Article(id=1157001867667530236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001741804855503, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707235200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-07, revisedDate=1713456000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753780341307, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753780341307, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753780341307, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780341307, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1157001741804855503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1537', pageEnd='1722', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753780311297, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756792455058, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1169635588480184833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001741804855503, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1169635588480184834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1157001741804855503, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1707, endPage=1714, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157001869701767679, articleId=1157001867667530236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Life Cycle Climate Performance Analysis of Air Conditioning System in Electric Vehicle Charged with Mixed Refrigerant, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Air conditioning system as a key subsystem of environmental regulation within the entire vehicle system, the carbon emission of air conditioning system throughout its entire lifecycle is crucial for meeting the environmental protection and emission requirement of electric vehicle. Combining the life cycle climate performance (LCCP) model of electric vehicle air conditioning system with relevant data, the LCCP values in different provinces of China are analyzed in this paper. Besides, the LCCP values under two different heating schemes and different carbon intensities of electricity are compared. The results show that low-GWP mixed refrigerant RE170/R134a (RE170 to R134a mass fraction ratio 90∶10) can lead to a decrease in LCCP values for electric vehicle air conditioning system by 11.2% to 28.1% in China. Replacing the PTC heater with the heat pump results in a decrease in LCCP values by 0 to 33.1%. In addition, considering the future changes in China's carbon intensity of electricity and the proliferation of electric vehicles, it is anticipated that the LCCP values for an individual vehicle by 2035 will decrease by 31.7% to 39.3%, while the gross electric vehicle LCCP values in China will increase significantly.

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空调作为整车系统中环境调控的关键子系统,其全生命周期的碳排放对于电动汽车的环保和排放要求至关重要。本文结合汽车空调系统全生命周期气候性能LCCP模型及相关数据,对全国各省份电动汽车空调系统的LCCP情况进行分析,同时对两种不同制热方案以及不同电力碳强度下的LCCP进行了比较分析。结果表明,RE170/R134a低GWP混合工质(二甲醚与R134a质量分数比90∶10)替换后电动汽车空调LCCP值降低了11.2%~28.1%,而采用热泵替换PTC电加热器后电动汽车空调LCCP值降低了0~33.1%,此外,随着未来我国电力碳强度与电动汽车保有量的变化,至2035年单辆车的LCCP值将会下降31.7%~39.3%,而全国整体电动汽车LCCP值将大幅上升。

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周峰,校聘教授,工学博士,E-mail:
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制冷剂 GWP E F T ref
R134a 141 0 9 4 0.558 3
RE170/R134a 141 1.17 69.7 0.558 3
), ArticleFig(id=1157001982201389336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001867667530236, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

工质生产及运输参数汇总 (kgCO2-eq/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制冷剂 GWP E F T ref
R134a 141 0 9 4 0.558 3
RE170/R134a 141 1.17 69.7 0.558 3
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制冷剂 工况 制冷量/kW COP/(kW·kW-1 m/kg
R134a 低温 6.644 2 2.643 1.07
额定 7.167 3 2.294
最大 7.859 8 2.259
RE170/R134a 低温 6.639 5 2.847 0.61
额定 6.976 0 2.471
最大 7.655 9 2.433
), ArticleFig(id=1157001982323024156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, articleId=1157001867667530236, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

空调系统运行参数汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制冷剂 工况 制冷量/kW COP/(kW·kW-1 m/kg
R134a 低温 6.644 2 2.643 1.07
额定 7.167 3 2.294
最大 7.859 8 2.259
RE170/R134a 低温 6.639 5 2.847 0.61
额定 6.976 0 2.471
最大 7.655 9 2.433
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温度区间/ ℃ 模式 ti
~-7 最大制热 1
-7~2 额定制热 1
2~7 高温制热 1
7~17.7 不运行 0
17.7~27 低温制冷 1
27~35 额定制冷 1
35~ 最大制冷 1
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电动汽车空调系统全年运行模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度区间/ ℃ 模式 ti
~-7 最大制热 1
-7~2 额定制热 1
2~7 高温制热 1
7~17.7 不运行 0
17.7~27 低温制冷 1
27~35 额定制冷 1
35~ 最大制冷 1
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混合工质电动汽车空调全生命周期气候性能分析
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周峰 1, 2 , 田旭文 1, 2 , 李红旗 1, 2
汽车工程 | 2024,46(9): 1707-1714
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汽车工程 | 2024, 46(9): 1707-1714
混合工质电动汽车空调全生命周期气候性能分析
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周峰1, 2 , 田旭文1, 2, 李红旗1, 2
作者信息
  • 1. 北京工业大学制冷与低温工程系,北京 100124
  • 2. 传热强化与过程节能教育部重点实验室,北京 100124

通讯作者:

周峰,校聘教授,工学博士,E-mail:
Life Cycle Climate Performance Analysis of Air Conditioning System in Electric Vehicle Charged with Mixed Refrigerant
Feng Zhou1, 2 , Xuwen Tian1, 2, Hongqi Li1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Refrigeration and Cryogenics Engineering,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100124
  • 2. The Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation,Ministry of Education of China,Beijing 100124
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.018
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空调作为整车系统中环境调控的关键子系统,其全生命周期的碳排放对于电动汽车的环保和排放要求至关重要。本文结合汽车空调系统全生命周期气候性能LCCP模型及相关数据,对全国各省份电动汽车空调系统的LCCP情况进行分析,同时对两种不同制热方案以及不同电力碳强度下的LCCP进行了比较分析。结果表明,RE170/R134a低GWP混合工质(二甲醚与R134a质量分数比90∶10)替换后电动汽车空调LCCP值降低了11.2%~28.1%,而采用热泵替换PTC电加热器后电动汽车空调LCCP值降低了0~33.1%,此外,随着未来我国电力碳强度与电动汽车保有量的变化,至2035年单辆车的LCCP值将会下降31.7%~39.3%,而全国整体电动汽车LCCP值将大幅上升。

低GWP混合工质  /  全生命周期气候性能  /  空调系统  /  电动汽车

Air conditioning system as a key subsystem of environmental regulation within the entire vehicle system, the carbon emission of air conditioning system throughout its entire lifecycle is crucial for meeting the environmental protection and emission requirement of electric vehicle. Combining the life cycle climate performance (LCCP) model of electric vehicle air conditioning system with relevant data, the LCCP values in different provinces of China are analyzed in this paper. Besides, the LCCP values under two different heating schemes and different carbon intensities of electricity are compared. The results show that low-GWP mixed refrigerant RE170/R134a (RE170 to R134a mass fraction ratio 90∶10) can lead to a decrease in LCCP values for electric vehicle air conditioning system by 11.2% to 28.1% in China. Replacing the PTC heater with the heat pump results in a decrease in LCCP values by 0 to 33.1%. In addition, considering the future changes in China's carbon intensity of electricity and the proliferation of electric vehicles, it is anticipated that the LCCP values for an individual vehicle by 2035 will decrease by 31.7% to 39.3%, while the gross electric vehicle LCCP values in China will increase significantly.

low-GWP mixed refrigerant  /  life cycle climate performance  /  air conditioning system  /  electric vehicle
周峰, 田旭文, 李红旗. 混合工质电动汽车空调全生命周期气候性能分析. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (9) : 1707 -1714 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.018
Feng Zhou, Xuwen Tian, Hongqi Li. Life Cycle Climate Performance Analysis of Air Conditioning System in Electric Vehicle Charged with Mixed Refrigerant[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (9) : 1707 -1714 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.018
面对日益严重的全球温室效应,联合国等国际组织相继制定相关国际条约以着力解决这一问题。随着HCFCs的逐渐淘汰,1987年所制定的《蒙特利尔议定书》受控物质管控重点正在转向HFCs的削减1。按照2016年10月国际社会达成的《基加利修正案》,美日欧等主要发达国家和地区在2019年实现按CO2当量计算基线水平削减10%。此外欧盟已出台相应的法规,限制汽车空调制冷剂全球变暖潜能值(global warming potential,GWP)不高于1502。2021年9月15日,我国正式加入《基加利修正案》,计划于2024年将HFCs的生产和消费冻结在基线水平,并于2029年开始HFCs的削减,至2045年削减80%3
在我国,能源、工业、建筑和交通运输是4大重点碳排放行业,其中交通运输领域的碳排放量约占我国碳排放总量的10%4。近年来,随着我国新能源汽车扶持政策的相继出台,我国新能源汽车市场份额不断提升,据中国汽车工业协会与公安部数据,2023年我国汽车保有量为3.36亿辆,其中纯电动汽车保有量达1 552万辆5。当下我国大部分电动汽车空调所采用的模式为“空调制冷+PTC电加热器制热”模式,空调能耗占全车总能耗最高可达60%6,同时R134a制冷剂的GWP高达1 410,其所带来的能耗及制冷剂泄漏等导致的当量CO2排放也值得关注。在电动汽车领域,汽车空调既影响汽车续航,同时也影响整车温室气体排放。
对于制冷空调设备的环境效益,美国国家环保局等发表了《HFCs负责任地使用原则》的声明,认定美国Arthur D Little公司提出的全生命周期气候性能(life cycle climate performance,LCCP)可以实现正确评价7。而目前有大量的研究将LCCP模型应用于燃油车来评价其汽车空调全生命周期气候性能影响8-9。在重点发展电动汽车以及重点关注制冷剂环保替代的新形势下,采用全生命周期模型LCCP对电动汽车低GWP制冷剂空调系统的全生命周期气候性能进行评估,对汽车领域未来碳排放相关政策的制定,交通领域“双碳”目标的实现有着重大意义。
通过研究低GWP工质替代对电动汽车空调全周期气候性能的影响,可更为准确全面地反映和评估制冷剂替代后的减排收益。张子琦等10对国内4个典型气候城市纯电动汽车空调全生命周期气候性能进行评估,得到纯电动汽车R134a空调系统全生命周期当量CO2排放情况,但未考虑空调系统冬季制热的CO2排放情况。Yang等11为评估电动汽车热管理系统的生命周期气候性能,开发了一种GREEN-EVTM-LCCP模型,对汽车报废年限的能耗计算进行标准化分析,基于Amesim仿真平台以制冷剂喷射热泵系统为基础计算LCCP值,发现城市气候对于电动汽车热管理系统温室气体排放影响最大。Mei等12基于带闪蒸器的喷气增焓热泵循环开发了一种用于电动汽车的热泵循环(Kangaroo heat pump cycle)并评估了其加热能力、年能耗以及生命周期气候性能,结果表明其系统在极寒条件下可以提供更多的加热能力,但须消耗更多的能量,同时对比一般的带闪蒸器的喷气增焓热泵系统LCCP值更高。Yuan等13对汽车空调系统使用的R134a制冷进行替换,得到采用R152a与R1234yf替代后的温室气体排放量减少情况,并计算了在不同情境下2015年至2050年我国整体轻型商用车空调系统温室气体排放总量。Yu等14基于过往实验数据,对以R1234yf、CO2、R290、R41、M2、R134a及R410A在我国不同省份的电动汽车空调LCCP进行比较,并基于电动汽车采用率及电力碳强度计算从2020年至2060年电动汽车的碳排放量。
上述关于电动汽车空调系统全生命周期气候性能的研究主要集中在单一制冷系统或单一热泵系统,对准确实时的全年制冷/制热及其不同方案还缺乏详细的比较;对于基于电动汽车用户出行特性方面以及各城市气候特征的差异性讨论还较为简单,对其使用行为规律和特点还须进一步挖掘;在环保工质替代方面,虽然研究了新的完全替代工质带来的影响,但该领域的替代工质行业方案还未形成一致意见,同时,完全替代大多须重新设计系统及其组件和油品等,现阶段要实现制冷剂一步到位、完全替代,在相应的零部件和整机系统方面还存在较大实施困难。因此,目前同时兼顾降低GWP和替代可实施性的混合低GWP工质成为了当前新的可行的技术路径和选择。为此,本文在参考相关文献研究结果的基础上15,选择二甲醚(RE170)与R134a混合工质(质量分数比90∶10,以下简称RE170/R134a混合工质或混合工质),一种GWP为141,物性参数与R134a相近的可能实现对现有R134a电动汽车空调系统进行直接式替代的低GWP制冷剂。基于相关实验数据,结合2022年最新全国各省份逐时气候参数及近年电动汽车用户逐时出行特征等数据,并考虑电动汽车充电效率以及工业化生产制冷剂排放等因素,通过LCCP模型对充注该类混合工质的电动汽车空调系统的全年逐时全生命周期气候性能进行评估,并对不同制热方案及未来电力碳强度变化进行分析。为深入研究电动汽车空调系统排放及未来减排趋势,特别是过渡时期在原系统中直接替代工质及改进方案的研究提供参考。
电动汽车空调全周期的当量二氧化碳排放主要分为直接排放与间接排放两部分,其中直接排放指因制冷剂泄漏而直接进入大气造成的,间接排放包括整个空调系统及制冷剂生产、运输、回收、报废以及空调系统运行阶段的能耗8。本文在计算LCCP时采用如下模型:
L C C P =   D E   +   I E   +   G W P d i r
式中:LCCP为汽车空调全周期气候性能,kgCO2-eq;DE为制冷剂泄漏产生的直接排放当量CO2,kgCO2-eq;IE为系统运行期间产生的间接排放当量CO2,kgCO2-eq;GWP dir为制冷剂分解产物以及制冷剂在生产和运输过程中因泄漏而产生的温室效应,kgCO2-eq。
D E   =   G W P   ×   m   ×   L a   ×   n   +   G W P   ×   m   ×   ( 1   -   α )
式中:GWP为制冷剂全球增温潜势,kgCO2-eq/kg;m为系统中制冷剂的充注量,kg;La为制冷剂年泄漏率,均取20 g/年;n为系统运行寿命,均取10年;α为制冷剂回收率,均取15%。
I E   =   n   ×   E a   ×   β  
式中:Ea为系统设备年能耗,kW·h/年;β为单位能耗造成的CO2排放,kg/(kW·h)。
E a    =   m o d t c i t y , m o d   ×   P m o d
式中:t city,mod为各省份电动汽车年空调各模式运行时间,h; P m o d为不同模式下空调运行功率,kW。
t c i t y , m o d   = j = 1 12 i = 0 23 t w d , i   ×   R w d , i   × t i i × D w d , j + t w e , i ×
                 R w e , i   × t i i     ×   D w e , j
式中: t wd为工作日电动汽车日行驶时长,h;R wd为工作日逐时出行比例;ti为是否开空调判定;D wd为每月工作日天数;t we为休息日电动汽车日行驶时长,h;R we为休息日逐时出行比例;D we为每月休息日天数。
G W P d i r   =   m t o t a l - r e f   ×   ( E   +   F   +   T r e f )
式中:m total-ref为累计制冷剂泄漏后的制冷剂总充注量,kg;E为生产单位质量制冷剂消耗的能量对应的CO2排放量,kgCO2-eq/kg;F为生产单位质量制冷剂排放的副产品对应的CO2排放量,kgCO2-eq/kg;T ref为单位质量制冷剂运输过程中产生的当量CO2排放量,kgCO2-eq/kg。
RE170/R134a混合工质所掺混的二甲醚生产通过工业生产常用的甲醇制二甲醚方案,其相关生产参数基于某公开的《甲醇制二甲醚技术方案》所提供的各项生产、消耗及排放参数计算得到。冬季制热采用PTC供热,制热量参考电动汽车冬季热负荷,PTC电加热器效率设定为0.9516。电力数据采用《中国电力行业年度发展报告2023》所采集的全国单位发电量二氧化碳排放量0.541 kgCO2-eq/kW·h。此外,考虑电动汽车电池通常采用充电机将电网220 V交流电压转变为电池所需直流电压,因而在其整流过程中各元器件产生热量将降低电动汽车充电效率,本文设定固定电动汽车充电效率,以反映实际的耗电量17
此外,文中收益率计算均为替换制冷剂或系统后所带来的LCCP下降的收益,如式(7)所示:
E R   =   L C C P B - L C C P A L C C P B   ×   100 %
式中:ER为收益率;LCCP B为替换制冷剂或系统前的LCCP值;LCCP A为替换制冷剂或系统后的LCCP值。
将R134a与RE170/R134a混合工质相关参数代入模型计算,计算式中部分工质生产和运输参数采用工业生产数据7,其中工质相关参数如表1所示。
空调系统运行参数部分采用相关文献实验数据15,其运行参数如表2所示,其中低温工况为室外温度在17.7~27 ℃区间,额定工况为室外温度在27~35 ℃区间,最大工况为室外温度在35 ℃以上区间。制冷剂年泄漏率采用团体标准T/CAS 599—2022《汽车空调制冷剂(HFC-134a)泄漏测试方法及限值》18中建议的单蒸发器汽车空调制冷剂年泄漏限值。
电动汽车出行特征采用《中国新能源汽车产业发展报告》中上海市纯电动汽车用户出行特征,车辆出行时刻分布如图1所示。关于空调系统制冷/制热工作时段,综合考虑美国汽车工程师协会推出的相关标准SAE-J2765与有关文献19,设定17.7 ℃以上汽车开启空调制冷,7 ℃以下开启空调制热。其具体运行模式如表3所示。气候数据采用欧洲中期天气预报中心所采集的我国2022年33个省份(未包含澳门特别行政区)的每月平均逐时温度。
图1可知,电动汽车用户在工作日呈现明显的早晚高峰特征,其中早高峰出现在工作日的7—9点,其中7点出行比例最高,为9.4%。而晚高峰出现在17—19点,其中17点出行比例最高,为8.8%。而休息日高峰特征不明显,取而代之的是8点至18点的长时段高出行比例。经相关研究,部分与上海所在时区不同的省份因工作生活习惯不同而导致当地电动汽车用户出行特征与上海市纯电动汽车用户出行特征存在差异,因此考虑到一般差异性,为提高结果精度,本文在上海的基础上,对于如新疆维吾尔自治区等不同省市的出行特征时间进行相应修正,以在一定程度上准确反映当地实际电动汽车出行特征。
综合考虑电动汽车出行时间分布以及表3中的空调全年不同运行模式设定,通过模式转换温度、出行时刻分布与全国各省份逐时温度的匹配,结合式(5)确定不同时间和温度节点下各省份电动汽车空调不同模式年运行时间,如图2所示。由图2可以看出,电动汽车的空调运行时间有着较强的地域差异性,其与当地所处气候区以及纬度有着较强的关联性,其中典型的高山高原气候省份青海省和西藏自治区全年均只有空调制热运行时间,无制冷运行时间,总和制热时间分别为476.8和553.4 h。而典型的亚热带及热带季风气候省份广东省、台湾省、海南省以及香港特别行政区等均只有空调制冷运行时间,无制热运行时间,总和制冷时间为433.1至597.3 h不等,其中海南省总和制冷时间最长。而处在温带季风气候则空调制冷运行时间与制热运行时间相当,随着纬度的增加,全年制冷运行时间减少,制热运行时间增加。处在温带大陆性气候的省份则普遍体现出空调制热运行时间大于制冷运行时间的特征。
由于各省份气候条件不同所导致空调实际运行特性存在差异,因而各省份电动汽车空调全年全生命周期LCCP值也不相同。通过式(1)可得到各省份电动汽车空调LCCP值,如图3所示,通过式(7)可得到相较于原来的R134a制冷剂,替换为RE170/R134a后所带来的LCCP减少率,即收益率。
图3可知,工质为R134a时,电动汽车空调LCCP范围为6 000~12 695 kgCO2-eq;而当工质替换为RE170/R134a时,LCCP范围为4 317~11 271 kg CO2-eq,替换制冷剂后LCCP降低了11.2%~28.1%,由此可见采用低GWP工质将有效降低电动汽车空调LCCP值。其中LCCP值最高的两个省份为西藏自治区和青海省,两省年平均气温均在0 ℃以下,与图2结果相对应,这两个省份2022年全年仅有空调制热时间,制冷时间为0,因此空调运行能耗造成的当量二氧化碳排放均为PTC电加热器制热造成。而LCCP值最低的省份为云南省,其也为年总空调运行时间最低的省份。
图4为以上海为例的电动汽车空调LCCP值各部分组成,其中可以看出两种制冷剂下电动汽车空调LCCP值的最大组成部分均为运行阶段耗能产生的当量二氧化碳排放,其中当制冷剂为R134a时空调运行阶段耗能产生的当量二氧化碳排放占LCCP值的78.7%,而当制冷剂为RE170/R134a时,空调运行阶段耗能产生的当量二氧化碳排放占LCCP值的97.2%。对于制冷剂生产和运输过程,RE170/R134a由于其中较大组分的二甲醚在生产过程中当量二氧化碳排放高于R134a,因此采用RE170/R134a的汽车空调在该方面的当量二氧化碳高于R134a,是其3.4倍;而对于因制冷剂在空调系统中泄漏所导致的直接排放,由于RE170/R134a混合制冷剂中占较大组分的二甲醚的GWP值为0,因此采用R134a制冷剂的电动汽车空调直接排放当量二氧化碳远高于RE170/R134a,是其15.5倍。
由于电动汽车动力系统发热量小于燃油车,即使采用废热回收系统也无法独立满足冬季制热需求20,而国内电动汽车制热通常采取PTC电加热系统,前文分析全生命周期LCCP时,冬季制热方案即采用PTC加热,该系统效率小于1,效率较低,若采用更高效的热泵系统,并在热泵供热能力不足时采用PTC电加热器补充制热,则可满足电动汽车空调制热需求21,在提高空调热泵系统制热效率的同时,有效降低系统运行的能耗,进而降低电动汽车空调LCCP值。为此,本文对不同冬季制热方案对LCCP的影响进行了专门比较分析。
图5所示,由式(7)得到相较于R134a制冷+PTC制热模式,采用R134a热泵+PTC额外供热模式所带来的LCCP收益率。通过对比两种制热方式,计算得到替换R134a与PTC组合热泵的LCCP值为5 336~11 012 kgCO2-eq,收益率为0~33.1%。其中广东省、海南省、台湾省及香港特别行政区由于年最低气温高于设定开启制热温度值,因而全年未开启制热功能,故LCCP值无变化,收益率为0;而青海省及西藏自治区等开启制热模式时间较长的省份LCCP值分别下降了3 611 kgCO2-eq及4 201 kgCO2-eq,收益率达到32.51%和33.1%。此外,除全年未开启制热模式的4个地区以及广西壮族自治区和福建省年制热模式开启时间较短的两省外,其他大部分省份采用R134a热泵+PTC额外供热模式均带来了超过5%的收益率,LCCP值减少超过367 kgCO2-eq。
由于电动汽车空调系统耗电所造成的当量二氧化碳排放量占总LCCP比重最高,因此每生产1 kW·h电所造成的二氧化碳排放,即电力碳强度对于电动汽车空调LCCP值有着较大的影响。通过对比4种电力碳强度情境下上海市电动汽车空调LCCP值,可以了解在未来随着清洁能源与更高效发电技术发展,我国电力碳强度下降的情况下,电动汽车空调LCCP值的变化,为交通领域实现“双碳”目标提供参考。
图6所示,2020年电力碳强度来自生态环保部发布数据,2025年至2035年电力碳强度数据取自《中国区域电网二氧化碳排放因子研究(2023)》结合新能源政策发展预测上海中长期可再生能源发展情景下2025年、2030年及2035年电力碳强度中位数。2020年全国电动汽车保有量数据来自公安部发布数据,2025年至2035年全国电动汽车保有量数据来自相关文献预测中国纯电动汽车保有量22。其中为简化模型,不考虑全国整体电动汽车所处不同阶段的情况,同时不考虑汽车不同阶段对于汽车性能衰减和车况等问题带来的影响。由图6可知,尽管随着技术发展带来的电力碳强度的下降,上海市每辆电动汽车空调LCCP值逐年降低,相较于2020年的8.21 t当量二氧化碳,降低了31.7%~39.3%,但随着我国新能源汽车产业的大力推广,2035年预计全国电动汽车保有量将从2020年的400万辆增长到1 950万辆,而全国整体电动汽车空调总LCCP(以上海每辆车LCCP值为基准)将从2020年的32.86 Mt CO2-eq大幅增长到2035年的97.16 MtCO2-eq,其中除2025年有所下降之外,2030年与2035年相较于2020年提升了52.75%~195.71%。
本文通过结合现有实验数据以及工业生产等相关资料,对比评估了R134a与低GWP制冷剂RE170/R134a混合工质的全国各省份电动汽车空调全年逐时全生命周期气候性能,同时分析计算了采用不同制热方案以及未来电力碳强度变化对电动汽车空调全周期气候性能的影响,得到如下结论。
(1)通过采用低GWP的制冷剂来替代常规R134a制冷剂,可以显著降低电动汽车空调全周期气候性能LCCP值,有效减少当量二氧化碳排放。将R134a替换为RE170/R134a的收益约为11.2%~28.1%。
(2)对于部分省份冬季汽车空调制热运行能耗造成的当量二氧化碳排放极高的情况,采用高效热泵替代当下采用的PTC电加热技术可以有效降低电动汽车空调LCCP值,其收益率为0~33.1%,进一步地,可以提升电动车在冬季的续航里程。而由于热泵系统在超低温环境下制热效率衰减等问题,因而对于最低温度较低且室外温度处于超低温时间较长的省份,则须考虑热泵系统超低温制热问题。
(3)电力碳强度对电动汽车空调LCCP值影响较大,因而随着技术发展所带来的电力碳强度下降,每辆电动汽车空调LCCP值会逐渐降低,预测2025年至2035年每辆电动汽车空调LCCP值将降低31.7%~39.3%;但随着未来电动汽车的更大范围普及,保有量的大幅提升,全国整体电动汽车空调的总当量二氧化碳排放将大幅增长。
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2024年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.09.018
  • 接收时间:2024-02-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-07
  • 修回日期:2024-04-19
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    1. 北京工业大学制冷与低温工程系,北京 100124
    2. 传热强化与过程节能教育部重点实验室,北京 100124

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周峰,校聘教授,工学博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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