规划方法。本方法包括三维地形下的初始全局路径规划、路径检验及重规划,针对初始全局路径,提出融合Hybrid A*和Theta*优势方法的AHTR算法,该算法针对三维地形场景特点改进了节点间采样和检测方法,并引入地形风险评估函数,为载具规划出能够规避崎岖起伏地形并且符合运动学约束的路径。针对路径检验,基于考虑非地性流体特征的载具动力学分析结果设计了路径风险检验函数,并验证了非地形流体特征对路径规划的影响。针对路径重规划,提出改进AHTR算法,该方法同时考虑了三维地形特征和非地形流体特征,确保所规划的路径能够有效规避风险。仿真实验表明,相比于Hybrid A*和Theta*,AHTR算法规划路径的地表起伏剧烈程度分别降低26.54%和49.04%,载具平均俯仰角幅度降低44.39%和69.40%,路径风险降低26.32%和41.67%,最终路径安全性提升58.06%和88.46%,有效保证了路径的可靠性。

, articleAbstract=

三维地形场景通常具有复杂多变的环境和崎岖的地形特征,给路径规划带来挑战。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种非地形流体特征和三维复杂地形共同影响下的高可靠性路径规划方法。本方法包括三维地形下的初始全局路径规划、路径检验及重规划,针对初始全局路径,提出融合Hybrid A*和Theta*优势方法的AHTR算法,该算法针对三维地形场景特点改进了节点间采样和检测方法,并引入地形风险评估函数,为载具规划出能够规避崎岖起伏地形并且符合运动学约束的路径。针对路径检验,基于考虑非地性流体特征的载具动力学分析结果设计了路径风险检验函数,并验证了非地形流体特征对路径规划的影响。针对路径重规划,提出改进AHTR算法,该方法同时考虑了三维地形特征和非地形流体特征,确保所规划的路径能够有效规避风险。仿真实验表明,相比于Hybrid A*和Theta*, AHTR算法规划路径的地表起伏剧烈程度分别降低26.54%和49.04%,载具平均俯仰角幅度降低44.39%和69.40%,路径风险降低26.32%和41.67%,最终路径安全性提升58.06%和88.46%,有效保证了路径的可靠性。

, correspAuthors=朱勇杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
何智成,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:
朱勇杰,硕士研究生,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Rfje98yqaJznyAh+k4NYEQ==, magXml=BOvIZDel9r8TnSURSYxg9w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=l81GQ6Ti6l+gMrF452WeWg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=oLzFai/Cpy2nONEHYGJ6Ww==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

教授,博士生导师

硕士研究生

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AHTR算法伪代码

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路径编号 路径A 路径A 路径B 路径B
起点 (18,16,0.014 0) (38,81,0.932 8)
终点 (58,73,2.185 0) (81,47,0.211 6)

非地形流体

特征矢量

(0,0,0) (-57,-36,52) (0,0,0) (55,-40,50)
安全路径点比例/% 99 94 77 90
风险路径点比例/% 1 6 23 10
驱动风险比例/% 0 0 0 0
侧滑风险比例/% 1 6 23 10
侧翻风险比例/% 0 0 6 4
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考虑非地形流体特征前后的路径风险检验数据

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路径编号 路径A 路径A 路径B 路径B
起点 (18,16,0.014 0) (38,81,0.932 8)
终点 (58,73,2.185 0) (81,47,0.211 6)

非地形流体

特征矢量

(0,0,0) (-57,-36,52) (0,0,0) (55,-40,50)
安全路径点比例/% 99 94 77 90
风险路径点比例/% 1 6 23 10
驱动风险比例/% 0 0 0 0
侧滑风险比例/% 1 6 23 10
侧翻风险比例/% 0 0 6 4
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算法 Hybrid A* Theta* AHTR
非地形流体特征矢量 (60,-40,50)
起点和终点 起点(24,85,0.002 9),终点(86,48,0.035 3)
地表起伏标准差/m 0.307 8 0.443 7 0.226 1
平均前轮转角/rad 0.046 3 0.130 5 0.059 7
平均俯仰角幅度/rad 0.117 6 0.213 7 0.065 4
安全路径点比例/% 62 52 72
风险路径点比例/% 38 48 28
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路径质量评估数据

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算法 Hybrid A* Theta* AHTR
非地形流体特征矢量 (60,-40,50)
起点和终点 起点(24,85,0.002 9),终点(86,48,0.035 3)
地表起伏标准差/m 0.307 8 0.443 7 0.226 1
平均前轮转角/rad 0.046 3 0.130 5 0.059 7
平均俯仰角幅度/rad 0.117 6 0.213 7 0.065 4
安全路径点比例/% 62 52 72
风险路径点比例/% 38 48 28
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算法 原全局路径 新全局路径
非地形流体特征矢量 (60,-40,50)
起点和终点 起点(24,85,0.002 9),终点(86,48,0.035 3)
安全路径点比例/% 72 98
风险路径点比例/% 28 2
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新全局路径与原全局路径风险检验数据

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算法 原全局路径 新全局路径
非地形流体特征矢量 (60,-40,50)
起点和终点 起点(24,85,0.002 9),终点(86,48,0.035 3)
安全路径点比例/% 72 98
风险路径点比例/% 28 2
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考虑非地形流体特征的三维地形高可靠性路径规划研究*
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何智成 1 , 朱勇杰 1 , 邱雨 1 , 刘越 2 , 周恩临 1 , 郑皓 3
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2025,47(4): 680-691
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2025, 47(4): 680-691
考虑非地形流体特征的三维地形高可靠性路径规划研究*
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何智成1 , 朱勇杰1 , 邱雨1, 刘越2, 周恩临1, 郑皓3
作者信息
  • 1 湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,长沙 410000
  • 2 中国北方车辆研究所,北京 100072
  • 3 长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,长沙 410000

通讯作者:

何智成,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:
朱勇杰,硕士研究生,E-mail:
Research on High-Reliability Path Planning for Three-Dimensional Terrain Considering Non-Terrain Fluid Characteristics
Zhicheng He1 , Yongjie Zhu1 , Yu Qiu1, Yue Liu2, Enlin Zhou1, Hao Zheng3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering,Hunan University,Changsha  410000
  • 2 China North Vehicle Research Institute,Beijing  100072
  • 3 Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co.,Ltd.,Changsha  410000
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.009
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三维地形场景通常具有复杂多变的环境和崎岖的地形特征,给路径规划带来挑战。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种非地形流体特征和三维复杂地形共同影响下的高可靠性路径规划方法。本方法包括三维地形下的初始全局路径规划、路径检验及重规划,针对初始全局路径,提出融合Hybrid A*和Theta*优势方法的AHTR算法,该算法针对三维地形场景特点改进了节点间采样和检测方法,并引入地形风险评估函数,为载具规划出能够规避崎岖起伏地形并且符合运动学约束的路径。针对路径检验,基于考虑非地性流体特征的载具动力学分析结果设计了路径风险检验函数,并验证了非地形流体特征对路径规划的影响。针对路径重规划,提出改进AHTR算法,该方法同时考虑了三维地形特征和非地形流体特征,确保所规划的路径能够有效规避风险。仿真实验表明,相比于Hybrid A*和Theta*, AHTR算法规划路径的地表起伏剧烈程度分别降低26.54%和49.04%,载具平均俯仰角幅度降低44.39%和69.40%,路径风险降低26.32%和41.67%,最终路径安全性提升58.06%和88.46%,有效保证了路径的可靠性。

三维地形  /  非地形流体  /  路径风险  /  全局路径规划  /  局部路径重规划

Threedimensional terrain scenes typically possess complex and diverse environment along with jagged terrain features, which poses challenges to path planning. To address this issue, in this paper a highly reliable path planning approach under the influence of nontopographic fluid characteristics and threedimensional complex terrain is proposed. This method encompasses initial global path planning, path inspection, and replanning under 3D terrain. For the initial global path, an AHTR algorithm that combines the advantages of Hybrid A* and Theta* is proposed. This algorithm enhances the internode sampling and detection methods in accordance with the traits of the 3D terrain scene and introduces in a terrain risk assessment function.to plan a path for the vehicle that can evade rough terrain and comply with kinematic constraints. For path inspection, the path risk test function is designed based on the results of vehicle dynamics analysis considering the characteristics of nonterrestrial fluid, and the impact of nonterrestrial fluid characteristics on path planning is verified. For path replanning, an enhanced AHTR algorithm is proposed, which takes into account of both 3D terrain features and nonterrain fluid features to guarantee that the planned path can effectively avoid risks. Simulation experiments demonstrate that compared with Hybrid A* and Theta*, the intensity of ground undulation in the path planned by the AHTR algorithm is decreased by 26.54% and 49.04%, with the average pitch angle of the vehicle reduced by 44.39% and 69.40%, the path risk lowered by 26.32% and 41.67%, and the final path safety improved by 58.06% and 88.46%, which effectively ensures path reliability.

3D terrains  /  non-topographic fluid  /  path risk  /  global path planning  /  local path re-planning
何智成, 朱勇杰, 邱雨, 刘越, 周恩临, 郑皓. 考虑非地形流体特征的三维地形高可靠性路径规划研究*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (4) : 680 -691 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.009
Zhicheng He, Yongjie Zhu, Yu Qiu, Yue Liu, Enlin Zhou, Hao Zheng. Research on High-Reliability Path Planning for Three-Dimensional Terrain Considering Non-Terrain Fluid Characteristics[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (4) : 680 -691 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.009
当今信息技术迅猛发展,各类产业逐步趋于智能化,其中用于提供运输功能的车辆也随之被注入“智慧”[1],从而具备智能行驶作业的能力。而路径规划作为智能车辆自主行驶的核心技术之一,在智能驾驶中占据着极其重要的地位,也是目前众多研究中的重点内容。
在路径规划领域,迄今多数都是针对于城市中规则的结构化道路或是不规则非结构化平坦的城市路面场景[2-3]。其中,Li等[4]实现将非标准实际环境地图转换为标准网格地图,降低了路径规划过程中的建图成本。Liu等[5]将A*算法与人工势场法进行融合,避免在搜索路径时陷入局部最优的困境并提升了路径搜索效率。Min等[6]同时考虑车辆运动学约束和轮廓并为车辆设置冗余安全空间,从而避免车辆轮廓发生碰撞。
在上述工作中,对路径规划问题的研究主要集中在二维层面。而随着无人驾驶向农业、矿业运输、海底作业以及其它野外作业场景的拓展,其场景中往往须考虑更多的环境特征,因此对环境模型的描述也更加复杂[7-8]。针对这类三维地形场景,宋晓博等[9]初步分析了三维地形环境并基于越野环境的可通过性对蚁群算法进行改进,提升了算法的求解质量。田洪清等[10]在越野地形中考虑车辆运动学提出基于风险评估的势场搜索树车辆路径规划方法,用势场模型描述环境风险,生成安全的多目标优化车辆运动轨迹。Ji等[11]在三维地形中考虑车辆运动学特性,在车辆可到达的范围内进行随机采样,为车辆在崎岖环境中规划出符合车辆特性的路径。Singh等[12]对机器人的几何整体约束和地形表面方程进行耦合,为在不平坦地形上移动的轮式移动机器人生成平滑稳定的轨迹。Huang等[13]将多模态A*算法与DWA集成,得到越障机器人的多模态运动规划策略。Hu等[14]将三维地形与势场函数结合用于评估车辆最优控制问题下的运动成本。Li等[15]考虑了地形高度的变化、路径的平滑性以及移动机器人的转弯半径和俯仰角等运动学约束,生成能够避开山峰和崎岖地形的合理路径。
上述针对三维地形场景的路径规划研究在考虑环境特征时基本以坡度、地面高度、车辆的可通过性等因素为主,而忽略了环境中实际存在的非地形流体特征。其中,陆上的非地形流体特征主要体现在大风对载具的影响上,而水下则主要体现在海流等因素对载具的影响上。对此,Chu等[16]讨论了非地形流体特征中洋流的影响,并采用深度强化学习方法为自主水下航行规划出能够克服洋流扰动的路径。因此,在三维复杂地形环境中考虑非地形流体特征尤为重要,因为这些特征的存在可能增加智能载具侧滑或侧翻的风险。非地形流体如水流和气流,其动态性和流动性质使得对载具的路径规划不仅仅需要应对地形起伏,还必须综合考虑液体和气体流动的影响,强劲的气流或者海流则可能导致载具侧翻的风险加剧[17]。在这种复杂环境中,智能路径规划系统必须考虑载具在环境中的动力学约束[18],以更加智能地调整路径,规避潜在的风险区域,确保载具在面对非地形流体特征时能够正常地行驶,减小侧滑和侧翻风险,提高行驶的安全性和可靠性。由此可见,在考虑非地形流体特征的三维复杂地形环境中为智能车辆规划出一条安全、可靠的路径是一项十分具有挑战性的任务。
而当前有关路径规划的研究中,在面向三维地形路径规划方面的研究虽然考虑了地形对载具状态以及轨迹的影响,然而,在实际复杂的三维地形中,不仅需要对环境的地面高低起伏进行三维地形的建模,同时还须考虑该类场景中往往伴随着强劲的风力或海流等非地形流体特征。目前,针对非地形流体特征和三维地形共同影响下的路径规划还未开展相关研究,因此本文针对该问题,提出一种考虑非地形流体特征的三维复杂地形高可靠性路径规划方法,用于解决该场景下的复杂路径规划问题,为载具规划出安全可靠的路径。
由于本方法同时考虑环境中的三维地形变化和非地形流体特征,使得路径规划的求解变得更加复杂,进而对算力的要求更高,因此本方法采用分层式递进搜索策略,主要包含三维地形下的初始全局路径规划、路径检验及局部路径重规划。其中,全局路径初规划主要考虑环境中的三维地形特征,快速生成相对安全可靠的全局路径;路径检验及重规划则须同时考虑环境中的三维地形特征和非地形流体特征,以及其对载具姿态的影响,初始的全局路径进行风险检验,然后根据检验结果对其中的局部风险路段进行路径重规划从而优化整体路径,最终输出安全可靠的路径。本方法具体框架如图 1所示。
针对初始全局路径,本文提出AHTR算法,该算法融合了Hybrid A*和Theta*算法中的优势方法,并引入了地形风险评估函数,使得路径能够规避环境中崎岖起伏的高风险区域。
针对局部路径重规划,本文基于考虑非地形流体特征的环境建模及动力学分析设计出路径风险检验函数,对初始全局路径进行检验并筛选出其中的风险路径点;针对风险路径点,在AHTR算法的基础上融合路径风险检验函数,对存在风险的局部路径进行重新规划,从而降低整体路径的风险,提升路径的安全可靠性。
传统路径规划通常忽略环境中的非地形流体特征,如陆地的大风和海底的海流等。考虑到模型的通用型,本文将陆地和海底的车辆统一为载具。由于海底的受力比陆地更为复杂,因此本文以海流对海底载具的影响为例开展路径规划研究,该方案也可以用于以上两种场景。
基于现有的主流感知技术,本文采用事先在限定区域内所获取的点云数据对三维地形场景主体进行构建。其中,点云数据集合可表示为
P = x 1 , y 1 , z 1 , x 2 , y 2 , z 2 , , x n , y n , z n
根据点云数据可将三维地形模型定义为
z i = f x i , y i , i = 1,2 , , n
式中: x i y i分别为任意一点的 X轴和 Y轴坐标; z i为对应的 Z轴坐标。该模型下的三维地形如图2所示。
就非地形流体特征而言,相比陆地大风,海流对海底载具影响更显著,因此本文以海流为例进行路径规划研究。
环境中某一区域 Ω内任意时刻的三维海流流速场可表示为
u ( r , t ) = u ( r , t ) i + v ( r , t ) j + w ( r , t ) k r = ( x , y , z ) Ω
式中: r为区域 Ω内任意位置矢量,为此处 t时刻海流的流速矢量;uvw分别表示 t时刻在对应方向上流速的分量。
在当前场景中,为保证路径规划的高效性,本文基于刚体动力学模型并引入流体载荷对整车作用开展研究。其中,三维地形场景的载具示意图模型如图3(a)所示。图中箭头所指方向即为载具行驶时的前进方向, 2 L为其纵向长度, 2 d为其横向宽度, O '点为其质心, h为质心相对于底部的高度。
在局部坐标系下,分别对载具的纵向驱动、横向侧滑和侧翻共3种准静态工况进行动力学分析,载具在非地形流体特征下的受力示意图如图3(b)所示。图中, G为载具所受重力, F为其自身驱动力, F B为其在当前流体下所受浮力, T为非地形流体特征对载具作用产生的力, F N为地面的支撑力, f k为纵向摩擦力, f s为横向摩擦力, f m为横向侧翻临界状态下的摩擦力, M为临界状态的侧翻趋势,为便于分析,记 G x G y G z G分别在 X ' Y ' Z '轴上的分力, T x T y T z T对应的分力, F B x F B y F B z F B对应的分力。
其中,浮力 F B和流体对载具产生的作用力 T分别为
F B = ρ f V g
T = 1 2 ρ f A u 2 C d
式中: ρ f为当前流体的密度; V为载具体积; g为重力加速度; A为载具在流体中的有效受力面积; u为海流的流速; C d为阻力系数。
纵向驱动工况下,须保证载具具有足够的驱动力用于爬坡,其满足以下方程:
F + T x + F B x + G x - f = m a F N + F B z + T z + G z = 0 f k = μ F N
式中: m为载具质量; a为加速度; μ为摩擦因数。
横向侧滑工况下,由于受到 T的作用,导致其可能具有向上或向下两个方向侧滑的趋势,故其侧滑临界状态下满足以下方程:
G y + T y + F B y = f m a x F N + F B z + T z + G z = 0 f m a x = μ F N
式中 f m a x为当前工况下摩擦力 f s所允许的最大值。
横向侧翻工况下,在 T的作用下,同理,载具具有向上或向下两个方向的侧翻趋势,其中,当载具处于向下侧翻临界状态时,其满足如下方程:
G z + T z + F B z d = σ G y + T y + F B y h
当其处于向上侧翻临界状态时,满足如下方程:
G z + T z + F B z d = - σ G y + T y + F B y h
式中 σ为标志变量,定义见式(10)
σ = 1 ,         Y i ' 沿斜 面向 - 1 ,     Y i ' 沿斜 面向
A*算法是一种广泛应用的经典启发式搜索算法,被广泛应用于路径规划问题[19]。现有的路径规划方案大多在A*算法的基础上加以改进形成,其中包括符合车辆运动学约束的Hybrid A*和具备更短更平滑路径特性的Theta*等算法[20-21]
鉴于三维地形场景的特殊性和复杂性,本文以A*算法的框架为基础,融合Hybrid A*和Theta*两种算法中的优势方法并加以优化,提出三维地形下的约束式向前采样方法和基于Bresenham算法的双检测方法,同时针对崎岖起伏的地形特征引入地形风险评估函数,构建出A* Hybrid Theta Risk算法(文中简称AHTR算法)用以解决三维复杂地形场景下的路径规划问题。
首先,针对三维地形场景地表起伏的特性,对三维地形模型进行均匀采样和栅格化处理,对所有节点添加相应的高程信息,使地图中节点的存在状态由2维转化为2.5维。
然后,在三维地形中根据当前节点与父节点间的关系对新采样节点进行约束,以保证所规划的路径满足车辆运动学的要求。同时,考虑到该实际场景中并无传统非结构化场景中的倒车需求,故AHTR算法在采样时放弃车辆后方的节点,仅对车辆前方空间中的节点进行采样,最终实现算法的约束式向前采样,该采样方法可有效避免不必要的节点拓展,提升算法的搜索效率。AHTR算法的采样示意图如图 4所示。
图 4中, N o d e c为当前节点, N o d e p为其父节点, N o d e n为其子节点,节点 N o d e p N o d e c N o d e n间依次通过矢量连接,其所构成的三维矢量夹角即可表征当前位置的车辆前轮转角 θ,则有
θ = a r c c o s N o d e p N o d e c · N o d e c N o d e n N o d e p N o d e c N o d e c N o d e n
通过对 θ的大小进行约束,即可在采样时将节点限制在车辆运动学约束之内,考虑到对多数载具的通用性,本文将 θ的阈值设为40°。
在三维复杂地形中,崎岖地形和不确定的流体特征会影响车辆行驶安全。因此,本文在A*算法的代价函数 f ( n )的基础上引入地形风险评估函数 r n,使之能够判断环境中的风险并做出合理的规避,同时针对三维地形下不同位置的高程变化更新移动代价函数 g ( n )
在三维地形场景中,高程较低的区域因地表不平整产生的高程变化通常不会诱发风险;而高程较大的区域载具则无法到达。因此,须考虑风险影响的区域仅在一定高程范围之内,该范围可设为 H l , H u。此外,所在区域的风险值往往与其高程值呈正相关,即高程越大的区域发生侧翻或侧滑的风险几率越高,且随着高程值的增加,其风险可能在较小的区间内急剧增加,故 r n中的风险函数采用指数型函数定义,综上,地形风险评估函数 r n可表示为
r n = 0 ,                z n < H l φ e λ z n + μ ,     H l z n H u + ,            z n > H u
式中: z n满足 x i , j , y i , j , z i , j x n , y n , z n x g o a l , y g o a l φ为相应的缩放因子; λ为风险增长率; μ为环境偏移参数。
载具在三维复杂地形下的行驶不仅要考虑路程,同时也要考虑坡度带来的影响,因此, g ( n )更新为
g n = τ 1 k = 1 n ( x k , y k , z k ) - ( x k - 1 , y k - 1 , z k - 1 ) 2 + τ 2 k = 1 n a r c t a n z k - z k - 1 ( x k , y k ) - ( x k - 1 , y k - 1 ) 2 x i , j , y i , j , z i , j x k , y k , z k
式中: k为从起始节点到节点 n的节点数量; τ 1为距离代价影响因子; τ 2为坡度代价影响因子。
由此,AHTR算法总代价 f ( n )更新为
f n = ω 1 g n + ω 2 h n + ω 3 r n
式中: ω 1 ω 2 ω 3分别为对应的权重因子; h n为三维地形下的曼哈顿距离函数,见式(15)
h n = x n - x g o a l + y n - y g o a l + z n - z g o a l
式中 x g o a l , y g o a l , z g o a l为目标节点位置。
路径规划算法通常将搜索步长设为离散网格的整数倍以减少计算量并提高效率。然而,较大的步长会增加地图信息丢失的概率,可能导致忽略节点间的障碍或高程信息,进而产生不合理甚至错误的规划结果,如图 5所示。
其中,图5(a)中为丢失障碍信息的情形,这将导致车辆对该位置的通行性做出错误的判断,从而选择错误的路径;图5(b)中为丢失中间位置高程信息的情形,这将导致车辆对该位置的通行代价做出错误的评估,从而选择不合理的路径。
针对上述问题,本文引入Theta*算法中的高效率障碍检测算法——Bresenham算法,基于该算法的计算原理对节点间的障碍信息和高程信息进行双检测,以减少搜索过程中的信息丢失问题,保证评估时信息的完整性。基于Bresenham算法的双检测方法流程如图 6所示,AHTR算法伪代码见表1
AHTR算法虽能考虑地形特征变化带来的风险,但未综合三维地形、非地形流体特性及载具位姿的影响,因此生成的初始全局路径可能仍存在较高潜在风险。
为筛选出全局路径中可能存在风险的路段,基于前文中在考虑非地形流体特征的前提下对载具纵向驱动、横向侧滑和横向侧翻3种工况的动力学分析结果,将式(6) ~式(9)中对应的动力学方程转化为对路径的风险约束条件,以此为基础将路径风险检验函数定义为
R l d P i = F + T x + F B x + G x - f R c s P i = f m a x - G y + T y + F B y R c t 1 P i = G z + T z + F B z d - σ G y + T y + F B y h R c t 2 P i = G z + T z + F B z d + σ G y + T y + F B y h
式中: R l d R c s分别为纵向驱动和横向侧滑工况的风险检验函数; R c f 1 R c f 2为横向侧翻工况的风险检验函数; P i为当前被检验的路径点。
采用检验函数依次对初始路径中的所有路径点进行检验,设标志函数 K s a f e表示检验结果,结合前文中对3种工况的分析, K s a f e可表示为
K s a f e = 1 , R l d > 0 , R c s > 0 , R c t 1 < 0 , R c t 2 < 0 0 , 其他
式中:当 K s a f e = 1时,路径点计为风险性较低的安全路径点;当 K s a f e = 0时,说明路径点可能存在侧翻、侧滑或是无法纵向驱动的风险,计为风险路径点。
前文提到,三维复杂地形场景中的非地形流体特征可能显著影响车辆的行驶安全。然而,现有关于三维地形场景下路径规划的研究尚未充分考虑这些流体特征对路径规划的潜在影响。因此,本文在进行车辆动力学分析时,结合了环境中的非地形流体特征,并在本节中通过路径检验函数就这些特征对路径安全性的影响进行验证。
首先,本文在已有地图中设置对照实验,然后基于AHTR算法生成路径,最后通过上节中设计的路径检验函数对路径安全性进行检验,并输出检验结果,如图7所示。
图 7中,本文设置不同的起终点生成2条不同的路径,并施加不同的非地形流体特征。结合表 2中的数据可知,对于相同的路径,其对应的路径风险检验结果会随着环境中非地形流体特征的加入而发生改变。路径A中,非地形流体特征加入后路径中的风险路径点增加,载具发生侧滑的风险路段变多;而路径B中,非地形流体特征加入后路径中的风险路径点反而减少,说明由于非地形流体特征的加入,使载具的受力发生变化,原先可能发生侧滑或侧翻的位置变得安全,相应的风险路径点也转化为安全路径点。
由此可见,非地形流体特征与载具路径安全性直接相关,因此在三维地形场景下进行路径规划时,考虑其影响至关重要。
针对初始全局路径中可能存在风险的路段,本文采用局部优化的策略,即在充分考虑环境及自身位姿的前提下对该局部路段进行路径的重新规划。
因此,本文在AHTR算法的基础上提出改进AHTR算法,在AHTR中加入载具位姿的求解并与路径风险检验函数融合,使其在寻路的过程中对所选路径的风险做出合理的判断,从而避开原路径中的风险区域。此外,通过改进AHTR算法进行局部路径重规划时须根据原路径下的载具位姿对局部路径的起点和终点施加相应的运动学约束,其中,起点设为 P m,终点设为 P n,则在局部路径 P m P n处应满足以下约束:
< P m - 1 P m , P m P m + 1 >   θ m a x < P n - 1 P n , P n P n + 1 >   θ m a x
式中: P m - 1 P m + 1分别为 P m在原路径中的前一个路径点和新路径中的后一个路径点; P n - 1 P n + 1分别为 P n在新路径中的前一个路径点和原路径中的后一个路径点; θ m a x为载具允许的最大前轮转角,本文将 θ m a x设为40°。
通过对 P m + 1 P n - 1进行约束限制,可有效避免新路径与老路径在连接处出现较大的拐点,保证局部重规划路径与整体全局路径之间的平稳过渡。改进AHTR算法的实现流程如图 8所示。
为验证本方法的有效性,本文首先对AHTR算法在三维复杂地形场景中的有效性进行验证,在现有的三维地形地图中选取起点和终点,由AHTR、Hybrid A*、Theta*算法分别生成全局路径,通过路径所经区域的地表起伏剧烈程度[22]、路径中载具所对应的前轮转角和俯仰角变化以及路径风险检验结果对路径的质量进行评估。
图 9中展示了3种算法在三维复杂地形下所生成的路径。其中,Theta*算法在求解上主要趋于路径最短,但忽视了环节中的三维地形特征和载具运动学约束的限制,因此所规划的路径并没有避开环节中崎岖起伏较大的区域,且路径中存在较大的拐点,无法满足载具机动性的需求。Hybrid A*算法虽考虑了载具运动学约束,但依旧忽视了地形特征变化,因此生成的路径虽较为平滑,但所经过的区域仍存在较大的风险。AHTR算法则通过引入地形风险评估函数以及改进采样和检测方法的方式,同时考虑了三维地形特征和载具自身的运动学约束限制,规划出的路径不仅能够有效避开环境中崎岖起伏较大的区域,而且足够平滑,符合载具机动性的需求。
图 10中对比了3种算法生成的路径所经过区域的地表起伏程度。由表3中数据可知,AHTR的地表起伏标准差为0.226 1 m,Hybrid A*平均为0.307 8 m,Theta*平均为0.443 7 m,AHTR规划的路径所经区域的平均地表起伏程度相比于Hybrid A*和Theta*分别降低了26.54%和49.04%,结果表明AHTR算法在控制路径起伏方面表现最佳,能够有效减少路径的高低起伏,提供更平稳的路径选择。图11中对比了载具在各个路径中前轮转角的变化。由表3可知,AHTR所规划路径的平均转角为0.059 7 rad,Hybrid A*平均为0.046 3 rad,Theta*平均为0.130 5 rad,AHTR路径中的载具平均转角略高于Hybrid A*路径,但显著低于Theta*路径,可见AHTR算法能够有效地减少转向角度,从而提供更流畅的行驶路径。图 12中对比了各路径中载具俯仰角的变化。由表 3可知,AHTR所规划路径的载具平均俯仰角幅度为0.065 4 rad,Hybrid A*为0.117 6 rad,Theta*为0.213 7 rad,相比于后两者,AHTR算法所规划路径的载具平均俯仰角幅度分别降低了44.39%和69.40%,由此可见AHTR算法在保证载具平稳性上均显著优于其余两种算法。
针对3种算法所规划的路径,通过本文设计的风险检验函数进行风险评估,其检验结果如图 13所示,具体数据如表 3所示。经检验,Hybrid A*路径的风险比例为38%,Theta*路径的风险比例为48%,AHTR路径的风险比例为28%,相比于Hybrid A*和Theta*,AHTR路径中的风险路径点比例分别降低26.32%和41.67%,表明AHTR在路径规划过程中能够有效减少风险路径的选择,进一步保障行驶安全。
由上述各项指标可见,在考虑非地形流体特征的三维复杂环境中,AHTR算法在规避崎岖起伏地形、安全路径选择、风险控制以及整体路径的平滑度等关键方面均展现出明显的优势。尤其是在安全路径点比例和地表起伏剧烈程度上,AHTR算法展现了更加领先的性能,能够为载具提供更稳定、安全、可靠的行驶路径。
尽管AHTR算法所规划的路径在风险上显著低于其余两种算法,但本文希望通过对风险路段的重新规划实现局部路径的优化,从而进一步降低整体路径的风险性。因此,本文对改进AHTR算法在局部路径重规划中的有效性进行验证。
图 14中展示了5.1节中由AHTR算法所生成路径的整体风险情况,其中的风险路段即为须进行重规划的路段。针对该种路段,本文采用同时考虑三维地形特征和非地形流体特征影响的改进AHTR算法进行重规划生成新的路径并代替原路径中的局部风险路径,再与原路径中保留的安全路段串联结合形成新的全局路径,结果如图 15所示。
对比图 14图 15可以看出,对于原路径的安全路段,新路径与原路径几乎重合;而对于原路径中的风险路段,新路径则在原路径的基础上进行了修正和优化,实现了对导致原路径中产生风险的区域的规避,由此可见,考虑三维地形特征和非地形流体特征的改进AHTR算法在当前环境中寻得了一段新的局部路径。针对新的全局路径,同样采用路径风险检验函数进行检验,检验结果如图 16所示。
图 16所示结果及表 4中数据可知,经检验,通过局部路径重规划后得到的新路径中的风险路径点比例由原路径的28%降低到2%,安全路径点比例达到98%。因此,通过本方法得到的最终路径的安全性相比于Hybrid A*算法和Theta*算法分别提高了58.06%和88.46%,大幅提升了整体路径的安全性,充分保证了路径的可靠性。
本文提出了一种面向三维复杂地形的高可靠性路径规划方法,用于系统的处理考虑非地形流体特征、高程变化以及坡度等环境因素的三维地形下的路径规划问题。该方法通过分层式递进搜索策略,采用全局路径规划与局部路径重规划相结合的方式为载具在三维复杂地形中规划出安全可靠的路径,并构造仿真实验进行验证,得到以下结论。
(1)本文在考虑环境非地形流体特征的基础上设计了三维地形场景下的路径风险检验函数,并成功验证了非地形流体特征对路径规划的影响,证明了当环境中的非地形流体特征发生变化时,所规划的路径安全性也会随之发生变化。
(2)针对初始全局路径的规划,本文提出了一种与三维地形相适应的AHTR算法,该方法能够有效处理环境中的三维地形特征,规避环境中的高风险区域,其所规划的路径在环境中的地表起伏剧烈程度相比于Hybrid A*算法和Theta*算法分别降低26.54%和49.04%,载具的平均俯仰角幅度分别降低44.39%和69.40%,路径的风险比例相比于Hybrid A*算法和Theta*算法分别降低26.32%和41.67%。
(3)针对局部路径的重规划,本文提出了考虑三维地形和非地形流体特征的改进AHTR算法,对原路径中存在风险的局部路段进行重新规划,最终由AHTR和改进AHTR算法共同输出的路径风险性在原路径的基础上进一步降低,安全性相比于Hybrid A*算法和Theta*算法分别提升了58.06%和88.46%,为载具生成具备高可靠性的安全路径提供理论与算法基础,下一步将继续开展相关的实验验证。
  • *广西科技计划项目(AA22068108)
  • 广西科技计划项目(AA23062088)
  • 广西科技计划项目(AA23062056)
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2025年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.009
  • 接收时间:2024-08-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-08
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-21
  • 修回日期:2024-10-05
基金
*广西科技计划项目(AA22068108)
广西科技计划项目(AA23062088)
广西科技计划项目(AA23062056)
作者信息
    1 湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,长沙 410000
    2 中国北方车辆研究所,北京 100072
    3 长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,长沙 410000

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何智成,教授,博士生导师,E-mail:
朱勇杰,硕士研究生,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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