Article(id=1154033078168183641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154033077719393113, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=1723219200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753072526733, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753072526733, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753072526733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753072526733, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154033077719393113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='1723', pageEnd='1936', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753072526626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074249753, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154040305079804333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154033077719393113, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154040305079804334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1154033077719393113, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1723, endPage=1732, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154033078524699482, articleId=1154033078168183641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Research on a Property-Based Dynamic Model of the Solid Axle and Coupled Suspension for Commercial Vehicles, columnId=1173231634104070305, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Feature Topic: Vehicle Dynamics and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The axle and suspension are critical components of vehicles. To achieve real-time simulation of the solid axle and various suspension structures of a commercial vehicle, the property-based modeling technical route is adopted in this paper. The axle's movement is decoupled into motion kinematics and ride dynamics, while the suspension characteristics are divided into coupled carrying characteristics, RC/PC guiding characteristics, and coupled K&C kinematic characteristics. Innovatively considering the pitch dynamic effect of the axle, the nonlinear dynamic coupling relationship of suspension between axles, and the K&C coupling relationship of suspension between axles, a dynamic model for commercial vehicles is developed to trigger the negative phenomenon of brake vibration. Additionally, a K&C testing method for the coupled suspension and a method for model parameter identification are proposed. Finally, the accuracy of the model is validated at the system level by comparing K&C test data with TruckSim model results. Inputting vehicle parameters into the UniTruck software for simulation and comparing the results with TruckSim simulation, the model’s effectiveness is verified at the vehicle level.

, articleAbstract=

The axle and suspension are critical components of vehicles. To achieve real-time simulation of the solid axle and various suspension structures of a commercial vehicle,the property-based modeling technical route is adopted in this paper. The axle's movement is decoupled into motion kinematics and ride dynamics,while the suspension characteristics are divided into coupled carrying characteristics,RC/PC guiding characteristics,and coupled K&C kinematic characteristics. Innovatively considering the pitch dynamic effect of the axle,the nonlinear dynamic coupling relationship of suspension between axles,and the K&C coupling relationship of suspension between axles,a dynamic model for commercial vehicles is developed to trigger the negative phenomenon of brake vibration. Additionally,a K&C testing method for the coupled suspension and a method for model parameter identification are proposed. Finally,the accuracy of the model is validated at the system level by comparing K&C test data with TruckSim model results. Inputting vehicle parameters into the UniTruck software for simulation and comparing the results with TruckSim simulation,the model’s effectiveness is verified at the vehicle level.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li Li, Wei Huang, Yue Gao, Lei Sun, Baoli Zhu, Xin Guan, Jun Zhan, Le Jiang, Chunguang Duan, Chenxue Cui, Wei Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1154033153837622041, articleId=1154033078168183641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=基于特性的商用车整体式车桥及耦合悬架动力学模型研究*, columnId=1173231634259259554, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=专题:汽车动力学与控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=

车桥及悬架是汽车的重要部件,为了实时模拟商用车的整体式车桥及多种结构类型的悬架,本文采用基于总成特性的建模技术路线,将车桥的运动解耦为Motion运动学和Ride动力学,将悬架特性划分为耦合承载特性、RC/PC导向特性和耦合K&C运动学特性,创新性地考虑了车桥的俯仰动态效应、桥间承载非线性动态耦合关系、桥间K&C运动学耦合关系,建立了能够激发出商用车制动抖振负面现象的动力学模型,并提出了针对耦合悬架的K&C试验方案和模型参数辨识方法。最后,通过对比K&C试验数据,并与TruckSim模型作对比,系统层级上验证了本模型的精准性;通过将车辆参数填入UniTruck软件,对某款商用车进行了仿真,并与TruckSim仿真结果作对比,整车层级上验证了本模型的有效性。

, articleAbstract=

车桥及悬架是汽车的重要部件,为了实时模拟商用车的整体式车桥及多种结构类型的悬架,本文采用基于总成特性的建模技术路线,将车桥的运动解耦为Motion运动学和Ride动力学,将悬架特性划分为耦合承载特性、RC/PC导向特性和耦合K&C运动学特性,创新性地考虑了车桥的俯仰动态效应、桥间承载非线性动态耦合关系、桥间K&C运动学耦合关系,建立了能够激发出商用车制动抖振负面现象的动力学模型,并提出了针对耦合悬架的K&C试验方案和模型参数辨识方法。最后,通过对比K&C试验数据,并与TruckSim模型作对比,系统层级上验证了本模型的精准性;通过将车辆参数填入UniTruck软件,对某款商用车进行了仿真,并与TruckSim仿真结果作对比,整车层级上验证了本模型的有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
段春光,工程师,博士,E-mail:
黄伟,高级工程师,博士,E-mail:
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试验工况名称 测量数据
中桥同向轮跳 分别记录中桥左/右车轮、后桥左/右车轮共4个车轮的以下数据:1.纵向变位-轮跳;2.侧向变位-轮跳;3.Camber角变位-轮跳;4.Caster/Dive角变位-轮跳;5.Toe角变位-轮跳;6.轮心垂向力-轮跳。
中桥反向轮跳
后桥同向轮跳
后桥反向轮跳
中桥纵向力 分别记录中桥左/右车轮、后桥左/右车轮共4个车轮的以下数据:1.纵向变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;2.侧向变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;3.Camber角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;4.Caster/Dive角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;5.Toe角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;6.轮心垂向力-纵向力。
中桥侧向力
中桥回正力矩
后桥纵向力
后桥侧向力
后桥回正力矩
), ArticleFig(id=1183008215454331480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154033078168183641, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

平衡悬架K&C试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验工况名称 测量数据
中桥同向轮跳 分别记录中桥左/右车轮、后桥左/右车轮共4个车轮的以下数据:1.纵向变位-轮跳;2.侧向变位-轮跳;3.Camber角变位-轮跳;4.Caster/Dive角变位-轮跳;5.Toe角变位-轮跳;6.轮心垂向力-轮跳。
中桥反向轮跳
后桥同向轮跳
后桥反向轮跳
中桥纵向力 分别记录中桥左/右车轮、后桥左/右车轮共4个车轮的以下数据:1.纵向变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;2.侧向变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;3.Camber角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;4.Caster/Dive角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;5.Toe角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;6.轮心垂向力-纵向力。
中桥侧向力
中桥回正力矩
后桥纵向力
后桥侧向力
后桥回正力矩
), ArticleFig(id=1183008215521440345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154033078168183641, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验工况名称 测量数据
1桥同向轮跳 分别记录所有车桥左/右侧车轮的以下数据:1.纵向变位-轮跳;2.侧向变位-轮跳;3.Camber角变位-轮跳;4.Caster/Dive角变位-轮跳;5.Toe角变位-轮跳;6.轮心垂向力-轮跳。
1桥反向轮跳
……
N桥同向轮跳
N桥反向轮跳
1桥纵向力 分别记录所有车桥左/右侧车轮的以下数据:1.纵向变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;2.侧向变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;3.Camber角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;4.Caster/Dive角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;5.Toe角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;6.轮心垂向力-纵向力。
1桥侧向力
1桥回正力矩
……
N桥纵向力
N桥侧向力
N桥回正力矩
), ArticleFig(id=1183008215571771994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1154033078168183641, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多联悬架K&C试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验工况名称 测量数据
1桥同向轮跳 分别记录所有车桥左/右侧车轮的以下数据:1.纵向变位-轮跳;2.侧向变位-轮跳;3.Camber角变位-轮跳;4.Caster/Dive角变位-轮跳;5.Toe角变位-轮跳;6.轮心垂向力-轮跳。
1桥反向轮跳
……
N桥同向轮跳
N桥反向轮跳
1桥纵向力 分别记录所有车桥左/右侧车轮的以下数据:1.纵向变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;2.侧向变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;3.Camber角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;4.Caster/Dive角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;5.Toe角变位-纵向力/侧向力/回正力矩;6.轮心垂向力-纵向力。
1桥侧向力
1桥回正力矩
……
N桥纵向力
N桥侧向力
N桥回正力矩
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基于特性的商用车整体式车桥及耦合悬架动力学模型研究*
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李力 1 , 黄伟 2 , 高越 1 , 孙磊 2 , 朱宝黎 2 , 管欣 1 , 詹军 1 , 姜乐 1 , 段春光 1 , 崔晨雪 2 , 王威 2
汽车工程 | 专题:汽车动力学与控制 2024,46(10): 1723-1732
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汽车工程 | 专题:汽车动力学与控制 2024, 46(10): 1723-1732
基于特性的商用车整体式车桥及耦合悬架动力学模型研究*
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李力1, 黄伟2 , 高越1, 孙磊2, 朱宝黎2, 管欣1, 詹军1, 姜乐1, 段春光1 , 崔晨雪2, 王威2
作者信息
  • 1. 吉林大学,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130022
  • 2. 中国重型汽车集团有限公司,济南 250000

通讯作者:

段春光,工程师,博士,E-mail:
黄伟,高级工程师,博士,E-mail:
Research on a Property-Based Dynamic Model of the Solid Axle and Coupled Suspension for Commercial Vehicles
Li Li1, Wei Huang2 , Yue Gao1, Lei Sun2, Baoli Zhu2, Xin Guan1, Jun Zhan1, Le Jiang1, Chunguang Duan1 , Chenxue Cui2, Wei Wang2
Affiliations
  • 1. Jilin University,National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics,Changchun 130022
  • 2. China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co. ,Ltd. ,Jinan 250000
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.001
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车桥及悬架是汽车的重要部件,为了实时模拟商用车的整体式车桥及多种结构类型的悬架,本文采用基于总成特性的建模技术路线,将车桥的运动解耦为Motion运动学和Ride动力学,将悬架特性划分为耦合承载特性、RC/PC导向特性和耦合K&C运动学特性,创新性地考虑了车桥的俯仰动态效应、桥间承载非线性动态耦合关系、桥间K&C运动学耦合关系,建立了能够激发出商用车制动抖振负面现象的动力学模型,并提出了针对耦合悬架的K&C试验方案和模型参数辨识方法。最后,通过对比K&C试验数据,并与TruckSim模型作对比,系统层级上验证了本模型的精准性;通过将车辆参数填入UniTruck软件,对某款商用车进行了仿真,并与TruckSim仿真结果作对比,整车层级上验证了本模型的有效性。

商用车  /  整体式车桥  /  耦合悬架  /  平衡悬架  /  多联悬架  /  K&C试验

The axle and suspension are critical components of vehicles. To achieve real-time simulation of the solid axle and various suspension structures of a commercial vehicle,the property-based modeling technical route is adopted in this paper. The axle's movement is decoupled into motion kinematics and ride dynamics,while the suspension characteristics are divided into coupled carrying characteristics,RC/PC guiding characteristics,and coupled K&C kinematic characteristics. Innovatively considering the pitch dynamic effect of the axle,the nonlinear dynamic coupling relationship of suspension between axles,and the K&C coupling relationship of suspension between axles,a dynamic model for commercial vehicles is developed to trigger the negative phenomenon of brake vibration. Additionally,a K&C testing method for the coupled suspension and a method for model parameter identification are proposed. Finally,the accuracy of the model is validated at the system level by comparing K&C test data with TruckSim model results. Inputting vehicle parameters into the UniTruck software for simulation and comparing the results with TruckSim simulation,the model’s effectiveness is verified at the vehicle level.

commercial vehicle  /  solid axle  /  coupled suspension  /  balanced suspension  /  tandem suspension  /  K&C test
李力, 黄伟, 高越, 孙磊, 朱宝黎, 管欣, 詹军, 姜乐, 段春光, 崔晨雪, 王威. 基于特性的商用车整体式车桥及耦合悬架动力学模型研究*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (10) : 1723 -1732 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.001
Li Li, Wei Huang, Yue Gao, Lei Sun, Baoli Zhu, Xin Guan, Jun Zhan, Le Jiang, Chunguang Duan, Chenxue Cui, Wei Wang. Research on a Property-Based Dynamic Model of the Solid Axle and Coupled Suspension for Commercial Vehicles[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (10) : 1723 -1732 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.001
车桥及悬架是车辆的重要簧下部件,它们不仅仅影响乘坐舒适性,还会通过车轮定位影响汽车的操纵稳定性,并通过主销影响转向力感和触感,对整车的稳态性能、动态品质和驾驶感觉都有较大的影响[1]
与乘用车普遍采用的断开式车桥和独立悬架不同,商用车常用整体式车桥和多种结构类型的悬架,由于商用车车桥和悬架的尺寸质量较大、加工工艺不高,导致了商用车系统间匹配的复杂度和整车集成的难度增加,使得商用车整车的负面现象(例如制动抖振等)急剧增多,严重制约了商用车的高质量发展[2]
目前,商用车整车厂商多是通过产品开发流程后期的实车场地试验,对车桥和悬架进行调校从而改善负面现象,如何在汽车开发过程中提前获知品质问题,是商用车行业当前关注的重点之一。本文研究的商用车整体式车桥及耦合悬架动力学模型,能够帮助厂商提前获知由车桥和悬架而导致的制动抖振等品质问题,以便在设计之初加以避免,在设计之中加以管控,在设计之后加以优化,减少迭代成本和开发周期[3]
当前,国内外对商用车整体式车桥及耦合悬架进行了大量研究,建模方法主要分为两类,一类是基于总成结构的建模,另一类是基于总成特性的建模[4]。基于总成结构的模型通常是通过多体动力学软件对车桥和悬架进行建模:葛方舟[5]基于Adams建立了重型载货汽车的双前轴平衡悬架和车桥模型,Philipson等 [6]基于多体动力学原理建立了Modelon的串联悬架和车桥模型,Hasagasioglu等 [7]基于SuspensionSim软件建立了6×2重型车辆的串联悬架模型,靳建龙等[8]基于CATIA建立了平衡悬架模型并进行了K特性分析,Evers等[9]基于Matlab/Simulink中的多体工具箱Multibody建立了商用车车桥和悬架模型。基于总成特性的模型则通常是通过代数型方程求解车桥运动和悬架力,Abdelkareem等[10]建立了牵引车-半挂车的耦合刚度悬架模型,Kamiński [11]针对多种结构类型的平衡悬架和多联悬架分别建立了模型,Ha等 [12]建立了6×4牵引车的平衡悬架和3轴半挂车的三联悬架模型,Rill等[13]为VTT软件建立了商用车的悬架模型和车桥模型。
通过调研发现,基于总成结构的模型直观可视,但建模费事,求解费时,并且由于供应商的技术保密,整车厂商难以获悉详尽的结构参数,因此难以进行产品管控和优化。基于总成特性的模型,以TruckSim[14]和TruckMaker[15-16]为代表,只须考虑车桥及悬架的主要特性,实时性好、适用范围广,其总成特性本身也可以成为整车厂商管控和评判供应商的重要依据。然而,现有基于总成特性的模型,其俯仰运动多为通过Dive角(主销后倾反方向角)修正的稳态模型,少有考虑车桥的俯仰动态效应,难以模拟制动抖振的负面现象;现有的非独立悬架模型,其 C特性大多沿用乘用车独立悬架模型,不能准确模拟整体式车桥的车轮受力顺从变位(力作用下的弹性运动学特性);现有的耦合悬架模型,多为仅考虑承载力定比例分配的等效稳态模型,少有考虑由平衡装置带来的桥间承载动态耦合非线性特性,少有考虑桥间K&C特性的耦合关系,因此难以准确仿真。
本文为满足模型仿真的实时性,采用基于总成特性的建模方法,将车桥模型划分为Motion运动学模块和Ride动力学模块,将悬架模型划分为耦合承载特性模块、RC/PC导向特性(侧倾中心特性和纵倾中心特性)模块和耦合K&C运动学特性模块,建立了适用于整体式车桥及多种结构类型悬架(板簧式/空气弹簧式非独立悬架、板簧式/空气弹簧式平衡悬架、板簧式/空气弹簧式多联悬架)的悬架模型,并提供了配套的悬架K&C试验方案和模型参数辨识方法。最后,以K&C试验数据为基准,通过对比TruckSim模型仿真结果,系统层级上验证了本模型的精准性;将模型嵌入UniTruck整车模型并对某款商用车进行了仿真,通过与TruckSim仿真结果作对比,整车层级上验证了本模型的有效性。
车桥与车架二者在Motion运动平面(中间坐标系X-Y平面)方向上的刚度极大,在Ride运动方向(垂直于中间坐标系X-Y平面)的刚度较小[17],因此可以将车桥模型划分为Motion运动学模块和Ride动力学模块,如图1所示。Motion运动学模块表达的是车桥跟随整车Motion动力学的纵向、侧向、横摆运动;Ride动力学模块表达的是车桥自身的垂向、侧倾、俯仰运动。
悬架模型负责连接车桥体和车架体,由承载特性模块、RC/PC导向特性模块和K&C运动学特性模块构成,如图1所示。承载特性模块根据车桥体和车架体二者之间的相对位置,计算悬架的承载力,包括垂向力、侧倾力矩和俯仰力矩;RC/PC导向特性模块根据车桥传递给车架的Motion方向的力,计算车架受到的抗侧倾力矩、抗纵倾力矩和举升力,计算车桥受到的举升反作用力;K&C运动学特性模块根据车桥体相对于车架体的Ride相对位置,求解车桥相对于车架的空间六向位置,并求解车轮定位和运动。
值得注意的是,本文中车桥的概念,包括了车桥及与之Ride随动的所有部件,具体有车轴(axle)总成、轮轴(spindle)总成、车轮(wheel)总成,如图2所示。车轴包含了车轴及与之刚性连接的所有部件,由于主销(kingpin)固联在车轴上,因此车轴可确定主销定位;轮轴包含了与之刚性连接的所有部件,轮轴确定车轮定位,因为除车轮的旋转(spin)方向外,在其它方向上,轮毂(wheel rim)与轮轴视作同一刚体;对于非转向桥,轮轴和主销均固联在车轴上,对于转向桥,主销固联在车轴上,轮轴还须额外考虑绕主销的空间旋转。
本模型创新性地增加了车桥的俯仰动力学,取代了之前的Dive稳态修正,能够模拟在制动时由于车桥的动态俯仰运动而导致的整车制动抖振的品质问题。
车桥体模型如图3所示,其 Ride动力学方程如式(1)~式(3)所示。
w ˙ A = F A z   / m A + u A q A - v A p A
p ˙ A = M A x - I A z z - I A y y q A r A / I A x x
q ˙ A = M A y - I A x x - I A z z p A r A / I A y y
式中: w ˙ A p ˙ A q ˙ A分别代表车桥的垂向速度导数、侧倾角速度导数、俯仰角速度导数; u A v A p A q A r A分别代表车桥的纵向速度、侧向速度、侧倾角速度、俯仰角速度、横摆角速度; F A z M A x M A y分别代表车桥所受的垂向合力、侧倾合力矩、俯仰合力矩; m A I A分别代表车桥的质量和惯量。
u A v A r A的求解如式(4)~式(6)所示。
u A = u M + q M z A 2 M - r M y A 2 M
v A = v M + r M x A 2 M - p M z A 2 M
r A = r M
式中: u M v M p M q M r M分别代表车架的纵向速度、侧向速度、侧倾角速度、俯仰角速度、横摆角速度; x A 2 M y A 2 M z A 2 M分别代表车桥相对于车架的当前位置坐标,注意此处需要实时考虑车桥桥心的K&C变位修正。
值得一提的是,车桥所受的合外力,除了车轮系统和悬架系统提供的Ride方向的力之外,还应包含当前时刻车轮所受的实际制动力矩。当车轮制动抱死时,车轮与车桥同刚体,车轮的旋转惯量叠加至车桥的俯仰惯量,车桥的俯仰(pitch)运动即为车轮的旋转(spin)运动。
图3所示,非独立悬架模型的承载特性可简化为3个变刚度弹簧(和阻尼),分别是垂向弹簧 K F r t Z、侧倾弹簧 K F r t R o l l、俯仰弹簧 K F r t P i t c h,为了适配“考虑总成结构的柔性车架模型”,可将垂向弹簧 K F r t Z分为左垂向弹簧 K F L和右垂向弹簧 K F R
可以通过“平行轮跳”试验[18]中的“左轮轮心垂向力-左轮轮跳”曲线辨识得到左垂向弹簧刚度 K F L;通过“平行轮跳”试验中的“右轮轮心垂向力-右轮轮跳”曲线辨识得到右垂向弹簧刚度 K F R;通过“反向轮跳”试验中的“车桥侧倾力矩-车桥侧倾角度”曲线,并剔除掉由左垂向弹簧、右垂向弹簧产生的侧倾力矩,得到悬架连接杆系的侧倾弹簧刚度 K F r t R o l l;通过“纵向力”试验中的“主销后倾角或车轮侧视角-接地点纵向力”曲线,并将接地点的力等效为桥心的俯仰力矩,得到俯仰弹簧刚度 K F r t P i t c h
上述建模的假设是垂向、侧倾、俯仰相互解耦,然而实际中,车桥的俯仰运动对垂向力的影响较大,不能忽略[18]。TruckSim软件中由于缺少车桥俯仰自由度,因此可基于“纵向力”试验工况中的“轮心垂向力-接地点纵向力”曲线,辨识得到“Load transfer due to wheel torque”;本模型中,可基于“纵向力”试验工况中的“主销后倾角或车轮侧视角-轮心垂向力”曲线,辨识得到此项参数,记为 K F r t D i v e 2 F r t F z。至此,如图3所示的左前轮承载力 F F L可表达为
F F L = K F L z F L + K F r t D i v e 2 F r t F z θ F r t / 2
式中: z F L为左前轮的轮跳位移; θ F r t为前桥的俯仰角度。同理,可得右前轮承载力公式。
关于RC/PC导向特性,与乘用车类似,每1个车桥具有1个侧倾中心和1个纵倾中心,不同的是乘用车普遍为断开式车桥,即1个车轴具有2个车桥,因此乘用车的每个车轴具有2个RC和2个PC,商用车则一般是每1个整体式车桥具有1个RC和1个PC,如图4所示。可基于车桥通过悬架传递给车架的力,以及RC/PC的位置关系,求解车架所受的“抗侧倾力矩、抗俯仰力矩、举升力”和车桥所受的“举升反力”,具体过程可参考相关文献[17],本文不再赘述。
关于K&C运动学特性,与乘用车不同的是,乘用车车轮(即车桥)仅有1个垂向自由度,而整体式车桥须考虑垂向和侧倾2个自由度的影响,因此其K特性的精确求解需要查2-D表,如式(8)所示,式中, z A x l e T r v l代表车桥桥心的垂向跳动行程, ϕ A x l e代表车桥的侧倾角变化量。
左前 K 特性 = f z A x l e T r v l , ϕ A x l e
式(8)的方法虽然精准,然而却需要繁琐复杂的K&C试验,难以操作。经探索, z A x l e T r v l ϕ A x l e两个自变量相互之间耦合程度不大,如图5所示,因此可以忽略两自变量的耦合影响,采用叠加的方式近似求解K特性[14-16],如式(9)所示。
左前 K 特性 f z A x l e T r v l + f ϕ A x l e
图6所示,在根据K&C运动学特性求解车轮定位时,本模型采用了与TruckSim不同的方法。TruckSim在处理K特性时,首先修正桥心的K变位,然后通过运动学求解固联在车桥上的车轮定位;在处理C特性时,除纵向柔度和侧向柔度是修正整体式车桥的桥心外,TruckSim直接沿用乘用车的断开式车桥和独立悬架模型,通过每一个车轮的受力计算车轮的C变位。在处理K特性时,考虑到一方面K&C试验数据本身就可以直接得到车轮定位,另一方面也是为了提高精度减少误差,因此本模型直接通过K&C试验数据曲线查表获取车轮K特性;本模型在处理C特性时,首先通过车轮的受力求解车桥所受的合力,然后修正桥心的C变位( F x x/ y/ p s i F y x/ y/ p s i M z x/ y/ p s i),最后线性叠加并通过运动学求解固联在车桥上的车轮C变位。
平衡桥直接沿用2个独立的整体式车桥模型即可,本文重点对平衡悬架的耦合承载特性和耦合K&C运动学特性进行创新性建模,对RC/PC导向特性直接沿用非独立悬架模型。
平衡悬架承载特性模型如图7所示,与非独立悬架模型不同的是,平衡模型须考虑弹簧的桥间耦合关系:考虑 K M L K R L的耦合关系, K M R K R R的耦合关系, K M i d R o l l K R e a r R o l l的耦合关系, K M i d P i t c h K R e a r P i t c h的耦合关系,中桥俯仰对中桥、后桥垂向力的影响,后桥俯仰对中桥、后桥垂向力的影响。
图7中平衡悬架的左中轮为例,其承载力 F M L求解如式(10)所示。
F M L = K M L 2 M L z M L + K R L 2 M L z R L +
K M i d D i v e 2 M i d F z θ M i d / 2 +
K R e a r D i v e 2 M i d F z θ R e a r / 2
式中: K M L 2 M L为左中悬架对左中轮的承载刚度; K R L 2 M L为左后悬架对左中轮的承载刚度; z M L z R L分别代表左中轮轮跳和左后轮轮跳; K M i d D i v e 2 M i d F z为中桥俯仰对中桥的承载影响; K R e a r D i v e 2 M i d F z为后桥俯仰对中桥的承载影响; θ M i d θ R e a r分别代表中桥和后桥的俯仰角度。
式(10)为稳态模型,实际上桥间耦合具有动态效应。为了模拟桥间耦合的动态效应,可以考虑增加平衡装置自由度 (例如平衡梁“跷跷板”的俯仰动力学),然而这会带来严重的刚性方程问题。因此,本模型采用“2阶滞后”来近似模拟动态效应,如式(11)所示。
F M L = K M L 2 M L z M L + D l y R L 2 M L K R L 2 M L z R L +
K M L 2 R L z M L - D l y M L 2 R L K M L 2 R L z M L +
K M i d D i v e 2 M i d F z θ M i d / 2 +
K R e a r D i v e 2 M i d F z θ R e a r / 2
式中: D l y R L 2 M L为左后悬架对左中轮承载刚度的2阶滞后函数; D l y M L 2 R L为左中悬架对左后轮承载刚度的2阶滞后函数; K M L 2 R L为左中悬架对左后轮的承载刚度。
图7中的中桥为例,悬架提供的侧倾力矩 M M i d x和俯仰力矩 M M i d y式(12)式(13)所示。
M M i d x = K M i d R o l l 2 M i d R o l l ϕ M i d +
K R e a r R o l l 2 M i d R o l l ϕ R e a r +
F M R - F M L k M i d T M i d / 2
M M i d y = K M i d P i t c h 2 M i d P i t c h θ M i d +
K R e a r P i t c h 2 M i d P i t c h θ R e a r
式中: K M i d R o l l 2 M i d R o l l为中桥悬架杆系对中桥的侧倾刚度; K R e a r R o l l 2 M i d R o l l为后桥悬架杆系对中桥的侧倾刚度; ϕ M i d ϕ R e a r分别为中桥和后桥的侧倾角度; K M i d P i t c h 2 M i d P i t c h为中桥悬架杆系对中桥的俯仰刚度; K R e a r P i t c h 2 M i d P i t c h为后桥悬架杆系对中桥的俯仰刚度; k M i d为中桥悬架板簧的安装系数; T M i d为中桥的轮距。
对于平衡悬架的K特性而言,若按照式(8)的方法精确求解需要4-D特性表,如式(14)所示,显然不可取。因此本文拓展式(9)的思想,创新性地采用4个1-D表线性叠加来近似表达K特性,如式(15)所示。同理本文创新性地采用6个1-D表线性叠加来近似表达C特性,如式(16)所示。
车轮 K 特性 = f ( z M i d A x l e T r v l , ϕ M i d A x l e , z R e a r A x l e T r v l , ϕ R e a r A x l e )
车轮 K 特性 f z M i d A x l e T r v l + f ϕ M i d A x l e +
f z R e a r A x l e T r v l + f ϕ R e a r A x l e
车桥 C 特性 f F x M i d + f F y M i d + f M z M i d +
f F x R e a r + f F y R e a r + f M z R e a r
式中: z M i d A x l e T r v l z R e a r A x l e T r v l分别代表中桥和后桥的平行轮跳量; ϕ M i d A x l e ϕ R e a r A x l e分别代表中桥和后桥的侧倾量; F x M i d F y M i d M z M i d分别代表中桥所受的纵向力、侧向力、横摆力矩; F x R e a r F y R e a r M z R e a r分别代表后桥所受的纵向力、侧向力、横摆力矩。
当前国内外对平衡悬架K&C试验方法的研究较少[19],笔者提出了一种平衡悬架的K&C试验方案[20],如表1所示。表1中:“中桥同向轮跳工况”具体是指后桥垂向位置约束不动且其他方向随动,中桥实施平行轮跳;“中桥纵向力工况”是指后桥垂向位置约束不动且其他方向随动,中桥车轮接地点施加纵向力;其余工况同理。
通过表1的试验数据可以辨识出本平衡悬架承载特性模型需要的参数。可以通过“中桥同向轮跳”工况,获取“4个车轮轮心垂向力-中桥车轮轮跳”数据,得到左中悬架对左中车轮的承载刚度 K M L 2 M L、左中悬架对左后车轮的承载刚度 K M L 2 R L、右中悬架对右中车轮的承载刚度 K M R 2 M R、右中悬架对右后车轮的承载刚度 K M R 2 R R;同理可通过“后桥同向轮跳”工况,得到 K R L 2 M L K R L 2 R L K R R 2 M R K R R 2 R R;可以通过“中桥反向轮跳”工况,获取“4个车轮轮心垂向力-中桥反向轮跳”数据,并剔除掉垂向弹簧承载力的影响,得到中桥悬架对中桥的侧倾刚度 K M i d R o l l 2 M i d R o l l、中桥悬架对后桥的侧倾刚度 K M i d R o l l 2 R e a r R o l l;同理可以通过“后桥反向轮跳”工况,得到 K R e a r R o l l 2 M i d R o l l K R e a r R o l l 2 R e a r R o l l;可以通过“中桥纵向力”工况,获取“4个车轮Caster/Dive角度-中桥车轮纵向力”数据,得到中桥悬架对中桥的俯仰刚度 K M i d P i t c h 2 M i d P i t c h、中桥悬架对后桥的俯仰刚度 K M i d P i t c h 2 R e a r P i t c h;同理可以通过“后桥纵向力”工况得到 K R e a r P i t c h 2 M i d P i t c h K R e a r P i t c h 2 R e a r P i t c h;可以通过“中桥纵向力”工况,获取“4个车轮轮心垂向力-中桥车轮Caster/Dive角度”数据,得到中桥俯仰对中桥承载力的影响 K M i d D i v e 2 M i d F z、中桥俯仰对后桥承载力的影响 K M i d D i v e 2 R e a r F z;同理可以通过“后桥纵向力”工况,得到 K R e a r D i v e 2 M i d F z K R e a r D i v e 2 R e a r F z
通过表1的试验结果还可以辨识出本模型K运动学特性需要的参数,以左中轮K特性中的X变位为例进行说明:通过“中桥同向轮跳”工况获取“左中轮纵向X变位”、通过“中桥反向轮跳”工况获取“左中轮纵向X变位”、通过“后桥同向轮跳”工况获取“左中轮纵向X变位”、通过“后桥反向轮跳”工况获取“左中轮纵向X变位”,最后将上述4个“左中轮纵向X变位”按照式(15)的思想进行线性叠加,即可得到当前左中轮的K特性纵向X变位。
通过表1的试验结果还可以辨识出本模型C运动学特性需要的参数。以左中轮C特性中的Y变位为例进行说明:通过“中桥纵向力”工况获取“中桥侧向Y变位”、通过“后桥纵向力”工况获取“中桥侧向Y变位”、通过“中桥侧向力”工况获取“中桥侧向Y变位”、通过“后桥侧向力”工况获取“中桥侧向Y变位”、通过“中桥回正力矩”工况获取“中桥侧向Y变位”、通过“后桥回正力矩”工况获取“中桥侧向Y变位”,最后将上述6个“中桥侧向Y变位”按照式(16)的思想进行线性叠加,即可得到当前中桥的侧向Y变位,再通过运动学求解,即可得到固联在车桥上的车轮的C特性侧向Y变位。
多联悬架常见于半挂车的三联桥(如图8所示),以及军用导弹车的N联桥等。可将平衡悬架的建模思想进行拓展类推即可得到适用于多联悬架的模型。
多联悬架承载特性模型如式(17)所示,多联悬架K运动学特性模型如式(18)所示,多联悬架C运动学特性模型如式(19)所示。
式(17)中: F N L N号桥左轮所受的承载力; K 1 L t o N L为1号桥左侧悬架对 N号桥左侧车轮的承载刚度; z N L N号桥左侧悬架变形; K 1 D i v e t o N F z为1号桥俯仰变形对 N号桥垂向力的影响; θ N L N号桥的俯仰变形。如须考虑承载动态耦合关系,则按式(11)思想进行推导即可,本文不再赘述。式(18)中, f n A t o i n号桥( A代表 A x l e)的运动对 i号车轮的K特性修正。式(19)中, g n A t o m n号桥的受力对 m号车桥桥心的C特性修正。
F 1 L F 2 L · · · F N L = K 1 L t o 1 L K 2 L t o 1 L · · · K N L t o 1 L K 1 L t o 2 L K 2 L t o 2 L · · · K N L t o 2 L · · · · · · · · · · · · K 1 L t o N L K 2 L t o N L · · · K N L t o N L z 1 L z 2 L · · · z N L +
K 1 D i v e t o 1 F z K 2 D i v e t o 1 F z · · · K N D i v e t o 1 F z K 1 D i v e t o 2 F z K 2 D i v e t o 2 F z · · · K N D i v e t o 2 F z · · · · · · · · · · · · K 1 D i v e t o N F z K 2 D i v e t o N F z · · · K N D i v e t o N F z θ 1 L θ 2 L · · · θ N L / 2
K i 车轮 = n = 1 N f n A t o i n 桥平 行轮 + n = 1 N f n A t o i n 桥反 向轮
C m 车桥 = n = 1 N g n A t o m n 桥纵 向力 + n = 1 N g n A t o m n 桥侧 向力 + n = 1 N g n A t o m n 桥回 正力
参考表1可以得出如表2所示的多联悬架K&C试验方案。表2中:“1桥同向轮跳”具体是指其他车桥垂向位置约束不动且其他方向随动,1号桥实施平行轮跳;“N桥纵向力”是指其他车桥垂向位置约束不动且其他方向随动,N号车轮接地点施加纵向力;其余工况同理。
通过表2的试验结果可以辨识出多联悬架的承载特性模型、K&C运动学特性模型所需要的参数,进行同理推导即可[20],本文不再赘述。
本文以“孔辉汽车科技公司”的某牵引车前桥“实车K&C试验报告”的数据为基准,通过与TruckSim模型作对比,验证本模型中K特性的精准性;以“Adams示例模型 ”整体式车桥的“虚拟K&C试验报告”的数据为基准,通过与TruckSim模型作对比,验证本模型中C特性的正确性。
图9表明,本模型的K特性求解省略了图6中“TruckSim等效至桥心”的数据拟合步骤,直接基于试验数据描述车轮的K特性,更为精准。图10表明,本模型的C特性求解考虑了整体式车桥的独有特点,将悬架的C特性用于修正车桥桥心,然后求解固联在车桥上的车轮的C特性,因此相较于“TruckSim部分沿用乘用车的断开式车桥和独立悬架模型”,更为正确。
由于当前国内缺少“平衡悬架”和“多联悬架”的K&C试验台,因此本文基于Adams软件搭建“平衡悬架模型”和“虚拟K&C试验台”、“三联悬架模型”和“虚拟K&C试验台”,如图11图12所示。本文以“基于Adams的虚拟K&C试验”数据为基准,通过对比TruckSim模型,在系统层级上验证本模型的准确性。
图13表明,相较于TruckSim的定比例分配模型,本悬架承载模型能够更准确地反映耦合悬架的桥间耦合非线性关系。图14表明,相较于TruckSim的稳态模型,本悬架承载模型可以更好地反映桥间耦合承载力的动态效应。
图15图16可以看出,本模型可以更高精度地仿真耦合悬架的K&C运动学特性,也侧面验证了本建模思路(通过多个1-D特性表线性叠加来近似代替N-D特性表)的可靠性。
搭建157DOF牵引车-半挂车整车模型[1721-22],将本模型嵌入,并完成GUI图形用户界面的开发,形成商用车仿真软件UniTruck 2024[23],如图17所示。将某款拖挂车的车辆参数分别填入TruckSim软件和UniTruck软件,通过仿真车辆动态品质中制动抖振的负面现象,整车层级上验证本模型的有效性和创新性。
利用UniTruck 2024软件对某款拖挂车进行2 s时刻紧急制动工况的仿真[24],仿真结果如图18图19所示,可以看出,考虑车桥俯仰动态特性的UniTruck可以很好地仿真出商用车制动抖振的负面现象,能够激发出9.6 Hz左右的簧下部件共振频率。图20表明,通过优化相关参数设置,可以有效降低或避免车辆在制动时产生的抖振负面现象,证明了UniTruck模型能够成为商用车产品高品质开发的重要仿真工具。
为了实时准确仿真商用车的车桥和悬架,本文建立了基于总成特性的整体式车桥和耦合悬架模型,对车桥建立了Motion运动学模型和Ride动力学模型,对悬架建立了耦合承载特性模型、RC/PC导向特性模型、耦合K&C运动学特性模型,并提供了一种针对耦合悬架的K&C试验方案和模型参数辨识方法,之后通过与Adams模型和TruckSim模型作对比,验证了本模型的准确性和有效性。验证结果表明,与TruckSim模型相比,本车桥模型可以激发出车辆制动抖振的负面现象,本悬架模型可以更为精准地表达耦合悬架的耦合承载非线性动态特性和耦合K&C运动学特性。
本次车桥建模的创新点是新增了车桥的俯仰自由度,通过对C特性的反用,将C特性中的纵倾柔度(compliance)转化为了纵倾刚度(stiffness),把Dive角的附加变形修正稳态模型转化为了俯仰自由度动态模型,可以突出反映当车轮制动到零时的抖振现象。本次悬架建模的创新点是建立了桥间耦合悬架模型,创新性地通过N个1-D特性表线性叠加来近似代替N联桥的N-D特性表,可以更为便捷快速地模拟耦合悬架的动态承载非线性特性和K&C运动学特性,并提供了一套可行的针对耦合悬架的K&C试验方案和模型参数辨识方法。
  • *吉林省自然科学基金-国家重点实验室(学科类)重大专项(SKL202302014)
  • 吉林省长春市重大科技专项(20230301006ZD)
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.001
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
  • 修回日期:2024-08-10
基金
*吉林省自然科学基金-国家重点实验室(学科类)重大专项(SKL202302014)
吉林省长春市重大科技专项(20230301006ZD)
作者信息
    1. 吉林大学,汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130022
    2. 中国重型汽车集团有限公司,济南 250000

通讯作者:

段春光,工程师,博士,E-mail:
黄伟,高级工程师,博士,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcygc/CN/10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.10.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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