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In the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, integrated electric drive axles have emerged as a key pathway for commercial-vehicle electrification. Firstly, the paper introduces the typical configurations and layouts of integrated e-axles for commercial vehicles. Given the complexity and diversity of vehicle segments, it analyzes the suitability of electric drive axles for passenger cars, light trucks and pickups, as well as medium-and heavy-duty trucks. Next, the paper focuses on the motor, inverter, and transmission, which are the three core components, and summarizes recent advances in the key technologies supporting commercial-vehicle e-axles. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges these technologies still pose and describes their future prospects, providing a reference for the development and broader adoption of integrated electric drive axle systems in commercial vehicles.
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“双碳”背景下,集成式电驱动桥成为商用车电动化转型的重要路径之一。介绍了商用车集成电驱动桥典型构型和布局,针对商用车细分领域复杂多样问题,分别对客车、轻卡、皮卡以及中重卡应用场景的电驱动桥适用性进行分析。从电机、逆变器以及变速器3个驱动桥核心组成方面,阐述了近年来商用车电驱动桥关键技术取得的研究进展,并对关键技术带来的挑战和前景进行了展望,以期为商用车集成式电驱动桥系统开发和应用推广提供参考。
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| 黄志超(1971-),男,江西抚州人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为轻型材料连接、汽车轻量化及电驱动桥。hzcosu@163.com |
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1 National Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Guarantee Technology for Operation and Maintenance of Rail Transit Infrastructure,East China Jiaotong University,Nanchang 330013,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175522457080443451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, authorId=1175522456900088376, language=CN, stringName=黄志超, firstName=志超, middleName=null, lastName=黄, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 华东交通大学 轨道交通基础设施运维安全保障技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,南昌 330013, bio={"img":"EfAehKI+pLu5DNgK3hDc2g==","content":"
黄志超(1971-),男,江西抚州人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为轻型材料连接、汽车轻量化及电驱动桥。hzcosu@163.com
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扁线电机在商用车电驱动桥上的应用, figureFileSmall=ok0GLL2PCCNgjZ3+/spBPg==, figureFileBig=N7ID04JEJdeXv9jvkwxvbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522460163256936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zJEvx310+Yq7KclWHvFK5A==, figureFileBig=hZ9UCFpfaKJinOxsI70Xsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522460213588585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
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牵引逆变器及其接口元件和控制器[55], figureFileSmall=0FbmQsjC1hvnI1Vyw3yyqg==, figureFileBig=+Xn2hCB+Kstnvm4hPtuKGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522460570104430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ioPQYtcno2AWP5/s+uWsIQ==, figureFileBig=rHK3ctQ9SHek15LMnXf5zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522460662379119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
车载不同拓扑结构逆变器性能对比[65], figureFileSmall=ioPQYtcno2AWP5/s+uWsIQ==, figureFileBig=rHK3ctQ9SHek15LMnXf5zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522460716905072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZdE6jhex+T4Y8OLtIf/Lvg==, figureFileBig=0HxbKqQH4pErZCsj0JLz1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522460796596849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
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| 驱动桥类型 | 集成式电驱动桥 | 分布式电驱动桥 |
| 技术优势 | 1.相较于中央电驱动的传统驱动方式,集成度较高,结构紧凑,一定程度轻量化; 2.传动效率高; 3.相较于分布式电驱动桥,开发难度低,对整车设计冲击小。 | 1.车轮电机独立驱动,且完全自主控制,易于实现控制集成; 2.无任何刚性机械连接,简化结构,显著减轻质量; 3.提高布置空间利用率; 4.简化传动系统,传动效率更高。 |
| 技术劣势 | 1.簧下质量增加; 2.结构设计复杂,难度大。 | 1.簧下质量增加; 2.协同控制难度大; 3.结构复杂。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522460985340531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同类型电驱动桥的特点[9-10]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 驱动桥类型 | 集成式电驱动桥 | 分布式电驱动桥 |
| 技术优势 | 1.相较于中央电驱动的传统驱动方式,集成度较高,结构紧凑,一定程度轻量化; 2.传动效率高; 3.相较于分布式电驱动桥,开发难度低,对整车设计冲击小。 | 1.车轮电机独立驱动,且完全自主控制,易于实现控制集成; 2.无任何刚性机械连接,简化结构,显著减轻质量; 3.提高布置空间利用率; 4.简化传动系统,传动效率更高。 |
| 技术劣势 | 1.簧下质量增加; 2.结构设计复杂,难度大。 | 1.簧下质量增加; 2.协同控制难度大; 3.结构复杂。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461065032308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 构型方式 | 特点 |
| “二合一”构型 | 电驱动桥系统采用电机与逆变器或变速器集成方式 | 在集成式驱动桥中出现最早,集成度较低,是商用车电驱动桥市场的主流,主要是因为商用车尤其是重型商用车簧下质量大、空间布局受限,以及集成电控技术难度大 |
| “三合一”构型 | 电驱动桥采用电机、变速器(减速器)和逆变器三模块集成方式 | 行业较早研发,且相对主流的集成式电驱动桥,其优势是体积小,易于标准化和通用化,也易于整车布置,且功率密度高 |
| “多合一”构型 | 在“三合一”构型基础上,集成电机控制器MCU、车载充电器OBC、高压配电盒PDU、电池管理系统BMS以及整车控制器VCU等模块。在软件定义汽车趋势下,甚至进一步跨域融合中央域控 | 整车控制、电机控制、电池管理系统、车载充电器控制等软硬件功能集成、算法集成域控制器,共享外壳耦合及冷却系统、共享电路及功率开关器件,进一步减少零部件数量和接口,有效降低电驱动桥的体积、面积、质量,提高整体系统的时效性和性能 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461123752565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
典型商用车电驱动桥构型[11-13]
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型 | 构型方式 | 特点 |
| “二合一”构型 | 电驱动桥系统采用电机与逆变器或变速器集成方式 | 在集成式驱动桥中出现最早,集成度较低,是商用车电驱动桥市场的主流,主要是因为商用车尤其是重型商用车簧下质量大、空间布局受限,以及集成电控技术难度大 |
| “三合一”构型 | 电驱动桥采用电机、变速器(减速器)和逆变器三模块集成方式 | 行业较早研发,且相对主流的集成式电驱动桥,其优势是体积小,易于标准化和通用化,也易于整车布置,且功率密度高 |
| “多合一”构型 | 在“三合一”构型基础上,集成电机控制器MCU、车载充电器OBC、高压配电盒PDU、电池管理系统BMS以及整车控制器VCU等模块。在软件定义汽车趋势下,甚至进一步跨域融合中央域控 | 整车控制、电机控制、电池管理系统、车载充电器控制等软硬件功能集成、算法集成域控制器,共享外壳耦合及冷却系统、共享电路及功率开关器件,进一步减少零部件数量和接口,有效降低电驱动桥的体积、面积、质量,提高整体系统的时效性和性能 |
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| 布置方式 | 图例 | 代表产品 | 峰值功率/kW | 峰值转矩/ Nm | 挡位 | 应用车型 | 特点 |
| 同轴偏置 | 图2a | 江铃底盘某电驱动桥 | 105 | 240 | 单速 | 3.5 t小型客货车 | 齿轮制造工艺相对成熟,成本较低,传动效率高,NVH优化难度低,易于扩大速比范围;但相对同轴行星齿轮式,体积大,占用整车纵向布置空间,质心偏载易引起低频共振 |
| 长城精工某电驱动桥 | 135 | 330 | 双速 | 载货汽车 |
| 五菱某电驱动桥 | 60 | 220 | 单速 | 微型商用车 |
| 同轴行星齿轮 | 图2b | 比亚迪TQ04 | 130 | 340 | 单速 | 4.5 t轻卡 | 同轴直连,有利于改善偏载、轻量化问题,集成度高,改善车辆行驶平顺性;但速比相对小,大转矩时不均载程度增加,行星齿轮制造工艺难度大,成本相对较高 |
| 德纳eS5700r | 130 | 5 700* | 单速 | 轻型卡车和小型客车 |
| 采埃孚 Axtrax2 | 250 | 26 000* | 三速 | 轻型和中型客货车 |
| 平行偏置 | 图2c | 东风德纳EP-Axle 28D | 160 | 270 | 双速 | 18 t城市环卫车 | 由于电机偏置布置,可沿用传统桥壳,齿轮技术成熟,加工制造简单,成本较低;但NVH效果较差,簧下质量大,且质心偏置偶有低频共振现象 |
| 绿控传动STEA39000Z | 252 | 550 | 四速 | 6×2/4×2重型卡车 |
| AVL某电驱动桥 | 250 | 450 | 双速 | 16 t重型卡车 |
| 平行行星齿轮 | 图2d | 比亚迪SEQ05 | 110 | 400 | 双速 | 中重卡、高底板客车 | 相较于平行偏置式,具有轻量化优势,空间布置集成度更高,利用行星齿轮优势易于实现多挡速比;一定程度仍具有偏置式共性缺点 |
| 越博动力A31000 | 140 | 420 | 四速 | 8~12 m客车、 16~21 t物流车 |
| 垂直布置 | 图2e | 美驰12Xe | 250 | | 单速/双速 | 8 m客车、6.4~7.3 t中型厢式货车等 | 改造小,占用车辆纵向空间小,便于布置电池;但此类布置方式采用双曲面齿轮减速器,速比小、传动效率差,NVH效果差,且功率密度低 |
| 德纳eS20D | 193 | 19 000*~ 36 000* | | 大型采矿和建筑车辆 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461278941815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
典型商用车集成式电驱动布置方式的应用及特点
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| 布置方式 | 图例 | 代表产品 | 峰值功率/kW | 峰值转矩/ Nm | 挡位 | 应用车型 | 特点 |
| 同轴偏置 | 图2a | 江铃底盘某电驱动桥 | 105 | 240 | 单速 | 3.5 t小型客货车 | 齿轮制造工艺相对成熟,成本较低,传动效率高,NVH优化难度低,易于扩大速比范围;但相对同轴行星齿轮式,体积大,占用整车纵向布置空间,质心偏载易引起低频共振 |
| 长城精工某电驱动桥 | 135 | 330 | 双速 | 载货汽车 |
| 五菱某电驱动桥 | 60 | 220 | 单速 | 微型商用车 |
| 同轴行星齿轮 | 图2b | 比亚迪TQ04 | 130 | 340 | 单速 | 4.5 t轻卡 | 同轴直连,有利于改善偏载、轻量化问题,集成度高,改善车辆行驶平顺性;但速比相对小,大转矩时不均载程度增加,行星齿轮制造工艺难度大,成本相对较高 |
| 德纳eS5700r | 130 | 5 700* | 单速 | 轻型卡车和小型客车 |
| 采埃孚 Axtrax2 | 250 | 26 000* | 三速 | 轻型和中型客货车 |
| 平行偏置 | 图2c | 东风德纳EP-Axle 28D | 160 | 270 | 双速 | 18 t城市环卫车 | 由于电机偏置布置,可沿用传统桥壳,齿轮技术成熟,加工制造简单,成本较低;但NVH效果较差,簧下质量大,且质心偏置偶有低频共振现象 |
| 绿控传动STEA39000Z | 252 | 550 | 四速 | 6×2/4×2重型卡车 |
| AVL某电驱动桥 | 250 | 450 | 双速 | 16 t重型卡车 |
| 平行行星齿轮 | 图2d | 比亚迪SEQ05 | 110 | 400 | 双速 | 中重卡、高底板客车 | 相较于平行偏置式,具有轻量化优势,空间布置集成度更高,利用行星齿轮优势易于实现多挡速比;一定程度仍具有偏置式共性缺点 |
| 越博动力A31000 | 140 | 420 | 四速 | 8~12 m客车、 16~21 t物流车 |
| 垂直布置 | 图2e | 美驰12Xe | 250 | | 单速/双速 | 8 m客车、6.4~7.3 t中型厢式货车等 | 改造小,占用车辆纵向空间小,便于布置电池;但此类布置方式采用双曲面齿轮减速器,速比小、传动效率差,NVH效果差,且功率密度低 |
| 德纳eS20D | 193 | 19 000*~ 36 000* | | 大型采矿和建筑车辆 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461350244984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 细分领域 | 客车 | 轻卡和皮卡 | 中重卡 |
| 工作特点 | 电动客车电池布局空间充足;路径和行程相对固定;小型化和轻量化要求较低;公交车运行场景复杂多变,车速以低速为主 | 面向城市物流、城间物流以及专业作业等应用场景;中短途为主;载重和转矩需求相对较小 | 有效载荷大;工作周期苛刻;有效里程和任务限制大;可靠性和寿命要求高;持续转矩输出要求高 |
| 适用性 | 电动化起步早、渗透高;电驱动桥易于实现和推广;当前以单/双电机+减速器+逆变器为主;以公交车为主的低速商用车,SiC功率器件更具有发展前景 | 电动化是其主要转型路径,与轿车的发展路径基本相当。当前驱动桥以单电机系统+减速器+逆变器结构技术路线为主;集成两挡变速器的驱动桥逐步使用 | 处于早期阶段且是最具挑战性的领域;高压(以800 V为主)电压平台、SiC MOSFET模块为基础的逆变器、多电机系统以及集成多挡位变速器的电驱动桥适用于中重卡 |
| 代表产品 | 东风德纳EP-Axle8、苏州STEA- 33300、AVL E-Axle | 东风德纳EP-Axle5、江铃底盘P243-92Y、比亚迪TQ04 | 法士特FS2EA480、艾里逊eGen Power 130D、采埃孚AxTrax 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461408965241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
电驱动桥在商用车细分领域适用性
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| 细分领域 | 客车 | 轻卡和皮卡 | 中重卡 |
| 工作特点 | 电动客车电池布局空间充足;路径和行程相对固定;小型化和轻量化要求较低;公交车运行场景复杂多变,车速以低速为主 | 面向城市物流、城间物流以及专业作业等应用场景;中短途为主;载重和转矩需求相对较小 | 有效载荷大;工作周期苛刻;有效里程和任务限制大;可靠性和寿命要求高;持续转矩输出要求高 |
| 适用性 | 电动化起步早、渗透高;电驱动桥易于实现和推广;当前以单/双电机+减速器+逆变器为主;以公交车为主的低速商用车,SiC功率器件更具有发展前景 | 电动化是其主要转型路径,与轿车的发展路径基本相当。当前驱动桥以单电机系统+减速器+逆变器结构技术路线为主;集成两挡变速器的驱动桥逐步使用 | 处于早期阶段且是最具挑战性的领域;高压(以800 V为主)电压平台、SiC MOSFET模块为基础的逆变器、多电机系统以及集成多挡位变速器的电驱动桥适用于中重卡 |
| 代表产品 | 东风德纳EP-Axle8、苏州STEA- 33300、AVL E-Axle | 东风德纳EP-Axle5、江铃底盘P243-92Y、比亚迪TQ04 | 法士特FS2EA480、艾里逊eGen Power 130D、采埃孚AxTrax 2 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461488657018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | Si | SiC | GaN |
| 禁带宽度/eV | 1.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
| 电子迁移率/(cm2/Vs) | 1 350 | 1 000 | 2 000 |
| 介电常数 | 11.9 | 10.1 | 9 |
| 击穿场强/(MV/cm) | 0.3 | 2.8 | 3.3 |
| 电子饱和漂移速率/(107 cm/s) | 1 | 2.2 | 2.7 |
| 热导率/(W/cm·K) | 1.5 | 4.9 | 1.3 |
| 理论最高工作温度/℃ | 175 | 600 | 800 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522461543182971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525478482166561, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
车用逆变器半导体材料性能对比
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| 材料 | Si | SiC | GaN |
| 禁带宽度/eV | 1.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 |
| 电子迁移率/(cm2/Vs) | 1 350 | 1 000 | 2 000 |
| 介电常数 | 11.9 | 10.1 | 9 |
| 击穿场强/(MV/cm) | 0.3 | 2.8 | 3.3 |
| 电子饱和漂移速率/(107 cm/s) | 1 | 2.2 | 2.7 |
| 热导率/(W/cm·K) | 1.5 | 4.9 | 1.3 |
| 理论最高工作温度/℃ | 175 | 600 | 800 |
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