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In the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, integrated electric drive axles have emerged as a key pathway for commercial-vehicle electrification. Firstly, the paper introduces the typical configurations and layouts of integrated e-axles for commercial vehicles. Given the complexity and diversity of vehicle segments, it analyzes the suitability of electric drive axles for passenger cars, light trucks and pickups, as well as medium-and heavy-duty trucks. Next, the paper focuses on the motor, inverter, and transmission, which are the three core components, and summarizes recent advances in the key technologies supporting commercial-vehicle e-axles. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges these technologies still pose and describes their future prospects, providing a reference for the development and broader adoption of integrated electric drive axle systems in commercial vehicles.

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“双碳”背景下,集成式电驱动桥成为商用车电动化转型的重要路径之一。介绍了商用车集成电驱动桥典型构型和布局,针对商用车细分领域复杂多样问题,分别对客车、轻卡、皮卡以及中重卡应用场景的电驱动桥适用性进行分析。从电机、逆变器以及变速器3个驱动桥核心组成方面,阐述了近年来商用车电驱动桥关键技术取得的研究进展,并对关键技术带来的挑战和前景进行了展望,以期为商用车集成式电驱动桥系统开发和应用推广提供参考。

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黄志超(1971-),男,江西抚州人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为轻型材料连接、汽车轻量化及电驱动桥。

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黄志超(1971-),男,江西抚州人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为轻型材料连接、汽车轻量化及电驱动桥。

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unstructuredReference=魏冰阳,李玉,欧阳鸿飞,等.基于MASTA的矿用减速器重载齿轮的修形设计与试验[J].机械传动201741(1):91-95., articleTitle=基于MASTA的矿用减速器重载齿轮的修形设计与试验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175522471483683591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=91, pageEnd=95, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[112], rfOrder=137, authorNames=WEI Bingyang, LI Yu, OUYANG Hongfei, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Transmission, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WEI Bingyang LI Yu OUYANG Hongfei,et al.Modification Design and Test of Heavy Load Gear of Reducer for Mine Based on MASTA[J].Journal of Mechanical Transmission201741(1):91-95.(in Chinese), articleTitle=Modification Design and Test of Heavy Load Gear of Reducer for Mine Based on MASTA, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175522461694177916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, 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驱动桥类型 集成式电驱动桥 分布式电驱动桥
技术优势

1.相较于中央电驱动的传统驱动方式,集成度较高,结构紧凑,一定程度轻量化;

2.传动效率高;

3.相较于分布式电驱动桥,开发难度低,对整车设计冲击小。

1.车轮电机独立驱动,且完全自主控制,易于实现控制集成;

2.无任何刚性机械连接,简化结构,显著减轻质量;

3.提高布置空间利用率;

4.简化传动系统,传动效率更高。

技术劣势

1.簧下质量增加;

2.结构设计复杂,难度大。

1.簧下质量增加;

2.协同控制难度大;

3.结构复杂。

), ArticleFig(id=1175522460985340531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同类型电驱动桥的特点[9-10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驱动桥类型 集成式电驱动桥 分布式电驱动桥
技术优势

1.相较于中央电驱动的传统驱动方式,集成度较高,结构紧凑,一定程度轻量化;

2.传动效率高;

3.相较于分布式电驱动桥,开发难度低,对整车设计冲击小。

1.车轮电机独立驱动,且完全自主控制,易于实现控制集成;

2.无任何刚性机械连接,简化结构,显著减轻质量;

3.提高布置空间利用率;

4.简化传动系统,传动效率更高。

技术劣势

1.簧下质量增加;

2.结构设计复杂,难度大。

1.簧下质量增加;

2.协同控制难度大;

3.结构复杂。

), ArticleFig(id=1175522461065032308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 构型方式 特点
“二合一”构型 电驱动桥系统采用电机与逆变器或变速器集成方式 在集成式驱动桥中出现最早,集成度较低,是商用车电驱动桥市场的主流,主要是因为商用车尤其是重型商用车簧下质量大、空间布局受限,以及集成电控技术难度大
“三合一”构型 电驱动桥采用电机、变速器(减速器)和逆变器三模块集成方式 行业较早研发,且相对主流的集成式电驱动桥,其优势是体积小,易于标准化和通用化,也易于整车布置,且功率密度高
“多合一”构型 在“三合一”构型基础上,集成电机控制器MCU、车载充电器OBC、高压配电盒PDU、电池管理系统BMS以及整车控制器VCU等模块。在软件定义汽车趋势下,甚至进一步跨域融合中央域控 整车控制、电机控制、电池管理系统、车载充电器控制等软硬件功能集成、算法集成域控制器,共享外壳耦合及冷却系统、共享电路及功率开关器件,进一步减少零部件数量和接口,有效降低电驱动桥的体积、面积、质量,提高整体系统的时效性和性能
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461123752565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型商用车电驱动桥构型[11-13]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 构型方式 特点
“二合一”构型 电驱动桥系统采用电机与逆变器或变速器集成方式 在集成式驱动桥中出现最早,集成度较低,是商用车电驱动桥市场的主流,主要是因为商用车尤其是重型商用车簧下质量大、空间布局受限,以及集成电控技术难度大
“三合一”构型 电驱动桥采用电机、变速器(减速器)和逆变器三模块集成方式 行业较早研发,且相对主流的集成式电驱动桥,其优势是体积小,易于标准化和通用化,也易于整车布置,且功率密度高
“多合一”构型 在“三合一”构型基础上,集成电机控制器MCU、车载充电器OBC、高压配电盒PDU、电池管理系统BMS以及整车控制器VCU等模块。在软件定义汽车趋势下,甚至进一步跨域融合中央域控 整车控制、电机控制、电池管理系统、车载充电器控制等软硬件功能集成、算法集成域控制器,共享外壳耦合及冷却系统、共享电路及功率开关器件,进一步减少零部件数量和接口,有效降低电驱动桥的体积、面积、质量,提高整体系统的时效性和性能
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461199250038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
布置方式 图例 代表产品 峰值功率/kW

峰值转矩/

Nm

挡位 应用车型 特点
同轴偏置 图2a 江铃底盘某电驱动桥 105 240 单速 3.5 t小型客货车 齿轮制造工艺相对成熟,成本较低,传动效率高,NVH优化难度低,易于扩大速比范围;但相对同轴行星齿轮式,体积大,占用整车纵向布置空间,质心偏载易引起低频共振
长城精工某电驱动桥 135 330 双速 载货汽车
五菱某电驱动桥 60 220 单速 微型商用车
同轴行星齿轮 图2b 比亚迪TQ04 130 340 单速 4.5 t轻卡 同轴直连,有利于改善偏载、轻量化问题,集成度高,改善车辆行驶平顺性;但速比相对小,大转矩时不均载程度增加,行星齿轮制造工艺难度大,成本相对较高
德纳eS5700r 130 5 700* 单速 轻型卡车和小型客车
采埃孚 Axtrax2 250 26 000* 三速 轻型和中型客货车
平行偏置 图2c 东风德纳EP-Axle 28D 160 270 双速 18 t城市环卫车 由于电机偏置布置,可沿用传统桥壳,齿轮技术成熟,加工制造简单,成本较低;但NVH效果较差,簧下质量大,且质心偏置偶有低频共振现象
绿控传动STEA39000Z 252 550 四速 6×2/4×2重型卡车
AVL某电驱动桥 250 450 双速 16 t重型卡车
平行行星齿轮 图2d 比亚迪SEQ05 110 400 双速 中重卡、高底板客车 相较于平行偏置式,具有轻量化优势,空间布置集成度更高,利用行星齿轮优势易于实现多挡速比;一定程度仍具有偏置式共性缺点
越博动力A31000 140 420 四速

8~12 m客车、

16~21 t物流车

垂直布置 图2e 美驰12Xe 250 单速/双速 8 m客车、6.4~7.3 t中型厢式货车等 改造小,占用车辆纵向空间小,便于布置电池;但此类布置方式采用双曲面齿轮减速器,速比小、传动效率差,NVH效果差,且功率密度低
德纳eS20D 193

19 000*

36 000*

大型采矿和建筑车辆
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461278941815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

典型商用车集成式电驱动布置方式的应用及特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
布置方式 图例 代表产品 峰值功率/kW

峰值转矩/

Nm

挡位 应用车型 特点
同轴偏置 图2a 江铃底盘某电驱动桥 105 240 单速 3.5 t小型客货车 齿轮制造工艺相对成熟,成本较低,传动效率高,NVH优化难度低,易于扩大速比范围;但相对同轴行星齿轮式,体积大,占用整车纵向布置空间,质心偏载易引起低频共振
长城精工某电驱动桥 135 330 双速 载货汽车
五菱某电驱动桥 60 220 单速 微型商用车
同轴行星齿轮 图2b 比亚迪TQ04 130 340 单速 4.5 t轻卡 同轴直连,有利于改善偏载、轻量化问题,集成度高,改善车辆行驶平顺性;但速比相对小,大转矩时不均载程度增加,行星齿轮制造工艺难度大,成本相对较高
德纳eS5700r 130 5 700* 单速 轻型卡车和小型客车
采埃孚 Axtrax2 250 26 000* 三速 轻型和中型客货车
平行偏置 图2c 东风德纳EP-Axle 28D 160 270 双速 18 t城市环卫车 由于电机偏置布置,可沿用传统桥壳,齿轮技术成熟,加工制造简单,成本较低;但NVH效果较差,簧下质量大,且质心偏置偶有低频共振现象
绿控传动STEA39000Z 252 550 四速 6×2/4×2重型卡车
AVL某电驱动桥 250 450 双速 16 t重型卡车
平行行星齿轮 图2d 比亚迪SEQ05 110 400 双速 中重卡、高底板客车 相较于平行偏置式,具有轻量化优势,空间布置集成度更高,利用行星齿轮优势易于实现多挡速比;一定程度仍具有偏置式共性缺点
越博动力A31000 140 420 四速

8~12 m客车、

16~21 t物流车

垂直布置 图2e 美驰12Xe 250 单速/双速 8 m客车、6.4~7.3 t中型厢式货车等 改造小,占用车辆纵向空间小,便于布置电池;但此类布置方式采用双曲面齿轮减速器,速比小、传动效率差,NVH效果差,且功率密度低
德纳eS20D 193

19 000*

36 000*

大型采矿和建筑车辆
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461350244984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
细分领域 客车 轻卡和皮卡 中重卡
工作特点 电动客车电池布局空间充足;路径和行程相对固定;小型化和轻量化要求较低;公交车运行场景复杂多变,车速以低速为主 面向城市物流、城间物流以及专业作业等应用场景;中短途为主;载重和转矩需求相对较小 有效载荷大;工作周期苛刻;有效里程和任务限制大;可靠性和寿命要求高;持续转矩输出要求高
适用性 电动化起步早、渗透高;电驱动桥易于实现和推广;当前以单/双电机+减速器+逆变器为主;以公交车为主的低速商用车,SiC功率器件更具有发展前景 电动化是其主要转型路径,与轿车的发展路径基本相当。当前驱动桥以单电机系统+减速器+逆变器结构技术路线为主;集成两挡变速器的驱动桥逐步使用 处于早期阶段且是最具挑战性的领域;高压(以800 V为主)电压平台、SiC MOSFET模块为基础的逆变器、多电机系统以及集成多挡位变速器的电驱动桥适用于中重卡
代表产品 东风德纳EP-Axle8、苏州STEA- 33300、AVL E-Axle 东风德纳EP-Axle5、江铃底盘P243-92Y、比亚迪TQ04 法士特FS2EA480、艾里逊eGen Power 130D、采埃孚AxTrax 2
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461408965241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

电驱动桥在商用车细分领域适用性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
细分领域 客车 轻卡和皮卡 中重卡
工作特点 电动客车电池布局空间充足;路径和行程相对固定;小型化和轻量化要求较低;公交车运行场景复杂多变,车速以低速为主 面向城市物流、城间物流以及专业作业等应用场景;中短途为主;载重和转矩需求相对较小 有效载荷大;工作周期苛刻;有效里程和任务限制大;可靠性和寿命要求高;持续转矩输出要求高
适用性 电动化起步早、渗透高;电驱动桥易于实现和推广;当前以单/双电机+减速器+逆变器为主;以公交车为主的低速商用车,SiC功率器件更具有发展前景 电动化是其主要转型路径,与轿车的发展路径基本相当。当前驱动桥以单电机系统+减速器+逆变器结构技术路线为主;集成两挡变速器的驱动桥逐步使用 处于早期阶段且是最具挑战性的领域;高压(以800 V为主)电压平台、SiC MOSFET模块为基础的逆变器、多电机系统以及集成多挡位变速器的电驱动桥适用于中重卡
代表产品 东风德纳EP-Axle8、苏州STEA- 33300、AVL E-Axle 东风德纳EP-Axle5、江铃底盘P243-92Y、比亚迪TQ04 法士特FS2EA480、艾里逊eGen Power 130D、采埃孚AxTrax 2
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461488657018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 Si SiC GaN
禁带宽度/eV 1.1 3.3 3.4
电子迁移率/(cm2/Vs) 1 350 1 000 2 000
介电常数 11.9 10.1 9
击穿场强/(MV/cm) 0.3 2.8 3.3
电子饱和漂移速率/(107 cm/s) 1 2.2 2.7
热导率/(W/cm·K) 1.5 4.9 1.3
理论最高工作温度/℃ 175 600 800
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461543182971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

车用逆变器半导体材料性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 Si SiC GaN
禁带宽度/eV 1.1 3.3 3.4
电子迁移率/(cm2/Vs) 1 350 1 000 2 000
介电常数 11.9 10.1 9
击穿场强/(MV/cm) 0.3 2.8 3.3
电子饱和漂移速率/(107 cm/s) 1 2.2 2.7
热导率/(W/cm·K) 1.5 4.9 1.3
理论最高工作温度/℃ 175 600 800
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商用车集成式电驱动桥关键技术综述
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黄志超 1 , 高小林 1, 2 , 胡义华 3 , 罗贤俊 1 , 蒋义文 1 , 叶健 1
汽车工程学报 | 综述与展望 2025,15(4): 427-444
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汽车工程学报 | 综述与展望 2025, 15(4): 427-444
商用车集成式电驱动桥关键技术综述
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黄志超1 , 高小林1, 2, 胡义华3, 罗贤俊1, 蒋义文1, 叶健1
作者信息
  • 1 华东交通大学 轨道交通基础设施运维安全保障技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,南昌 330013
  • 2 江西科技学院 协同创新中心,南昌 330098
  • 3 江西江铃底盘股份有限公司,江西,抚州 344000
  • 黄志超(1971-),男,江西抚州人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为轻型材料连接、汽车轻量化及电驱动桥。

A Review of Key Technologies for Integrated Electric Drive Axles in Commercial Vehicles
Zhichao HUANG1 , Xiaolin GAO1, 2, Yihua HU3, Xianjun LUO1, Yiwen JIANG1, Jian YE1
Affiliations
  • 1 National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Guarantee Technology for Operation and Maintenance of Rail Transit Infrastructure,East China Jiaotong University,Nanchang 330013,China
  • 2 The Center of Collaboration and Innovation,Jiangxi University of Technology,Nanchang 330098 China
  • 3 Jiangxi Jiangling Chassis Co.,Ltd.,Fuzhou 344000,Jiangxi,China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.01
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“双碳”背景下,集成式电驱动桥成为商用车电动化转型的重要路径之一。介绍了商用车集成电驱动桥典型构型和布局,针对商用车细分领域复杂多样问题,分别对客车、轻卡、皮卡以及中重卡应用场景的电驱动桥适用性进行分析。从电机、逆变器以及变速器3个驱动桥核心组成方面,阐述了近年来商用车电驱动桥关键技术取得的研究进展,并对关键技术带来的挑战和前景进行了展望,以期为商用车集成式电驱动桥系统开发和应用推广提供参考。

商用车  /  电驱动桥  /  电机  /  逆变器  /  变速器

In the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, integrated electric drive axles have emerged as a key pathway for commercial-vehicle electrification. Firstly, the paper introduces the typical configurations and layouts of integrated e-axles for commercial vehicles. Given the complexity and diversity of vehicle segments, it analyzes the suitability of electric drive axles for passenger cars, light trucks and pickups, as well as medium-and heavy-duty trucks. Next, the paper focuses on the motor, inverter, and transmission, which are the three core components, and summarizes recent advances in the key technologies supporting commercial-vehicle e-axles. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges these technologies still pose and describes their future prospects, providing a reference for the development and broader adoption of integrated electric drive axle systems in commercial vehicles.

commercial vehicle  /  e-axle  /  motor  /  invertor  /  transmission
黄志超, 高小林, 胡义华, 罗贤俊, 蒋义文, 叶健. 商用车集成式电驱动桥关键技术综述. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (4) : 427 -444 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.01
Zhichao HUANG, Xiaolin GAO, Yihua HU, Xianjun LUO, Yiwen JIANG, Jian YE. A Review of Key Technologies for Integrated Electric Drive Axles in Commercial Vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (4) : 427 -444 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.01
能源危机和环境保护是当前人类面临的两大重要挑战,包括我国在内的多国政府提出碳达峰和碳中和目标[1]。交通运输是低碳发展的重要领域,汽车行业排放量法规和节能要求日益严格,车辆节能降排的需求更加迫切[2]。商用车作为道路运输的主力军,其保有量只占汽车保有量的12%左右,但碳排放量比重超过50%,其中,重型货车和小型客车是CO2排放的主要来源[3]。因此,商用车是落实汽车和交通领域绿色低碳目标的关键一环。
电动化是商用车实现节能减碳的重要技术路线[4]。《商用车碳中和技术路线图1.0》指出,由于使用场景的复杂多样化,商用车细分领域碳中和发展路线存在差异,但从长期看来,随着电动化技术迭代升级,电动化商用车渗透率将逐步增大。与乘用车相比,商用车的电池容量和充电时间相当可观,特别是大载重和长里程需求的商用车,其经济性尤为重要。除了考虑电池特性对经济性能的直接影响,商用车动力传动系统的效率也非常重要[5]。与传统动力系统相比,电动化后的商用车动力源发生根本性改变,可以采用电驱动桥拓扑结构,移除传动轴,为电动客车和卡车提供更多可用空间,当前各大供应商和整车厂正在开发电驱动桥[6]
电驱动桥将电机、电力电子设备(逆变器)和传动部件(减速器/变速器)等组件作为紧凑模块化单元组合起来,其电机装置将电能转化为驱动汽车的动能,并与半轴或车轮耦合在一起[7]。电驱动桥在供电时直接驱动纯电动汽车,降低了制造成本,简化电动汽车的动力传动系统,并提高整体效率和性能。如图1所示,目前电驱动桥主要有集成式和分布式两类,其中分布式电驱动桥又包括轮边电桥和轮毂电桥。如表1所示,分布式电驱动桥相对集成式电驱动桥集成度更高,且易于实现模块化设计及控制,但车辆横向、纵向以及垂向三向协同控制和精准响应难度大,目前的技术仍有待进一步突破[8]。商用车持续功率及转矩输出要求高于乘用车,且载荷谱也与乘用车差别大,电驱动桥的可靠性和寿命要求高,因此,集成式电驱动桥在未来一段时间将会是商用车驱动桥的主流。
与乘用车不同,商用车类型多,细分领域复杂。本文拟从典型商用车集成电驱动桥构型及布置入手,重点分析集成式电驱动桥在商用车典型细分领域的适用性,并围绕商用车电驱动桥关键部件,详细阐述其电机、逆变器以及变速器三方面的研究现状及关键技术。
与乘用车相比,商用车质量更大,车辆类别范围更广,其动力传动改造难度也更大。借鉴乘用车动力总成发展路径,商用车整车厂和供应商根据现有技术资源和市场需求逐步研发出多种构型的集成式电驱动桥,如表2所示,有“二合一”构型、“三合一”构型以及“多合一”构型。深度集成将是商用车集成电驱动桥总成必然选择的方向,但依然面临着众多挑战。
(1)功率器件热管理。随着驱动桥集成度的提高,控制器中的功率器件增多,且开关频率增高,这必将带来散热问题。
(2)电磁干扰问题。同时集成在驱动桥的电力电子器件高低压耦合,串扰严重,这将会带来电磁干扰问题。
(3)功能安全开发难度大。高度集成的电驱动桥需要机电耦合、软硬件深度融合,这将会增加功能开发难度。
(4)簧下质量增大和布局空间限制问题突出,与乘用车不同,商用车尤其是中重型商用车,都采用整体桥+板簧悬挂的底盘布置方式,驱动桥和大梁非常庞大,再高度集成电驱动桥,必然增大簧下质量,挤占空间。
集成式电驱动桥按照电机布置差异分为同轴电驱动桥、平行轴电驱动桥和垂直轴电驱动桥[9]。根据驱动桥减速器类型差异,可进一步细分。同轴电驱动桥分为同轴偏置式和同轴行星齿轮式,同轴偏置式的减速器常采用中间轴偏置布置的圆柱斜齿轮副(图2a),而同轴行星齿轮式采用可实现完全同轴的行星齿轮机构[14]图2b)。平行轴电驱动桥一般采用外啮合圆柱齿轮减速器,即平行偏置式(图2c),少部分采用行星齿轮偏置方式,即平行行星齿轮式(图2d)。垂直布置电驱动桥(图2e)的减速器一般采用双曲面齿轮机构[15]。各类典型商用车集成式电驱动桥布置方式的应用及特点见表3
(1)同轴布置电驱动桥,是指电机与驱动桥半轴同轴布置的驱动桥。此类电驱动桥节省传动等部件,具有传动效率高、布置紧凑、集成度高等优势,在电动商用车领域逐步广泛应用[16]。但由于电机同轴布置,其外壳受到扭转力矩,需要增加强度,所以此类电驱动桥轻量化难度较大,功率密度一般,适用于轻型卡车领域,部分轻型客车也采用此类布置方式。
(2)平行轴式电驱动桥,也叫偏置式电驱动桥,是指电机与桥呈平行状态布置的驱动桥。此类电驱动桥布置方式装车成本低、速比大、功率密度高、占用空间小,易于集成多挡变速器。但其噪声、振动与声振粗糙度(Noise,Vibration,Harshness,NVH)效果较差,簧下质量大,且质心偏置偶有低频共振现象,不利于产品的可靠性,适用于需求转矩范围广的中重型商用车[17]
(3)垂直布置电驱动桥,也叫T型电驱动桥,是指电机轴与驱动桥半轴垂直布置的驱动桥。其减速器可与传统减速器通用,电驱动桥发展早期比较常用,目前工程应用较少,适用于中重型商用车及特种车。
在GA802—2019《道路交通管理机动车类型》中,商用车根据运输类别、整车参数以及载客(货)量分类,细分为若干商用车类型。因此,商用车车型级别、功能用途以及细分场景比较复杂,多达26种典型场景,其电驱动桥技术需求和路线存在差异。本文围绕客车、轻卡和皮卡以及中重卡3类不同商用车细分领域进行了集成式电驱动桥适用性分析,见表4。电动客车因其环保和经济效益在公共交通领域发挥着越来越重要的作用,特别是客运公交,多国先后开展电动化项目[18],客车电动化起步早,目前以中央电驱和分布式电驱桥为主,但集成式电驱动桥仍作为其中一条客车电动化技术路线在逐步发展中。轻微卡和皮卡电动化渗透率较高,集成式电驱动桥在该细分领域发展较快,且适用性高,属于电动化核心技术路线。中重卡电动化处于早期阶段,落后于乘用车和其他两种类型的商用车辆,集成式电驱动桥在该细分领域的应用最具有挑战性,细分场景集中于局部区域和封闭场所,电驱动桥和中央电驱将会长期并存,当前急需探索出具有竞争力的面向长途中重卡车型的电驱动桥。
第1代电动商用车是由内燃机汽车直接改造而成,采用电驱动桥的动力系统拓扑结构,由单电机、逆变器和固定速比的单速减速器组成[6]。由于商用车高载重下爬坡能力和高速行驶范围要求,以及电驱动桥高度集成需求,电动车电机在功率密度和转矩范围、调速范围、效率、再生制动效率以及可靠性和鲁棒性方面的要求非常高[19],电机的最终选择取决于不同的参数要求,对于商用车电驱动桥的电机来说,还需要重点考虑的两个方面是所需功率匹配电机的安装空间和成本[20]
感应电机和永磁电机是商用电动汽车最常用的电机类型[21]。感应电机一直是中重型商用车的主力,具有可靠性高、少维护、低成本等优势[22]。永磁电机包括永磁同步电机、永磁直流电机、永磁无刷直流电机以及永磁混合电机[23],其中,永磁同步电机具有转矩密度大、功率密度大以及高效率的特点,对于经常工作在中低转速范围的城市公交和城市物流卡车而言,具有明显优势[20]。随着电机及控制技术的发展,同时为了满足商用车电驱动桥集成化、高效率、轻量化以及低噪声等要求,驱动桥电机从先进的电机技术、布置方式以及能量管理等方面均开展了研发工作。
当前,商用车电驱动桥主要采用与变速器集成的低速大功率电机,其优点是适用车型范围广、开发难度小、整车NVH水平较高,但效率低、动态性能差且成本高[24]。高速电机可以减小体积、减轻质量并提高效率,因此,开发适用于电驱动桥的高速电机已成必然趋势。以重卡电机为例,初代重卡电机转速为3 000 r/min左右,当前部分企业新规划电机已经接近20 000 r/min。在经典类型的电机中,感应电机、开关磁阻和表贴式永磁同步电机都可以用于高转速场景[25]。感应电机转子损耗高,功率因素低,整体效率也较低,高速电机不适用于商用车电驱动桥。开关磁阻高速电机的效率和功率都受到高磁化电流的影响,且高速时双凸极布置增加了风阻损失,也不适用于商用电驱动桥。表贴式永磁同步高速电机在功率因素、转矩密度以及效率方面具有优势。
电机转速提高的同时,带来了更高的设计难度,将面临机械、电磁、热管理以及控制方面的挑战[26]。由于较高的电流频率,电机将增加额外的损耗,需要通过提高转子刚度来保证结构完整性,还要满足有与之匹配的高转速轴承、油封要求以及更高的装配工艺要求等。从电力电子和控制的角度来看,高速电机在保持高功率密度的同时合成具有低谐波含量的高频电流是主要挑战,可以采用宽禁带半导体器件替代硅基LGBT器件,增加开关频率的同时,降低开关损耗[25],具体分析见后文3.1节。将电动机集成到电驱动桥中时,电磁力与系统模式之间的关系变得特殊,随着电机转速的提高,NVH问题不再集中在齿轮箱,电机NVH占比大幅提升,高能量密度对新能源汽车的振动和噪声提出了严峻的挑战[27]
图3所示,与径向磁通电机不同,轴向磁通电机的定子部分和转子部分的内径和外径一致,而轴向长度不受限制,因此,集成长度更短,结构更紧凑。由于尺寸限制,电驱动桥的发展需要较高的比功率,轴向磁通电机有利于电驱动桥集成布置,特别是对于具有高功率需求的商用车[28]。轴向磁通技术在感应电机[29]、开关磁阻电机[30]和永磁同步电机[31]中均有应用。如前所述,永磁同步电机是新能源商用车的最佳选择,同时也是今后的发展方向。轴向磁通永磁同步电机集成了永磁同步电机和轴向磁通电机的优势,且定子和转子扁平化的结构特点也易于模块化[32],在商用车电驱桥中具有明显优势。但与成熟的径向磁通电机相比,轴向磁通电机仍面临着诸多挑战,如散热问题,磁场分布复杂带来的磁场谐波和控制难度加大问题,以及极高的气隙均匀性要求导致的装配和制造成本增加等[28]
车用电机的技术路线正在由圆线水冷式向圆线油冷式、扁线水冷式或油冷式转变[33]。与传统圆线电机相比,扁线电机将定子绕组中的圆铜线替换为横截面为矩形的扁铜线,具有槽满率高、散热能力强、功率密度高、效率高等优势。扁线电机最早应用在乘用车上,特斯拉、上汽新能源、极氪、比亚迪等新能源汽车搭载扁线电机,国内华域电动、松正电机以及方正电机等供应商将研发重点放到扁线电机。图4为采埃孚商用车模块化电驱动平台开发的AxTrax 2电驱动桥[11],该款电驱动桥配备发卡式绕组扁线电机,可提供210 kW的连续功率和26 000 Nm的轮端峰值系统输出转矩。
但是随着商用车电驱动桥对高速、高电压的需求增加,扁线电机很多技术难点问题开始凸显,包括扁线电机交流损耗问题[34]、绝缘安全问题[35]、绕组匝间电压分布不均匀[36],以及绕组层数增加带来的加工工艺难度等。相关学者从绕组拓扑结构优化、新型冷却技术、新型材料和制造工艺等方面进行了研究[37]
随着电机的高速化、高压化以及高效率化发展,主流路线的单电机驱动桥已基本满足车辆性能需求。与乘用车不同,商用车在系统持续的功率、转矩输出方面要求高很多,且载荷谱也有很大区别。商用车驱动桥如果只有一个动力推进单元,不利于实现动力无中断换挡,能量管理方面也受到限制[38],并且会使重负荷工况的商用车单电机不可避免地出现不同程度的高温运行情况。因此,双电机甚至多电机系统由于具有更好的节能和动态性能,逐步应用于商用车集成动力系统[39-40]。商用车存在多桥驱动情况,但本文只研究集成式电驱动桥,即某单一驱动桥上的电机布置情况,目前以双电机布置为主,且集成式电驱动桥其他多电机架构的动力耦合方式和能量管理策略与双电机相似。本节集中介绍集成式电驱动桥双电机配置及其能量管理技术。
双电机根据动力耦合方式的不同可以分为转矩耦合、转速耦合和混合耦合,如图5所示。转矩耦合方式中的电机输出转矩相互独立且可以叠加输出,耦合机构输出转速与电机输出转速成正比,常采用的耦合机构为机械式自动变速器AMT[41]和行星齿轮机构[42]。转速耦合方式中的电机输出转速相互独立,耦合机构的输出转矩与两个电机的输出转矩成比例,常采用的耦合机构为行星齿轮机构[43]和差动结构[44]。混合耦合结构采用离合器或制动器进行模式切换,既可以实现转矩耦合又可以实现转速耦合,具有两种配置的优点,在集成式电驱动桥中,同轴布置和平行轴布局均可以实现[2]
多电机在电驱动桥上的耦合布局方式直接影响动力耦合方式,不同布局方式在结构复杂程度、能量管理及能耗等方面均有不同。根据电机在驱动桥上的耦合布置方式可以分为5种:前后独立布局、同轴式布局、带行星齿轮布局、转矩矢量布局以及平行式布局,如图6所示。
驱动轴独立驱动布局如图6a所示,此布局方式结构简单,且驱动桥可以独立驱动,可提高车辆稳定性和安全性[45],但只能实现转矩耦合驱动模式,适用于多轴驱动的公交车和中重卡车,例如中国重汽自主研发的16 t电驱动桥,集成了前后双电机。同轴式布局如图6b所示,两台电机同轴耦合,允许电机转矩叠加,且可以解决转矩中断问题[46],适用于低速和重载商用车,例如公交车[47]。带行星齿轮布局如图6c所示,采用行星齿轮机构将双电机动力结合起来[48],进一步集成离合器、制动器和同步器可以实现混合耦合驱动模式[49],可提供较大负载和转速范围,灵活性大,普遍用于轻型客车、公交车、牵引车和自卸卡车[50]等。集成转矩矢量功能的布局如图6d所示,在保留现有集成电驱动桥部件的前提下,一个电机作为主驱电机,另一个作为转矩矢量电机,并增加行星齿轮耦合机构,实现驱动转矩任意分配功能[42],此布局比较复杂,目前在商用车上应用较少。平行式布局如图6e所示,在单轴驱动双电机驱动桥布置中,此类布局在装配和构造上最简单[51],且能量管理简单,但是一定程度上限制了转矩耦合,可以通过集成变速器和离合器等方式调整动力耦合模式[52]
除了合适的驱动桥拓扑结构外,实时可用的能量管理策略也是影响车辆能耗和动态性能的关键因素。能量管理策略能在满足车辆物理和操作限制条件的前提下,通过管理车辆能源使用方式来高效地满足车辆动力需求。集成多电机的电驱动桥拥有单电机、双电机、转速耦合以及转矩耦合等多种工作模式,因此,能量管理策略需要考虑动力模式选择、转矩和转速分配、制动转矩和能效,以及动力切换平顺性等多个目标。驱动桥双电机动力耦合控制策略主要由混合动力车辆能量管理策略借鉴而来,分为基于规则的方法、基于优化理论的方法和基于机器学习的方法[53],LOUBACK等[51]对各类方法的优缺点及应用进行了详细介绍。
当前,能量管理方法主要应用于混合动力车辆、双电机直接驱动乘用车辆和中央集中驱动商用车,商用车电驱动桥上应用较少,其能量管理策略方法仍然需要解决诸多问题。
(1)集成双电机驱动桥为了提高效率,降低热量,通常会布置多种模式,因此,会集成考虑转矩分配和模式切换问题。
(2)商用车特别是中重型卡车,电驱动桥同时会集成变速器,因此,除了连续动作以外,集成双电机多速的电驱动桥需要进行动力保持和挡位切换混合动作控制,且能量管理系统和挡位控制具有耦合影响。
(3)以深度学习和深度强化学习为代表的人工智能技术在解决能量耦合优化问题方面获得了极大的关注,但能量管理系统的性能依赖于训练数据的质量,商用车复杂的细分场景导致待训练的驾驶循环工况制定难度增大。
商用车是生产工具,其电驱动系统的功率密度和效率直接影响车辆能耗,进而压缩商用车实际运行时间,增加运行成本。
(1)为了提高电驱动桥的功率密度和效率,商用车驱动桥电机采用高速电机、高压化、轴向磁通电机、扁线电机以及双电机等技术,但是随着集成式电驱动桥的高度集成化,这些技术的应用相应地会带来噪声、电磁兼容、热管理、可靠性、制造维修成本增大等问题。
(2)随着集成式电驱动桥的逐步应用,电机技术已经不再局限于单一器件,而是向系统解决方案的方向发展。电机状态监测传感器和车联网V2X技术的应用也越来越广泛,通过大数据手段实现预测性维护和远程监控,同时基于商用车复杂场景的长时间尺度、大空间尺度的时空预测有待进一步研究。
电动汽车的电机控制技术依赖于使用逆变器作为电机的驱动器来获得相关的速度或转矩[54]。商用车电驱动桥除了集成牵引逆变器以外,还集成了转换器DC/DC、车载充电器OBC,本节所述的逆变器特指牵引逆变器。电动汽车的牵引逆变器以三相电压源逆变器拓扑结构为主,其效率高、成本低,控制要求简单。逆变器连同滤波器、栅极驱动、传感器和控制器如图7所示,其中逆变器驱动的2个关键部件是功率器件和直流电容。
商用车对使用寿命和正常运行时间的要求远高于乘用车[56],牵引逆变器的总体设计目标是在保持低成本、低体积和轻量化的同时提高效率和可靠性。随着车用电机向高压化、高速化发展,与电机集成的逆变器为了满足更高的功率密度、轻量化以及更高开关频率需求,使用宽禁带半导体器件,并与先进的热管理系统和材料集成封装,为了进一步提高电驱动桥的性能和集成度,逆变器新的材料和优化技术也在探索中。
当前主流电动汽车功率半导体材料有硅Si、碳化硅SiC和氮化镓GaN,但由于晶体结构、材料掺杂浓度和极性等原因,同种半导体材料性能参数会有所区别,表5列举了3种功率半导体材料的车用场景性能参数。宽禁带功率半导体是指半导体材料中导电带和价带之间的能量差超过2.2 eV的第3代半导体,以SiC和GaN为代表,该类半导体器件已被验证为高开关频率、高压和高温应用的关键解决方案[57]。SiC和GaN功率半导体器件由于具有更高的饱和电子漂移速度和更大的带隙,允许更快的开关速度和更高的开关频率,从而降低开关损耗和导通损耗,可以提高电驱动桥效率和功率密度[58-59],同时,该类半导体高频率和高效率的优势可以促使驱动电路采用更小的无源元件,从而提高电驱动桥的轻量化效果[60]
SiC MOSFET具有较大的介电强度,适用于800 V高压驱动集成平台[61],且对于低速运营领域的商用车,例如公交车、环卫车、渣土车,SiC MOSFET明显优于Si-IGBT[59]。虽然GaN半导体材料电子迁移率和电子饱和漂移速率高于SiC材料,GaN MOSFET器件效率和功率密度优于SiC MOSFET,但目前GaN半导体材料耐压等级通常在650 V,且热导率远低于SiC,因此,SiC功率半导体器件适用于高压化的商用车电驱动桥及其牵引逆变器,而GaN功率半导体器件更适用于可集成于电驱动桥的车载充电器OBC和DC/DC变换器。当前,采埃孚、博世、比亚迪等多个商用车驱动桥产品采用宽禁带功率半导体器件,比亚迪甚至计划2025年将所有商用车切换到SiC平台。
由于直流链路电压较低且设计和实现简单,电动客车等车辆大多配备传统两电平逆变器[63]。但随着电驱动桥牵引动力向高压化发展,如果仍采用相同逆变器拓扑结构,高电压半导体会导致元件成本和开关损耗的增加,降低系统总效率[64]。因此,逆变器拓扑结构必须进行改进,当前主流技术路线是采用多电平逆变器(Multilevel Inverter,MLI)拓扑,例如可以应用到商用车的德纳TM4开发了多电平逆变器。
多电平逆变器是一种利用合理组合开关状态,降低单个开关电压应力,从而实现低压器件输出高压、多电平的新型电力电子器件[65]。近年来,多种多电平逆变器拓扑结构被研发并应用于汽车试验,例如级联H桥(Cascading H-Bridge,CHB)型[66]、中性点钳位(Neutral-Point Clamped,NPC)型[67]以及飞跨电容(Flying Capacitor,FC)型[68]等。图8给出了两电平、三电平NPC以及三电平CHB不同拓扑结构逆变器在电动汽车中的应用比较,并分别从逆变器损耗、输出总谐波失真(Total Harmonic Distortion,THD)、开关瞬态过程电压变化率(dv/dt)、逆变器成本、容错和可靠性、冷却系统尺寸、系统成本、功率密度以及电池容量9个方面进行比较,两电平逆变器在逆变器和系统成本上占有优势,但是其他方面性能均低于三电平逆变器拓扑结构。
如前所述,当前商用车趋于采用宽禁带半导体器件,但随之带来更高的电磁干扰、开关损耗和复杂的电池管理系统等挑战,多电平逆变器可以通过利用低压开关和减少dv/dt,进而对电池干扰和开关损耗进行补偿。为了获得较长的续驶里程,电动商用车采用大容量电池和大量并联电池单元,大量隔离的DC源可以满足CHB逆变器的DC源需求,因此,重载商用车可以采用CHB逆变器拓扑结构。电平数的选择是逆变器拓扑结构设计中重要的一环,多电平逆变器也会面临电压失衡、功率半导体和电容数量增加,以及控制复杂等挑战,因此,需要根据效率、成本、尺寸、功率密度、可靠性以及调制和控制技术等多种因素综合考虑进行选择[65]
为了满足商用车大载重、高续驶里程、高可靠性和寿命需求,以800 V为代表的高压平台在集成电驱动桥上的高渗透要求非常迫切,甚至高于乘用车,因此,与之匹配的逆变器急需从材料、拓扑结构等方面进行优化。
(1)逆变器、电机共同集成于电驱动桥,需要考虑系统集成需求并寻找解决方案,且需对逆变器和电机进行综合评估,才能预测系统的整体效率[25]
(2)宽禁带功率半导体在逆变器中逐步应用,但随之也带来尖峰电压控制、轴电流轴电压过高,电机烧蚀以及高电磁干扰等挑战,需要进一步解决。
(3)高度集成到驱动桥中的逆变器功率密度增加及其元件尺寸减小,同时电驱动桥有进一步集成高压配电盒PDU、DC/DC变换器以及车载充电器OBC小三电的趋势,大量功率在小面积内耗散,集成电驱动桥内电力电子器件热管理也应考虑。
随着电机技术的发展,车用电机具有较宽的调速范围,固定的单速电驱动桥可以满足常规行驶的基本需求[69],当前商用车集成式电驱动桥多采用这种单挡驱动模式。对于商用车而言,如客车和卡车,由于质量大、行驶工况复杂,需要更宽的转速范围和转矩[70],单挡驱动桥需要采用大尺寸电机以满足爬坡和高速兼容的要求[71],这将增大商用车电驱动桥的集成难度,特别是重卡本身驱动桥已经非常庞大。另一方面,这也将导致驱动桥低速小转矩日常驱动时储备大量的电机转矩和转速,且集成式电驱动桥电机转速和转矩与车况直接耦合,商用车日常行驶时驱动桥电机效率变化大,不能保证电机和逆变器在最有效率的区域运行,会降低驱动桥运行效率,增大能耗[72-73]
以客车和轻型皮卡为例,这类车型在城市应用场景下,具有频繁停车和低速行驶的特点,电机运行在低效率区域[6]。因此,针对这类细分场景,商用车电驱动桥可采用高速电机与变速器耦合构型,通过较低额定功率的电机匹配变速器增扭,在维持同等转矩输出的同时,使电机持续运行于高效区域[74]。通过这种方式缩小电机转矩、逆变器电流和电机直径,这对电驱动桥相当重要[75]。对中重卡而言,由于其重载特性,当前电机技术很难同时满足低速大转矩和高速高功率的需求,所以集成变速器是集成式电驱动桥关键的技术路径。
由于商用车电驱动桥起步晚于乘用车,目前市面上普遍以单速挡应用为主,本文整理的电驱动桥变速器拓扑结构涵盖了小型乘用车到重型商用车,变速器可以分为以下几种类别:机械式手动变速器(MT)、机械式自动变速器(AMT)、双离合器变速器(DCT)、液力式自动变速器(AT)、无级变速器(CVT)和新型变速器,例如离合器安装于变速器输出侧的反向机械式自动变速器(I-AMT)[76]、无限变速式机械自动变速器(IVT)[77]和磁力齿轮变速器 (MGT)[78]。商用车经过电动化之后,由于驱动电机不需要怠速,且可直接通过控制驱动电机实现平稳换挡,所以不需要传统AT的变矩器。
本文从潜在传动效率、潜在动态性能、系统简单性、变速器质量以及变速器成本5个方面定性对比了不同变速器拓扑结构,如图9所示。MGT结构简单,但成本高昂、效率较低,在电动车上应用极少[79]。MT结构简单、低成本,但驾驶员操作方式对换挡质量、系统效率和离合器寿命有很大影响,当前市场占比持续下降[80],主要应用于直接传统燃油改装的电动商用车,且以中央电机驱动为主,在集成式电驱动桥上应用极少。AMT制造和维护成本低、效率高,在电动汽车上具有良好的应用前景,其利用离合器和同步器组合来换挡,为了减少寄生功率损失,电驱动桥中开始采用无离合AMT[81]。AMT工作时会出现换挡中断,导致驾驶舒适性较差,在此基础上提出了I-AMT,是未来电动车上最具发展前景的多速变速器之一[82-83]。DCT可以不中断电源情况下换挡,且变速器效率与AMT相当,为了提高换挡质量和效率,可采用鱼叉式换挡同步器[84]。IVT相较于CVT,可以实现零传动比,但电机能在怠速下产生转矩,所以其在燃油车上具有明显优势。应用于电动化车辆的CVT变速器可实现无级变速,无动力中断和操作平稳,但CVT变速器成本高,效率较低,且传递转矩有限[85],不适用于商用车,特别是中重型商用车的电驱动桥。
综合前述分析和当前市场应用情况,当前集成式电驱动桥中最具应用前景的变速器配置为DCT和AMT[86]。I-AMT只需要啮合和脱离摩擦离合器即可实现换挡,因此,开发易于操作的电动汽车手动变速器成为可能。该系统具有成本和可靠性方面的优势,可以作为成本敏感的商用车电驱动桥的选择之一[87]
商用车电气化发展的同时在向智能化发展,电驱动桥变速器也开始采用智能换挡技术。换挡策略和控制是换挡质量的核心,不同类型变速器可以通过适当的控制策略达到可接受的驾驶舒适性。商用车换挡策略受到复杂多变的场景和驾驶意图的影响,当前对电动客车的研究主要集中在电动公交车的换挡质量方面[88-89],卡车特别是中重型卡车由于电驱动桥技术应用起步很晚,当前仍以燃油车为主,控制策略集中在高效、快速和平稳换挡方面[90]
换挡控制的首要目标是选择合适的换挡时机[91],换挡时机通过改变驱动电机的工作区域,直接决定驱动电机的平均效率,合理的换挡时间也有利于提高换挡质量和平顺性[92]。电驱动桥变速器的换挡规律是在燃油车的基础上发展起来的,基础方案包含动力型换挡方案[93]、经济型换挡方案[94]以及综合换挡方案[95],这些简单有效的调度也降低了对控制系统的硬件要求。随着控制技术的发展,基于动态规划的换挡方案[96]、基于模型预测控制的换挡方案[97]以及基于智能网联信息共享的在线或分层换挡方案[98]也逐渐被应用。
商用车的应用场景不仅与乘用车相差很大,且其自身细分领域应用场景差别也很大。首先,驾驶方式和交通状况等因素会影响车辆速度分布,因此,需要根据商用车类型进行特征分析,并根据特定的驾驶循环设计换挡方案。其次,不同拓扑结构的变速器效率、换挡延时等参数也不同,这也将影响驱动桥换挡计划的制定。最后,也是最主要的,商用车对成本很敏感,实用且简单的换挡方案更易于工程应用[99]
换挡控制的另一个目标是在换挡过程中的优化控制,包括无缝换挡、降低换挡冲击等,以提高换挡平顺性并降低换挡时间和磨损。对于配备离散传动比的变速器来说,换挡过程动力中断将影响驱动力的连续性。但电机的惯性明显小于内燃机,且具有出色的低速控制能力,在换挡过程中,当电机在转矩模式和速度模式之间切换时,控制单元可以快速控制电机运行。电机速度被控制,挡位齿轮执行器可以选择换合适的换挡时机。因此,在现有变速器拓扑结构下,可以根据换挡阶段的动态特性,采用快速、精确的换挡控制方案以提高换挡质量[100],包括开发动力总成动力模型、闭环电机和转矩控制器[76101]。还可以基于改进的变速器基础结构实现无缝换挡,例如改进的动力保持三挡AMT[88]、分换挡阶段控制的I-AMT[102]、双电机布置[87]以及复合行星齿轮组[103]等。
当变速器使用摩擦离合器和单向离合器时,单向离合器在降挡时不可避免地会出现瞬时冲击状态,从而产生额外的换挡冲击[76]。在设计控制策略时,可以将换挡冲击度和换挡冲击度变化率作为优化目标[104],但考虑到电驱动桥是集成装置,换挡冲击可能作为激励源影响整车NVH,实际在设置变速器优化目标时,还需要综合考虑换挡时间、换挡摩擦等多个目标[105]。为了提高控制精度,对换挡执行机构参数时变等非线性因素进行状态估计和参数辨识[47]。随着智能网联技术的发展,基于数据驱动的无模型变速器控制被证明效果良好[106]
对于需要大转矩驱动的商用车,可以采用多级数变速器以满足需求,商用车整车厂均会采用变速器来增加竞争优势。
(1)由于驱动电机技术的融合和集成化需求,变速器挡位会越来越少,预计后续会以双速、三速和四速为主。
(2)为了实现最佳的电驱动桥整体性能,在设计变速器系统时,应使用协同优化,包括电机、逆变器甚至电池,需要对集成变速器的集成式驱动桥进行综合评估,找到所有具有优化设计的可行拓扑[107]。同时,由于商用车对成本敏感,在对不同拓扑结构评估时需要重点考虑操作和部件成本[108]
(3)驱动桥电机在向高速化发展时,商用车既要考虑高速,又要考虑承载能力,这将给齿轮、油封等驱动桥变速器关键部件设计带来挑战[9109]。需要重点考虑的是,重载下的驱动桥变速器和减速器齿轮与负载相关的位移增加问题[110]、齿轮失效[4]、功率损失[111]、齿轮热评估[5]以及NVH控制[112]等。
(4)商用车尤其是重型卡车布局多驱动轴时,变速器也需要考虑集成脱开装置。
集成式电驱动桥集成动力传动系统至车桥上,具有传动效率高、占位空间小、自重低等优势,成为商用车碳中和电动化主流路径之一。商用车具有非常复杂多样的应用场景、严格的政策法规约束和成本考量,集成电驱动桥需要综合考虑成本、效率、动力性、技术复杂程度等因素,突破关键技术,从而满足全场景需求。
整车厂、供应商以及相关学者围绕商用车电驱动桥集成化、轻量化、高功率化逐步开展核心部件关键技术突破和集成开发。核心部件关键技术方面,例如电机聚焦高压、轴向磁通、扁线、油冷等方向;逆变器聚焦宽禁带功率半导体、多电平拓扑结构等方向;变速器聚焦新型拓扑结构、智能换挡策略等方向。集成开发方面,考虑到集成电驱动桥为多系统集成装置,当前关键技术研究也聚焦于电驱动桥整体构型、多电机布局及其相对驱动桥布置方式,集成系统整体围绕效率、成本、尺寸、功率密度、可靠性、能量管理以及控制技术等方面。
未来商用车电驱动桥在成本、效率和可靠性的基础上,仍会以一体化为目标,深度融合为动力域级别驱动桥,采用智能网联大数据技术进行商用车全场景下的集成式驱动桥差异化和智能化设计。但同时需要进一步攻克机械、电力和电子集成及性能深度耦合后的噪声振动、电磁干扰、热管理以及可靠性等问题,以提高集成式电驱动桥多细分场景的适用性,推动商用车电驱动桥技术的发展。
  • 江西省重大科技成果熟化与工程化研究项目(20232AEI92001)
  • 江西省赣鄱俊才支持计划——主要学科学术和技术带头人培养项目(20232BCJ22033)
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2025年第15卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.01
  • 接收时间:2024-10-11
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-11
  • 修回日期:2024-12-09
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江西省重大科技成果熟化与工程化研究项目(20232AEI92001)
江西省赣鄱俊才支持计划——主要学科学术和技术带头人培养项目(20232BCJ22033)
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    1 华东交通大学 轨道交通基础设施运维安全保障技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,南昌 330013
    2 江西科技学院 协同创新中心,南昌 330098
    3 江西江铃底盘股份有限公司,江西,抚州 344000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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