Article(id=1149420604379529540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722960000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-07, revisedDate=1734364800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751972827285, onlineDateStr=2025-07-08, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751972827285, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751972827285, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751972827285, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149420601376412046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='587', pageEnd='795', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751972826539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754389785974, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=692, endPage=700, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149420604639576389, articleId=1149420604379529540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Review on Key Technologies for Integrated Manufacture of Automotive Composite Materials by Injection Overmolding After Compression, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Injection overmolding after compression for thermoplastic composites balances the low cost and high performance. It can quickly and stably achieve integration of continuous/discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites,meeting the requirements of the automotive industry. This paper reviews the key points of equipment selection,process control and molding simulation,introduces the types of domestic materials,summarizes the optimization design methods for anisotropic bi-material structures,generalizes the evaluation methods for interface and overall performance,and puts forward some critical scientific and technological issues in the integrated design of "material - process - structure - performance".

, articleAbstract=

Injection overmolding after compression for thermoplastic composites balances the low cost and high performance. It can quickly and stably achieve integration of continuous/discontinuous fiberreinforced composites, meeting the requirements of the automotive industry. This paper reviews the key points of equipment selection, process control and molding simulation, introduces the types of domestic materials, summarizes the optimization design methods for anisotropic bimaterial structures, generalizes the evaluation methods for interface and overall performance, and puts forward some critical scientific and technological issues in the integrated design of "material process structure performance".

, correspAuthors=Lingyu Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lingyu Sun, Chunjie Guo, Guohong Shi, Junlei Wei, Zhaojiang Zhang, Deqiang Wang, Xinting Ren), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149420615104364964, articleId=1149420604379529540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=车用复合材料模压注塑一体成型关键技术综述*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

热塑性复合材料模压注塑组合工艺兼顾了低成本与高性能,可快速、稳定地实现连续/非连续纤维增强复合材料的一体成型,符合汽车产业需求。本文综述了装备选择、工艺控制和成型模拟要点,介绍了国产材料种类,概括了各向异性双材料结构优化设计方法,归纳了界面及整体性能评估方法,提出了“材料-工艺-结构-性能”一体化设计中的关键科学与技术问题。

, articleAbstract=

热塑性复合材料模压注塑组合工艺兼顾了低成本与高性能,可快速、稳定地实现连续非连续纤维增强复合材料的一体成型,符合汽车产业需求。本文综述了装备选择、工艺控制和成型模拟要点,介绍了国产材料种类,概括了各向异性双材料结构优化设计方法,归纳了界面及整体性能评估方法,提出了“材料工艺结构性能”一体化设计中的关键科学与技术问题。

, correspAuthors=孙凌玉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙凌玉,教授,博士,E-mail:
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序号 零件名称 参与企业 实物照片
1 车门内板 KM、福特、金发
2 尾门内板 泛亚、北航
3 座椅底板[3] 巴斯夫、欧宝
4 气囊外壳 KM、朗盛、高田
5 车门防撞梁 KM、朗盛、奥迪
6 座椅下横梁[5] 北汽、北航
7 制动踏板 博戈、朗盛、恩格尔、保时捷
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模压注塑汽车零件展品

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序号 零件名称 参与企业 实物照片
1 车门内板 KM、福特、金发
2 尾门内板 泛亚、北航
3 座椅底板[3] 巴斯夫、欧宝
4 气囊外壳 KM、朗盛、高田
5 车门防撞梁 KM、朗盛、奥迪
6 座椅下横梁[5] 北汽、北航
7 制动踏板 博戈、朗盛、恩格尔、保时捷
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车用复合材料模压注塑一体成型关键技术综述*
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孙凌玉 1, 2 , 郭春杰 1, 3 , 史国宏 4 , 魏俊磊 1 , 张照将 5 , 王得强 6 , 任鑫亭 7
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025,47(4): 692-700
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025, 47(4): 692-700
车用复合材料模压注塑一体成型关键技术综述*
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孙凌玉1, 2 , 郭春杰1, 3, 史国宏4, 魏俊磊1, 张照将5, 王得强6, 任鑫亭7
作者信息
  • 1 北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院汽车工程系,北京 102206
  • 2 北京航数车辆数据研究所有限公司,北京 100062
  • 3 博戈橡胶塑料(株洲)有限公司,株洲 412000
  • 4 泛亚汽车技术中心有限公司,上海 201208
  • 5 克劳斯玛菲机械(中国)有限公司,嘉兴 314001
  • 6 苏州天羿鹏博材料科技有限公司,苏州 215335
  • 7 克劳斯玛菲股份有限公司,北京 100029

通讯作者:

孙凌玉,教授,博士,E-mail:
Review on Key Technologies for Integrated Manufacture of Automotive Composite Materials by Injection Overmolding After Compression
Lingyu Sun1, 2 , Chunjie Guo1, 3, Guohong Shi4, Junlei Wei1, Zhaojiang Zhang5, Deqiang Wang6, Xinting Ren7
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Automotive Engineering,School of Transportation Science and Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 102206
  • 2 Beijing Hangshu Vehicle Data Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100062
  • 3 BOGE Rubber & Plastics (Zhuzhou) Co.,Ltd.,Zhuzhou 412000
  • 4 Pan Asia Automotive Technical Center Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 201208
  • 5 KlausMaffei Machinery (China) Co.,Ltd.,Jiaxing 314001
  • 6 Suzhou Tianyi Pengbo Material Technology Co.,Ltd.,Suzhou 215335
  • 7 KlausMaffei Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100029
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.010
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热塑性复合材料模压注塑组合工艺兼顾了低成本与高性能,可快速、稳定地实现连续非连续纤维增强复合材料的一体成型,符合汽车产业需求。本文综述了装备选择、工艺控制和成型模拟要点,介绍了国产材料种类,概括了各向异性双材料结构优化设计方法,归纳了界面及整体性能评估方法,提出了“材料工艺结构性能”一体化设计中的关键科学与技术问题。

汽车轻量化  /  热塑性复合材料  /  模压注塑工艺  /  集成设计与制造  /  双材料界面

Injection overmolding after compression for thermoplastic composites balances the low cost and high performance. It can quickly and stably achieve integration of continuous/discontinuous fiberreinforced composites, meeting the requirements of the automotive industry. This paper reviews the key points of equipment selection, process control and molding simulation, introduces the types of domestic materials, summarizes the optimization design methods for anisotropic bimaterial structures, generalizes the evaluation methods for interface and overall performance, and puts forward some critical scientific and technological issues in the integrated design of "material process structure performance".

automotive lightweighting  /  thermoplastic composites  /  injection overmolding after compression process  /  integrated design and manufacturing  /  bi-material interface
孙凌玉, 郭春杰, 史国宏, 魏俊磊, 张照将, 王得强, 任鑫亭. 车用复合材料模压注塑一体成型关键技术综述*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (4) : 692 -700 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.010
Lingyu Sun, Chunjie Guo, Guohong Shi, Junlei Wei, Zhaojiang Zhang, Deqiang Wang, Xinting Ren. Review on Key Technologies for Integrated Manufacture of Automotive Composite Materials by Injection Overmolding After Compression[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (4) : 692 -700 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.010
非金属基复合材料在汽车“以塑代钢”的轻量化进程中具有公认的轻量效果,其中,热塑性基体的复合材料因易回收再利用、成型周期短、碰撞吸能性好、易储存和运输、生产成本低、便于自动化生产等诸多优点,近几年受到业界广泛关注[1-3]
针对汽车行业的大批量生产和质量一致性要求,热塑性复合材料的两种常用制造工艺是“模压”和“注塑”。“模压”可用于连续纤维(带,布,毡),具有较高的力学性能,适于型面比较平整、筋肋较少且低矮的开口截面梁或板壳类承力结构;若形状复杂或尺寸较大,模压后仍须二次加工,如多件焊接、嵌件注塑,或再次模压等。“注塑”可用于非连续纤维(短切粒料LFT-G或连续纤维在线切断的LFT-D),可制成各种复杂几何形状的三维结构;但因为纤维不连续,力学性能相对较弱,一般用于非承力结构。
模压与注塑一体成型[4]将两者组合使用,取长补短,兼顾了力学性能和外形需求,平衡了材料轻量和工艺成本,具有较好的经济性,最早出现在2010年德国K展上,克劳斯玛菲公司(KM)将其命名为FiberForm工艺。
截至目前,很多样件已在展会展出(见表1),但在“材料-工艺-结构-性能”协同优化及汽车行业对快节拍、一致性及低成本的特殊需求方面,仍有诸多挑战,亟须弄清目前存在的关键科学和技术问题,明确攻关方向。
模压前,有机板须提前升温,使其具备相应的延展性和可塑性,加热温度取决于树脂特性;模压后,须二次加热或保持材料的温度才能开始注塑,以确保模压/注塑界面强度。
热模压过程除了须预热料片及模具外,与金属冲压类似,可进行平压、弯折、拉深或胀形。
平压和弯折成型无废料,可利用一步成型工艺,通过注塑机合模实现模压,毛坯垂直(KM)或水平放置(恩格尔)。模压区一般位于零件中部,一个或多个均可,周边为注塑区。模具设计难点在于:软材料难定位,且须精确计算因材料体积收缩导致的模压区厚度和面积变化量后进行补偿,并自适应控制,消除孔隙。为了确保工艺界面结合性,目前大多使用相同树脂材料,特殊要求下须进行改性,保证收缩一致,提高界面强度。
拉深或胀形一般需要压边圈,模压脱模后须切割废料、修边到零件净尺寸,再作为嵌件、二次加热后进行包覆注塑,为常规的两步成型。两步法还可以在注塑前对模压件进行表面处理,提高界面强度。KM公司的“一步法”模压注塑工艺基本流程见图1
采用两步法,须配置独立的模压机和注塑机,分别对应不同的模具;两套模具分别安装在立式模压机和水平注塑机内。前者的凸凹模为上、下垂直安装,后者为左、右侧装。此外,两套压机之间还须配置对模压件进行二次加热的装置和多套传送机械手,模具内应具有温控装置。对于非对称结构,为保证合模过程的重复一致性,锁模力须单独调节并随时保持平衡,对设备的液压机构运动和检测精度及响应速度有较高要求。由于模压与注塑之间零件温升温降时间历程受环境温度和运输距离等影响较大,一致性难以控制,会引起产品质量波动的风险。
采用一步法,则需要将模压和注塑的模具型腔“合二为一”进行组合设计,并装在一台专用注塑机上。优点是无需中间转运机械手,但因运动干涉,对于设备各部分的整体协同性要求更高。全套设备不仅须集成材料的抓取、红外线加热、变温和保温控制,而且注塑前要求低压合模、尽量减少压力和注射速度对其初始形变影响;为保证流动稳定、提升界面相熔性,还须根据实际尺寸动态调节注射的速度、压力,实现闭环补偿控制。汽车行业生产节奏快,各工序的稳定性和衔接精准性,直接影响制品合格率和尺寸一致性。
影响制品质量和性能的因素主要包括:纤维种类、编织方式、各层纤维方向及铺层顺序;注塑料的纤维含量及长度分布;树脂基体材料在不同温度和压力下的流动性和收缩率;纤维与基体的界面浸润性;预热-模压-注塑过程的温度变化速率(加热、冷却)、压力时间历程与温度时间历程的匹配关系、温度场及应力场瞬态分布、模压及注射速度、模压过程的预变形量及界面两侧的热变形匹配。
研究发现,对比单独的注塑和模压工艺,有机板的预加热温度控制对于整个工艺过程至关重要[7-8]。将红外加热装置的控制内置于注塑机控制器中,可按照不同材料及零件的形状和尺寸确定生产周期,将加热速度和温度历程与注塑速度、冷却速度、模具开合速度及自动化取放件速度等做统筹计算,将完整的一个循环周期内的各个工艺控制点进行协同优化。
理清各因素的影响机制、影响规律,在线监测模内温度、压力分布及变化,根据材料种类和瞬态体积填充数据,动态调整工艺参数,缩短响应滞后时间,对机械设备的加工及装配精度、传感和作动器响应速度,以及系统级自动化控制策略制订和实施调控水平要求较高。
热塑性复合材料热模压过程涉及料片与模具的热交换,压力作用下的料片树脂在纤维间的流动、料片边界形状和尺寸变化,温度升降引起的树脂半结晶与黏度变化等,耦合关系见图2
目前针对复合材料模压工艺模拟的专用商业软件主要有Pam-Form和AniForm等,前者重在预测成型过程中的纤维取向、厚度分布、应变和应力等,后者重在分析成型过程中的褶皱、纤维路径和厚度变化等,两者均利用固体力学原理,基于单层厚度、材料弹性常数和铺层顺序信息,未涉及到热、流、固多物理场之间的耦合分析功能。
通用商业软件中,ABAQUS可以做复合材料大变形模型,也可以实现“温度场-力场”耦合,但需要用户自己二次开发材料本构及接口模块。可同时实现“热-流-固”的多物理场耦合,可在Ansys平台内部不同模块进行切换和数据传递,复合材料建模和工艺模拟用Ansys/ACP,大变形模拟需要用Ansys/LS-DYNA,模拟热塑性塑料和纤维的复杂流变行为可以用Ansys/Fluent或Ansys/Polyflow。
总之,现有商业软件均需要用户二次开发温度相关材料本构及热-流-固数据转换接口,才能实现各向异性复合材料冲压过程的精确模拟。在不同成形温度下的变形行为可以用经典的Maxwell模型[9]来描述本构关系,构件总应变可视为弹性单元与黏性单元应变之和。公开发表的文献中,评价仿真精度主要用轮廓形状和纤维方向一致性对比,如图3所示[10]
注塑过程中,模腔内树脂熔体充填、流动过程非常复杂,包含了塑化、填充、保压及冷却过程,并伴有传热、相变及流动等。可以从计算流体力学(CFD)基本方程[11]出发,根据成型各个阶段作出合理假设、简化方程,通过设定合适的边界和初始条件,进行数值求解,获得有效的预测结果。主要包括连续性(质量守恒)方程、运动(动量守恒)方程和能量守恒方程,以及热力学状态方程。
注塑模拟常用软件有Moldflow、Moldex3D和Polyflow等。注塑质量模拟精度评价主要通过热翘曲量、熔接痕位置、气穴分布、填充时间等,制件性能可在考虑纤维方向后进行有限元分析并与力学试验测试结果对比。
考虑纤维分布后,注塑件或模压注塑件的弯曲强度预测误差均可降低57%左右[12],模压注塑结构的性能仿真流程如图4所示 。
目前缺乏热模压、注塑联合工艺模拟和材料-结构-工艺-性能一体化联合优化专用设计软件,需要在不同软件中进行数据传输,模拟精度使仿真尚难以替代物理试验;材料性能是工艺的函数,须求解同时具有动边界、动载荷和动态材料本构的工艺力学问题;双曲率导致模压后纤维方向和厚度变化、不均匀的压力分布增加了准确预测难度;注塑模具须考虑热变形或翘曲、收缩、残余应力等的几何补偿量,必须了解熔体流动方式并掌握工艺引起的收缩、热膨胀系数匹配及各因素对强度影响规律,才能准确预测界面强度,有效控制翘曲。
注塑材料以粒料形式供货,以GF/PP和GF/PA6为主,含量分别在30%~40%及30%~50%,并可定制,技术相对成熟。主要的供应商有株洲时代工塑、金发科技、中广核俊尔和普力特。
模压材料以单向带或编织布的有机板供货,主要以PP、PA、PPS和PEEK为基体,以玻纤或碳纤为增强相。国内供应商目前主要有:提供单向带的金发科技、奇一科技、浙江遂金、长海股份生产、亨博复材/韩塑生产、南京特塑生产等;提供编织布的恩骅力、株洲时代工塑、南京特塑和金发。
当前可选择的树脂品种少、成本高,因热塑性树脂在常温下黏度较高,与纤维的界面相容性较差,须通过优化树脂体系的配方和工艺,降低树脂黏度、提高其在纤维表面的扩散速度和浸润深度。此外,目前市场上供应的碳纤维都是为热固性树脂准备的,需要去除表层、重新研制上浆剂。目前,以吉林国兴复合材料有限公司为代表的厂商在研发专供热塑性基体的碳纤维,有望降低成本。
另外,大幅宽单向带处于国内产业空白,难点在于保证展纱纤维均匀分散、并针对不同树脂和纤维体系合理匹配控制温度、压力及浸渍时间。
模压注塑一体结构设计一般按照图5所示流程开展。
复合材料零件的设计性能要求,如刚度、强度和模态等,需要从整车或系统级别的性能要求分解得到。模压与注塑区域划分,须基于零件设计空间、各向性能要求和模压及注塑工艺的可成型性,人为划分。拓扑优化目前均先按各向同性材料分区域进行:注塑区根据载荷传递路径、工艺约束形成初步筋肋构型方案,后续再进行模流分析和工艺参数优化[4-5];模压区根据材料分布和工艺约束确定零件本体形状,后续再进行铺层设计[13]和热模压工艺模拟[10]与参数优化。详细设计一般采用“材料-结构-工艺-性能”的一体化设计方法,包括工艺模拟和复合材料性能的有限元仿真。最后,把零件装配到系统环境或者整车环境中进行验证。
各向同性材料的拓扑优化主要探寻最佳材料分布,但是,各向异性复合材料的拓扑优化既包含各层材料分布也包括纤维方向和铺层顺序的确定[14],而且,彼此相互影响,具有耦合关系。目前,主要采取以下几种方法。
(1)短纤维注塑区按各向同性假设,进行传统拓扑优化,获得基本构型;然后根据注塑工艺可行性和塑料件设计规范进行人为修改、确定筋肋布局和尺寸;通过模流分析获取纤维张量取向分布,映射到结构有限元模型,进行性能预测和尺寸优化。
(2)假设连续纤维角度不变,先根据层合板铺层原则(见3.3节工艺约束)确定各层纤维取向后,仍按经典拓扑进行优化方法。文献[14]中在给定的纤维体积含量、铺层顺序和激励频段下,以某点的最大动态位移响应幅值衰减最大为目标,用变密度法进行层压板拓扑优化,发现纤维方向和激励频率对拓扑形状影响很大,材料趋于沿第1层的主应力方向分布。
(3)假设基体形状不变,将连续纤维用样条曲线表示,自由优化线形,理论上可以实现真正的各向异性纤维增强复合材料拓扑优化,但模压工艺制造不出来,目前只适用于3D打印和自动铺带工艺(AFP)。
(4)同时进行基体材料分布和纤维方向的拓扑优化,最近有学者提出混合应力-应变法[15],类似移动变形组件法的特征映射法[16]、几何投影法[17]和基于强度[18]的拓扑优化法,并进行了简单形状的数值验证。
假设连续纤维模压区各层形状和尺寸相同,在给定纤维含量和载荷工况下,仅进行纤维方向和铺层优化。本质上是以纤维角度和层数为变量的尺寸优化。工业用连续纤维层合结构,一般多采用0°、±45°和90°,首先通过自由尺寸优化获得“超级层”,即:具有相同纤维角度的铺层总厚度;之后通过尺寸优化,确定各种铺层的数目和层数;最后采用铺层顺序优化,加入制造的约束,合理优化铺层顺序,最终获得满足零件整体要求的铺层方案。
对于注塑材料,纤维含量根据性能、质量、成型质量和供货渠道要求进行选择。纤维局部取向张量理论上可通过浇注口位置、流向、流道宽度和几何形状有意诱导,但实际上控制复杂,很少采用,被动形成最终结果。
上述方法均须考虑材料-结构-工艺-性能的相互作用,通过解耦,简化问题求解,还存在优化不充分的情况,还有很大的提升空间。
模压工艺约束主要包括4大类:(1)与冲压成型性相关的凸凹模的压模倾角(拔模角);(2)与起皱和开裂等成型质量相关的拉深比、零件的最大允许回弹及翘曲量;(3)与热塑性材料流变响应控制相关的树脂基体材料熔点及玻璃化转变温度、压机的压力调节范围及时间历程、模具温度范围及时间历程、冷却速率范围;(4)与连续纤维复合材料铺层顺序相关的原则,如最外层纤维方向与载荷方向一致原则,各铺层角度最小比例原则,连接处过渡原则,避免固化变形的对称铺设原则等。
注塑工艺约束主要包括4大类:(1)与成型性相关的注射温度及进料速度,浇口数量及位置;(2)与成型质量相关的允许最大热变形、熔接痕位置、空隙等;(3)与材料流变行为相关的注塑料的黏度随温度变化曲线,热膨胀系数及黏度;(4)与注塑区结构设计及性能相关的纤维长度、方向及体积分数分布,筋肋的高度、厚度及间隔布局。注塑加强筋厚度一般为制品壁厚的0.5~0.7倍,加强筋的高度为厚度的5~10倍时,制品的刚度较好[19]
模压注塑组合工艺还存在界面残余应力及热应变匹配约束。
基于模压注塑成型的零件强度主要取决于连续纤维复合材料及其与注塑区的界面性能[20-22],弯曲刚度主要取决于注塑区筋肋布置。其整体性能提升,须结合“分子-细观-介观-宏观”的多尺度建模和“热-力-化学”耦合,开展“材料-工艺-结构-性能”的一体化设计,从多个尺度和多个学科挖掘优化潜力。
多尺度优化设计的关键是建立多尺度材料力学性能预测模型。分子尺度建立分子动力学模型[23-24],细观尺度建立含纤维和基体的纤维束模型[4];介观尺度则建立代表性体积单元(RVE)[4];使材料力学性能参数从分子、细观、介观至宏观尺度进行传递。利用多尺度模型,可以同时优化纤维之间的间距、角度和层数等[25],以及宏观结构尺寸的设计变量;通过一次优化,在工艺的允许下,同时考虑了微观材料的设计和宏观结构的设计,减少冗余设计,充分挖掘轻量化效果;但是此种方法须通过大量的样件制作及力学性能试验来建立多尺度力学性能预测模型,代价较大,最新趋势是与机器学习相结合。
目前,模压注塑复合材料一体结构设计主要技术问题如下。
(1)如何把整车或者系统的性能要求合理分解为零件级设计要求,因为载荷方向直接影响纤维铺层设计。
(2)拓扑优化设计结果的解读。常出现的棋盘格、灰度单元或者网格堆积等现象,需要基于工程经验将其转化成CAD模型,因人而异。
(3)亟须基于各种影响因素扰动的小样本试验数据,开发具有高置信度的降维预测模型,用于大型模压注塑零件性能预测和结构优化。
双材料一体成型的承力结构件,力学性能评估既包括整体拉伸(压缩)与弯曲性能,还要在基于有限元仿真的优化设计前,对界面的剪切、剥离性能进行定量表征,用于真实结构可能承受的任意方向静态、疲劳或冲击载荷工况性能预测。
任意复杂载荷作用下,双材料界面应力均可以分解为沿界面法向的拉伸(剥离)和沿界面的剪切分量的组合。前者可以通过制作双材料十字搭接、对接或T型样件,按照ASTM拉伸标准测试界面拉伸强度;界面剪切可通过单搭接拉伸致界面剪切(D3039) [26]或双搭接剪切(D3528-2016)[27]的典型试样测试,或利用带缺口的对接拉伸试件按照D5379[28]进行剪切试验,如图6所示。断裂力学性能评估,可通过测试带预制裂纹的双悬臂梁(DCB)通过拉伸测I型和端部切口三点弯曲(ENF)测II型断裂韧性,分别按D5528[29]和D7905标准[30]测试,见图7
文献[31]中用不同试件测试了某些材料模压注塑界面的拉伸和剪切强度。
样条的整体性能可通过拉伸和弯曲试验测试(见图8)。弯曲试验根据ASTM D7264标准[32]进行,拉伸试验按直短梁剪切强度试验D2344标准[33]进行。
连续纤维复合材料不同方向的弹性常数,可根据纤维和基体弹性常数及体积分数,通过混合定律计算;不同角度单向带的极限强度和失效应变可通过拉伸及压缩试验测试。考虑环境载荷作用,还须测得不同温度和湿度匹配下的性能退化,才能更接近实际服役情况。
非连续纤维复合材料,一般先模拟注塑工艺,获得不同部位的纤维张量取向,并提前测出不同纤维角度和体积分数下的短切纤维带力学常数,将成型工艺结束后的残余预应力和纤维方向映射到结构件的宏观有限元模型中,才能较准确预测注塑区域应力(变)和刚度分布。
界面区可通过内聚力模型描述或设置“共节点”、忽略界面失效。前者可考虑界面裂纹起始及扩展的性能分析,用于碰撞或疲劳仿真,一般须基于损伤及断裂力学原理,选择合适的失效准则,模拟界面性能折减,直至完全删除。后者用于模态分析、静刚度分析和小载荷静强度分析。
界面宏观性能是微细观特征的映射,可从分子动力学开始进行界面形成机理研究[23-24]并对模压注塑界面区域采用相场模型建模[421]
进行大型汽车零部件性能仿真评估时,为提高计算效率、减少单元数量和节点自由度,整体模型中无须包括纤维及纤维与基体界面模型,无须考虑模压与注塑界面区域的厚度,通过等效模型参数识别、代理模型建立等进行模型的降维简化,通过唯象准则与计算结果比较进行单元删除,预测失效演变。
目前还缺少针对模压注塑工艺界面的性能评价的试件制备和测试的试验标准;针对大型零部件缺乏兼顾高精度和高效率的降维模型建立方法;有限元仿真几乎没有考虑材料性能的波动性及样条与实物的差异性,模型验证仅具有统计学意义。
北航和北汽基于国家自然科学基金委汽车工业联合基金开发的“以塑代钢”汽车座椅下横梁[4-5],是首次在车身承力结构件上的探索。采用碳纤CF/PA6和玻纤GF/PA6组合模压成帽形截面梁作为承力主体结构,背面槽内注塑短玻纤GF30/PA6,将4个零件合并为1个,照片见表1。与金属对标物相比,轻量32.4%;第1阶自由模态频率上升6.5%;可承受的最大弯曲载荷提升58.2%,弯曲刚度提高77.55%;轴向压缩力峰值提高13.2%,压缩刚度不降低;扭转力矩提高149.7%。
泛亚和北航基于该项目基金,采用玻璃纤维复材替代钢材嵌件制造尾门内板(表1),轻量40%,满足设计要求,成本未增加。
工程化的关键科学和技术难题如下。
(1)3种非线性行为瞬态精准描述难度大:热塑复材的模压注塑一体化成型同时涉及热-黏弹性等材料非线性、几何非线性及料片-模具接触非线性,且各向异性,工艺模拟难。
(2)多物理场耦合作用分析难度大:成型过程涉及温度场、应力场、速度场耦合,变形控制难度大,尤其是大尺寸结构件翘曲控制。
(3)界面结合强度调控难度高:两种材料物性差异须提高界面相容性和变形协调性;界面调控仍是目前一大难题[7]
(4)质量控制问题:制造缺陷的消除须利用在线监测、实时调控、形性协同,对设备本身精度、传感灵敏度、响应速度、数据库和知识库积累,及主动控制策略等软硬件有较高要求。
(5)基于工艺约束的设计方法:模压和注塑工艺均有适用范围,将工艺约束数学表达在优化模型中,才能自动寻优、获得双域拓扑几何。
热塑性复合材料热模压后直接高温注塑,可将不同状态的纤维和不同性价比的树脂基体进行组合使用,兼顾了整体力学性能和造型需求,平衡了轻量与低成本目标,通过自动化设备保证产品一致性,在汽车领域前景广阔。本文从“材料-工艺-结构-性能”方面总结了关键科学和技术问题,为工程化指明了攻关方向。
  • *国家自然科学基金(52072019)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U1664250)
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2025年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.010
  • 接收时间:2024-08-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-08
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-07
  • 修回日期:2024-12-17
基金
*国家自然科学基金(52072019)
国家自然科学基金(U1664250)
作者信息
    1 北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院汽车工程系,北京 102206
    2 北京航数车辆数据研究所有限公司,北京 100062
    3 博戈橡胶塑料(株洲)有限公司,株洲 412000
    4 泛亚汽车技术中心有限公司,上海 201208
    5 克劳斯玛菲机械(中国)有限公司,嘉兴 314001
    6 苏州天羿鹏博材料科技有限公司,苏州 215335
    7 克劳斯玛菲股份有限公司,北京 100029

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孙凌玉,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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