Article(id=1149418805069254790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149418798794572319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=1739203200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751972398296, onlineDateStr=2025-07-08, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751972398296, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751972398296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751972398296, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149418798794572319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1006', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751972396792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780688390, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003323518837255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149418798794572319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003323518837256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149418798794572319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=851, endPage=858, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149418805673234577, articleId=1149418805069254790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Positioning Method Based on Slip Ratio Compensation for Intelligent Vehicles, columnId=1149805645261664296, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Accurate and reliable vehicle pose estimation is a critical input for intelligent vehicle decision,planning and motion control modules. In this paper,a positioning algorithm that integrates real-time slip ratio estimation and compensation for intelligent vehicles is proposed,which significantly enhances the fusion positioning accuracy of the Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS) during Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interruption. Firstly,a real-time slip ratio estimation algorithm is proposed to correct the wheel speed information for different driving conditions,which uses vehicle acceleration and wheel speed data. Then,based on error-state Kalman filter (ESKF),the corrected wheel speed data is fused with GNSS and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) information to achieve accurate and reliable vehicle pose estimation. The results of the real-vehicle experiments show that during GNSS interruption,the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of velocity improves by up to 30% and the average horizontal position error mileage ratio reaches 1.68‰.

, articleAbstract=

Accurate and reliable vehicle pose estimation is a critical input for intelligent vehicle decision, planning and motion control modules. In this paper, a positioning algorithm that integrates realtime slip ratio estimation and compensation for intelligent vehicles is proposed, which significantly enhances the fusion positioning accuracy of the Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS) during Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interruption. Firstly, a realtime slip ratio estimation algorithm is proposed to correct the wheel speed information for different driving conditions, which uses vehicle acceleration and wheel speed data. Then, based on errorstate Kalman filter (ESKF), the corrected wheel speed data is fused with GNSS and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) information to achieve accurate and reliable vehicle pose estimation. The results of the realvehicle experiments show that during GNSS interruption, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of velocity improves by up to 30% and the average horizontal position error mileage ratio reaches 1.68%.

, correspAuthors=Guirong Zhuo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lu Xiong, Jiaqi Zhu, Mengyuan Chen, Ziyao Li, Qiang Shu, Guirong Zhuo), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149418819606712632, articleId=1149418805069254790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=融合滑移率校正的智能车辆定位方法*, columnId=1149805645391687721, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

准确可靠的车辆位姿估计是智能车辆决策规划、运动控制等模块的重要输入。本文提出一种融合智能车辆轮胎滑移率在线估计及校正的定位算法,可以在全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)中断期间显著增强惯性导航系统(INS)/轮速传感器(WSS)的融合定位精度。首先,利用车辆加速度和轮速数据,提出了一种针对不同驾驶条件的滑移率实时估计算法,以准确地对轮速信息进行滑移率校正;随后,基于误差状态卡尔曼滤波对GNSS、IMU和校正后的轮速信息进行融合,实现准确可靠的车辆位姿估计。实车实验结果表明,在GNSS中断期间,速度均方根误差最高提升30%,平均水平位置误差里程比可达1.68‰。

, articleAbstract=

准确可靠的车辆位姿估计是智能车辆决策规划、运动控制等模块的重要输入。本文提出一种融合智能车辆轮胎滑移率在线估计及校正的定位算法,可以在全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)中断期间显著增强惯性导航系统(INS)/轮速传感器(WSS)的融合定位精度。首先,利用车辆加速度和轮速数据,提出了一种针对不同驾驶条件的滑移率实时估计算法,以准确地对轮速信息进行滑移率校正;随后,基于误差状态卡尔曼滤波对GNSS、IMU和校正后的轮速信息进行融合,实现准确可靠的车辆位姿估计。实车实验结果表明,在GNSS中断期间,速度均方根误差最高提升30%,平均水平位置误差里程比可达1.68%。

, correspAuthors=卓桂荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
卓桂荣,副教授,博士,E-mail:
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方法 直线工况 转弯工况

速度RMSE/

(m·s-1

平均水平位置

误差里程比/‰

速度RMSE/

(m·s-1

平均水平位置

误差里程比/‰

NHC 0.469 0 9.997 0 0.059 8 11.530 7
Ours 0.325 8 1.686 5 0.054 4 8.394 6
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定量评价结果(红色为最佳结果)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 直线工况 转弯工况

速度RMSE/

(m·s-1

平均水平位置

误差里程比/‰

速度RMSE/

(m·s-1

平均水平位置

误差里程比/‰

NHC 0.469 0 9.997 0 0.059 8 11.530 7
Ours 0.325 8 1.686 5 0.054 4 8.394 6
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融合滑移率校正的智能车辆定位方法*
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熊璐 1 , 朱佳琪 1 , 陈梦源 1 , 李子尧 1 , 舒强 2 , 卓桂荣 1
汽车工程 | 研究论文 2025,47(5): 851-858
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汽车工程 | 研究论文 2025, 47(5): 851-858
融合滑移率校正的智能车辆定位方法*
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熊璐1, 朱佳琪1, 陈梦源1, 李子尧1, 舒强2, 卓桂荣1
作者信息
  • 1 同济大学汽车学院,上海 201804
  • 2 上海同驭汽车科技有限公司,上海 201804

通讯作者:

卓桂荣,副教授,博士,E-mail:
Positioning Method Based on Slip Ratio Compensation for Intelligent Vehicles
Lu Xiong1, Jiaqi Zhu1, Mengyuan Chen1, Ziyao Li1, Qiang Shu2, Guirong Zhuo1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automotive Studies,Tongji University,Shanghai 201804
  • 2 Shanghai Tongyu Automotive Technology Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 201804
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.05.006
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准确可靠的车辆位姿估计是智能车辆决策规划、运动控制等模块的重要输入。本文提出一种融合智能车辆轮胎滑移率在线估计及校正的定位算法,可以在全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)中断期间显著增强惯性导航系统(INS)/轮速传感器(WSS)的融合定位精度。首先,利用车辆加速度和轮速数据,提出了一种针对不同驾驶条件的滑移率实时估计算法,以准确地对轮速信息进行滑移率校正;随后,基于误差状态卡尔曼滤波对GNSS、IMU和校正后的轮速信息进行融合,实现准确可靠的车辆位姿估计。实车实验结果表明,在GNSS中断期间,速度均方根误差最高提升30%,平均水平位置误差里程比可达1.68%。

智能汽车  /  融合定位  /  滑移率估计  /  误差状态卡尔曼滤波

Accurate and reliable vehicle pose estimation is a critical input for intelligent vehicle decision, planning and motion control modules. In this paper, a positioning algorithm that integrates realtime slip ratio estimation and compensation for intelligent vehicles is proposed, which significantly enhances the fusion positioning accuracy of the Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Wheel Speed Sensor (WSS) during Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interruption. Firstly, a realtime slip ratio estimation algorithm is proposed to correct the wheel speed information for different driving conditions, which uses vehicle acceleration and wheel speed data. Then, based on errorstate Kalman filter (ESKF), the corrected wheel speed data is fused with GNSS and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) information to achieve accurate and reliable vehicle pose estimation. The results of the realvehicle experiments show that during GNSS interruption, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of velocity improves by up to 30% and the average horizontal position error mileage ratio reaches 1.68%.

intelligent vehicle  /  fusion positioning  /  slip ratio estimation  /  error-state Kalman filter
熊璐, 朱佳琪, 陈梦源, 李子尧, 舒强, 卓桂荣. 融合滑移率校正的智能车辆定位方法*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (5) : 851 -858 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.05.006
Lu Xiong, Jiaqi Zhu, Mengyuan Chen, Ziyao Li, Qiang Shu, Guirong Zhuo. Positioning Method Based on Slip Ratio Compensation for Intelligent Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (5) : 851 -858 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.05.006
可靠和准确的定位信息,包括车辆位置、速度和姿态,对智能车辆至关重要[1-3],是后续决策规划[4]和运动控制[5]的重要输入。融合全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)和惯性导航系统(INS)的定位方法因其较高的精度和较低的成本而受到广泛的关注[6],结合实时动态差分(RTK)技术,可以达到厘米级的定位精度。然而,在常见的城市峡谷、隧道等场景中,GNSS信息容易受到干扰甚至中断,导致定位性能急剧下降[7-8]。因此,在GNSS中断期间引入其他传感器对定位系统进行完善与补充是十分必要的。
与相机、激光雷达等传感器相比,轮速传感器(WSS)广泛安装在车辆上,因其突出的成本效益以及不易受外部环境干扰的优点,成为一种有吸引力的解决方案。现有研究表明,将WSS与GNSS、惯性测量单元(IMU)集成可以为智能车辆提供可靠的定位[9-10],通常用于在GNSS中断期间提供辅助。其中,常常将轮速测量视为车辆的纵向速度[11],并结合非完整性约束[12]将横向和垂向速度设置为0。在获得良好定位精度的同时,也限制了车辆的横向和垂向漂移。此外,为了有效融合WSS与IMU,还须确定二者的安装参数,尤其是杆臂和安装航向角。文献[13]和文献[14]中通过准确估计安装参数,充分发挥了WSS的辅助作用,显著提升定位精度。在车辆处于低动态驾驶条件下,上述方案可以取得较好的定位精度,因为此时这些假设才成立,尤其是NHC假设。但是,当车辆处于高动态驾驶条件时,可能出现的纵向滑移或侧滑会导致上述假设失效,如紧急制动、避障等[10]。这会导致定位性能的下降。为了应对车辆的侧滑情况,研究者提出基于车辆动力学[15]或者与运动学相结合的横向速度估计方法[10],并结合纵向速度作为观测,获得了令人印象深刻的定位性能[16]。为进一步提高动力学模型精度,文献[6]中结合车辆侧偏角估计系统的可观性分析,利用一致性卡尔曼滤波将运动学与动力学融合[17],进一步提高了横向速度的估计精度。然而,在这些方法中,没有考虑车辆的纵向滑移情况。车辆纵向滑移会导致利用轮速获得的车辆纵向速度与车辆实际的纵向速度之间产生较大的误差[18],如车辆进行强驱动或者强制动时,这一现象比较明显。如果不对其进行补偿,直接使用此时的轮速信号与IMU融合,将引入额外的误差。这给GNSS中断期间的智能车辆可靠定位带来较大的挑战。在现有的陆地车辆定位中,对其研究较少。
滑移率估计在车辆动力学控制中研究较多。在分布式四轮驱动汽车的动力学控制中,通过设计增益矩阵调整卡尔曼滤波器[19]或者利用车轮滑移率进行加权反馈[20]来应对车轮滑移的情况。为了提高紧急制动工况下的制动效能和纵向车速估计的鲁棒性,文献[21]中设计了一种与滑移控制器相结合的纵向车速估计方法。在动力学控制领域,考虑车轮滑移实现了较好的控制性能。为了获得可靠的定位结果,同样也需要对轮速进行滑移率校正。然而,这在定位中鲜少考虑。
针对现有研究的不足,本文提出了基于实时滑移率估计与补偿的GNSS/INS/WSS融合定位系统。在GNSS可用期间,利用高精度GNSS测量与INS的融合保证了可靠的定位。而在更关键的GNSS中断期间,通过INS与WSS的紧密融合来提供可靠的定位;其中,为了提高在强驱动/制动工况时轮速量测的精度,设计了一种针对不同驾驶条件的滑移率实时估计算法,实现对轮速信息的精确滑移率校正。多源信息均采用误差状态卡尔曼滤波进行融合得到车辆位姿估计结果。
本文提出了基于轮胎滑移率实时估计及校正的GNSS/INS/WSS融合定位算法,从而为智能车辆提供可靠、准确的状态估计,包括位置、速度、姿态,尤其是在GNSS信号异常的条件下。所提出的算法架构如图1所示。
算法利用IMU、WSS和GNSS传感器的测量数据作为输入,并通过误差状态卡尔曼滤波器实现最优状态估计。首先,基于IMU测量数据,通过INS算法[22]进行状态的递推估计。随后,当GNSS信号良好时,采用高精度的GNSS测量数据,包括位置和速度信息作为误差状态卡尔曼滤波的观测进行状态更新,对INS系统的状态估计结果进行校正。对于更具挑战性的GNSS信号中断期间,则使用WSS测量数据作为观测信息进行状态更新。其中,为了提高强制动以及强驱动工况下轮速测量的准确性,创新性地引入滑移率估计与补偿方法。利用IMU和轮速测量数据,设计了针对不同驾驶条件的滑移率实时估计算法,对轮速测量进行滑移率校正,从而提高车速估计精度,进而将估计的车速作为观测信息,对INS系统进行校正,最终得到更可靠、准确的定位结果。
本文使用的坐标系统定义如下: n表示当地导航坐标系,也称为ENU(东-北-天)坐标系,原点与IMU坐标系的中心重合。载体坐标系表示为 b,其原点同样与IMU的中心重合。 v表示车辆坐标系,其原点位于车辆后轴的中心。
本节详细介绍了提出的基于滑移率补偿的GNSS/INS/WSS融合定位系统。首先介绍2个误差状态卡尔曼滤波系统,分别是:在GNSS状态良好时,以GNSS位置和速度信息作观测的系统1;在GNSS中断期间,以轮速信息作观测的系统2,其中轮速信息经过滑移率补偿具有较高的精度。其次,介绍了提出的滑移率估计及补偿算法。
为了获得可靠的车辆状态估计,将GNSS、WSS的测量值分别通过误差状态卡尔曼滤波器对INS的预测状态进行校正。卡尔曼滤波器的状态方程的一般形式可表示为
X k / k - 1 = F X k - 1 + w k
式中: X表示估计的状态; F代表状态转移矩阵; w表示噪声矩阵;下标 k k - 1表示时刻为 k k - 1
在本文中,估计的状态向量 X k包括:位置误差(经度、纬度和高度) δ ρ k、速度误差 δ v b k n、姿态误差 δ θ b k n、加速度计零偏 b a b k和陀螺仪零偏 b ω b k
X k = δ p k , δ v b k n , δ θ b k n , b a b k , b ω b k [ 15 × 1 ] T
根据量测信息的不同,本文设计了2个误差状态卡尔曼滤波系统。系统1是在GNSS信号良好期间,采用GNSS的位置和速度信息作量测信息,构建的测量方程为
Z k , G N S S = P I N S - P G N S S v I N S n - v G N S S n [ 6 × 1 ] = H k , G N S S X k / k - 1 + η k , G N S S H k , G N S S = I 3 × 3 0 3 × 3 0 3 × 9 0 3 × 3 I 3 × 3 0 3 × 9 [ 6 × 15 ]
式中: Z k , G N S S表示由GNSS构建的量测信息矩阵; H k , G N S S表示观测矩阵; η k , G N S S表示GNSS测量噪声矩阵; P v分别表示位置和速度,其中,下标“GNSS”和“INS”分别表示来自INS的预测状态和来自GNSS的测量。在GNSS中断期间,利用来自WSS的轮速信息,经过滑移率补偿后,作为观测信息对INS的预测状态进行校正,这构成了误差状态卡尔曼滤波系统2。此时构建的测量方程为
Z k , W S S = v I N S n - v W S S n [ 3 × 1 ] = H k , W S S X k / k - 1 + η k , W S S H k , W S S = 0 3 × 3 I 3 × 3 0 3 × 9 [ 3 × 15 ]
其中:
v W S S n = R b n R v b v ^ W S S v
式中: Z k , W S S表示由WSS构建的量测信息矩阵; H k , W S S表示观测矩阵; η k , W S S表示WSS测量噪声矩阵; v w s s n表示由轮速信息估计的车速; R b n是坐标系 b到坐标系 n的旋转矩阵,是从INS系统获得的; R v b表示从坐标系 ν到坐标系 b的旋转矩阵,是通过预先标定获得的外参矩阵; v ^ W S S v = 0 v ^ W S S v 0 T是经过滑移率补偿后的轮速信息,这将在2.2节中进行详细介绍。
大多数研究将WSS测量的轮速信息直接用做量测,而没有考虑到轮胎发生滑移时轮速 v W S S与实际车辆速度 v v e h i c l e之间存在着误差,尤其是在车辆快速驱动或制动等高动态工况下,这种误差更加显著。本文提出了一种实时滑移率估计和补偿算法,创新性地将其引入车载定位系统中,以提供更准确的轮速观测值辅助可靠的车辆定位。滑移率估计和补偿的流程如图2所示。当车辆沿直线行驶时,IMU测量的车辆纵向加速度直接与WSS的轮速测量值结合,递推估计轮胎滑移率。在转弯工况下,将先分别估计每个车轮处的纵向加速度,然后再递推估计每个轮胎的滑移率。
WSS仅能提供车辆纵向速度的测量信息,因此在车辆坐标系下得到的速度为 v W S S v = 0 v W S S v 0 T。当车辆进行驱动或者制动时,某一车轮的滑移率定义为
驱动 : s a = v W S S - v v e h i c l e v W S S 制动 : s b = v v e h i c l e - v W S S v v e h i c l e
结合运动学公式 v v e h i c l e , k = v v e h i c l e , k - 1 + a y , k Δ t进行推导,可以得到驱动和制动工况下的滑移率递推公式为
s a , k = 1 - v W S S , k - 1 v W S S , k + v W S S , k - 1 v W S S , k s a , k - 1 - a y , k - 1 Δ t v W S S , k s b , k = 1 - v W S S , k 1 - s b , k - 1 v W S S , k - 1 + a y , k - 1 Δ t 1 - s b , k - 1
通过式(7)递推估计的滑移率,结合式(6)可以得到校正后的轮速测量为
驱动 : v ^ W S S v = 1 - s a v W S S 制动 : v ^ W S S v = v W S S / 1 - s b
式(7)可以发现,为了估计每个车轮的滑移率,须知道每个车轮处的纵向加速度 a y , k - 1。当车辆处于直线行驶工况时,由于横摆角速度较小,可以将车身视为一个刚体。在这种情况下,左右车轮的纵向加速度都可以用从IMU获得的纵向加速度 a b , y来表示。然而,在转弯工况下,由于左右车轮的速度差异比较大,须单独估计每个车轮的纵向加速度。首先,IMU处纵向速度 v b , y和左、右车轮处的纵向速度之间可以通过式(9)进行转换。
v R L , y = v b , y - B L ω b z v R R , y = v b , y + B R ω b z
式(9)进行求导,同时考虑到转弯工况时,相比横摆角速度,其他角速度的量级较小,因此忽略其影响。此外假设车辆具有较小的高阶动态,因此忽略2阶及以上高阶项。可以得到左右车轮处的纵向加速度估计公式为
a R L , y = a b , y - B L ω ˙ b z a R R , y = a b , y + B R ω ˙ b z
式中: v R L , y v R R , y分别表示左轮和右轮的纵向速度; a R L , y a R R , y分别表示左轮和右轮的纵向加速度; B L B R分别表示从IMU处到左轮和右轮的轴距; a b , y ω b z分别表示IMU测量的纵向加速度和横摆角速度,其中IMU的纵向加速度信息经过零偏校正和1阶滤波平滑处理,有助于减少噪声; ω ˙ b z代表IMU横摆角速度的1阶导数,即横摆角加速度,这也是一个未知量,为此设计了一个卡尔曼滤波系统来估计 ω ˙ b z。在时间 t,通过对横摆角速度进行多项式泰勒展开,并忽略2阶以上的高阶动态,可以得到
ω b z t + Δ t = ω b z t + Δ t ω ˙ b z t + 1 2 ! Δ t 2 ω ¨ b z t + ξ 1 ω ˙ b z t + Δ t = ω ˙ b z t + Δ t ω ¨ b z t + ξ 2 ω ¨ b z t + Δ t = ω ¨ b z t + ξ 3
式中: ω ¨ b z表示横摆角速度的2阶导数; ξ 1 ξ 2 ξ 3表示各阶项的随机噪声。基于式(11),设计的卡尔曼滤波系统的状态方程为
ω b z , k ω ˙ b z , k ω ¨ b z , k = 1 Δ t 1 2 ! Δ t 2 0 1 Δ t 0 0 1 ω b z , k - 1 ω ˙ b z , k - 1 ω ¨ b z , k - 1 + ξ 1 ξ 2 ξ 3
量测信息是 ω b z。为此,构建的观测方程为
ω b z = 1 0 0 ω b z , k ω ˙ b z , k ω ¨ b z , k
通过设计的卡尔曼滤波系统,估计得到 ω ˙ b z,随后将其代入式(10)中,可以估计得到每个车轮处的纵向加速度;通过将其与车轮速度一起代入式(7),可以估计得到在转弯工况下的每个车轮的滑移率。随后,使用式(8)对每个车轮的速度进行校正,并将满足 v ^ W S S , k v - v ^ W S S , k - 1 v < Κ   a y Δ t的左右轮速平均值作为式(5)的观测信息, Κ是通过实验设置的系数。通过式(8)可以发现,在紧急驱动或制动等高动态行驶工况下,较大的滑移率会导致车轮速度与实际车辆速度之间存在显著差异。如果不加以解决,很有可能会导致重大的定位误差。所提出的滑移率估计和补偿方法有效地解决了这个问题。
实验平台如图3所示,这是一辆后轮驱动的汽车。该车辆配备的传感器为:低成本IMU,MEMS-IMU ASM330LHH,提供沿三轴的加速度和角速度测量信息;GNSS接收器Novatel 718D,用以提供厘米级精度的RTK GNSS测量信息;WSS数据是从车辆的控制器局域网总线接口获得,这是采集的车载轮速传感器信号;高精度的GNSS/INS定位系统Novatel SPAN KVH 1750用以提供高精度车辆状态的真实值,其提供的速度真值代入式(6)计算得到滑移率真值。
为了验证所提出的融合滑移率校正的定位算法的有效性,进行了实车实验。实验包括直线行驶时的强制动工况以及转弯行驶时的强驱动和制动工况。所有实验均在开阔场景进行,GNSS始终处于RTK状态。通过人为切断GNSS信号来模拟GNSS中断的情况,以检验所提算法的效果。
在实验中比较了两种方法,在GNSS/INS/WSS定位系统中,将直接使用WSS测量的纵向速度作为测量值,并结合非完整性约束(NHC)限制车辆横向和垂直速度为零的方法标记为“NHC”[11],这是陆地车辆定位中广泛采用的一种方法;在此基础上,对WSS的测量结果进行滑移率校正,就是本文所提出的方法,标记为“Ours”。
直线行驶工况实验时的车辆轨迹及车辆状态分别如图4图5所示。
图5(a)中的车速可以看出,车辆经历了停车、驱动和制动的过程。从50 s开始人为切断GNSS信号来模拟GNSS中断的情况。此时,车辆处于制动工况。从图5(b)中的车辆纵向加速度可以看出,此时最大制动加速度高达5 m / s 2,这意味着车轮会发生滑移的情况。
测试方法的水平定位误差结果如图6所示。可以看出,在50 s之前GNSS状态良好时,所提出的算法可以实现高精度的定位性能,这验证了所提出的定位系统在GNSS状态良好时的有效性。随后,在GNSS中断期间,与没有对轮速进行滑移率补偿的算法相比,所提出的算法表现出更可靠和更准确的定位性能。这是由于在强制动工况下,车轮出现了较大的滑移,这可以从图7中的滑移率估计值看出。
此外,本文估计的滑移率数值接近滑移率真值的结果与说明了所提出的滑移率估计方法的有效性。这得益于本文比较准确的加速度修正,从图5(b)中的纵向加速度可以看出,本文修正后的加速度接近高精度设备的IMU测量值。这对于保证滑移率估计的准确性是有益的。
表1中统计了GNSS中断期间定位性能的定量评估结果。可以看到,与经典方法NHC相比,所提出的方法在补偿滑移率后,速度估计的均方根误差(RMSE)提高了30%。此外,平均水平位置误差里程比从9.99‰降低到1.68‰,这表明所提出方法具有良好的位置递推能力,精度的显著提高证明了所提出算法的有效性。
转弯工况实验中的车辆轨迹和状态分别如图8图9所示。从图9(a)中的车速可以看出,左右轮之间的轮速存在显著差异。从80 s开始人为切断GNSS信号来模拟GNSS中断的情况。此时,车辆先后经历了强驱动和强制动工况,这意味着车轮会出现滑移状态。
图10显示了测试方法在转弯工况实验中的水平定位误差结果。可以看出,在80 s之前GNSS状态良好期间,本文的算法依旧实现了较高的定位精度。随后,在GNSS中断期间,通过对轮速信息进行滑移率补偿,获得了显著的定位精度提升,尤其是在滑移率较大的紧急制动工况。此外,在图10中可以发现,在GNSS中断的初始阶段,相比NHC,所提出算法的定位精度提升并不显著,这是因为车辆此时处于加速度较小的加速阶段(如图9(b)中的加速度),从图11中可以看到,此时车轮的滑移率较小,导致对轮速信息进行滑移率补偿后定位精度提升并不显著。
尽管如此,从图11中可以看出,本文的方法对大滑移率和小滑移率都达到了良好的估计精度,与真值滑移率接近。这有效地证明了所提出的滑移率估计方法的有效性,即使在转弯工况下也是如此。同时,在表1中的定量结果比较中,本文的方法依旧实现了最佳的定位性能。这有效地证明了在强驱动或强制动工况下,考虑滑移率补偿对提高定位精度的益处。
本文提出了一种新的GNSS/INS/WSS定位系统,该系统具有滑移率估计和补偿的功能,可实现对车辆状态(位置、速度、姿态)的高精度估计。为了提高GNSS中断期间的定位精度,使定位系统在高动态行驶时依旧可靠,如强驱动或者强制动,提出了基于加速度和轮速信息的滑移率在线估计方法。对轮速信息进行滑移率校正后,定位性能提升显著。这大大提升了定位系统的完备性,尤其是高动态行驶的工况。实车实验结果表明,在GNSS中断期间,速度均方根误差最高提升30%,平均水平位置误差里程比可达1.68‰。
由于所提出的方法侧重于滑移率的估计和补偿在提高GNSS/INS/WSS组合定位精度方面的作用,因此,在滑移率较小的正常行驶工况时,定位精度的提高是有限的。因此,在未来的工作中,将进一步集成其他传感器,如摄像头和激光雷达,以进一步增强GNSS中断期间系统的定位性能,此外还将开展轮速信息协方差自适应调整的研究,以提高融合的可靠性。
  • *国家自然科学基金(52325212)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFE0117100)
  • 上海同驭汽车科技有限公司智能汽车线控底盘联合实验室资助
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2025年第47卷第5期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.05.006
  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-08
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
  • 修回日期:2025-02-11
基金
*国家自然科学基金(52325212)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFE0117100)
上海同驭汽车科技有限公司智能汽车线控底盘联合实验室资助
作者信息
    1 同济大学汽车学院,上海 201804
    2 上海同驭汽车科技有限公司,上海 201804

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卓桂荣,副教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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