Article(id=1149420604408893851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1726502400000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751972827271, onlineDateStr=2025-07-08, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751972827271, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751972827271, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751972827271, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149420601376412046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2025', volume='47', issue='4', pageStart='587', pageEnd='795', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751972826539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754389785974, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1159558063947952347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1149420601376412046, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=658, endPage=668, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149420604819935650, articleId=1149420604408893851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Trajectory Tracking Constraint-Following Control for Dual-Vehicle Cooperative Transportation Systems, columnId=1149809888211198868, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic:Key Technologies on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The dual-vehicle cooperative transportation system consists of a cargo module and two transport vehicles,which are connected by articulated joints. The system's strong dynamics coupling and nonlinearity present significant challenges for accurate modeling and precise control. In this paper a trajectory tracking control scheme for the cooperative transportation system based on constraint-following theory is proposed. In terms of system modeling,based on the kinematics and rigid body dynamics analysis,external trajectory tracking servo constraints and internal articulated passive constraints are constructed for the cooperative transportation system. The Lagrange modeling method is then employed to establish a nonlinear constrained dynamic model of the dual-vehicle cooperative transportation system. In terms of controller design,the Udwadia-Kalaba (U-K) method is first used to obtain the norm-minimal force required for the cargo to satisfy the trajectory tracking servo constraints,that is,the combined force acting on the cargo at the articulation point. Next,based on the minimum lateral forces principle of front and rear vehicles,an optimal allocation strategy for this combined force is designed,distributing it to the front and rear transport vehicles. The reaction forces of the distributed force components are modeled as the known external disturbances acting on the front and rear vehicles. Then,based on the feedforward compensation for the known external disturbances and the constraint-following control theory,the control forces required for the front and rear transport vehicles to satisfy the trajectory tracking servo constraints are designed. Finally,the simulation results show that the proposed cooperative control scheme achieves good trajectory tracking performance and significantly suppresses the lateral dynamic impact of the cargo on the transport vehicles,effectively enhancing the overall lateral stability of the cooperative transportation system.

, articleAbstract=

The dualvehicle cooperative transportation system consists of a cargo module and two transport vehicles, which are connected by articulated joints. The system's strong dynamics coupling and nonlinearity present significant challenges for accurate modeling and precise control. In this paper a trajectory tracking control scheme for the cooperative transportation system based on constraintfollowing theory is proposed. In terms of system modeling, based on the kinematics and rigid body dynamics analysis, external trajectory tracking servo constraints and internal articulated passive constraints are constructed for the cooperative transportation system. The Lagrange modeling method is then employed to establish a nonlinear constrained dynamic model of the dualvehicle cooperative transportation system. In terms of controller design, the UdwadiaKalaba (UK) method is first used to obtain the normminimal force required for the cargo to satisfy the trajectory tracking servo constraints, that is, the combined force acting on the cargo at the articulation point. Next, based on the minimum lateral forces principle of front and rear vehicles, an optimal allocation strategy for this combined force is designed, distributing it to the front and rear transport vehicles. The reaction forces of the distributed force components are modeled as the known external disturbances acting on the front and rear vehicles. Then, based on the feedforward compensation for the known external disturbances and the constraintfollowing control theory, the control forces required for the front and rear transport vehicles to satisfy the trajectory tracking servo constraints are designed. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed cooperative control scheme achieves good trajectory tracking performance and significantly suppresses the lateral dynamic impact of the cargo on the transport vehicles, effectively enhancing the overall lateral stability of the cooperative transportation system.

, correspAuthors=Zeyu Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yusheng Dai, Yuan Chang, Zeyu Yang, Bowei Zhang, Manjiang Hu, Jin Huang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149420619520971510, articleId=1149420604408893851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=双车协同运输系统轨迹跟踪约束跟随控制*, columnId=1149809888341222293, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=专题:汽车智能化关键技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=

双车协同运输系统由货物模块和前后两辆运输车组成,货物与车辆通过铰接方式连接。该系统的动力学强耦合性、强非线性等特点给其精确建模与安全精准控制带来巨大挑战。本文提出了一种基于约束跟随理论的双车协同运输系统轨迹跟踪控制方案。在系统建模层面,基于运动学及刚体动力学分析,构建协同运输系统的外部轨迹跟踪伺服约束和内部铰接关系被动约束,并通过拉格朗日建模方法建立双车协同运输系统非线性约束动力学模型。在控制器设计层面,首先,采用Udwadia-Kalaba(U-K)方法获取货物满足轨迹跟踪伺服约束所需的范数最小约束力,也即铰接点作用于货物的作用力合力;其次,按照前后车辆横向受力最小原则设计该作用力合力的最优分配策略,将其分配给前后运输车辆,并将作用力分力的反力建模为前后车辆的已知外部干扰;然后,基于已知外部干扰前馈补偿及约束跟随控制理论设计前后运输车辆满足轨迹跟踪伺服约束所需的控制力。最后,仿真结果表明,所提出的协同控制方案具有良好的轨迹跟踪效果,且能够明显抑制货物对运输车辆的横向动力学影响,有效提升协同运输系统的整体横向稳定性。

, articleAbstract=

双车协同运输系统由货物模块和前后两辆运输车组成,货物与车辆通过铰接方式连接。该系统的动力学强耦合性、强非线性等特点给其精确建模与安全精准控制带来巨大挑战。本文提出了一种基于约束跟随理论的双车协同运输系统轨迹跟踪控制方案。在系统建模层面,基于运动学及刚体动力学分析,构建协同运输系统的外部轨迹跟踪伺服约束和内部铰接关系被动约束,并通过拉格朗日建模方法建立双车协同运输系统非线性约束动力学模型。在控制器设计层面,首先,采用UdwadiaKalaba (UK)方法获取货物满足轨迹跟踪伺服约束所需的范数最小约束力,也即铰接点作用于货物的作用力合力;其次,按照前后车辆横向受力最小原则设计该作用力合力的最优分配策略,将其分配给前后运输车辆,并将作用力分力的反力建模为前后车辆的已知外部干扰;然后,基于已知外部干扰前馈补偿及约束跟随控制理论设计前后运输车辆满足轨迹跟踪伺服约束所需的控制力。最后,仿真结果表明,所提出的协同控制方案具有良好的轨迹跟踪效果,且能够明显抑制货物对运输车辆的横向动力学影响,有效提升协同运输系统的整体横向稳定性。

, correspAuthors=杨泽宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨泽宇,副研究员,博士,E-mail:
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副研究员,博士

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参数 数值
货物和运输车辆的质量 m i ( i = 0,1 , 2 ) / k g 2 000/1 413/1 413
货物和运输车辆的转动惯量 I z i ( i = 0,1 , 2 ) / ( k g m 2 ) 16 833/1 535.7/1 535.7
货物前铰接点到质心的距离和运输车辆前轴到质心的距离 l f i以及后铰接点到质心的距离和后轴到质心的距离 l r i ( i = 0,1 , 2 ) / m 5/1.015/1.015;5/1.895/1.895
运输车辆的前后轮侧偏刚度 C f i , C r i ( i = 1,2 ) / ( N · r a d - 1 )

52 370/52 370;

39 920/39 920

运输车辆质心到各自铰接点的距离 l o i ( i = 1,2 ) / m 0.5/0.5
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协同运输系统结构参数

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参数 数值
货物和运输车辆的质量 m i ( i = 0,1 , 2 ) / k g 2 000/1 413/1 413
货物和运输车辆的转动惯量 I z i ( i = 0,1 , 2 ) / ( k g m 2 ) 16 833/1 535.7/1 535.7
货物前铰接点到质心的距离和运输车辆前轴到质心的距离 l f i以及后铰接点到质心的距离和后轴到质心的距离 l r i ( i = 0,1 , 2 ) / m 5/1.015/1.015;5/1.895/1.895
运输车辆的前后轮侧偏刚度 C f i , C r i ( i = 1,2 ) / ( N · r a d - 1 )

52 370/52 370;

39 920/39 920

运输车辆质心到各自铰接点的距离 l o i ( i = 1,2 ) / m 0.5/0.5
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参数

货物

( i = 0 )

运输车辆1

( i = 1 )

运输车辆2

( i = 2 )

X i ( t 0 ) / m 1.5 4 -1
Y i ( t 0 ) / m 0.5 4.83 4.83
φ i ( t 0 ) / r a d π / 3 π / 3 π / 3
X ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( m · s - 1 ) 2.5 2.5 2.5
Y ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( m · s - 1 ) 4.33 4.33 4.33
φ ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( r a d · s - 1 ) 0 0 0
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正弦线工况系统初始参数

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参数

货物

( i = 0 )

运输车辆1

( i = 1 )

运输车辆2

( i = 2 )

X i ( t 0 ) / m 1.5 4 -1
Y i ( t 0 ) / m 0.5 4.83 4.83
φ i ( t 0 ) / r a d π / 3 π / 3 π / 3
X ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( m · s - 1 ) 2.5 2.5 2.5
Y ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( m · s - 1 ) 4.33 4.33 4.33
φ ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( r a d · s - 1 ) 0 0 0
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参数

货物

( i = 0 )

运输车辆1

( i = 1 )

运输车辆2

( i = 2 )

X i ( t 0 ) / m -2 3 -7
Y i ( t 0 ) / m -1 -1 -1
φ i ( t 0 ) / r a d 0 0 0
X ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( m · s - 1 ) 20 20 20
Y ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( m · s - 1 ) 0 0 0
φ ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( r a d · s - 1 ) 0 0 0
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高速换道工况系统初始参数

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参数

货物

( i = 0 )

运输车辆1

( i = 1 )

运输车辆2

( i = 2 )

X i ( t 0 ) / m -2 3 -7
Y i ( t 0 ) / m -1 -1 -1
φ i ( t 0 ) / r a d 0 0 0
X ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( m · s - 1 ) 20 20 20
Y ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( m · s - 1 ) 0 0 0
φ ˙ i ( t 0 ) / ( r a d · s - 1 ) 0 0 0
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双车协同运输系统轨迹跟踪约束跟随控制*
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代宇晟 1 , 常远 1 , 杨泽宇 1, 2 , 张博维 3 , 胡满江 1, 2 , 黄晋 3
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2025,47(4): 658-668
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车智能化关键技术 2025, 47(4): 658-668
双车协同运输系统轨迹跟踪约束跟随控制*
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代宇晟1, 常远1, 杨泽宇1, 2, 张博维3, 胡满江1, 2, 黄晋3
作者信息
  • 1 湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082
  • 2 湖南大学无锡智能控制研究院,无锡 214115
  • 3 清华大学车辆与运载学院,北京 100084

通讯作者:

杨泽宇,副研究员,博士,E-mail:
Trajectory Tracking Constraint-Following Control for Dual-Vehicle Cooperative Transportation Systems
Yusheng Dai1, Yuan Chang1, Zeyu Yang1, 2, Bowei Zhang3, Manjiang Hu1, 2, Jin Huang3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering,Hunan University,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle,Changsha 410082
  • 2 Wuxi Intelligent Control Research Institute of Hunan University,Wuxi 214115
  • 3 School of Vehicles and Mobility,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.007
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双车协同运输系统由货物模块和前后两辆运输车组成,货物与车辆通过铰接方式连接。该系统的动力学强耦合性、强非线性等特点给其精确建模与安全精准控制带来巨大挑战。本文提出了一种基于约束跟随理论的双车协同运输系统轨迹跟踪控制方案。在系统建模层面,基于运动学及刚体动力学分析,构建协同运输系统的外部轨迹跟踪伺服约束和内部铰接关系被动约束,并通过拉格朗日建模方法建立双车协同运输系统非线性约束动力学模型。在控制器设计层面,首先,采用UdwadiaKalaba (UK)方法获取货物满足轨迹跟踪伺服约束所需的范数最小约束力,也即铰接点作用于货物的作用力合力;其次,按照前后车辆横向受力最小原则设计该作用力合力的最优分配策略,将其分配给前后运输车辆,并将作用力分力的反力建模为前后车辆的已知外部干扰;然后,基于已知外部干扰前馈补偿及约束跟随控制理论设计前后运输车辆满足轨迹跟踪伺服约束所需的控制力。最后,仿真结果表明,所提出的协同控制方案具有良好的轨迹跟踪效果,且能够明显抑制货物对运输车辆的横向动力学影响,有效提升协同运输系统的整体横向稳定性。

双车协同运输  /  轨迹跟踪  /  拉格朗日建模  /  约束跟随控制

The dualvehicle cooperative transportation system consists of a cargo module and two transport vehicles, which are connected by articulated joints. The system's strong dynamics coupling and nonlinearity present significant challenges for accurate modeling and precise control. In this paper a trajectory tracking control scheme for the cooperative transportation system based on constraintfollowing theory is proposed. In terms of system modeling, based on the kinematics and rigid body dynamics analysis, external trajectory tracking servo constraints and internal articulated passive constraints are constructed for the cooperative transportation system. The Lagrange modeling method is then employed to establish a nonlinear constrained dynamic model of the dualvehicle cooperative transportation system. In terms of controller design, the UdwadiaKalaba (UK) method is first used to obtain the normminimal force required for the cargo to satisfy the trajectory tracking servo constraints, that is, the combined force acting on the cargo at the articulation point. Next, based on the minimum lateral forces principle of front and rear vehicles, an optimal allocation strategy for this combined force is designed, distributing it to the front and rear transport vehicles. The reaction forces of the distributed force components are modeled as the known external disturbances acting on the front and rear vehicles. Then, based on the feedforward compensation for the known external disturbances and the constraintfollowing control theory, the control forces required for the front and rear transport vehicles to satisfy the trajectory tracking servo constraints are designed. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed cooperative control scheme achieves good trajectory tracking performance and significantly suppresses the lateral dynamic impact of the cargo on the transport vehicles, effectively enhancing the overall lateral stability of the cooperative transportation system.

dual-vehicle cooperative transportation  /  trajectory tracking  /  Lagrange modeling  /  constraint-following control
代宇晟, 常远, 杨泽宇, 张博维, 胡满江, 黄晋. 双车协同运输系统轨迹跟踪约束跟随控制*. 汽车工程, 2025 , 47 (4) : 658 -668 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.007
Yusheng Dai, Yuan Chang, Zeyu Yang, Bowei Zhang, Manjiang Hu, Jin Huang. Trajectory Tracking Constraint-Following Control for Dual-Vehicle Cooperative Transportation Systems[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 47 (4) : 658 -668 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.007
大质量、大体积货物运输在交通运输领域具有重要意义。在工程实践中,采用单车运输大件货物存在较大困难。受蚂蚁运送食物行为的启发[1],研究者尝试开发由多个运输车辆组成的协同运输系统。在该系统中,货物的运动通过多车协同控制间接实现,车-车、车-货之间须满足特定的约束关系,否则可能造成货物挤压、弯曲,或引起车辆失稳。此外,系统动力学具有强耦合性、强非线性特点,其精确建模存在困难。这些特点使得多车协同运输系统的精准控制面临巨大挑战。现代汽车提出了双车协同运输概念(图1 [2]),由前后两个双轴转向运输车和一个超长集装箱组成,集装箱与运输车之间铰接连接。本文以该双车协同运输系统为对象,研究其轨迹跟踪控制问题。
当前,已有一些重要的协同运输系统轨迹跟踪控制研究成果。早期的文献[3-4]将执行协同运输的各车/机器人建模为具有单积分器/双积分器的质点,采用分散控制架构设计控制器,但其过于简化的系统建模难以保障实际控制效果。基于领导-追随者架构,文献[5]中提出一种超长货物运输的双机器人分布式控制方法,设计可动态调整的线性校正因子以减少轨迹跟踪误差。文献[6]中提出一种基于模型误差补偿器的鲁棒控制方法,用于补偿协同运输系统货物理想与实际位置间的误差,实现了较好的轨迹跟踪效果。文献[7]中将每个运输机器人视为转向轮,整个系统视为集成多个转向轮的一体化机器人,采用有限信息反馈的合作控制策略达成协同运输系统的轨迹跟踪控制。上述研究均基于协同运输系统的运动学模型进行控制器设计,虽然能够完成基本的轨迹跟踪任务,但缺乏对协同运输系统动态特性的充分分析,难以保证控制精准性。
为克服上述问题,协同运输系统的动力学控制得到了较多关注。文献[8]中开发了基于双轮倒立摆机器人的协同运输方案,采用层次建模-约束集成架构以获得协同运输系统的耦合动力学模型,并采用Udwadia-Kalaba(U-K)方法求解控制量。文献[9]中提出了一种集成优化思路,将协同运输任务近似描述为一个具有整体位姿约束的车辆编队控制任务,在保证车间距不变的前提下采用优化方法计算系统控制量。针对多个机器人的协同运输任务,文献[10]中设计了一种预设性能控制方案,以保证货物在协同运输过程中的瞬态和稳态性能,且该方案并不依赖于整个系统动态模型的结构或参数信息。为补偿建模误差和外部干扰等不确定性,文献[11]中提出一种协同运输自适应鲁棒控制方法,基于模糊集理论构建代价函数,通过求解优化问题获得自适应控制律的最优控制参数。上述工作均基于协同运输系统的整体式动力学模型设计控制器。整体式架构可完整描述协同运输系统的动力学响应特性,但其存在高耦合性、高状态维度等特点,使控制器设计具有较大挑战。此外,整体式架构难以在不影响跟踪控制效果的前提下主动分配货物和车辆之间的约束力以达成“次要目标”[12]
针对上述问题,面向双车协同运输系统,本文提出了一种基于约束跟随理论的协同控制方案。本文主要贡献为:(1)基于欧拉-拉格朗日建模方法实现了双车协同运输系统整体约束动力学模型构建,解决了牛顿力学建模方法易导致系统矢量关系复杂的问题;(2)基于分层控制的思想提出了双车协同运输控制架构,有效解决了系统动力学模型复杂导致控制器设计困难的问题,并通过货物和车辆间约束力的主动优化分配,最小化货物对车辆横向稳定性的影响;(3)提出了基于约束跟随控制理论的双车协同运输系统轨迹跟踪控制方法,得到使系统轨迹跟踪控制误差渐进收敛的显式控制律。
协同运输系统是一个高耦合性、高状态维度的非线性机械系统,主要由货物和若干车辆组成。货物的形态质量各异,通过铰接方式与车辆连接。建立精确系统动力学模型是实现系统精准控制的基础。本文以双车协同运输系统为例,假设:(1)运输系统行驶在平面道路上;(2)货物是一个规则长方体,货物质心处于铰接点连线上;(3)车辆质心与铰接点均处于车辆中心轴线上(图2)。设定运输车辆前后轴均可独立转向[13]和驱动[14]
图2中黑色和黄色圆点分别代表铰接点和质心点。对于货物, X 0 Y 0表示其质心点在大地坐标系 X O Y下的横纵向坐标, φ 0表示货物的横摆角, l f 0 l r 0分别表示前后铰接点到货物质心的距离。对于运输车辆 i ( i = 1,2 ) X h i n g e i Y h i n g e i X i Y i分别表示铰接点和质心在 X O Y下的横纵向坐标, φ i表示车辆横摆角, l f i l r i l o i分别表示车辆前后轴以及铰接点到质心的距离, v y i v x i分别表示车辆在各自车身坐标系 x o i y下的横纵向速度, F y f t i F x f t i F y r t i F x r t i分别表示车辆前轮和后轮受到自车坐标系下的总体横纵向力。
双车协同运输系统须同时满足内部被动约束和外部伺服约束[15]。内部被动约束指车辆与货物之间由于铰接关系产生的几何学位置约束,即货物质心、两车质心及两个铰接点的几何关系。具体可写为
X 0 + l f 0 c o s   φ 0 = X 1 - l o 1 c o s   φ 1 = X h i n g e 1 Y 0 + l f 0 s i n   φ 0 = Y 1 - l o 1 s i n   φ 1 = Y h i n g e 1 X 0 - l r 0 c o s   φ 0 = X 2 - l o 2 c o s   φ 2 = X h i n g e 2 Y 0 - l r 0 s i n   φ 0 = Y 2 - l o 2 s i n   φ 2 = Y h i n g e 2
外部伺服约束表示运输系统须遵循的任务约束。一般而言,协同运输系统的任务是将货物按照期望的轨迹运送到指定地点,因此外部伺服约束通常可以表示为货物和车辆的轨迹跟踪约束。
货物和车辆的轨迹跟踪约束具有不同形式。货物的状态量可记为 q 0 = [ X 0 , Y 0 , φ 0 ] T,期望状态(轨迹)记为 q 0 d = [ X 0 d , Y 0 d , φ 0 d ] T,则轨迹跟踪误差可以表示为
e 0 = e X 0 e Y 0 e φ 0 = X 0 - X 0 d Y 0 - Y 0 d φ 0 - φ 0 d
上式对时间 t求1阶导数,得到:
e ˙ 0 = e ˙ X 0 e ˙ Y 0 e ˙ φ 0 = X ˙ 0 - X ˙ 0 d Y ˙ 0 - Y ˙ 0 d φ ˙ 0 - φ ˙ 0 d
引理1:对于任意的初始跟踪误差 e 0 ( t 0 ),如果等式约束(4)成立,那么误差 e 0 e ˙ 0将逐渐收敛到0。
e ˙ 0 + h 0 e 0 = O
式中 h 0 = d i a g ( h X 0 , h Y 0 , h φ 0 )为每个元素大于零的常数矩阵。
证明:求解上述等式微分方程组(4),可以得到各个误差的表达式为
e X 0 = e X 0 ( t 0 ) e - h X 0 ( t - t 0 ) e Y 0 = e Y 0 ( t 0 ) e - h Y 0 ( t - t 0 ) e φ 0 = e φ 0 ( t 0 ) e - h φ 0 ( t - t 0 )
可得,当时间 t 时,3种误差均会趋向于0,且收敛速度由参数 h X 0 h Y 0 h φ 0决定。此时,根据式(4) e ˙ X 0 e ˙ Y 0 e ˙ φ 0也趋向于0。
证明完毕。
等式约束(4)可整理为关于货物状态量的标准约束方程形式:
A 0 q ˙ 0 = c 0
其中:
A 0 = d i a g ( 1,1 , 1 ) c 0 = - h X 0 e X 0 + X ˙ 0 d - h Y 0 e Y 0 + Y ˙ 0 d - h φ 0 e φ 0 + φ ˙ 0 d
对上述方程求导,可得到其2阶形式为
A 0 q ¨ 0 = b 0
其中:
b 0 = - h X 0 e ˙ X 0 + X ¨ 0 d - h Y 0 e ˙ Y 0 + Y ¨ 0 d - h φ 0 e ˙ φ 0 + φ ¨ 0 d
对于车辆 i ( i = 1,2 ),需要车辆质心跟踪期望轨迹。在车身坐标系 x o i y下,车辆的状态量记为 q i = [ x i , y i , φ i ] T x i y i表示 x o i y下质心的横纵向坐标, q i d = [ x i d , y i d , φ i d ] T表示期望轨迹点。由车辆运动学,可推得车辆轨迹跟踪误差的1阶导数[16]
e ˙ i = e ˙ x i e ˙ y i e ˙ φ i = v x i - v x i d v y i c o s   e φ i + v x i s i n   e φ i φ ˙ i - v x i d c R i
式中 c R i表示期望轨迹上与车辆 i ( i = 1,2 )距离最近轨迹点的曲率。
引理2:对于任意的初始跟踪误差 e i ( t 0 ),如果等式约束(9)成立,那么误差 e i e ˙ i将逐渐收敛到0。
e ˙ i + h i e i = 0
式中 h i = d i a g ( h x i , h y i , h φ i )为每个元素大于零的常数矩阵。
引理2的证明近似于引理1,不再赘述。将等式约束(9)转化为关于车辆状态量的标准约束方程,并求导得到2阶形式:
A i q ˙ i = c i
A i q ¨ i = b i
其中:
A i = 1 0 0 s i n   e φ i c o s   e φ i 0 0 0 1 c i = - h x i e x i + v x i d - h y i e y i - h φ i e φ i + v x i d c R i b i = - h x i e ˙ x i + v ˙ x i d - h y i e ˙ y i + s i n   e φ i e ˙ φ i v y i - c o s   e φ i e ˙ φ i v x i - h φ i e ˙ φ i + c ˙ R i v x i d
最终,通过式(6)式(7)式(10)式(11),协同运输系统的轨迹跟踪问题被转化为约束跟随问题[17]。上述等式约束条件的成立,可确保运输车辆和货物的轨迹跟踪误差收敛到0。
此外,大地坐标系和车身坐标系的转换关系可以表示为
X ˙ i = v x i c o s   φ i - v y i s i n   φ i Y ˙ i = v x i s i n   φ i + v y i c o s   φ i
双车协同运输系统有9个状态量(每个组件的横纵向坐标和横摆角)和8个控制量(输入给两车前后轴的横纵向力)。若采用牛顿力学对系统动力学进行直接建模,则须结合各组件之间的几何学约束,逐一找出系统中各个力学矢量的对应关系。然而,对于高维、强耦合的协同运输系统,力学矢量关系复杂且高度耦合、坐标转换繁琐等特性使得牛顿方程的构建存在较大困难。因此,本文采用拉格朗日建模方法构建协同运输系统动力学模型。相比于牛顿力学,拉格朗日力学的优势在于其从系统整体能量的角度构建方程,不依赖于系统各部分之间繁杂的力学矢量关系,忽略内力对系统的影响,只考虑外力对系统整体的作用,大大降低了模型构建的难度以及计算的复杂程度。
为构建拉格朗日方程,将系统中的状态量(拉格朗日力学中称为广义坐标)记为 q = [ X 0 , Y 0 , φ 0 , X h i n g e 1 , Y h i n g e 1 , φ 1 , X h i n g e 2 , Y h i n g e 2 , φ 2 ] T,这9个广义坐标之间存在几何学约束 N
N = X 0 + l f 0 c o s   φ 0 - X h i n g e 1 Y 0 + l f 0 s i n   φ 0 - Y h i n g e 1 X 0 - l r 0 c o s   φ 0 - X h i n g e 2 Y 0 - l r 0 s i n   φ 0 - Y h i n g e 2 = 0 0 0 0
进一步,系统整体能量可以表示为车辆和货物的平动与转动能量:
T = 1 2 m 0 X ˙ 0 2 + 1 2 m 0 Y ˙ 0 2 + 1 2 I z 0 φ ˙ 0 2 + 1 2 m 1 ( X ˙ hingel - l o 1 sin φ 1 φ ˙ 1 ) 2 + 1 2 m 1 ( Y ˙ hingel + l o 1 cos φ 1 φ ˙ 1 ) 2 + 1 2 I z 1 φ ˙ 1 2 + 1 2 m 2 ( X ˙ hinge 2 - l o 2 sin φ 2 φ ˙ 2 ) 2 + 1 2 m 2 ( Y ˙ hinge 2 + l o 2 cos φ 2 φ ˙ 2 ) 2 + 1 2 I z 2 φ ˙ 2 2
根据第一类拉格朗日方程,可以写出系统整体能量与各个广义坐标 q j ( j = 1,2 , . . . , 9 )之间的关系:
d d t · T q ˙ j - T q j = Q j + μ = 1 4 λ μ N μ q j
式中: Q j ( j = 1,2 , . . . , 9 )表示作用于各个广义变量的对应合外力,可以由输入的8个控制量计算转化得到; λ μ ( μ = 1,2 , 3,4 )表示与 N中各个约束相关的正/负不定乘子。
最终,联立式(13)式(15)可以得到9个广义坐标的2阶导数以及4个不定乘子的表达式,再进行递推可以得到系统的完整输入-输出动力学响应。
协同运输系统模型的8个横纵向力输入是在驱动与转向下,通过轮胎与地面接触产生。本文采用魔术公式进行轮胎动力学建模,各参数定义和取值见文献[18]。
Y ( x ) = y ( x ) + S v y ( x ) =          D s i n ( C a r c t a n ( B x - E ( B x - a r c t a n ( B x ) ) ) ) x = X + S h
地面对轮胎的横纵向力与轮胎所受的垂向载荷相关。运输车辆 i ( i = 1,2 )受到的总垂向载荷 F z 1 F z 2可表示为
F z 1 = ( m 1 + m 0 l r 0 l f 0 + l r 0 ) g F z 2 = ( m 2 + m 0 l f 0 l f 0 + l r 0 ) g
不考虑车辆加速、制动、转向过程中的载荷转移,考虑货物对前后车产生的垂直载荷(作用于铰接点)和自车受到的重力(作用于质心),前轴两个轮胎和后轴两个轮胎受到的总垂向载荷可以由二者分别计算后合成:
F z f i = m i l r i l f i + l r i g + m 0 l r 0 l f 0 + l r 0 g l r i - l o i l f i + l r i F z r i = m i l f i l f i + l r i g + m 0 l r 0 l f 0 + l r 0 g l f i + l o i l f i + l r i
上节求解出的动力学模型是含有8个控制量和9个状态量的高维系统模型,直接根据其设计控制器较为困难。本文采用分层控制的思想,将原系统模型解耦为货物模型和车辆模型,先求解货物满足期望轨迹所需的约束控制力,再设计横向约束力最小优化策略将约束控制力分解为铰接点上的不同方向作用力,作用力的反力被建模为车辆控制的已知外部干扰并进行前馈补偿,结合车辆轨迹跟踪控制目标,求解车辆的最终控制量。
对如图3所示的货物,其动态特性可简化描述为平移和旋转基本运动,其动力学方程为
M 0 q ¨ 0 = B 0 U 0
其中:
M 0 = d i a g ( m 0 , m 0 , I z 0 ) B 0 = d i a g ( 1,1 , 1 )
式中: m 0表示货物质量; I z 0表示货物绕质心z轴的转动惯量; U 0 = [ F X 0 , F Y 0 , T z 0 ] T表示直接作用于货物质心上的横纵向控制力和横摆力矩。
进一步的,可将 U 0等效分解为作用于铰接点上沿前后车身坐标系 x o i y ( i = 1,2 )方向的横纵向作用力,也即货物与车辆由于铰接关系产生的约束力 F x x i F y y i(见图3)。这样,货物的运动可以转变为由铰接点的4个约束力来控制。等效分解方程可写为
F X 0 = F x x 1 c o s   φ 1 + F x x 2 c o s   φ 2 - F y y 1 s i n   φ 1 - F y y 2 s i n   φ 2 F Y 0 = F x x 1 s i n   φ 1 + F x x 2 s i n   φ 2 + F y y 1 c o s   φ 1 + F y y 2 c o s   φ 2 T z 0 = ( F x x 1 s i n ( φ 1 - φ 0 ) + F y y 1 c o s ( φ 1 - φ 0 ) ) l f 0 - ( F x x 2 s i n ( φ 2 - φ 0 ) + F y y 2 c o s ( φ 2 - φ 0 ) ) l r 0
此外,约束力的反作用力会对下层的运输车辆产生动力学干扰。由于该外部干扰是已知量,因此可以在下层车辆模型中被建模,并采用前馈方式补偿。
对于如图4所示的车辆 i ( i = 1,2 ),为降低模型复杂程度,可将其等效为单轨车辆模型,通过牛顿定律建立其动力学方程为
m i ( v ˙ x i - v y i φ ˙ i ) = F x f i + F x r i - F G i - F x x i m i ( v ˙ y i + v x i φ ˙ i ) = F y f i + F y r i - F y y i I z i φ ¨ i = F y f i l f i - F y r i l r i + F y y i l o i
F y f i = 2 C f i α f i ; F y r i = 2 C r i α r i
α f i = δ f i - ( v y i + l f i φ ˙ i ) / v x i α r i = δ r i - ( v y i - l r i φ ˙ i ) / v x i
式中: m i表示运输车辆质量; I z i表示运输车辆绕z轴的转动惯量; F x f i F x r i分别表示单轨车辆模型前后轮胎的纵向力; F y f i F y r i分别表示单轨车辆模型前后轮胎的横向力; F G i = f F z i表示车辆受到的滚动阻力,其中 f表示滚动阻力系数; C f i C r i分别表示车辆的前后轮侧偏刚度; α f i α r i分别表示前后轮侧偏角; δ f i δ r i分别表示车辆的前后轮转角。式(21)~式(23)可进一步整合为类似于式(19)的形式:
M i q ¨ i = H i + g i + B i U i
其中:
B i = 1 0 0 0 2 C f i 2 C r i 0 2 C f i l f i - 2 C r i l r i ; g i = - F x x i - F G i - F y y i F y y i l o i M i = d i a g ( m i , m i , I z i ) H i = m i v y i φ ˙ i - 2 C f i + C r i v x i v y i - ( 2 C f i l f i - C r i l r i v x i + m i v x i ) φ ˙ i - 2 C f i l f i - C r i l r i v x i v y i - 2 C f i l f i 2 + C r i l r i 2 v x i φ ˙ i
式中: U i = [ F x i , δ f i , δ r i ] T表示车辆的控制量,其中 F x i表示施加给车辆轮胎的总纵向力,则 F x i = F x f i + F x r i。设定前后轴轮胎的纵向驱动力相同,即 F x f i = F x r i = F x i / 2
经历重新建模后,原本须控制的高维协同运输系统被重构解耦为两个三输入三输出的低维完全驱动系统。原协同运输系统的完整动力学响应可通过两辆运输车辆的控制纵向力和前后轮转角计算得到,大大降低了控制器设计的复杂程度。
约束跟随控制方法源于机械系统中的伺服控制理论,旨在通过施加伺服约束力来改变系统的运动状态,从而使系统状态满足预定的约束条件。通过U-K方法[19],这些约束力能够以解析解的形式被表示出来。系统整体控制架构如图5所示。
对于式(19)式(24)表示的货物和运输车辆 i ( i = 1,2 )机械系统,达成理想的轨迹跟踪任务须遵循的约束为式(6)式(7)式(10)式(11)。然而,在实际情况中,由于控制误差的存在,这些约束不可能被严格满足,因此须定义货物和运输车辆的约束跟随误差为
β 0 = A 0 q ˙ 0 - c 0
β i = A i q ˙ i - c i
结合约束式(7),采用U-K方法得到的货物跟踪期望轨迹所需的标称控制量 U 01
U 01 = B 0 - 1 M 0 A 0 - 1 b 0
同时,为抑制初始位姿误差和速度误差给系统带来的影响,须加入反馈项补偿系统的动力学响应:
U 02 = - κ 0 B 0 - 1 M 0 A 0 - 1 P 0 - 1 β 0
式中 κ 0 > 0是一个可调参数, P 0 R 3 × 3 P 0 > O。最终得到的货物总控制量为U-K方法计算的标称项加上反馈项:
U 0 = U 01 + U 02
对货物轨迹跟踪闭环控制系统进行稳定性证明如下,首先选取李雅普诺夫函数:
V 0 ( β 0 ) = β 0 T P 0 β 0
显然, V 0 > O恒成立,对上式求导可得:
V ˙ 0 = 2 β 0 T P 0 β ˙ 0 = 2 β 0 T P 0 [ A 0 M 0 - 1 B 0 ( U 01 + U 02 ) - b 0 ] = 2 β 0 T P 0 [ A 0 M 0 - 1 B 0 U 01 - b 0 ] + 2 β 0 T P 0 A 0 M 0 - 1 B 0 U 02
将求解出的控制量 U 01 U 02代入上式,可将其化简为
V ˙ 0 = O - 2 κ 0 β 0 T β 0 = - 2 κ 0 β 0 T β 0 = - 2 κ 0 β 0 2 O
β 0 O时, V ˙ 0 < O恒成立,因此,原控制系统是渐进稳定的。
计算出的控制量 U 0被分解为横纵向约束力,分配给下层运输车辆。然而,过大的横向约束力将对运输车辆的横向稳定性造成显著影响,轻则导致车辆侧滑、漂移,重则引起车辆和货物的失稳倾覆。因此,结合式(20)构建优化问题最小化 U 0等效分解产生的横向约束力:
m i n J = F y y 1 2 + F y y 2 2
通过等效分解方程式(20)和代价函数式(33),上层货物跟踪期望轨迹的总控制量被分解为铰接点的约束力,其反力作为控制前馈量输入给下层运输车辆。结合下层运输车辆的动力学模型,可以计算得到使货物跟踪期望轨迹的车辆纵向力和转角。
结合约束式(10)式(11),可计算运输车辆 i ( i = 1,2 )跟踪期望轨迹的U-K标称控制量 U i 1和反馈项 U i 2,并导出最后的运输车辆总控制量:
U i 1 = B i - 1 M i A i - 1 [ b i - A i M i - 1 ( H i + g i ) ]
U i 2 = - κ i B i - 1 M i A i - 1 P i - 1 β i
U i = U i 1 + U i 2
式中 κ i > 0是一个可调参数, P i R 3 × 3 P i > O。运输车辆轨迹跟踪控制系统也是一个渐进稳定的系统,其稳定性证明可由货物控制系统的稳定性证明类推得到。
采用所建立的协同运输系统拉格朗日模型以及轮胎模型作为仿真模型验证所提出控制算法,并拟定正弦线和高速换道两种仿真测试工况测试算法性能。测试环节对比了3种不同算法在不同工况下的轨迹跟踪情况。其中,第1种算法是本文所提出的基于约束跟随控制的运输系统轨迹跟踪控制(CF);第2种算法是将CF算法中约束力分解的横向力最小优化目标更改为所有约束力的模最小(CF-ave);第3种算法是滑模控制算法(SMC)[20],将约束力视为不确定扰动。协同运输系统的结构参数如表1所示。
首先测试正弦线工况,货物和运输车辆 i ( i = 1,2 )的初始时刻横纵向位置以及初始横摆角 X i ( t 0 ) Y i ( t 0 ) φ i ( t 0 ) ( i = 0,1 , 2 )、横纵向速度 X ˙ i ( t 0 ) Y ˙ i ( t 0 )和横摆角速度 φ ˙ i ( t 0 ) ( i = 0,1 , 2 ),设置如表2所示,期望速度为5 m/s。
图6显示了协同运输系统跟踪正弦线轨迹的结果。红色、蓝色、绿色的矩形分别代表货物、运输车辆1和运输车辆2。从图中可以看出,即使货物存在初始横纵向位置误差和航向误差,协同运输系统仍然可以很好地跟踪期望轨迹。
图7为3种不同算法下运输系统的轨迹跟踪误差。在存在初始偏差的情况下,CF和CF-ave的横向误差表现出相似的波动趋势,其值可以很快地收敛到0附近,且CF的控制效果略优于CF-ave。而SMC的横向误差存在不同的初始表现。对于货物,其横向误差在初始阶段出现超调现象(图7(a)),对于运输车辆1,其横向误差同时出现了超调和收敛速度慢的情况(图7(b)),对于运输车辆2,其横向误差初始收敛较慢(图7(c))。这极有可能是因为在SMC的计算过程中没有对货物完全建模,而只是简单地将货物与运输车辆的约束力视为外部扰动所造成的。同时,SMC在稳定跟踪阶段,表现出的横向跟踪误差波动均大于CF和CF-ave。
图7(d)~图7(f)为不同算法的纵向跟踪结果。可以看到,在期望速度为5 m/s的情况下,3种算法的跟踪效果均在可接受范围之内,最大纵向跟踪误差约为0.2 m/s。但SMC控制误差出现了明显的抖振现象,其控制效果弱于CF和CF-ave。图8给出了运输车辆的转向角控制量对比情况。可以看到3种算法的转向角控制量变化趋势基本相同,但相比于SMC,CF和CF-ave能够生成无抖振的控制曲线,控制平滑性更好。
此外,图9对比了3种算法下的铰接约束力情况。CF和CF-ave仅在初始位置表现出较大的约束力,在稳定跟踪阶段其横纵向约束力均小于SMC。在约束力优化分配方式上,CF以最小化横向约束力为目标,而CF-ave以最小化约束力的模为目标。如图9所示,在瞬态和稳态阶段,CF产生的横向约束力均小于CF-ave,也即货物对前后车辆的横向动力学干扰更小,该性质对整个系统的横向稳定性提升具有重要意义;由于货物跟踪期望轨迹所需的合力是基本相同的,CF产生的横向约束力较小也意味着其纵向约束力会比CF-ave大,仿真结果也验证了该特征。在3种算法中,由于SMC未考虑货物建模,导致其横纵向约束力均不能达到一个较稳定的水平,持续性地产生抖振现象,会影响铰接机构的寿命,甚至会对货物造成严重损伤。
进一步的,图10给出了t >5 s时,前后车辆横向速度和横摆率。3种控制算法均能较好地跟踪期望横摆率,但在横向速度结果上有较大区别。CF和SMC的横向速度性能相当,都优于CF-ave。SMC获得较好横向速度性能的代价是产生远大于CF的横纵向约束力(如图9所示)。因此,本文所提出的CF控制算法在考虑车辆横向动力学控制性能和约束控制力代价的综合指标上具有优势。
高速换道仿真工况的初始位姿设置如表3所示,其期望速度为20 m/s。
图11展示了协同运输系统跟踪高速换道轨迹的情况,与正弦线工况类似,即使存在初始位置偏差,协同运输系统也能较好地执行轨迹跟踪任务。
图12展示了3种算法下的系统跟踪误差。对于横向跟踪情况,SMC的误差收敛速度相对于CF和CF-ave更慢;CF和CF-ave的误差收敛效果接近,明显优于SMC。对于纵向跟踪情况,在期望跟踪速度为20 m/s的情况下,跟踪误差均在0.3 m/s以内,在可接受的纵向跟踪误差范围内。
图13展示了系统的横纵向约束力情况,与正弦线仿真工况类似,CF表现出比CF-ave更大的纵向约束力和更小的横向约束力。值得注意的是,高速20 m/s工况下,在协同运输系统换道阶段,CF出现了明显的纵向约束力峰值,对应CF-ave出现了明显的横向约束力峰值。随着速度的增加,不同横纵向约束力分配方式的差异被显著放大。由于横向约束力相比于纵向约束力对高速换道动作的影响更加显著,因此CF须产生更大的纵向力来补偿减小的横向约束力。与此同时,SMC则明显出现了较大的横向约束力,其纵向约束力在大多数情况下也大于CF和CF-ave。
综上所述,CF和CF-ave在低速和高速情况下均能够实现良好的轨迹跟踪性能,且CF能够产生较小的横向约束力,并获得较好的横向动力学性能,这使得货物对运输车辆的横向动力学影响较小,有效提升了运输车辆的横向稳定性,这一点在高速工况下尤为明显。
提出一种基于约束跟随理论的双车协同运输系统轨迹跟踪控制方法。首先,采用拉格朗日动力学方法对系统进行精确建模,并构建了运输系统须遵循的外部轨迹跟踪伺服约束和内部铰接关系被动约束。然后,将原系统模型解耦重构为上层货物模型和下层运输车辆模型,利用U-K方法求解上层货物轨迹跟踪约束跟随问题,获取货物跟踪轨迹所需的范数最小控制力。进一步,根据最小化前后车辆横向受力的控制力优化分解策略,将货物所需控制力分解为横纵向铰接约束力,得到的约束力反力作为前后车辆的已知外部干扰,在前后车辆的控制中进行前馈补偿。最后,再次利用U-K方法,求解前后车辆轨迹跟踪约束跟随问题。
该方法对原系统进行降维的同时使货物与运输车辆之间的约束内力变为可控量,最终能够得到运输车辆的显式控制转角和纵向驱动力。稳定性证明表示,该控制方法能够使协同运输系统的轨迹跟踪误差渐进收敛到0。仿真结果证明了所提出算法具备良好的轨迹跟踪性能,且算法能够明显减少货物对运输车辆的横向动力学影响,有效降低了协同运输系统横向失稳风险。
  • *国家自然科学基金(52222216)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52202493)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52172384)
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2025年第47卷第4期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2025.04.007
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-08
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-09-17
基金
*国家自然科学基金(52222216)
国家自然科学基金(52202493)
国家自然科学基金(52172384)
作者信息
    1 湖南大学机械与运载工程学院,整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082
    2 湖南大学无锡智能控制研究院,无锡 214115
    3 清华大学车辆与运载学院,北京 100084

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杨泽宇,副研究员,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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