Article(id=1149420603217711508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1730736000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751972827009, onlineDateStr=2025-07-08, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751972827009, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751972827009, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751972827009, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149420601376412046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='587', pageEnd='795', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751972826539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754389785974, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=714, endPage=723, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149420603406455190, articleId=1149420603217711508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Physics-Data Hybrid Driven Estimation of Vehicle Side Slip Angle, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In the realm of vehicle dynamics,the sideslip angle is a critical parameter. For the challenges posed by the current model-based methods,which heavily rely on the accuracy of dynamic models,and the poor robustness of data-driven methods in unfamiliar operating conditions,in this paper a sideslip angle estimation method based on a hybrid of physics and data-driven approaches (DeepPhy) is proposed. The aim is to combine the strength of physical modeling and data-driven techniques to achieve reliable and accurate estimation of the sideslip angle. DeepPhy integrates prior values of the sideslip angle obtained from the lateral force model of the rear axle tires with a deep neural network,enabling the learning of nonlinear mapping relationship not captured by the physical model,thereby enhancing the model's reliability in unfamiliar conditions. The simulation results indicate that under continuous DLC conditions,the RMSE of the estimation results from DeepPhy is reduced by 93% compared to the physical model method and by 63% compared to the data-driven method,exhibiting robustness in scenarios with limited data. Real-world validation further confirms DeepPhy's exceptional generalization capabilities,as the models trained through simulation can be transferred to real-world conditions while maintaining high-precision estimation results.

, articleAbstract=

In the realm of vehicle dynamics, the sideslip angle is a critical parameter. For the challenges posed by the current modelbased methods, which heavily rely on the accuracy of dynamic models, and the poor robustness of datadriven methods in unfamiliar operating conditions, in this paper a sideslip angle estimation method based on a hybrid of physics and datadriven approaches (DeepPhy) is proposed. The aim is to combine the strength of physical modeling and datadriven techniques to achieve reliable and accurate estimation of the sideslip angle. DeepPhy integrates prior values of the sideslip angle obtained from the lateral force model of the rear axle tires with a deep neural network, enabling the learning of nonlinear mapping relationship not captured by the physical model, thereby enhancing the model's reliability in unfamiliar conditions. The simulation results indicate that under continuous DLC conditions, the RMSE of the estimation results from DeepPhy is reduced by 93% compared to the physical model method and by 63% compared to the datadriven method, exhibiting robustness in scenarios with limited data. Realworld validation further confirms DeepPhy's exceptional generalization capabilities, as the models trained through simulation can be transferred to realworld conditions while maintaining highprecision estimation results.

, correspAuthors=Yong Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qin Li, Boyuan Zhang, Zhihang Xie, Yong Wang, Jianming Tang, Yong Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149420615548965527, articleId=1149420603217711508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=物理-数据混合驱动的车辆质心侧偏角估计*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

质心侧偏角是车辆动力学中的关键变量。针对现有基于模型方法严重依赖动力学模型精度和数据驱动方法在面临陌生工况场景时鲁棒性差等问题,本文提出了一种物理-数据混合驱动(DeepPhy)的质心侧偏角估计方法,旨在结合物理模型与数据驱动模型的优势,实现对质心侧偏角的可靠与准确估计。DeepPhy通过将后轴轮胎侧向力模型得到的质心侧偏角先验值与深度网络进行集成,从而能够学习物理模型未能表达的非线性映射关系,提升模型面对陌生工况的可靠性。仿真结果表明,在连续DLC工况下,DeepPhy估计结果的RMSE相较于物理模型方法和纯数据驱动方法分别降低了93%和63%,并对数据稀缺工况具有鲁棒性。实车验证进一步表明,DeepPhy具有优异的泛化能力,经过仿真训练的模型可迁移至实车环境中,并保持高精度的估计结果。

, articleAbstract=

质心侧偏角是车辆动力学中的关键变量。针对现有基于模型方法严重依赖动力学模型精度和数据驱动方法在面临陌生工况场景时鲁棒性差等问题,本文提出了一种物理数据混合驱动(DeepPhy)的质心侧偏角估计方法,旨在结合物理模型与数据驱动模型的优势,实现对质心侧偏角的可靠与准确估计。DeepPhy通过将后轴轮胎侧向力模型得到的质心侧偏角先验值与深度网络进行集成,从而能够学习物理模型未能表达的非线性映射关系,提升模型面对陌生工况的可靠性。仿真结果表明,在连续DLC工况下,DeepPhy估计结果的RMSE相较于物理模型方法和纯数据驱动方法分别降低了93%和63%,并对数据稀缺工况具有鲁棒性。实车验证进一步表明,DeepPhy具有优异的泛化能力,经过仿真训练的模型可迁移至实车环境中,并保持高精度的估计结果。

, correspAuthors=王勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王勇,博士,E-mail:
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参数 数值 单位
车辆整备质量 1 412 kg
质心距前轴长 1.015 m
质心距后轴长 1.895 m
前轮侧偏刚度 -52 000 N/rad
后轮侧偏刚度 -34 500 N/rad
轮距 1.675 m
Z轴转动惯量 1 536.7 kg·m2
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CarSim C型车主要参数

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参数 数值 单位
车辆整备质量 1 412 kg
质心距前轴长 1.015 m
质心距后轴长 1.895 m
前轮侧偏刚度 -52 000 N/rad
后轮侧偏刚度 -34 500 N/rad
轮距 1.675 m
Z轴转动惯量 1 536.7 kg·m2
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工况类型 最大转角/(°) 频率/Hz 速度/(km·h-1
斜坡转向 130 80/100
扫频转向 ±100 1-0.2 80-100
正弦转向 ±40/60 0.25/0.5 80-100
直线行驶 5-120
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训练集/验证集

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工况类型 最大转角/(°) 频率/Hz 速度/(km·h-1
斜坡转向 130 80/100
扫频转向 ±100 1-0.2 80-100
正弦转向 ±40/60 0.25/0.5 80-100
直线行驶 5-120
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测试项目 工况类型 最大转角/(°) 频率/Hz 速度/(km·h-1

精度

验证

鱼钩转向 -90/120 90
连续DLC1 80-90
正弦转向1 ±90 0.2 90-100

鲁棒性

验证

连续DLC2 50-60
正弦转向2 ±90 0.2 50-60
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测试集

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测试项目 工况类型 最大转角/(°) 频率/Hz 速度/(km·h-1

精度

验证

鱼钩转向 -90/120 90
连续DLC1 80-90
正弦转向1 ±90 0.2 90-100

鲁棒性

验证

连续DLC2 50-60
正弦转向2 ±90 0.2 50-60
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项目 超参数 设置
网络架构 时间序列长度 20
LSTM隐层数 1
全连接隐层数 1
LSTM隐层单元数 128
全连接隐层单元数 128
激活函数 Tanh
参数个数 86 273
训练过程 优化器 Adam
学习率初值 0.000 4
批大小 512
Epochs 250
提前停止耐心 30
梯度剪切值 1
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状态估计网络超参数设置

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项目 超参数 设置
网络架构 时间序列长度 20
LSTM隐层数 1
全连接隐层数 1
LSTM隐层单元数 128
全连接隐层单元数 128
激活函数 Tanh
参数个数 86 273
训练过程 优化器 Adam
学习率初值 0.000 4
批大小 512
Epochs 250
提前停止耐心 30
梯度剪切值 1
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场景 对比算法 RMSE/(°) ME/(°) R 2
鱼钩工况 模型方法 0.449 2 1.170 6 0.828 5
LSTM 0.077 7 0.223 4 0.994 9
DeepPhy 0.023 5 0.068 4 0.999 3
连续DLC1 模型方法 0.278 4 0.682 8 0.820 7
LSTM 0.053 3 0.150 2 0.993 4
DeepPhy 0.019 7 0.081 1 0.999 1
正弦工况1 模型方法 0.510 4 1.085 6 0.807 9
LSTM 0.088 5 0.440 6 0.994 2
DeepPhy 0.039 3 0.192 7 0.998 9
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精度验证误差分析

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场景 对比算法 RMSE/(°) ME/(°) R 2
鱼钩工况 模型方法 0.449 2 1.170 6 0.828 5
LSTM 0.077 7 0.223 4 0.994 9
DeepPhy 0.023 5 0.068 4 0.999 3
连续DLC1 模型方法 0.278 4 0.682 8 0.820 7
LSTM 0.053 3 0.150 2 0.993 4
DeepPhy 0.019 7 0.081 1 0.999 1
正弦工况1 模型方法 0.510 4 1.085 6 0.807 9
LSTM 0.088 5 0.440 6 0.994 2
DeepPhy 0.039 3 0.192 7 0.998 9
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场景 对比算法 RMSE/(°) ME/(°) R 2
连续DLC2 模型方法 0.087 0 0.288 6 0.843 3
LSTM 0.125 3 0.371 6 0.675 1
DeepPhy 0.023 9 0.080 3 0.988 2
正弦工况2 模型方法 0.308 0 0.750 3 0.445 7
LSTM 0.270 4 0.620 5 0.572 7
DeepPhy 0.054 8 0.208 4 0.982 5
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鲁棒性验证误差分析

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场景 对比算法 RMSE/(°) ME/(°) R 2
连续DLC2 模型方法 0.087 0 0.288 6 0.843 3
LSTM 0.125 3 0.371 6 0.675 1
DeepPhy 0.023 9 0.080 3 0.988 2
正弦工况2 模型方法 0.308 0 0.750 3 0.445 7
LSTM 0.270 4 0.620 5 0.572 7
DeepPhy 0.054 8 0.208 4 0.982 5
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参数 数值 单位
车辆整备质量 1 890 kg
质心距前轴长 1.504 m
质心距后轴长 1.506 m
前轮侧偏刚度 -84 500 N/rad
后轮侧偏刚度 -52 500 N/rad
轮距 1.620 m
Z轴转动惯量 2 150 kg·m2
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测试车辆主要参数

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参数 数值 单位
车辆整备质量 1 890 kg
质心距前轴长 1.504 m
质心距后轴长 1.506 m
前轮侧偏刚度 -84 500 N/rad
后轮侧偏刚度 -52 500 N/rad
轮距 1.620 m
Z轴转动惯量 2 150 kg·m2
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对比算法 RMSE/(°) ME/(°) R 2
模型方法 0.802 1 2.902 4 0.907 6
LSTM 1.005 1 2.837 3 0.854 9
DeepPhy 0.267 9 1.264 0 0.989 7
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实车双移线工况误差统计结果

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对比算法 RMSE/(°) ME/(°) R 2
模型方法 0.802 1 2.902 4 0.907 6
LSTM 1.005 1 2.837 3 0.854 9
DeepPhy 0.267 9 1.264 0 0.989 7
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物理-数据混合驱动的车辆质心侧偏角估计*
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李琴 1 , 张博远 1 , 谢智航 1 , 王勇 2 , 汤建明 1 , 陈勇 1
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025,47(4): 714-723
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2025, 47(4): 714-723
物理-数据混合驱动的车辆质心侧偏角估计*
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李琴1, 张博远1, 谢智航1, 王勇2 , 汤建明1, 陈勇1
作者信息
  • 1 广西大学机械工程学院,南宁 530000
  • 2 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100080

通讯作者:

王勇,博士,E-mail:
Physics-Data Hybrid Driven Estimation of Vehicle Side Slip Angle
Qin Li1, Boyuan Zhang1, Zhihang Xie1, Yong Wang2 , Jianming Tang1, Yong Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Guangxi University,Nanning 530000
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100080
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.012
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质心侧偏角是车辆动力学中的关键变量。针对现有基于模型方法严重依赖动力学模型精度和数据驱动方法在面临陌生工况场景时鲁棒性差等问题,本文提出了一种物理数据混合驱动(DeepPhy)的质心侧偏角估计方法,旨在结合物理模型与数据驱动模型的优势,实现对质心侧偏角的可靠与准确估计。DeepPhy通过将后轴轮胎侧向力模型得到的质心侧偏角先验值与深度网络进行集成,从而能够学习物理模型未能表达的非线性映射关系,提升模型面对陌生工况的可靠性。仿真结果表明,在连续DLC工况下,DeepPhy估计结果的RMSE相较于物理模型方法和纯数据驱动方法分别降低了93%和63%,并对数据稀缺工况具有鲁棒性。实车验证进一步表明,DeepPhy具有优异的泛化能力,经过仿真训练的模型可迁移至实车环境中,并保持高精度的估计结果。

质心侧偏角估计  /  主动控制系统  /  长短时记忆网络  /  混合物理-数据驱动

In the realm of vehicle dynamics, the sideslip angle is a critical parameter. For the challenges posed by the current modelbased methods, which heavily rely on the accuracy of dynamic models, and the poor robustness of datadriven methods in unfamiliar operating conditions, in this paper a sideslip angle estimation method based on a hybrid of physics and datadriven approaches (DeepPhy) is proposed. The aim is to combine the strength of physical modeling and datadriven techniques to achieve reliable and accurate estimation of the sideslip angle. DeepPhy integrates prior values of the sideslip angle obtained from the lateral force model of the rear axle tires with a deep neural network, enabling the learning of nonlinear mapping relationship not captured by the physical model, thereby enhancing the model's reliability in unfamiliar conditions. The simulation results indicate that under continuous DLC conditions, the RMSE of the estimation results from DeepPhy is reduced by 93% compared to the physical model method and by 63% compared to the datadriven method, exhibiting robustness in scenarios with limited data. Realworld validation further confirms DeepPhy's exceptional generalization capabilities, as the models trained through simulation can be transferred to realworld conditions while maintaining highprecision estimation results.

sideslip angle estimation  /  active safety control  /  long short-term memory  /  physics-data hybrid driven
李琴, 张博远, 谢智航, 王勇, 汤建明, 陈勇. 物理-数据混合驱动的车辆质心侧偏角估计*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (4) : 714 -723 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.012
Qin Li, Boyuan Zhang, Zhihang Xie, Yong Wang, Jianming Tang, Yong Chen. Physics-Data Hybrid Driven Estimation of Vehicle Side Slip Angle[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (4) : 714 -723 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.012
为了提高车辆的操纵稳定性与安全性,大量先进的主动安全控制系统和辅助驾驶系统在汽车领域得到了广泛应用,如直接横摆力矩控制(direct yaw-moment control,DYC)[1] 、四轮转向控制(four wheel steering control,4WS)[2] 和容错控制(fault-tolerant control,FTC)[3] 等。这些系统的有效性依赖于对车辆状态的精确获取,例如横摆角速度和质心侧偏角等。然而,出于经济性或可靠性的考虑,可直接测量质心侧偏角的传感器难以在量产车辆中应用。一种可行的方法是利用低成本、高可靠性的传感器获取可用的状态信息,如横摆角速度和横向加速度等,然后应用估计算法来获取车辆质心侧偏角[4] 。在车辆动力学控制系统领域,如何精确快速地获取车辆质心侧偏角已成为突出的研究重点[5]
现有研究中,车辆质心侧偏角估计方法主要有两种类型:基于模型的方法和数据驱动的方法。基于模型的方法通过结合动力学模型或运动学模型设计相应的观测器来实现,如使用卡尔曼滤波及其改进算法[6-8]。一般来说,基于动力学模型的方法更适用于高速和高侧滑驾驶条件[9] ,而基于运动学模型的算法在侧滑角较小时表现更好[10] 。结合上述两种方法的优势,研究人员开发了两种方案的融合策略[11-13],在不同场景中实现相对精确的性能。
然而,由于车辆模型非线性程度的增加,基于模型的方法在瞬态和高激励驾驶条件下面临挑战[14] 。因此,数据驱动的质心侧偏角估计方法在近年来受到广泛关注。这些方法旨在仅使用数据捕捉车辆状态之间的非线性关系,而无须依赖详细的模型知识。特别是人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)和深度神经网络(deep neural network,DNN)在这一领域已经得到了广泛研究。早期的研究集中在基于ANN的模型上[15-16]。随后,循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)为代表的DNN模型被广泛用于车辆状态估计,其在通过显式建模过去时间步骤间的依赖关系来逼近动态系统方面有显著优势[17-19]
数据驱动的估计方法可有效地解决非线性系统的回归问题,通常被描述为黑盒模型。然而,确保这些模型在训练过程中涵盖所有驾驶条件具有挑战性,而且高质量的训练数据集难以获取。因此,虽然这些方法在训练集所涵盖的驾驶操纵范围内提供了准确的估计结果,但面临训练不充分的驾驶操作时,它们的准确性会降低甚至得到错误的估计结果[20]
考虑到车辆动力学状态数据是典型的时序数据,而长短时记忆网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)作为RNN的一种变种,在解决了RNN梯度消失或梯度爆炸问题的同时,可以实现数据时序关联信息的传递,且具有很强的非线性建模能力,可对多种工况下的车辆动力学行为进行良好的表达。因此本文使用LSTM构建用于估计质心侧偏角的深度神经网络,并在此基础上,提出一种物理-数据混合驱动(DeepPhy)的车辆质心侧偏角估计方法。该方法基于物理模型跟踪质心侧偏角的基本趋势,深度神经网络用于拟合物理模型未表达的非线性映射关系,通过将物理知识嵌入到深度网络中,实现了车辆质心侧偏角的鲁棒估计。模型在多工况组成的数据集上进行了训练与调优,最后在仿真和实车测试中验证了算法的精度与鲁棒性。
图1所示为2自由度车辆动力学模型,运动微分方程为
m ( v ˙ y + v x γ ) = F y f + F y r + g s i n ( φ ) I z γ ˙ = l f F y f - l r F y r
式中: v x为纵向车速; v y为侧向车速; γ为横摆角速度; β为质心侧偏角; m为汽车质量; φ为路面侧向坡度; I z为横摆转动惯量; l f l r分别为质心到前、后轴的距离; F y f F y r分别为前、后轴的轮胎侧向力。
该模型可用于描述汽车的基本动力学特性。考虑实际传感器测量到的侧向加速度包含由侧向坡度导致的重力加速度的分量,式(1)可以重新表示为
m a y = F y f + F y r I z γ ˙ = l f F y f - l r F y r
式中 a y表示侧向加速度的实际测量值。
在轮胎线性工作区域,轮胎的侧向轮胎力与轮胎侧偏角的关系可以表示为
F y f = C f α f F y r = C r α r
式中: C f C r分别为前、后轮胎的轮胎侧偏刚度; α f α r分别为前、后轴轮胎侧偏角。
前后轴轮胎侧偏角与车身状态和前轮转向角的关系可表示为
α f = v y + l f γ v x - δ f = β + l f γ v x - δ f α r = v y - l r γ v x = β - l r γ v x
式中 δ f为车辆前轮转向角。
本文提出的物理-数据混合驱动车辆质心侧偏角估计框架如图2所示。首先,引入了一种基于轮胎侧向力的质心侧偏角计算方法,推导出基于物理模型的质心侧偏角结果。然后,通过将物理模型得到的质心侧偏角与LSTM网络得到的结果进行结合,使深度网络在训练过程中自动拟合物理模型未表达的非线性特征,从而得到最终的估计结果。最后在训练集和验证集上对影响模型性能的超参数进行调优,得到用于测试分析的质心侧偏角估计模型。
式(2)所示的车辆单轨模型可得到前/后轴轮胎侧向力的近似表示,结合式(3)式(4)可得到如下描述:
F f = m l r a y + l z γ ˙ l f + l r = C f δ f - β - l f ν x γ F r = m l f a y - l z γ ˙ l f + l r = C r - β + l r ν x γ
假设 C f C r已知,从前/后轴轮胎侧向力方程中分别推导出质心侧偏角的表达式:
β f = - m l f a y + l z γ ˙ ( l f + l r ) C f + δ f - l f v x γ β r = - m l f a y - l z γ ˙ ( l f + l r ) C r + l r v x γ
式中 β f β r分别表示从前/后轴轮胎侧向力方程中推导出的质心侧偏角。
在紧急转向等特殊行驶工况下,考虑到车身稳定控制等主动安全系统会避免车辆侧滑过大和失稳,此时前轮侧偏角变化相对较大,轮胎侧向力与侧偏角、垂直载荷等影响因素间表现出高度非线性,而后轮侧偏角通常变化较小,故侧向力可用线性轮胎模型表示[21] 。因此本文使用后轮胎侧向力方程推导出车辆质心侧偏角作为基于物理模型的计算结果,得到质心侧偏角的基本变化趋势及特性,从而将其与深度网络集成,形成物理-数据混合驱动的估计方法。后文中将该结果用 β p h y表示,即
β p h y = - m l f a y - l z γ ˙ ( l f + l r ) C r + l r v x γ
LSTM的关键是其单元结构,通过细胞状态矢量将信息传输到每个时间步,并且可以添加或减去信息来执行操作,单元结构图如图3所示。单元有3个门控制状态:遗忘门、输入门和输出门。遗忘门用于选择性地遗忘从前一个节点传入的输入;输入门控制记忆细胞的输入对记忆细胞状态的影响;输出门控制记忆细胞状态对记忆细胞输出的影响。
图3中, C t - 1 C t分别表示先前的细胞状态和当前的细胞状态,通过遗忘门和输入门来控制。 h t - 1 h t分别表示先前和当前的隐藏状态。 X t表示当前的输入。遗忘门、输入门和输出门可以用数学方式表示为
f t = σ ( W f [ h t - 1 , X t ] + b f )
i t = σ ( W i [ h t - 1 , X t ] + b i )
o t = σ ( W o [ h t - 1 , X t ] + b o )
式中: W ( · ) b ( · )分别表示遗忘门、输入门和输出门的权重矩阵和偏置向量; σ ( · )表示Sigmoid激活函数。
细胞状态可用数学方式表示为
C t = f t * C t - 1 + i t * T a n h ( W c [ h t - 1 , X t ] + b c )
式中: W c b c分别表示可学习的权重矩阵和偏置向量; T a n h ( · )为双曲正切激活函数。
最后,输出门使用单元状态作为输入并生成 LSTM 单元的输出。
h t = o t * T a n h ( c t )
Sigmoid激活函数和Tanh激活函数的计算公式如下所示:
σ ( x ) = 1 1 + e - x
T a n h ( x ) = e x - e - x e x + e - x
本文以 LSTM 作为主干网络,在此基础上设计DeepPhy估计模型,并将在实验中对二者进行对比分析,以揭示物理模型对估计结果的影响程度。因传感器信号相较于质心侧偏角往往有大约0.2 s的相位超前或滞后[22] ,主干网络输入层选取为当前及过去20个时间步的传感器数据,时间步长大小为0.01s,每时刻的输入表示为 x t = [ v x , γ , δ , a x , a y ] t。隐藏层包括一个LSTM隐藏层和一个全连接隐藏层,激活函数为Tanh。最后输出层对全连接隐藏层状态的加权求和得到质心侧偏角估计结果。
DeepPhy在LSTM模型基础上,将式(7)所示的物理模型计算结果与深度网络模型进行集成。首先,经物理模型计算得到的质心侧偏角数据将作为数据驱动模型初始的带有物理意义的输入信息,与输入特征向量进行级联合并得到新的20个时间步长的数据组合,此时神经网络每时刻的输入重构为 X t = [ β p h y , t , x t ]。之后,物理模型的输出 β p h y , t与全连接隐藏层的输出单元进行合并,类似于并行使用物理模型和机器学习模型。与纯数据驱动方法直接学习输入和输出之间的潜在映射不同,DeepPhy模型通过捕捉物理模型输出结果与标签数据之间的偏差来间接地拟合映射关系。由于物理模型已经捕捉到车辆动力学行为的基本特性,因此与纯数据驱动方法相比,DeepPhy模型面临的数据需求更少,以提升模型面临陌生场景时的鲁棒性。DeepPhy模型的计算过程如下所示:
x t = [ v x , γ , δ , a x , a y ] t β p h y , t = f p h y ( [ v x , γ , a y ] t ) X t = [ β p h y , t , x t ] X = { X t , , X t - 19 } z 1 = T a n h F l s t m ( W l s t m T , b l s t m , X ) z 2 = T a n h ( W F C 1 T z 1 + b F C 1 ) z 3 = W F C 2 T z 2 + b F C 2 β D e e p P h y , t = z 3 + β P h y , t
式中: x t为单个时步的传感器数据; f p h y为物理模型函数; X t为级联合并后的传感器数据与模型计算结果组合; X为多个时步的 X t数据; W l s t m T b l s t m 为可训练参数; F l s t m为LSTM网络的运算函数,具体步骤与2.2节中内容一致; z i为不同网络层的计算输出。
为测试验证本文中提出的车辆质心侧偏角估计算法的实际性能,首先在CarSim-Simulink仿真平台中采集了数据集并进行相应处理,在此基础上通过训练集和验证集对网络模型超参数进行了调优;然后在仿真环境下的标准工况中对比了本算法与传统算法的精度,并分析讨论了测试结果;最后验证了算法面对数据稀缺测试环境时相较于纯数据驱动算法的优势。
本文通过CarSim与Simulink联合仿真平台来采集了数据样本,车型选用C型车辆,车辆参数如表1所示。仿真道路环境设置为潮湿水泥路面,路面附着系数为0.5。
训练集/测试集中包含斜坡转向和扫频转向、正弦转向和直线行驶4种工况,共8组数据,转向工况速度范围集中在80-100 km/h范围内,详细介绍如表2所示,共包括20 200条数据,其中75%作为训练集,25%作为验证集。测试集包含5组数据,前3组数据将用于测试验证DeepPhy算法在训练数据充足情况下的精度,后2组数据选用训练集转向工况未涉及的速度范围,用以测试算法在数据稀缺环境下的鲁棒性,详细介绍如表3所示。
本文采用滑动时间窗口方法对时间序列数据进行采样,得到若干个训练样本。在使用这些样本进行训练之前,对这些训练样本进行了随机采样,具体过程如图4所示,之后将其分为训练集和验证集。在不进行随机洗牌的情况下,网络学习的是所有数据的时间序列关系[23] ,而车辆一次行驶时间往往很长,导致神经网络不能得到全面的训练,因此难以满足质心侧偏角估计的需求。
此外,本文在进行训练之前对神经网络的输入数据进行了标准归一化处理,用于增强不同传感器数据之间的比较性。
模型结构中影响模型性能的超参数主要有隐藏层数量、隐藏层单元数和激活函数等。本文在验证集上对超参数进行了调优,最后在训练集与验证集上重新训练模型。表 4展示了经过调优后的超参数设置,图 5所示为最后的训练过程。本文采用均方误差函数作为模型的损失函数,如式(16)所示,损失变化在200个Epoch后趋近稳定,此时DeepPhy算法在训练集和验证集上的损失相较于LSTM模型均大幅降低。
L = Y - Y ^   2 2 n
本文首先在鱼钩工况下验证了剧烈转向时物理模型算法与DeepPhy算法的可靠性,之后进一步在双移线(the dual-lane change,DLC)工况和正弦转向工况下验证了算法的精度优势。
图6展示了鱼钩工况的输入设置与测试结果,该测试验证了高速运行时转向盘转角发生剧烈变化期间的估计性能,为区别于训练集的斜坡转向工况,前后斜坡斜率分别为120和60 (°)/s。从测试结果可以看出该工况下基于后轴侧向力的质心侧偏角计算模型仍然可以跟踪质心侧偏角的趋势,体现出DeepPhy方法引入的物理模型的合理性。由于该速度条件下训练集较为充分,DeepPhy模型与LSTM模型均展现出较为理想的效果,其中DeepPhy模型在转向趋近稳态时精度有所提高。同时也证明两种模型均有一定的泛化能力。
图7展示了DLC工况1的设置与测试结果,该测试验证了算法在高速变道期间的性能。 β p h y相较于参考值表现有相位滞后,幅值则接近参考值;得益于LSTM对过去信息的利用,其估计结果消除了相位滞后,但是在2-4 s和9-11 s的超车换道期间,估计结果误差较大;所提的DeepPhy方法作为一种误差补偿模型,旨在学习物理模型未表达的非线性映射关系,考虑到此工况下物理模型估计值结果较好,因而估计误差相较于LSTM明显降低。
图8展示了正弦转向工况1的设置与测试结果,该测试验证了高速运行时避障操作期间的算法性能。在转向峰值时车辆的非线性增加导致侧滑角度曲线与前轮转向角度曲线之间的一致性相应降低,此时 β p h y相较于参考值误差较大,但是其仍可跟踪质心侧偏角变化趋势;LSTM在一定程度上改善了估计结果,但是在11-13 s期间执行加速操作后,由于车辆非线性程度进一步增加,LSTM网络表现不佳;所提DeepPhy模型的估计误差相较于LSTM明显减少,表明其具有更强的非线性特征学习能力。
为定量对比估计模型之间的误差,表5展示了各算法的均方根误差(RMSE)、最大误差(ME)与R 2的统计结果,相较于另外两种算法,DeepPhy算法的精度明显提高。
车辆质心侧偏角估计算法不仅要求高精度的估计性能,而且在测试阶段需要对训练数据没有覆盖的场景具有鲁棒性。因此,本文在速度为50-60 km/h的连续DLC工况2和正弦转向工况2上进行了数据稀缺时算法的鲁棒性验证。图9展示了连续DLC工况2的设置与测试结果。在50 km/h速度期间,物理模型表现为相位超前,但是误差较小,且可以很好地反映质心侧偏角的变化趋势。由于循环网络具有一定的预测能力,LSTM模型没有表现出相位超前,但是误差较大,原因是训练集没有涵盖该速度条件下的转向操作,模型不了解该速度下的车辆动力学行为。DeepPhy集成了物理模型与数据驱动模型的优势,不仅消除了相位超前,而且取得了更高精度的估计结果,表明在数据驱动模型中嵌入合理的物理模型,可以学习和补偿物理模型未表达的车辆动力学特性。在11 s之后,车辆加速到60 km/h,此时车辆处于转向不足与转向过度的临界状态,动力学行为更加复杂,物理模型难以捕捉到质心侧偏角的变化趋势,但是DeepPhy仍然最大仅有0.04°的误差。该结果表明,尽管物理模型在某些情况下不能完全表达车辆动力学行为,但是整体而言其仍然对数据模型起到有益的引导作用。
图10展示了正弦转向工况2的设置与测试结果。与DLC工况2一致,在50 km/h速度期间,物理模型表现为相位超前,但是在转向达到峰值时,估计结果出现较大误差。LSTM模型的估计误差在13 s之前大于物理模型估计结果的误差,之后在更接近得到充分训练的转向操作速度范围时,估计效果有较大提升,物理模型由于车辆非线性的增加表现逐渐变差。而结合了物理模型和数据驱动模型的DeepPhy算法误差仍然在0.21°以内,精度接近得到充分训练时的转向测试工况的结果。
表6展示了数据稀缺环境下两种测试工况各算法的RMSE、 ME与R 2统计结果。本文提出的DeepPhy模型精度大幅度高于物理模型与纯数据驱动模型,例如在DLC 工况2下,DeepPhy相比物理模型和LSTM模型,RMSE误差分别降低了72%和80%。
为直观比较在不同测试场景下各算法误差的分布结果,5个工况的误差箱型图如图11所示。物理模型的估计结果不受训练数据条件的影响,而与车辆行为的非线性程度有关,在相同速度条件下,转向角越大其估计误差越大。LSTM模型在训练数据充足的测试环境下误差分布相较于物理模型结果得到改善,但是在数据稀缺环境下精度提高有限甚至劣于物理模型的结果,表明纯数据驱动方法在面临数据稀缺情况时的不足。本文所提的DeepPhy算法在5组工况下误差分布均集中于0.1°以内,进一步体现了其精度优势与对训练数据的鲁棒性。
为了验证算法在实际运行环境中的效果以及迁移到其他车辆的能力,本文进行了实车验证,实验车辆是一辆自动驾驶分布式驱动汽车,该车辆主要参数见表7。整个车辆控制系统使用Speedgoat快速原型开发平台实现。前轮转角由角度传感器测量,并通过CAN线连接到Speedgoat平台。此外,测试车辆配备了华测CG-410高精度组合导航系统,包括实时动态定位(real-time kinematic,RTK)功能,通过测量偏航角与航向角,进而获取车辆的质心侧偏角,相关信息通过另一个CAN线连接到Speedgoat平台。数据采集过程中的传感器与平台配置如图12所示,从组合导航系统获得的质心侧偏角被视为本次实验中的参考值。同时为了研究算法的迁移能力,本文没有使用实车数据对模型重新训练或调整,而是采用仿真数据训练好的模型。
图13为实车环境的双移线工况下前轮转角和速度曲线与估计结果。 β p h y为实车参数的物理模型估计结果,与仿真实验一致,其估计误差相对参考值较大且有一定的相位超前,但是可跟踪质心侧偏角的基本特性,表明其在实际噪声环境下的有效性。由于实验车辆速度较低,且仿真车辆参数和实车参数具有差异,纯数据驱动的LSTM模型表现出最差的估计结果。与之相比,本文所提出的DeepPhy模型在实车工况中仍然有最高的估计精度,模型表现出很强的泛化性能,在经过仿真数据训练后,可有效迁移至实车上对质心侧偏角进行估计,进一步验证了所提算法的优越性,误差统计结果见表8
本文提出了一种结合物理模型与数据驱动模型优势的车辆质心侧偏角鲁棒估计方法(DeepPhy)。该方法基于物理模型跟踪质心侧偏角的基本特性,然后构建数据驱动模型拟合物理模型未表达的非线性特征,捕捉物理模型输出结果与数据之间的偏差,使其能够在具有高精度的同时具有对数据稀缺环境的鲁棒性。
(1)本文提出的DeepPhy方法与基于模型的方法和纯数据驱动的LSTM方法结果对比表明,本方法对质心侧偏角的估计结果具有更高的精度,其中在正弦工况下,DeepPhy相比LSTM的估计误差降低了55.6%。
(2)鲁棒性测试表明,DeepPhy对未知工况具有很强的鲁棒性,面对数据稀缺的测试工况时,LSTM误差增大甚至难以对质心侧偏角进行估计,而DeepPhy仍然有很高的精度。
(3)实车测试结果表明,相比于纯数据驱动方法,DeepPhy表现出可迁移性。经仿真数据训练的模型可迁移到实车环境中,对质心侧偏角进行估计。这体现出所提方法具有可扩展性,不依赖于完善的训练数据,通过改变其中的物理模型参数,可以应用于不同的车辆。
  • *广西自然科学基金青年基金(2025GXNSFBA069567)
  • 广西科技计划桂科AD基金(23026205)
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.012
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-08
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-11-05
基金
*广西自然科学基金青年基金(2025GXNSFBA069567)
广西科技计划桂科AD基金(23026205)
作者信息
    1 广西大学机械工程学院,南宁 530000
    2 北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100080

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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