Article(id=1154033081884337000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154033077719393113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710000000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-10, revisedDate=1717948800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753072527618, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753072527618, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753072527618, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753072527618, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154033077719393113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='1723', pageEnd='1936', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753072526626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074249753, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154040305079804333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154033077719393113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154040305079804334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154033077719393113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1897, endPage=1903, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154033082295378794, articleId=1154033081884337000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=RUL Estimation Method for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Multi-dimensional and Multi-scale Features, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Accurately predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is important for the efficient and safe operation of energy storage systems. For the deficiencies of existing data-driven methods for RUL estimation , which extract aging features non-comprehensively enough and need to predict health state changes before estimating RUL, a RUL estimation method using multi-dimensional and multi-scale features is proposed in this paper to directly estimate the RUL of a battery using constant-current charging voltage segment data. The model maps RUL by extracting aging features of voltage segments using different scale convolution operation after dimensionally transforming the data. The model is validated using publicly available datasets from the University of Oxford, NASA, and the University of Maryland. The validation results show that the model can directly estimate the RUL of the batteries using the voltage segment data without the need of the current historical SOH of the batteries as the training data, which has higher accuracy and universality compared to fixed scale features based on a single dimension.

, articleAbstract=

Accurately predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is important for the efficient and safe operation of energy storage systems. For the deficiencies of existing data-driven methods for RUL estimation,which extract aging features non-comprehensively enough and need to predict health state changes before estimating RUL,a RUL estimation method using multi-dimensional and multi-scale features is proposed in this paper to directly estimate the RUL of a battery using constant-current charging voltage segment data. The model maps RUL by extracting aging features of voltage segments using different scale convolution operation after dimensionally transforming the data. The model is validated using publicly available datasets from the University of Oxford,NASA,and the University of Maryland. The validation results show that the model can directly estimate the RUL of the batteries using the voltage segment data without the need of the current historical SOH of the batteries as the training data,which has higher accuracy and universality compared to fixed scale features based on a single dimension.

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准确预测锂离子电池的剩余使用寿命(RUL)对储能系统的高效安全运行具有重要意义。针对已有数据驱动方法估计RUL中提取老化特征不够全面以及需要先预测健康状态变化再估计RUL的不足,本文提出一种利用多维度多尺度特征的RUL估计方法,采用恒流充电电压片段数据直接估计电池的RUL。该模型对数据进行维度变换后利用不同尺度卷积操作提取电压片段的老化特征来映射RUL。基于牛津大学、NASA、马里兰大学公开数据集进行模型验证,验证结果表明该模型能够利用电压片段数据直接估算电池的RUL,无需电池自身SOH变化作为训练数据,对比于基于单一维度的固定尺度的特征具有更高的准确性和通用性。

, articleAbstract=

准确预测锂离子电池的剩余使用寿命(RUL)对储能系统的高效安全运行具有重要意义。针对已有数据驱动方法估计RUL中提取老化特征不够全面以及需要先预测健康状态变化再估计RUL的不足,本文提出一种利用多维度多尺度特征的RUL估计方法,采用恒流充电电压片段数据直接估计电池的RUL。该模型对数据进行维度变换后利用不同尺度卷积操作提取电压片段的老化特征来映射RUL。基于牛津大学、NASA、马里兰大学公开数据集进行模型验证,验证结果表明该模型能够利用电压片段数据直接估算电池的RUL,无需电池自身SOH变化作为训练数据,对比于基于单一维度的固定尺度的特征具有更高的准确性和通用性。

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程泽,教授,博士,E-mail:
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电池 多维多尺度 二维固定 一维固定
Cell1 1.29 2.31 2.44
Cell8 1.15 2.29 2.48
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牛津大学数据集RUL估计误差的RMSE

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NASA数据集RUL估计误差的RMSE

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电池 多维多尺度 二维固定 一维固定
B0005 5.91 16.03 25.11
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马里兰大学数据集RUL估计误差的RMSE

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电池 多维多尺度 二维固定 一维固定
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基于多维度多尺度特征的锂离子电池RUL估计方法*
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张秋艳 1 , 程泽 2 , 刘旭 2
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024,46(10): 1897-1903
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024, 46(10): 1897-1903
基于多维度多尺度特征的锂离子电池RUL估计方法*
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张秋艳1, 程泽2 , 刘旭2
作者信息
  • 1. 榆林学院能源工程学院,榆林 719000
  • 2. 天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300000

通讯作者:

程泽,教授,博士,E-mail:
RUL Estimation Method for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Multi-dimensional and Multi-scale Features
Qiuyan Zhang1, Ze Cheng2 , Xu Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Energy Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000
  • 2. School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300000
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.016
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准确预测锂离子电池的剩余使用寿命(RUL)对储能系统的高效安全运行具有重要意义。针对已有数据驱动方法估计RUL中提取老化特征不够全面以及需要先预测健康状态变化再估计RUL的不足,本文提出一种利用多维度多尺度特征的RUL估计方法,采用恒流充电电压片段数据直接估计电池的RUL。该模型对数据进行维度变换后利用不同尺度卷积操作提取电压片段的老化特征来映射RUL。基于牛津大学、NASA、马里兰大学公开数据集进行模型验证,验证结果表明该模型能够利用电压片段数据直接估算电池的RUL,无需电池自身SOH变化作为训练数据,对比于基于单一维度的固定尺度的特征具有更高的准确性和通用性。

锂离子电池  /  剩余使用寿命  /  多维度多尺度特征  /  深度学习

Accurately predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of lithium-ion batteries is important for the efficient and safe operation of energy storage systems. For the deficiencies of existing data-driven methods for RUL estimation,which extract aging features non-comprehensively enough and need to predict health state changes before estimating RUL,a RUL estimation method using multi-dimensional and multi-scale features is proposed in this paper to directly estimate the RUL of a battery using constant-current charging voltage segment data. The model maps RUL by extracting aging features of voltage segments using different scale convolution operation after dimensionally transforming the data. The model is validated using publicly available datasets from the University of Oxford,NASA,and the University of Maryland. The validation results show that the model can directly estimate the RUL of the batteries using the voltage segment data without the need of the current historical SOH of the batteries as the training data,which has higher accuracy and universality compared to fixed scale features based on a single dimension.

lithium-ion battery  /  remaining useful life  /  multi-dimensional and multi-scale features  /  deep learning
张秋艳, 程泽, 刘旭. 基于多维度多尺度特征的锂离子电池RUL估计方法*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (10) : 1897 -1903 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.016
Qiuyan Zhang, Ze Cheng, Xu Liu. RUL Estimation Method for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Multi-dimensional and Multi-scale Features[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (10) : 1897 -1903 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.016
随着科学技术的发展,人类对能源的需求越来越大。鉴于存在化石能源的不可再生和其造成的环境污染等缺点,新能源已成为世界各国的重要发展方向[1]。由于锂离子电池具有能量密度高、使用寿命长、环境友好等特点,被广泛应用在电动汽车、工商户储能和便携式电子设备等方面。随着锂离子电池的使用,电池会由于活性材料损失[2]、可用锂离子减少[3]等原因导致电池最大可用容量下降,对外呈现出内阻增加、容量下降等特性,进而导致储能系统工作效率下降,严重引发热失控,因此需要对剩余使用寿命(remaining useful life,RUL)进行估计来及时更换老化的电池。
RUL估计已经成为研究热点,近年间,国内外学者对此方面进行了大量研究。经验预测法采用多项式[4]或双指数模型[5]拟合健康状态(state of health,SOH)与循环使用次数的关系,进而预测电池SOH的变化,当SOH小于终止寿命(end of life,EOL)时,认为预测的循环次数作为RUL,这类方法计算简单,但难以预测容量再生变化,估计准确度低。滤波预测法在经验预测法的基础上进行改进,定时地修正SOH预测模型,文献[6]中使用粒子滤波外推SOH进而实现RUL估计,这类方法提升了RUL估计的准确度,但如何实时获取准确的SOH是难以解决的问题。机理分析法深入研究电池老化机理,从电解质膜增生、产气、析锂等方面建模来预测电池老化因素的变化来实现RUL估计[7],这类方法从第一性原理出发预测老化,但由于内部参数过多,难以考虑多因素同时变化导致准确不足。基于数据驱动的RUL估计方法不需要考虑复杂的电化学原理并具有更好的非线性映射能力。文献[8]中利用循环使用次数作为输入,基于循环神经网络预测SOH的变化实现RUL估计。文献[9]中先提取电池外特性的健康特征(health feature,HF)再利用门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)模型进行SOH预测来实现RUL估计。文献[10]中基于深度置信网络(deep belief networks,DBN)利用历史容量变化数据来预测SOH进而实现RUL估计。文献[11]中利用经验模态分解配合CNN-LSTM网络预测SOH来进行RUL估计。但上述方法存在以下问题:一是人为选取老化特征或利用简单数据驱动方法提取老化特征,难以全面考虑多种深层特征的影响;二是这些方法都需要被预测RUL的电池准确的SOH变化历史,而准确获取SOH的历史数据是难以做到的;三是估计RUL前需要预测SOH的变化,增大了估计过程的复杂度。
针对上述存在的问题,本文提出一种基于多维度多尺度老化特征的RUL估计方法。该模型首先对恒流充电电压片段的数据进行一维转二维、三维的处理,为提取更加丰富的特征提供不同维度的数据结构。为了同时获得局部特征与全局特征,提取特征时采用多种尺度的卷积方式提取,小尺度卷积提取局部特征,大尺度卷积提取全局特征。每种卷积方式提取特征后插入卷积块注意力模块(convolutional block attention module,CBAM)来增加通道注意力机制和空间注意力机制,减少无关特征的干扰。最后将提取和筛选后特征进行拼接,对于全局特征使其直接映射RUL,对于局部特征先提取其中的时序关系再映射RUL。该模型更加全面地考虑了不同维度和尺度的老化特征,进一步提高了RUL估计的准确性和通用性。此外,该模型直接利用片段电压数据来估计RUL,不需要进行SOH预测,也不需要电池自身历史数据来进行模型训练,只需要相似工况下同类型电池的历史数据作为训练数据,解决了无法准确获取被估计电池历史SOH的问题。为了公正有效地证明本文所提方法的有效性,利用牛津大学[12]、马里兰大学[13]、美国国家航空航天局[14](national aeronautics and space administration,NASA)提供的3个公开数据集进行RUL估计模型验证,验证结果表明对比于一维固定卷积和二维固定卷积提取特征进行RUL的估计,本文所提出的模型具有更高的RUL估计准确度,仅利用电压片段数据就可以直接估算电池当前的RUL。
本节介绍电压片段数据的升维处理、不同尺度特征提取方法、CBAM注意力机制以及RUL映射的方法。
电池恒流充电的电压数据能够一定程度上反映出电池当前的老化状态[15]。对数据进行维度变换能够方便后续多尺度卷积提取更加丰富的特征,在卷积核滑动时能够更快地增大感受野。本文采用400个相同时间间隔的电压数据作为输入,图1展示了数据升维处理的过程,将一维时序数据转变为二维数组,然后再将二维数组按照时间顺序转变为三维数组,为后续特征提取提供数据格式支持。
为了提取更加丰富的特征,所有维度的数据均采用5种卷积或池化方式进行多尺度特征提取,每种卷积方式均有5个通道,每个通道具有3层卷积结构。对于一维电压数据采用1×1卷积、1×3卷积、1×5卷积、1×7卷积以及1×3最大池化;对于二维数组采用1×1卷积、3×3卷积、5×5卷积、7×7卷积以及3×3最大池化;对于三维数组采用1×1×2卷积、3×3×2卷积、5×5×2卷积、7×7×2卷积以及3×3×2最大池化。数据卷积示意图如图2所示,其中蓝色方块代表不同数据的处理方式,黑色框架代表卷积核的卷积部分,从图中可以看出不同尺度的卷积核能够基于不同范围的数据提取特征,基于相同尺度的卷积核对于不同维度的数据也能考虑到不同的特征。因此基于不同维度数据提取多尺度特征的方式来为更加准确的RUL估计提供丰富的特征基础。
多维度多尺度的特征提取方式增加了更多有效特征的同时也会增加无关特征的干扰,为了防止新增无关特征的干扰,采用CBAM注意力机制对不同卷积方式所提取的特征加入通道注意力机制和空间注意力机制。CBAM首先对不同卷积核通道加入不同权重作为通道注意力机制,然后依据通道的厚度特征来加入空间注意力机制[16],其工作原理如图3所示。绿色代表通道注意力机制,其计算方法如公式(1)所示,其中GAP(global average pooling,GAP)和GMP(global max pooling,GMP)分别代表全局平均池化和全局最大池化, σ代表sigmoid函数,F代表不同特征图, M c代表不同特征图考虑权重后的结果,也就是不同尺度卷积核所提取的特征的权重。紫色代表空间注意力机制,其计算方法如式(2)所示,其中AP和MP分别代表平均池化和最大池化,F′代表进行过通道注意力机制后的特征图,Conv代表卷积操作,S代表空间注意力机制考虑权重后的结果。
M c ( F ) = σ ( M L P ( G A P ( F ) ) + M L P ( G M P ( F ) ) )
S ( F ) = σ ( C o n v ( [ A P ( F ) ; M P ( F ) ] ) )
在提取并进行特征筛选后需要建立特征与RUL的关系实现RUL估计。首先将不同维度的特征统一展平并拼接为一维特征,对于卷积尺度大于3的长时间尺度特征采用全连接网络初步提取特征,对于其他短时间尺度特征采用GRU进一步提取其中的时序特征后再利用全连接网络提取特征,最后综合考虑二者中的信息来估计RUL。图4展示了GRU网络的结构,其计算过程如式(3)所示,式中 x t 表示在t时刻的输入, r t 代表重置门, z t 表示更新门, c t h t 分别表示t时刻的状态和输出, W b 分别表示网络的权重和偏差,tanh为双曲正切函数, 代表矩阵相乘。
r t = σ ( W r [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b r ) z t = σ ( W z [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b i ) h ˜ t = t a n h ( W t [ r t h t - 1 , x t ] + b h ) h t = ( 1 - z t ) h t - 1 + z t h ˜ t
图5展示了RUL估计模型的结构,在提取并进行特征筛选后,建立特征与RUL的关系来直接估计RUL。首先将不同维度的不同尺度特征统一展平并进行拼接,然后对于长时间尺度特征采用全连接网络初步提取特征与RUL的关系,对于短时间尺度特征采用GRU进一步提取其中的时序特征后再利用全连接网络初步提取特征,最后将二者初步提取的信息利用全连接网络映射到RUL,输出RUL的估计结果。
本文为了充分证明模型的有效性和优越性,采用牛津大学、NASA和马里兰大学公开数据集进行验证,EOL设置SOH为0.8。验证时与单一维度的固定卷积核特征提取模型进行对比,对比模型先采用固定卷积核提取特征,再利用GRU模块提取特征间的时序关系来映射RUL。本文利用均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)量化RUL估计结果,如式(4)所示,式中 x i为真实值, x ^ i为估计值。
R M S E = 1 N ( i = 1 N ( x i - x ^ i ) 2 )
牛津大学公开数据集中包含8块钴酸锂电池Cell1~Cell8的老化数据,这些电芯在40 ℃的恒温箱中进行实验,每100次动态测试工况后进行核容测试,本文以Cell1和Cell8作为测试集,Cell2~Cell7这6块电池作为训练集对模型进行训练,输入数据为恒流充电时3.4 V起始的6 s采样间隔的电压数据,其8块电池的老化曲线如图6所示。
NASA公开数据集中包含多组不同温度下的三元锂电池老化数据集,该数据集中电池采用CC-CV方式充电,采用不同倍率进行放电,测试过程中记录电池的电压、电流和表面温度。本文以B0005作为测试集,B0006和B0007作为训练集对模型进行训练,输入数据为3.8 V起始的5 s采样电压数据,其老化变化曲线如图7所示。
马里兰大学公开数据包含钴酸锂电池老化数据集测试数据,代号CS2-35~38,该电池采用CC-CV方式充电,然后采用1C恒流放电,测试过程中记录电池的电压、电流和表面温度。本文选择CS2-35作为测试数据,其余电池作为训练数据训练RUL估计模型,输入数据为3.8 V起始的5 s采样电压数据,其老化变化曲线如图8所示。
图6 ~ 图8中可以看出,虽然电池老化的环境基本相同,但由于电池材料的不一致性等多种因素导致电池衰减方式有很大的不同,仅仅简单利用循环使用次数或使用时间作为单一输入难以准确预测出电池的未来老化趋势或者电池的RUL,因此本文采用电压片段作为输入来提取更加丰富的老化特征进而准确预测RUL。值得注意的是本文认为的电池寿命终止条件是电池SOH第1次小于EOL时的循环次数。
图9展示了3种模型下牛津大学公开数据集Cell1电池的RUL估计结果,图10展示了3种模型的RUL估计误差。从图9图10中可以看出,3种模型中本文提出的多维多尺度模型具有最高的RUL估计准确度,RUL估计的最大误差为3个周期,平均误差仅为0.9个周期,具有极高的准确度,而采用一维和二维数据基于固定卷积核估计RUL的最大误差都为7个周期。
表1展示了Cell1和Cell8的RUL估计误差的RMSE,从表中可以看出本文所提出的多维多尺度提取特征的RUL估计模型对比于基于一维和二维数据进行固定卷积核特征提取具有更高的准确性,对比于二维固定卷积提取特征的方式RUL估计准确度提升了44%。
图11展示了3种模型下NASA公开数据集B0005电池的RUL估计结果,图12展示了3种模型的RUL估计误差。从图中同样可以看出本文所提出模型的RUL估计准确度最高,RUL估计的最大误差为3个周期,平均误差为1.20个周期,而固定卷积核的一维、二维RUL估计模型的最大误差为12、6个周期,误差明显高于多维多尺度特征的RUL估计模型的误差。
表2展示了B0005的RUL估计误差的RMSE,从表中也可以看出本文所提出的多维多尺度提取特征模型的RUL估计模型对比于基于一维和二维数据进行固定卷积核特征提取具有更高的准确性,对比于二维固定卷积提取特征的方式RUL估计准确度提升了49%。
马里兰大学公开数据集的老化预测是最困难的,其循环使用次数多,电池容量再生现象明显,可以很好地验证RUL估计模型的准确性。图13展示了3种模型下马里兰大学数据集CS2-35电池的RUL估计结果,图14展示了3种模型的RUL估计误差。从图中可以更加明显地看出本文所提的模型的RUL估计准确度最高,RUL估计的最大误差为17个周期,平均误差为2.88个周期,而一维、二维RUL估计模型的最大误差为94、63个周期,误差远高于本文所提出的RUL估计方法。
表3展示了CS2-35的RUL估计误差的RMSE,从表中可以同样看出本文所提出的模型具有最高的准确性,对比于一维、二维固定卷积的方式,RUL估计准确度提高了76%、63%。
本节基于3个不同的公开数据集中的3种不同电池充分证明本文所提多维度多尺度特征模型估计RUL的有效性,对比于基于固定卷积核处理一维或二维数据的RUL估计模型具有更高的准确性和通用性,电池老化过程越复杂,模型准确度提升的越多。该模型在估计RUL时没有直接利用任何有关SOH的数据,无需电池的SOH历史数据也不用预测SOH的变化趋势来估计RUL,减少了模型的应用限制。
本文提出了一种基于多维度多尺度特征的锂离子电池RUL估计模型,该模型对原始一维电压片段数据进行维度变换并结合多尺度卷积的方式提取更加丰富的特征,再基于CBAM注意力机制进行特征筛选并利用GRU结构进一步提取短时间尺度特征,最后综合考虑长、短时间尺度特征进行RUL估计。该模型基于更加丰富的老化特征提取方式提高了RUL估计的准确度,并且省略了RUL估计时需要预测SOH变化的过程,无需当前电池的历史SOH变化作为训练数据,提高了模型的适用场所。基于3组不同类型电池的公开数据集进行验证,对比于基于二维数据固定尺度卷积的RUL估计模型,结果准确度分别提升了44%、49%、63%。
  • *国家自然科学基金(61873180)
  • 陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目(23JK0750)
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2024年第46卷第10期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.016
  • 接收时间:2024-03-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-10
  • 修回日期:2024-06-10
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*国家自然科学基金(61873180)
陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目(23JK0750)
作者信息
    1. 榆林学院能源工程学院,榆林 719000
    2. 天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300000

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程泽,教授,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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