Article(id=1153780545793282233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1685635200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-02, revisedDate=1687708800000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753012318323, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1706112000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753012318323, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753012318323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753012318323, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153780537878634558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, year='2024', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753012316436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753067606853, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1154012442750345937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, issueId=1153780537878634558, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=92, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153780546267238586, articleId=1153780545793282233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=EN, title=Adaptive Optimal Fault Tolerant Vibration Control of Semi-active Suspension with Self-powered Characteristics, columnId=1149809889280750125, journalTitle=Automotive Engineering, columnName=Selected Papers, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In order to realize effective vibration mitigation of self-powered semi-active suspension under uncertain factors,the suspension mechanical-electrical coupling dynamic model is established. The influence of electrical parameters on energy conversion efficiency is explored. The adaptive fault tolerant control gain is deduced,and then the vibration isolation capability of the suspension is investigated in time and frequency domain respectively. The robust index of adaptive optimal fault tolerant control algorithm is obtained by constructing Lyapunov equation to stud the influence of key parameters on robust index. The results show that the electrical parameters have obvious influence on the energy conversion efficiency,with the suspension having higher energy conversion efficiency at the second natural frequency. The proposed adaptive optimal fault tolerant control strategy can realize effective vibration suppression in both the time and frequency domain,with better vibration isolation performance compared to passive control and self-powered mode. The control robust index is affected by the inductance of generator and outer diameter of permanent magnet most significantly.

, articleAbstract=

In order to realize effective vibration mitigation of selfpowered semiactive suspension under uncertain factors, the suspension mechanicalelectrical coupling dynamic model is established. The influence of electrical parameters on energy conversion efficiency is explored. The adaptive fault tolerant control gain is deduced, and then the vibration isolation capability of the suspension is investigated in time and frequency domain respectively. The robust index of adaptive optimal fault tolerant control algorithm is obtained by constructing Lyapunov equation to stud the influence of key parameters on robust index. The results show that the electrical parameters have obvious influence on the energy conversion efficiency, with the suspension having higher energy conversion efficiency at the second natural frequency. The proposed adaptive optimal fault tolerant control strategy can realize effective vibration suppression in both the time and frequency domain, with better vibration isolation performance compared to passive control and selfpowered mode. The control robust index is affected by the inductance of generator and outer diameter of permanent magnet most significantly.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiang Gao, Xiang Zhang, Dongxu Wei, Junchuan Niu, Lei He), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153780572494221928, articleId=1153780545793282233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146120084050784272, language=CN, title=馈能式半主动悬架振动自适应最优容错控制*, columnId=1149809889410773550, journalTitle=汽车工程, columnName=精选论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=

为有效抑制馈能式半主动悬架在不确定因素下的振动,建立悬架机电耦合动力学模型,研究悬架能量转换效率随电参数的变化规律;推导自适应最优容错控制增益,分别在时域和频域中研究悬架的隔振能力;通过构建Lyapunov方程,建立悬架自适应最优容错控制策略的鲁棒性能指标,研究关键参数对鲁棒性能指标的影响规律。研究结果表明:电参数对悬架能量转换效率影响显著,悬架在第2阶固有频率处能量转换效率较高;所提出的自适应最优容错控制策略能够在时域和频域有效抑制振动,其隔振能力明显优于被动控制和自供能模式,控制策略鲁棒性指标受发电模块电感和永磁体外径变化的影响最为显著。

, articleAbstract=

为有效抑制馈能式半主动悬架在不确定因素下的振动,建立悬架机电耦合动力学模型,研究悬架能量转换效率随电参数的变化规律;推导自适应最优容错控制增益,分别在时域和频域中研究悬架的隔振能力;通过构建Lyapunov方程,建立悬架自适应最优容错控制策略的鲁棒性能指标,研究关键参数对鲁棒性能指标的影响规律。研究结果表明:电参数对悬架能量转换效率影响显著,悬架在第2阶固有频率处能量转换效率较高;所提出的自适应最优容错控制策略能够在时域和频域有效抑制振动,其隔振能力明显优于被动控制和自供能模式,控制策略鲁棒性指标受发电模块电感和永磁体外径变化的影响最为显著。

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高翔,讲师,博士,E-mail:
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参数 数值
磁流变液黏度 η 0.2    P a s
阻尼通道长度 l 3.5 × 10 - 2    m
活塞有效面积 A 0.8    m m 2
阻尼器流道间隙 h 10 - 3    m
阻尼器线圈匝数 N c 230
磁流变液切应力系数 C 0 - 1.2 × 10 3
磁流变液切应力系数 C 1 0.39
磁流变液切应力系数 C 2 - 8.4 × 10 - 7
磁流变液切应力系数 C 3 2.9 × 10 - 13
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磁流变阻尼器参数和取值[21-22]

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参数 数值
磁流变液黏度 η 0.2    P a s
阻尼通道长度 l 3.5 × 10 - 2    m
活塞有效面积 A 0.8    m m 2
阻尼器流道间隙 h 10 - 3    m
阻尼器线圈匝数 N c 230
磁流变液切应力系数 C 0 - 1.2 × 10 3
磁流变液切应力系数 C 1 0.39
磁流变液切应力系数 C 2 - 8.4 × 10 - 7
磁流变液切应力系数 C 3 2.9 × 10 - 13
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参数 数值
簧载质量 m s 400    k g
非簧载质量 m u 70    k g
悬架刚度 k s 20    000    N · m - 1
轮胎刚度 k t 10 5    N · m - 1
整流电容 C 4    m F
馈能模块电感 L G 45    m H
馈能模块电阻 R G 1.5    Ω
阻尼器电感 L 0 100    m H
阻尼器电阻 R 0 2.5    Ω
整流电路损失率 η c 0.1
下截止频率 n 0 0.011    m - 1
参考空间频率 n 1 0.1    m - 1
车速 v 16.7    m · s - 1
路面不平度系数 G q 64 × 10 - 6    m 3
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半主动悬架参数和取值[24]

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参数 数值
簧载质量 m s 400    k g
非簧载质量 m u 70    k g
悬架刚度 k s 20    000    N · m - 1
轮胎刚度 k t 10 5    N · m - 1
整流电容 C 4    m F
馈能模块电感 L G 45    m H
馈能模块电阻 R G 1.5    Ω
阻尼器电感 L 0 100    m H
阻尼器电阻 R 0 2.5    Ω
整流电路损失率 η c 0.1
下截止频率 n 0 0.011    m - 1
参考空间频率 n 1 0.1    m - 1
车速 v 16.7    m · s - 1
路面不平度系数 G q 64 × 10 - 6    m 3
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参数 l h D 1 L G R G
极差 1.78 1.69 2.17 2.19 1.09
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鲁棒性能指标的极差

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参数 l h D 1 L G R G
极差 1.78 1.69 2.17 2.19 1.09
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馈能式半主动悬架振动自适应最优容错控制*
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高翔 1 , 张祥 1 , 魏东旭 1 , 牛军川 2, 3 , 贺磊 1
汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024,46(1): 92-99
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汽车工程 | 精选论文 2024, 46(1): 92-99
馈能式半主动悬架振动自适应最优容错控制*
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高翔1 , 张祥1, 魏东旭1, 牛军川2, 3, 贺磊1
作者信息
  • 1 山东理工大学机械工程学院,淄博 255000
  • 2 山东大学机械工程学院,济南 250061
  • 3 高效洁净机械制造教育部重点实验室,济南 250061

通讯作者:

高翔,讲师,博士,E-mail:
Adaptive Optimal Fault Tolerant Vibration Control of Semi-active Suspension with Self-powered Characteristics
Xiang Gao1 , Xiang Zhang1, Dongxu Wei1, Junchuan Niu2, 3, Lei He1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Shandong University of Technology,Zibo 255000
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Shandong University,Jinan 250061
  • 3 Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University),Ministry of Education,Jinan 250061
出版时间: 2024-01-25 doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.010
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为有效抑制馈能式半主动悬架在不确定因素下的振动,建立悬架机电耦合动力学模型,研究悬架能量转换效率随电参数的变化规律;推导自适应最优容错控制增益,分别在时域和频域中研究悬架的隔振能力;通过构建Lyapunov方程,建立悬架自适应最优容错控制策略的鲁棒性能指标,研究关键参数对鲁棒性能指标的影响规律。研究结果表明:电参数对悬架能量转换效率影响显著,悬架在第2阶固有频率处能量转换效率较高;所提出的自适应最优容错控制策略能够在时域和频域有效抑制振动,其隔振能力明显优于被动控制和自供能模式,控制策略鲁棒性指标受发电模块电感和永磁体外径变化的影响最为显著。

悬架系统  /  振动半主动控制  /  馈能式磁流变阻尼器  /  隔振性能  /  不确定因素

In order to realize effective vibration mitigation of selfpowered semiactive suspension under uncertain factors, the suspension mechanicalelectrical coupling dynamic model is established. The influence of electrical parameters on energy conversion efficiency is explored. The adaptive fault tolerant control gain is deduced, and then the vibration isolation capability of the suspension is investigated in time and frequency domain respectively. The robust index of adaptive optimal fault tolerant control algorithm is obtained by constructing Lyapunov equation to stud the influence of key parameters on robust index. The results show that the electrical parameters have obvious influence on the energy conversion efficiency, with the suspension having higher energy conversion efficiency at the second natural frequency. The proposed adaptive optimal fault tolerant control strategy can realize effective vibration suppression in both the time and frequency domain, with better vibration isolation performance compared to passive control and selfpowered mode. The control robust index is affected by the inductance of generator and outer diameter of permanent magnet most significantly.

suspension system  /  semi-active vibration isolation  /  self-powered MR damper  /  vibration isolation performance  /  uncertain factors
高翔, 张祥, 魏东旭, 牛军川, 贺磊. 馈能式半主动悬架振动自适应最优容错控制*. 汽车工程, 2024 , 46 (1) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.010
Xiang Gao, Xiang Zhang, Dongxu Wei, Junchuan Niu, Lei He. Adaptive Optimal Fault Tolerant Vibration Control of Semi-active Suspension with Self-powered Characteristics[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 46 (1) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.010
振动半主动控制策略采用较少的能量输入实现阻尼或刚度元件参数调节,兼具振动主动控制和振动被动控制的特点,具有能耗低、失电稳定、振动控制精度与主动控制接近等优点[1]。其中,半主动作动器是实现振动半主动控制的关键。基于磁流变液构造的阻尼器具有能耗低、响应快、工作温度范围广等优点在振动控制领域得到广泛应用[2-4]。但普通的磁流变阻尼器需要外接电源产生磁场并搭配传感器测量和反馈信号,系统集成度不高且维护复杂。
振动能具有清洁、分布广泛、回收成本较低等诸多优点[5],可基于振动俘能理论研制馈能式磁流变阻尼器,从而提高系统集成性和稳定性,同时实现能量回收并降低能耗。Sapinski等[6]结合实验结果拟合得到自感应函数,研究结果表明电磁振动能量俘获装置具有较高的相对速度监测精度,可视为馈能式磁流变阻尼器的速度传感器。胡国良等[7]提出集阻尼可控、位移自传感和振动能量采集功能于一体的自感应振动能量采集型磁流变阻尼器,提高了系统的集成度。
馈能式半主动悬架的作动器为具有能量回收特性的磁流变阻尼器,通过能量俘获装置将振动能转变为电能为阻尼器供电,从而保证车辆操控性和舒适性。已有研究表明,车速为90 km/h时可回收约150 W的能量[8],可完全满足磁流变阻尼器的供电需求。Bazios等[9]建立含有电磁振动馈能装置的7自由度车辆悬架动力学模型,分别采用PID、LQR和模糊控制策略研究悬架隔振能力,建立考虑路况与操控信息的目标函数并进行优化,提高振动俘能效率。Zhu等[10]建立悬架系统阻尼器动态特性和能量俘获的数学关系,提出基于短时Fourier变换的刚度控制方法,有效降低簧载质量位移和加速度。牛军川等[11]构建馈能悬架机电耦合动力学模型,研究电学参数变化对隔振性能的影响规律。
作为悬架系统吸能抑振的执行机构,馈能式磁流变阻尼器存在诸如磁流变液泄漏、电磁场瞬态分布不均等未建模动态,上述因素对悬架动态特性的影响有待探讨。针对普通磁流变阻尼器的模型不确定性,已有学者开展相关研究。Du等[12]构建鲁棒性强的未知输入观测器对磁流变阻尼器进行故障检测,采用基于系统残差的相关系数法对阻尼器进行故障隔离,设计天棚容错控制器实现故障补偿。Jeyasenthil等[13]针对具有驱动器饱和特征的磁流变半主动悬架,将全局不确定系统分解为若干子系统,基于定量反馈理论构建鲁棒控制器。Yang等[14]基于自适应网络模糊推理系统建立磁流变阻尼器模型,通过Takagi-Sugeno模糊方法处理簧载质量和俯仰转动惯量的不确定性,构建T-S故障半主动悬架模型和自适应滑模容错控制器,讨论了系统的渐近稳定性。Wang等[15]采用LPV-Kalman滤波器估计半主动悬架的不确定量,设计鲁棒变增益控制器克服外界扰动和执行器不确定性。
上述文献针对存在不确定因素时磁流变阻尼器的控制方法做出了重要贡献,但馈能式磁流变阻尼器增加了俘能模块,存在多种参数不确定性,悬架系统的精准隔振能力和控制策略的鲁棒性有待阐明。
馈能式磁流变阻尼器按照能量回收模块的运动方式可分为直线型和旋转型。基于电磁感应定律,感应电动势与线圈或磁极的速度成正比。由于悬架行程的限制,直线馈能方式产生的电动势幅值较低。旋转馈能方式通过不同机构将直线运动转变为旋转运动,突破了悬架行程的约束,同时具有较高的角速度,从而提高振动能量回收效率[16]。在此采用基于滚珠丝杠的旋转型能量俘获装置为磁流变阻尼器供电。在外界振动激励下,滚珠丝杠式能量获取模块产生的感应电动势[17]可表示为
U G = K e 2 π P 0 x ˙ p
式中: K e为反电动势系数; P 0为滚珠丝杠导程; x ˙ p为外界振动激励速度。
馈能式磁流变阻尼器的电路模型可分为发电模块、整流模块和阻尼器模块,如图1所示。
图1中, R G L G分别为发电模块的电阻和电感, R 0 L 0分别为磁流变阻尼器线圈的电阻和电感。为实现整流和滤波,采用整流电路连接能量获取模块和阻尼器模块, C为整流电容。那么根据Kirchhoff定律,可以得到如下关系:
U G = L G d i d t + i 2 R 0 + L 0 d i 2 d t + i R G + U i = i 1 + i 2 i 1 = C d u 1 d t
式中: U = η c U G为整流电路压降; η c为整流电路损失率; u 1为电容的端电压。对式(2)取Fourier变换,可得频域表达形式,即
U G ω = I ω j ω L G + R G + I 2 ω R 0 + j ω L 0 +   U ω I 1 ω = j ω C I 2 ω R 0 + j ω L 0 I ω = I 1 ω + I 2 ω
式中 j = - 1
式(1)取Fourier变换并结合式(3),通过磁流变阻尼器线圈的电流频域形式可表示为
I 2 ω = j ω K e π X p ω 1 - η c j ω P 0 C T + 1 j ω L G + R G + T
式中: X p ω为外界位移激励的频域形式; T = R 0 + j ω L 0。于是,由磁流变阻尼器线圈消耗的电功率频域形式为
P e ω = I 2 2 ω R 0
目前常用Bouc-Wen模型、双曲正切模型、Bingham模型等非线性模型来描述磁流变阻尼器的滞回特性。Bingham模型因其模型参数少和易于集成到动力学方程中的特点得到了广泛应用,其准确度可满足一般悬架系统的动力学分析要求[18-19]。Bingham模型的动力学方程[20]
F = c s x ˙ p + F d s g n x ˙ p c s = 12 η l A 2 π D 1 h 3 ; F d = 3 τ y l A h τ y = C 3 N c i 2 2 h 3 + C 2 N c i 2 2 h 2 + C 1 N c i 2 2 h + C 0
式中: c s为黏滞阻尼系数; F d表示可控阻尼力; τ y为磁流变液切应力; i 2表示磁流变阻尼器线圈电流,其余参数和取值见表1
外部振动激励为随机路面激励,可表示为[23]
x ˙ i = - 2 π n 0 v x i + 2 π n 1 w t G q v
式中: x i为路面随机位移; n 0 n 1分别为下截止频率和参考空间频率; w t为零均值的Gauss噪声; v表示车速; G q为路面不平度系数。
馈能式磁流变阻尼器安装于1/4悬架用以衰减振动,其示意图见图2
那么馈能式1/4半主动悬架的动力学方程可表示为
m s x ¨ p + c s x ˙ p + k s x p + F d = - m s x ¨ u m u x ¨ u - c s x ˙ p - k s x p + k t x u - k t x i - F d = 0
式中: m s m u分别为悬架簧载质量和非簧载质量; k s k t分别为悬架刚度和轮胎刚度; x s x u x i分别为簧载质量位移、非簧载质量位移和外界激励位移; x p = x s - x u F d为可控阻尼力。
定义系统状态变量 Z = x s , x u , x ˙ s , x ˙ u T和输入向量 L = x i , F d T式(8)可转变为状态空间形式:
Z ˙ = A Z + B L
式中系统矩阵和输入矩阵分别为
A = 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 - k s m s k s m s - c s m s c s m s k s m u - k t + k s m u c s m u - c s m u B = B 1 , B 2 , B 1 = 0 0 0 k t m u , B 2 = 0 0 - 1 m s 1 m u
半主动悬架的主要参数和取值见表2
在随机路面激励下,输入到悬架的瞬时机械功率频域形式可表示为
P m ω = j ω k t X i ω - X u ω 2
式中 X i ω X u ω分别为 x i x u的频域形式。结合式(5)式(11),馈能式半主动悬架的能量转换效率可表示为如下形式:
η e ω = P e ω P m ω = I 2 2 ω R 0 j ω k t X i ω - X u ω 2
图3 为馈能式磁流变半主动悬架能量转换效率随电参数的变化规律。结合表2 中的数据,可以计算得到该1/4悬架系统的固有频率分别为 f 1 = 1.02    H z f 2 = 6.61    H z图3中,第1、2阶共振峰分别表示车身模态和轮胎模态,其峰值的横坐标恰好为悬架的固有频率。第1阶共振峰不够显著,表明悬架主要从第2阶共振峰附近实现振动能量获取,此时具有较高的能量转换效率,从而抑制振动。电学参数对悬架的能量转换效率有显著的影响,增加发电模块的电阻值和电容值,悬架的能量转换效率提高,增加发电模块的电感值,悬架的能量转换效率降低。
由未建模动态引入的诸如输入时变扰动,磁流变液泄漏,电磁场瞬态分布不均等参数摄动量不可避免的存在于馈能式半主动悬架,系统的参数不是完全确定的。因此,可设计自适应最优容错控制策略用于估计不确定部分并同时兼顾振动抑制效果。对于具有未建模动态的馈能式半主动悬架,其状态空间方程可表示为
Z ˙ = A Z + B x i t , U a T
式中 U a为实际控制力。由于未建模动态,理想控制力和实际控制力的关系[25]可表示为
U a t = ρ t U t + E t
式中: ρ = d i a g ρ i t为对角阵,元素 ρ i t 0,1 i = 1,2 , , m为效率因子; U t为理想控制力向量; E t表示由于未建模动态引起的不确定部分。
为确定理想控制力,须构造悬架系统的线性二次型指标,即
λ = t Z T Q Z + U T R U d t
式中: Q = d i a g α K K , α M M为半正定矩阵; R = β R I为正定矩阵; α K α M β R为权重系数。馈能式半主动悬架的刚度和惯量矩阵为
K = k s - k s - k s k s + k t ; M = m s 0 0 m u
通过LQR控制策略,理想控制力可表示为
U t = - G 0 Z t
式中 G 0 = R T B T P P为如下Riccati方程的正定解。
A T P + P A - P B R - 1 B T P + Q = 0
考虑参数摄动量对控制效果的影响,须构造自适应容错控制器,应满足如下假设[26]
(1) 系统在任意时刻可观;
(2) 系统 A , B可控,同时存在常数矩阵 K 0保证 A - B K 0为Hurwitz矩阵;
(3) 不确定部分 E t为有界的一致连续性函数,即存在一个正数 a E满足 E t a E
(4) 存在适当的正数 α c β c满足如下关系:
α c B T P Z 2 β c B T P Z ρ 2
其中 ρ = d i a g ρ i t
在此定义存在未建模动态的悬架自适应最优容错控制策略为
U t = - G 0 Z t + K ^ t
式中 K ^ t为自适应容错控制律,定义其表达式[25-26]
K ^ t = - a ^ t φ Z B T P Z B T P Z , φ Z = 1 + 2 K 0 Z
式中: a ^ ˙ t = γ φ Z B T P Z为自适应更新策略; γ为合适的正数。
悬架系统的执行器为馈能式磁流变阻尼器,但由于半主动作动器不能提供任意大小和方向的力,因此需采用半主动算法限制阻尼力的方向和幅值。限界Hrovat半主动算法可表示为
F d = F d m a x s g n x ˙ p , U x ˙ p < 0    &    U > F d m a x U s g n x ˙ p - c s x ˙ p , U x ˙ p < 0    &    U < F d m a x F d m i n s g n x ˙ p , U x ˙ p > 0
式中 F d m a x F d m i n分别为可控阻尼力的最大值和最小值。
在此定义效率因子为 ρ t = 0.2 s i n   t,不确定部分矩阵的变化规律为 E t = 8 + 3 s i n   t + 1.5 c o s   2 t,LQR方法的权重系数为 α K = α M = 80 β R = 5 × 10 - 3。结合式(10)、 式(13)~式(22),采用Runge-Kuta方法,采用自适应最优容错控制方法的悬架系统簧载质量速度和加速度时间历程如图4图5所示。
图4图5为在自适应最优容错控制策略下悬架的簧载质量速度和加速度时域图像。为比较隔振能力,同时给出被动控制模式和未采用控制方法的自供能模式。如图所示,自适应最优容错控制策略具有最好的时域隔振效果。
式(8)取Fourier变换,在未采用控制方法的自供能模式下簧载质量位移的频域解为
X s 1 ω = ω 2 m u - k t F d ω + S 1 X i ω ω 4 m u m s - j ω 3 m u c s + c s m s - S 2 ω 2 + S 1
式中: X i ω x i的Fourier变换; S 1 = j ω c s k t + k s k t S 2 = m u k s + m s k s + m s k t F d ω为可控阻尼力的频域形式,可表示为
F d ω = 3 τ y ω l A h s g n j ω X p
其中$\begin{array}{c}\tau_{y}(\omega)=C_{3}\left(\frac{N_{\mathrm{c}} I_{2}(\omega)}{2 h}\right)^{3}+C_{2}\left(\frac{N_{\mathrm{c}} I_{2}(\omega)}{2 h}\right)^{2}+ \\C_{1}\left(\frac{N_{\mathrm{c}} I_{2}(\omega)}{2 h}\right)+C_{0}\end{array}$
结合式(13)-式(21)并取Fourier变换,在自适应最优容错控制策略下的悬架簧载质量频域解为
X s 2 ω = 1 j ω T j ω I - A + B 1 ρ ω G 0 + γ B 1 ρ ω 1 + 2 K 0 2 B 1 T P j ω - 1 × B 2 E ω + X i ω
式中 E ω ρ ω分别为 E t ρ t的Fourier变换。
图6为不同控制策略下悬架簧载质量位移传递率。为比较不同控制策略的有效性,在此同时给出无阻尼控制、被动控制模式、未采用控制策略的自供能模式和自适应最优容错控制策略模式下的悬架簧载质量振动位移传递率。结合表2中的数据,1/4悬架的固有频率为1.02和6.61 Hz。如果采用无阻尼控制,1/4悬架的两阶共振峰被完全激发,其横坐标为固有频率,该现象表明分析的正确性。被动控制模式可有效抑制共振峰,但由于被动控制的特性,对第1阶共振峰的削弱有限。与被动控制相比,未采用控制策略的自供能模式共振峰下降约10 dB,其控制效果优于被动控制。但由于无附加控制方法,可控阻尼力完全依靠外界激励调整,无法在任意时刻达到最优值,导致在超过第2阶固频的阶段隔振能力恶化。自适应最优容错控制策略可实时调整可控阻尼力并兼顾不确定因素,表现出最佳的隔振性能。
由于馈能式半主动悬架中引入了不确定量,不确定量对自适应最优容错控制策略的鲁棒性能影响规律尚不明确,有待阐明。将悬架在自适应最优容错控制策略下的状态空间方程改写为
Z ˙ = A Z + B 2 U t + K ^ t + g Z , U , x i
式中函数 g Z , U , x i描述馈能式半主动悬架的不确定因素,包含外界激励的不确定性、系统矩阵和输入、输出矩阵的不确定性等未建模动态。
选取Lyapunov函数为 V Z = Z T P Z,将式(17)-式(21)代入式(26)中并进行两端求导,可得
V ˙ = - Z T Q + P T B 2 R - T B 2 T P + 2 γ 1 + 2 K 0 Z 2 P T B 2 B 2 T P Z + 2 Z T P g Z , U , x i
为保证自适应最优容错控制策略闭环稳定,须满足 V ˙ Z < 0,那么式(27)可转变为
Z T P g Z , U , x i < 1 2 Z T Q + P T B 2 R - T B 2 T P + 2 γ 1 + 2 K 0 Z 2 P T B 2 B 2 T P Z
式(28)可变形为
g Z , U , x i < ψ Z ψ = λ m i n Q + P T B 2 R - T B T P + 2 γ 1 + 2 K 0 Z 2 P T B 2 B 2 T P / 2 λ m a x P
式中: λ ·为矩阵特征值;定义 ψ为馈能式半主动悬架自适应最优容错控制鲁棒性能指标。
选取馈能式磁流变阻尼器的阻尼通道长度 l、 流道间隙 h、 永磁体外径 D 1、发电模块电感 L G和发电模块电阻 R G等关键参数,研究自适应最优容错控制策略鲁棒性随上述关键参数的变化规律。在此定义参数的摄动范围为 - 0.1,0.1
图7为关键参数摄动时自适应最优容错控制策略的鲁棒性变化规律。随着永磁体外径 D 1和发电模块电感 L G的增大,控制策略的鲁棒性也同时增强。其余关键参数变化与控制策略的鲁棒性呈现负相关的变化趋势。为定量描述参数摄动对控制策略鲁棒性的影响规律,在此采用鲁棒性能指标的极差作为评价指标,见表3
表3为参数摄动时鲁棒性能指标的极差,反映了参数摄动对控制策略鲁棒性的影响程度。鲁棒性能指标受发电模块电感 L G和永磁体外径 D 1变化的影响最为显著。鲁棒性能指标随发电模块电阻变化最不明显。
本文建立了馈能式半主动悬架的机电耦合动力学模型,研究了馈能悬架能量转换效率随电参数的变化规律;考虑未建模动态,提出馈能式悬架自适应最优容错控制策略,分别在时域和频域研究悬架的隔振能力,构建Lyapunov方程,建立半主动悬架自适应最优容错控制策略鲁棒性能指标,研究鲁棒性能指标随关键参数的变化规律。通过研究,可以得到如下结论:
(1) 电参数对悬架的能量转换效率有显著影响,增加发电模块的电阻值和电容值,悬架的能量转换效率提高;悬架系统在第2阶固频处具有较高的能量转换效率。
(2) 通过构建自适应最优容错控制策略,可保证馈能式半主动悬架在不确定因素下的隔振能力,在时域和频域中,其隔振性能显著优于被动控制和未采用控制策略的自供能模式;悬架自适应最优容错控制策略鲁棒性对阻尼器关键参数变化敏感,增大永磁体外径和发电模块电感,可提高控制策略的鲁棒性。
  • *深圳市自然科学基金(JCYJ20190812170811682)
  • 深圳市自然科学基金(JCYJ20220530141006015)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QE203)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52075294)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U22A20204)
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2024年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2024.01.010
  • 接收时间:2023-06-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2024-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-02
  • 修回日期:2023-06-26
基金
*深圳市自然科学基金(JCYJ20190812170811682)
深圳市自然科学基金(JCYJ20220530141006015)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QE203)
国家自然科学基金(52075294)
国家自然科学基金(U22A20204)
作者信息
    1 山东理工大学机械工程学院,淄博 255000
    2 山东大学机械工程学院,济南 250061
    3 高效洁净机械制造教育部重点实验室,济南 250061

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高翔,讲师,博士,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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