Article(id=1172525477957874159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1172525471628673796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.09, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739462400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-14, revisedDate=1744300800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757481458415, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757481458415, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757481458415, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481458415, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172525471628673796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='619', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757481456904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757489711911, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172560095704662894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1172525471628673796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172560095704662895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1172525471628673796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=516, endPage=527, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172525478209532400, articleId=1172525477957874159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Study on Occupants’ Perceived Risk in Overtaking Scenarios, columnId=1165621800806396415, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Intelligent & Connected Technologies Section/Editor in Chief:GAO Zhenhai, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When an autonomous vehicle (AV) is in motion, the driving risks caused by the external environment can lead to occupants' distrust, reducing their acceptance of AVs. Therefore, quantifying occupants' perceived risk is crucial for designing and evaluating AV behavior, as it provides theoretical support for mitigating that risk. The paper quantifies the relationship between objective scenario-level risk factors and subjective perception in overtaking scenarios using a logistic regression model. Firstly, based on 92 overtaking segments of data collected in real-world driving experiments, 7 candidate risk factors are identified. Then, a logistic regression model is established in which the 5 risk factors that passed the hypothesis test are used as the independent variables and the binary classification of occupants' perceived risk serves as the dependent variable. The model analysis indicates that three factors, i.e. risk in adjacent areas ( S), time to collision ( t c o l) and time headway ( t h e a d), are significantly related to occupants' perceived risk, with t h e a d being the most influential factor. To classify whether occupants perceive risk, the cut-off value of the prediction model is set at 0.462, which is calculated from the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. By using the HighD dataset, the cut-off value is verified and the accuracy of the prediction model is found to be 89.1%. On this basis, three optimized driving strategies are formulated to mitigate high perceived risk in overtaking scenarios. These three strategies are compared in driving-simulator tests in terms of traffic efficiency and perceived risk, confirming the validity of the model's analysis conclusions.

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自动驾驶汽车行驶过程中,外部环境引发的行驶风险会导致乘员产生不信任感,影响其对自动驾驶汽车的接受度。而准确量化乘员主观感知风险为降低行驶过程中的主观感知风险提供了理论依据,对于设计和评估自动驾驶汽车的行为至关重要。以超车场景为切入点,通过构建预测乘员主观感知风险的逻辑回归模型,探讨了不同场景客观风险指标与主观感知风险之间的定量关系。通过实车道路试验采集了92个超车片段数据,并归纳出7个场景客观风险指标。以通过假设检验的5个场景客观风险指标为自变量,乘员主观感知风险的二元分类为因变量,建立了逻辑回归模型。模型分析结论表明,与乘员主观感知风险显著相关的指标为相邻区域风险 S、碰撞时间 t c o l和车头时距 t h e a d,其中,相关性最大的指标为车头时距 t h e a d。为评估模型的预测性能,利用ROC曲线确定预测模型最优截断值为0.462,并基于HighD数据集验证了在该截断值下模型的分类准确率达到89.1%。还应用预测模型分析结论,针对超车场景中乘员主观感知风险过高的问题制定了3种优化驾驶策略,并通过驾驶模拟器试验综合对比了各策略在影响通行效率和主观感知风险两方面的效果,证明了模型分析结论的合理性。

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陈君毅(1980-),女,上海市人,博士,主要研究方向为自动驾驶汽车性能与安全性分析。 E-mail:

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陈君毅(1980-),女,上海市人,博士,主要研究方向为自动驾驶汽车性能与安全性分析。 E-mail:

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陈君毅(1980-),女,上海市人,博士,主要研究方向为自动驾驶汽车性能与安全性分析。 E-mail:

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道路类型 里程/km 限速/(km/h) 车流量 是否拥堵

城市地面

道路1

2.1 50 适中

城市地面

道路2

0.6 80 适中
国道 12.6 80 适中
高速路 8.3 100 适中
高架路 10.1 80 适中
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试验路线的具体信息

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道路类型 里程/km 限速/(km/h) 车流量 是否拥堵

城市地面

道路1

2.1 50 适中

城市地面

道路2

0.6 80 适中
国道 12.6 80 适中
高速路 8.3 100 适中
高架路 10.1 80 适中
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编号 性别 驾驶频率 乘车频率 自评驾驶水平
1 ★★☆ ★☆☆ ★★☆
2 ★★☆ ★☆☆ ★★☆
3 ★★☆ ★☆☆ ★☆☆
4 ★★★ ★★★ ★★★
5 ★★☆ ★☆☆ ★★★
6 ★☆☆ ★☆☆ ★☆☆
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被试者信息统计表

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编号 性别 驾驶频率 乘车频率 自评驾驶水平
1 ★★☆ ★☆☆ ★★☆
2 ★★☆ ★☆☆ ★★☆
3 ★★☆ ★☆☆ ★☆☆
4 ★★★ ★★★ ★★★
5 ★★☆ ★☆☆ ★★★
6 ★☆☆ ★☆☆ ★☆☆
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场景序号 左侧相邻区域 右侧相邻区域
道路边界 背景车 道路边界 背景车
a × × × ×
b × × ×
c × × ×
d × ×
e × ×
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超车场景的划分依据

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场景序号 左侧相邻区域 右侧相邻区域
道路边界 背景车 道路边界 背景车
a × × × ×
b × × ×
c × × ×
d × ×
e × ×
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符号 定义
S 超车过程中的相邻区域风险,取值1、2、3、4、5分别对应图6中的具体场景(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)
), ArticleFig(id=1175522662534230218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

场景分类指标定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号 定义
S 超车过程中的相邻区域风险,取值1、2、3、4、5分别对应图6中的具体场景(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)
), ArticleFig(id=1175522662584561867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 符号 定义 计算式 单位

环境

指标

d l o n g 超车开始时刻( t 1)自车与前车的纵向距离 d l o n g = d A A ' m
v r e l 直行接近过程( t 0 t 1)自车相对前车的速度 v r e l = d A A ' t 1 - t 0 m / s
t c o l 超车开始时刻( t 1)的碰撞时间 t c o l = d A ' B v r e l s
t h e a d 超车开始时刻( t 1)的车头时距 t h e a d = d A ' B v d p s

运动学

指标

v d p 乘员主观感知风险最高时刻( t d p)对应的自车车速 m / s
a a v e 直行接近过程( t 0 t 1)自车的平均加速度 a a v e = v A ' - v A t 1 - t 0 m / s 2
), ArticleFig(id=1175522662655865036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

环境及车辆运动学指标定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 符号 定义 计算式 单位

环境

指标

d l o n g 超车开始时刻( t 1)自车与前车的纵向距离 d l o n g = d A A ' m
v r e l 直行接近过程( t 0 t 1)自车相对前车的速度 v r e l = d A A ' t 1 - t 0 m / s
t c o l 超车开始时刻( t 1)的碰撞时间 t c o l = d A ' B v r e l s
t h e a d 超车开始时刻( t 1)的车头时距 t h e a d = d A ' B v d p s

运动学

指标

v d p 乘员主观感知风险最高时刻( t d p)对应的自车车速 m / s
a a v e 直行接近过程( t 0 t 1)自车的平均加速度 a a v e = v A ' - v A t 1 - t 0 m / s 2
), ArticleFig(id=1175522662722973901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 是否存在主观感知风险 样本量 均值 极小值 极大值 标准差
d l o n g / m 42 21.1 6.1 47.1 8.6
50 17.7 5.9 35.4 6.5
总体 92 19.2 5.9 47.1 7.7
v r e l / m / s 42 3.5 0.9 13.5 2.2
50 4.6 0.8 12.9 2.4
总体 92 4.1 0.8 13.5 2.4
t c o l /   s 42 7.2 2.2 14.3 2.9
50 4.6 2.0 16.4 2.8
总体 92 5.8 2.0 16.4 3.1
t h e a d /   s 42 1.1 0.5 2.0 0.4
50 0.9 0.4 2.2 0.4
总体 92 1.0 0.4 2.2 0.4
v d p / m / s 42 17.7 8.6 24.8 3.9
50 20.1 10.4 28.0 4.3
总体 92 19.0 8.6 28.0 4.3
a a v e / (   m / s 2 ) 42 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.3
50 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.2
总体 92 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1175522662785888462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

环境及车辆运动学指标的描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 是否存在主观感知风险 样本量 均值 极小值 极大值 标准差
d l o n g / m 42 21.1 6.1 47.1 8.6
50 17.7 5.9 35.4 6.5
总体 92 19.2 5.9 47.1 7.7
v r e l / m / s 42 3.5 0.9 13.5 2.2
50 4.6 0.8 12.9 2.4
总体 92 4.1 0.8 13.5 2.4
t c o l /   s 42 7.2 2.2 14.3 2.9
50 4.6 2.0 16.4 2.8
总体 92 5.8 2.0 16.4 3.1
t h e a d /   s 42 1.1 0.5 2.0 0.4
50 0.9 0.4 2.2 0.4
总体 92 1.0 0.4 2.2 0.4
v d p / m / s 42 17.7 8.6 24.8 3.9
50 20.1 10.4 28.0 4.3
总体 92 19.0 8.6 28.0 4.3
a a v e / (   m / s 2 ) 42 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.3
50 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.2
总体 92 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1175522662844608719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 检验方法 统计量 显著性
S Fisher检验 χ 2 = 12.252 0.013*
d l o n g M-W检验 U=811.0 0.061
v r e l M-W检验 U=1 374.0 0.011*
t c o l M-W检验 U=363.5 <0.001*
t h e a d M-W检验 U=736.5 0.013*
v d p t检验 t=2.735 0.008*
a a v e M-W检验 U=946.0 0.418
), ArticleFig(id=1175522662903328976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同场景客观风险指标的假设检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 检验方法 统计量 显著性
S Fisher检验 χ 2 = 12.252 0.013*
d l o n g M-W检验 U=811.0 0.061
v r e l M-W检验 U=1 374.0 0.011*
t c o l M-W检验 U=363.5 <0.001*
t h e a d M-W检验 U=736.5 0.013*
v d p t检验 t=2.735 0.008*
a a v e M-W检验 U=946.0 0.418
), ArticleFig(id=1175522662966243537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 S v r e l t c o l t h e a d v d p
VIF 1.015 3.299 2.127 2.085 1.618
), ArticleFig(id=1175522663020769490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

共线性诊断结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 S v r e l t c o l t h e a d v d p
VIF 1.015 3.299 2.127 2.085 1.618
), ArticleFig(id=1175522663079489747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 B S.E. p 95%置信区间
下限 上限
t h e a d -1.704 0.664 0.010 -3.004 -0.403
t c o l -0.338 0.097 0.001 -0.529 -0.148
S 0.609 0.229 0.008 0.160 1.058
常量 2.480 0.958 0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1175522663142404308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

主观感知风险预测模型的回归系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 B S.E. p 95%置信区间
下限 上限
t h e a d -1.704 0.664 0.010 -3.004 -0.403
t c o l -0.338 0.097 0.001 -0.529 -0.148
S 0.609 0.229 0.008 0.160 1.058
常量 2.480 0.958 0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1175522663192735957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本序号 S t c o l / s t h e a d / s P
1 5 6.04 1.40 0.750
2 3 5.26 1.10 0.658
3 1 6.14 0.77 0.426
4 3 8.82 1.41 0.254
5 3 8.21 2.39 0.073
), ArticleFig(id=1175522663251456214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

HighD验证样本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本序号 S t c o l / s t h e a d / s P
1 5 6.04 1.40 0.750
2 3 5.26 1.10 0.658
3 1 6.14 0.77 0.426
4 3 8.82 1.41 0.254
5 3 8.21 2.39 0.073
), ArticleFig(id=1175522663301787863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略序号 S t c o l / s t h e a d / s P
1 3 6.23 1.52 0.402
2 3 10.77 1.40 0.152
3 - - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1175522663356313816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

不同超车策略下乘员主观感知风险的情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略序号 S t c o l / s t h e a d / s P
1 3 6.23 1.52 0.402
2 3 10.77 1.40 0.152
3 - - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1175522663427616985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略序号 通行效率

感知风险

(模型)

感知风险

(试验)

1 ★★★ ★★★ ★★★
2 ★★☆ ★★★ ★★★
3 ★☆☆ - ★★☆
), ArticleFig(id=1175522663482142938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525477957874159, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

三种驾驶策略的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略序号 通行效率

感知风险

(模型)

感知风险

(试验)

1 ★★★ ★★★ ★★★
2 ★★☆ ★★★ ★★★
3 ★☆☆ - ★★☆
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超车场景下的乘员主观感知风险研究
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陈君毅 1 , 凃梦祺 1 , 邢星宇 2 , 王培毅 1 , 赵星宇 1 , 王潇屹 2 , 殷想 3 , 蒙昊蓝 1
汽车工程学报 | 智能网联技术专栏/主编:高镇海 2025,15(4): 516-527
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汽车工程学报 | 智能网联技术专栏/主编:高镇海 2025, 15(4): 516-527
超车场景下的乘员主观感知风险研究
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陈君毅1 , 凃梦祺1, 邢星宇2, 王培毅1, 赵星宇1, 王潇屹2, 殷想3, 蒙昊蓝1
作者信息
  • 1 同济大学 汽车学院,上海 201804
  • 2 上海机动车检测认证技术研究中心有限公司,上海 201805
  • 3 上汽集团创新研究开发总院,上海 201804
  • 陈君毅(1980-),女,上海市人,博士,主要研究方向为自动驾驶汽车性能与安全性分析。 E-mail:

Study on Occupants’ Perceived Risk in Overtaking Scenarios
Junyi CHEN1 , Mengqi TU1, Xingyu XING2, Peiyi WANG1, Xingyu ZHAO1, Xiaoyi WANG2, Xiang YIN3, Haolan MENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automotive Studies,Tongji University,Shanghai 201804,China
  • 2 Shanghai Motor Vehicle Inspection Certification & Tech Innovation Center Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 201805,China
  • 3 SAIC Motor R&D Innovation Headquarters,Shanghai 201804,China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.09
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自动驾驶汽车行驶过程中,外部环境引发的行驶风险会导致乘员产生不信任感,影响其对自动驾驶汽车的接受度。而准确量化乘员主观感知风险为降低行驶过程中的主观感知风险提供了理论依据,对于设计和评估自动驾驶汽车的行为至关重要。以超车场景为切入点,通过构建预测乘员主观感知风险的逻辑回归模型,探讨了不同场景客观风险指标与主观感知风险之间的定量关系。通过实车道路试验采集了92个超车片段数据,并归纳出7个场景客观风险指标。以通过假设检验的5个场景客观风险指标为自变量,乘员主观感知风险的二元分类为因变量,建立了逻辑回归模型。模型分析结论表明,与乘员主观感知风险显著相关的指标为相邻区域风险 S、碰撞时间 t c o l和车头时距 t h e a d,其中,相关性最大的指标为车头时距 t h e a d。为评估模型的预测性能,利用ROC曲线确定预测模型最优截断值为0.462,并基于HighD数据集验证了在该截断值下模型的分类准确率达到89.1%。还应用预测模型分析结论,针对超车场景中乘员主观感知风险过高的问题制定了3种优化驾驶策略,并通过驾驶模拟器试验综合对比了各策略在影响通行效率和主观感知风险两方面的效果,证明了模型分析结论的合理性。

自动驾驶汽车  /  主观感知风险  /  场景客观风险指标  /  二元逻辑回归

When an autonomous vehicle (AV) is in motion, the driving risks caused by the external environment can lead to occupants' distrust, reducing their acceptance of AVs. Therefore, quantifying occupants' perceived risk is crucial for designing and evaluating AV behavior, as it provides theoretical support for mitigating that risk. The paper quantifies the relationship between objective scenario-level risk factors and subjective perception in overtaking scenarios using a logistic regression model. Firstly, based on 92 overtaking segments of data collected in real-world driving experiments, 7 candidate risk factors are identified. Then, a logistic regression model is established in which the 5 risk factors that passed the hypothesis test are used as the independent variables and the binary classification of occupants' perceived risk serves as the dependent variable. The model analysis indicates that three factors, i.e. risk in adjacent areas ( S), time to collision ( t c o l) and time headway ( t h e a d), are significantly related to occupants' perceived risk, with t h e a d being the most influential factor. To classify whether occupants perceive risk, the cut-off value of the prediction model is set at 0.462, which is calculated from the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. By using the HighD dataset, the cut-off value is verified and the accuracy of the prediction model is found to be 89.1%. On this basis, three optimized driving strategies are formulated to mitigate high perceived risk in overtaking scenarios. These three strategies are compared in driving-simulator tests in terms of traffic efficiency and perceived risk, confirming the validity of the model's analysis conclusions.

autonomous vehicles  /  perceived risk  /  scenario risk factors  /  binary logistic regression
陈君毅, 凃梦祺, 邢星宇, 王培毅, 赵星宇, 王潇屹, 殷想, 蒙昊蓝. 超车场景下的乘员主观感知风险研究. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (4) : 516 -527 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.09
Junyi CHEN, Mengqi TU, Xingyu XING, Peiyi WANG, Xingyu ZHAO, Xiaoyi WANG, Xiang YIN, Haolan MENG. Study on Occupants’ Perceived Risk in Overtaking Scenarios[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (4) : 516 -527 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.09
近年来,自动驾驶技术不断发展并逐步普及。然而,由于安全等因素影响,公众短期内的接受度仍将有限[1]。研究表明,乘员在自动驾驶汽车行驶过程中感知到的风险会对其接受度产生负面影响[2-3],阻碍技术的推广与应用。因此,准确量化乘员的主观感知风险可为降低自动驾驶汽车在行驶过程中引发的风险提供理论依据,对于设计和评估自动驾驶汽车的行为至关重要,有助于提高公众的接受度。
乘员的主观感知风险受多种因素的影响,包括行驶场景特征和车辆运动状态等[4]。WANG Baojin等[5]发现,行驶场景特征会影响乘员的感知安全,具体包括道路几何结构、行驶场景能见度以及潜在冲突车辆等因素。ABE等[6]指出,在超车场景下,自动驾驶车辆的运动状态(与周围车辆的相对距离、车速等)同样与乘员的主观感知风险相关,会显著影响乘员对自动驾驶车辆的信任及接受度。ROSSNER等[7]提出,横向距离是影响乘员主观感知风险的重要因素,研究表明,相邻车道上的对向车辆越靠近自车车道,乘员主观感知风险越高。上述研究虽然表明行驶场景特征和车辆运动状态会影响乘员的主观感知风险,但所用指标较单一,且缺乏对影响程度的量化分析。
当前,获取乘员主观感知风险的试验方法主要包括驾驶模拟器试验、实车场地试验以及实车道路试验。驾驶模拟器试验依据评估材料的不同可进一步分为图片试验、视频试验和仿真试验3类。图片试验[8]以实景拍摄的静态交通图像作为评估材料,要求被试者识别场景中可能会导致碰撞发生的风险因素;视频试验[9-10]则以在真实道路上拍摄的具有危险场景的视频为评估材料,更贴近实际场景;仿真试验[11]以仿真技术合成的场景为评估材料,可根据研究特点灵活构造行驶场景进行评估[12]。实车场地试验[4]是在封闭测试场地中进行实车试验,而实车道路试验[13]则采用自然驾驶的方法,在真实开放道路上进行试验。上述试验方法中,驾驶模拟器试验所营造的视觉刺激真实感不足,而实车场地试验的场景元素则较单一,难以模拟实际复杂的交通环境。
针对现有研究存在的不足,包括对影响乘员主观感知风险的指标分析较单一、缺乏量化结果,以及驾驶模拟器试验和实车场地试验等方法在真实感上存在不足等问题。本文通过构建主观感知风险预测模型,定量分析了不同场景下客观风险指标与主观感知风险之间的关系。常用的建模方法主要有回归模型[14]、支持向量机[15]和神经网络模型[16-17]等。其中,逻辑回归模型所需的数据量相对较小,且具有较强的可解释性,能清晰地说明各场景客观风险指标与主观感知风险间的关系。因此,本文选用该方法进行预测建模。同时,为了更准确地获取被试者的主观感知风险,本文采用了实车道路试验方法,提高了研究的真实性和数据的可靠性。
本文旨在研究由外部环境引起的乘员主观感知风险,因此,需要选择具有较高外部环境风险的场景。超车场景具有自车动作与周围的背景车关系密切,且周围的背景车会对乘员造成显著视觉刺激的特点,是乘员产生主观感知风险的高发场景。此外,作为车辆行驶过程中最复杂的动作之一,超车也是自动驾驶动作集合中的重要组成部分[18]。因此,分析超车场景中的主观感知风险对于合理设计和评估自动驾驶汽车行为具有重要意义。基于此,本文选择超车场景展开研究,主要贡献有以下3点。
1)设计了7个与主观感知风险相关的场景客观风险指标,并通过逻辑回归模型验证了其中3个场景客观风险指标与主观感知风险显著相关。
2)基于筛选出的场景客观风险指标构建了主观感知风险预测模型,并计算出预测模型的截断值,从而能根据场景参数二元化地预测乘员的主观感知风险。
3)基于预测模型分析结论,针对具体超车场景设计了优化驾驶策略,并验证了不同策略在通行效率和主观感知风险两方面的影响。
本文的结构为:第1节介绍了试验设计;第2节基于试验数据设计了主客观指标,并进行了假设检验分析;第3节构建了主观感知风险预测模型;第4节针对1个典型高主观感知风险超车案例,制定了3种降低乘员主观感知风险的驾驶策略;第5节对研究成果进行了总结。
为了获取超车场景下被试者和车辆的相关数据,需要设计合理的试验方案进行数据采集。本文采用了实车道路试验的方法进行研究。
为尽可能丰富超车过程中的具体场景,本文选取了涵盖不同车速限制的道路(国道、城市地面道路、高速路和高架路)作为试验路线。整个试验路线全长33.7 km,各试验路段如图1所示,各路段的具体信息见表1。此外,为了避免因拥堵路况或车流量小导致无法有效采集超车数据,本文选择在9 30—11 30和15 00—17 00这两个时段进行试验。
本文所使用的试验设备包括采集被试者反馈风险的主观感知风险采集设备,以及采集场景和自车客观数据的行车数据采集设备。
为实时获取被试者的主观感受,本试验自研了一种能记录被试者主观感知风险的采集工具。该工具选用了如图2所示的Thrustmaster推杆为硬件,推杆行程20 cm,全行程无限位装置。每次试验开始前,推杆阻尼大小都会根据被试者需要进行调节,以满足不同被试者的需求。软件方面,工具采用Simulink和Matlab GUI进行开发,使上位机能实时读取并记录推杆的行程信息。试验中,被试者坐在副驾驶位置,通过推动推杆来表达主观感知风险。
主观感知风险采集设备的采样率为10 Hz,数据记录内存为2 GB,分辨率为14位有效数字,数据传输延迟时间小于0.001 s,可忽略不计。经试验证明,该设备能连续稳定工作8 h以上,能实现对乘员主观感知风险的有效采集。
本试验使用的行车数据采集设备为ITT(Intelligent Test Terminal)车载测试系统,如图3所示。该系统主要由高精定位模块和视频采集模块组成,能同步记录自车前方的视频数据以及车辆实时的速度和加速度。
ITT车载测试系统的数据内存为4 GB,其中,高精定位模块的采集频率为50 Hz,测速精度为水平0.007 m/s、垂直0.020 m/s,信号重捕获的时间小于2 s,测速限制为515 m/s;视频采集模块的分辨率为720×480,采集到视频的帧速率为30 fps,能满足本试验行车数据采集的要求。
为确保被试者在试验过程中能准确反馈对外部环境风险的主观感知,避免晕动症的干扰,本研究通过问卷筛选出了6名无晕动症的被试者,涵盖了不同的性别和驾驶经验,平均年龄为23.5岁,对应人口学信息见表2
正式试验前,首先会对被试者进行主观感知风险采集设备使用方法的培训。随后,驾驶员会在道路上行驶固定的长度,以便让被试者适应测试环境。正式试验开始后,驾驶员会按照预定路线驾驶车辆,同时主观感知风险采集设备和行车数据采集设备开始记录数据。
为避免被试者情绪变化导致主观感知风险出现偏差,试验过程中驾驶员尽量避免与被试者交流。车辆行驶过程中,要求被试者保持清醒,注意力集中。每次试验结束后,研究团队会检查试验数据的完整性和正确性,确认无误后,再对下一名被试者进行试验。
最终,基于试验过程中的行车数据,共筛选得到92个超车片段,构成了研究超车场景下乘员主观感知风险的数据集。
本节根据主观感知风险采集设备的推杆值设计了乘员主观感知风险指标,然后又根据行车数据设计了超车过程中可能影响乘员主观感知风险的场景客观风险指标,并对两类指标进行了假设检验分析,以探讨两者之间的关系。
将采集到的推杆行程缩放至[0,1]区间,用于表达被试者的主观感知风险水平,“0”代表没有感知到风险,“1”代表感知到的风险极高。通过绘制被试者主观感知风险曲线来获取具体指标,如图4所示。其中, t 0为被试者开始感知到风险的时刻, t d p为被试者感知到风险最高的时刻。读取 t d p对应的峰值 V d p(discomfort peak,dp),作为代表被试者主观感知风险的指标。
图5所示,对被试者表达出主观感知风险的超车片段进行统计,发现 t 0比超车开始时刻早约1 s, t d p比超车开始时刻晚约1 s。因此,为便于后续分析,本文在被试者未表达出主观感知风险的超车片段中,将 t 0设定为 t 1 - 1   s,将 t d p设定为 t 1 + 1   s,其中, t 1代表超车开始时刻。此外,相关研究表明,超车过程一般持续6~8 s[19-20],而被试者仅在超车开始后约1 s就已经达到了主观感知风险最高的时刻。因此,可以认为被试者表达的主观感知风险基本不受超车过程中车辆运动的影响,而主要受场景客观行驶风险的刺激。本文研发的主观感知风险采集设备能实时记录被试者的感知风险,从而准确区分不同维度的感知风险。
本节基于处理后的行车数据,设计了可能引发被试者主观感知风险的场景分类指标、环境指标和车辆运动学指标。旨在研究超车场景中导致被试者产生主观感知风险的原因。
在超车场景中,自车与背景车相对位置以及背景车数量的不同,会影响被试者的主观感知风险[21]。因此,本文将超车场景划分为5类具体场景(不区分具体超车方向),如图6所示。图中,A车代表自车,B(C、D)车代表背景车,A、 A ' A ' ' 和虚线组成了自车的超车轨迹。
根据超车场景中自车两侧障碍物的类型,将超车场景划分为5个等级,其中,道路边界为静态障碍物,背景车为动态障碍物,见表3。当自车两侧既没有道路边界也没有背景车时,相邻区域几乎不会导致被试者产生主观感知风险。当自车一侧有道路边界或背景车时,相邻区域对被试者主观感知风险的影响较低。而当自车一侧有道路边界、另一侧有背景车,或两侧均有背景车时,被试者的主观感知风险最强烈。
根据划分后的5类超车场景,提出了场景分类指标 S,具体定义见表4
相关研究表明,自车周围的环境因素会影响乘员的主观感知风险,例如与前车的纵向距离[6]、与相邻车辆的横向距离[7]、碰撞时间[22-23]等。此外,车辆的运动学指标也被证实会影响乘员的主观感知风险,如纵向速度[24]、加速度[25]等。
为便于描述上述场景客观风险指标,本文结合图7定义了3个关键时刻。
1)直行接近时刻 t 0:将被试者开始感知到主观感知风险的时刻定义为 t 0,对应图7中车辆所在位置 A
2)超车开始时刻 t 1:将自车相对于本车道中心线开始发生明显偏移的时刻定义为 t 1,对应图7中车辆所在位置 A '
3)超车完成时刻 t 2:将自车变道后,在新车道中相对于车道中心线不再发生明显偏移的时刻定义为 t 2,对应图7中车辆所在位置 A ' '
本文的研究重点是超车过程中的主观感知风险,由于 t 1 t 2过程会受到自车行驶轨迹的影响,所以本文重点聚焦于 t 0 t 1阶段,设计了如表5所示的6种指标,包括4种环境指标和2种车辆运动学指标。
表中, d A A '表示自车直行接近前车过程中的纵向位移,单位m; d A ' B表示自车变道时刻与前车的纵向距离,单位m; v A为直行接近时刻自车的纵向速度,单位m/s; v A '为变道开始时刻自车的纵向速度,单位m/s。
为筛选出超车场景下影响乘员主观感知风险的场景客观风险指标,本节观察了7个场景客观风险指标的参数分布,并通过假设检验分析了这7个指标在乘员存在主观感知风险和不存在主观感知风险两组之间是否存在显著差异。
试验共收集到92个超车片段。其中,50个样本中的被试者推动了推杆,认为其存在主观感知风险;42个样本中的被试者没有推动推杆,认为其不存在主观感知风险。首先,通过观察各个指标的参数分布来初步判断指标是否与被试者的主观感知风险有关。其中,6个环境及车辆运动学指标的统计结果见表6,场景分类指标 S的统计结果如图8所示。
由于 S为分类指标,所以后续假设检验分析时选用Fisher检验。而另外6个场景风险指标属于连续指标,则需要对每个指标的两组独立样本进行正态性检验,以便后续选择合适的假设检验方法。由于连续指标的两组样本容量分别为42和50,所以采用S-W检验进行分析。由检验结果可知,乘员主观感知风险最高时刻车速 v d p对应两组样本的p值都大于0.05,均满足正态分布,其余指标则至多只有一组样本的p值大于0.05,未全部满足正态分布。因此,在后续的假设检验分析中,对 v d p进行t检验,而对其余5个指标进行M-W检验。
为筛选出7个场景客观风险相关指标中影响乘员主观感知风险的指标,本文对这7个指标进行了假设检验,结果见表7
表7可知, v r e lU=1 374.0,p=0.011)、 t c o lU=363.5,p<0.001)、 t h e a dU=736.5,p=0.013)、 v d pt=2.735,p=0.008)和 Sχ 2=12.252,p=0.013)这5个指标在两组样本之间的分布存在显著差异。因此,上述5个指标会影响乘员主观感知风险。
为了研究场景客观风险指标与主观感知风险之间的定量关系,结合回归模型可解释性强以及所需数据量小的特点,本节首先构建了预测主观感知风险的二元逻辑回归模型[26],然后利用接受者操作特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC)曲线计算出了模型的截断值,并对该截断值进行了验证。
由假设检验的结果可知,共有5个场景客观风险指标在两组样本之间存在显著差异。为进一步研究这些指标对乘员主观感知风险的定量影响,并利用上述指标对主观感知风险进行预测,本文采用二元逻辑回归模型进行分析,模型形式如式(1)所示。
P = 1 1 + e - β 0 + β 0 x 1 + + β n x n  
式中: P为每个超车片段中乘员出现主观感知风险的概率; x 1 x n为不同的场景客观风险指标; β 0为常量; β 1 β n为不同场景客观风险指标对应的逻辑回归系数。
在本文提取的92个数据样本中,42个样本中被试者没有表现出主观感知风险,设置其对应状态为“0-没有主观感知风险”;50个样本中被试者表现出主观感知风险,设置其对应状态为“1-存在主观感知风险”。本节以通过假设检验的5个场景客观风险指标为输入,以乘员主观感知风险的二元分类为输出,构建主观感知风险预测模型。
首先对场景客观风险指标进行共线性诊断,结果见表8。诊断结果表明,5个场景客观风险指标的VIF(Variance Inflation Factor)均小于5,说明指标间不存在多重共线性,可将其代入二元逻辑回归模型进行建模。
采用向前步进法进行回归分析,对自变量进一步筛选后,最后拟合得到的模型 χ 2=32.002,p<0.01,表明该模型具有统计学意义。利用HL(Hosmer-Lemeshow)检验分析模型的拟合优度,结果显示模型的HL检验值大于0.05,表明该模型的预测值和真值之间不存在显著差异,拟合效果理想。预测模型的准确率为78.3%,模型中各指标的回归系数见表9
表9可知,模型中的3个场景客观风险指标, t h e a dB=-1.704,p=0.010<0.05)、 t c o lB=-0.338,p=0.001<0.01)、 SB=0.609,p=0.008<0.01)均能显著影响模型预测的概率。因此,模型的最终表达如式(2)所示,其中, t h e a d t c o l越小, S越大,则乘员存在主观感知风险的概率就越大。
P = 1 1 + e - 2.480 - 1.704 t h e a d - 0.338 t c o l + 0.609 S  
通过对3个场景客观风险指标的优势比OR(Odds Ratio)值进行对比分析,可以评估各指标对模型预测概率的影响程度。具体来说,3个场景客观风险指标OR值的绝对值分别为 S(|OR|=1.838)、 t h e a d(|OR|=0.182)、 t c o l(|OR|=0.713)。结果表明, t h e a d对模型预测结果的影响最大,而 S t c o l的影响相对较小。
在建立主观感知风险预测模型的基础上,本节进一步选用ROC曲线,对模型准确预测乘员主观感知风险的能力进行分析。
ROC曲线是一种在纵轴上绘制灵敏度,在横轴上绘制误判率的二维曲线。本文模型预测乘员主观感知风险所对应的ROC曲线如图9所示。
ROC曲线下方的面积(Area Under Curve,AUC)反映了模型预测能力的优劣。本文中,计算得到图9中的AUC=0.830,表明该模型具有较好的预测能力。通常,ROC曲线中最靠近左上角的点对应于较高的灵敏度(True Positive Rate,TPR)和较低的误判率(False Positive Rate,FPR),可作为截断值。为定量确定该点位置,本文引入约登(Youden)指数,计算方法如式(3)所示。
Y = p T P R - p F P R  
式中: Y为约登指数; p T P R为灵敏度,单位%; p F P R为误判率,单位%。
通过计算不同截断值对应的约登指数,可选择指数最大的点作为最优截断值,即对应ROC曲线中性能最优的位置。最终计算得到模型的截断值为 P 0=0.462,即当模型预测的概率 P P 0时,判定乘员产生了主观感知风险,当 P < P 0时,判定乘员未产生主观感知风险。
为验证3.3.1节中模型截断值的合理性,本节利用HighD数据集中的5个具有代表性的超车片段对模型的预测效果进行检验,具体信息见表10
表10可知,1号和2号样本的预测概率分别为0.750和0.658,均大于截断值 P 0=0.462,因此,判断1号和2号样本为乘员会产生主观感知风险的超车样本。3号至5号样本的预测概率依次为0.426、0.254和0.073,均小于截断值,因此,判断3号至5号样本是乘员未产生主观感知风险的超车样本。
为验证在超车场景下的主观感知风险分类结果,本节使用仿真软件51Sim-One复现了这5个超车样本,如图10所示。随后,招募了平均年龄为25.2岁的11名被试者,让其观看基于上述5个超车样本制作的仿真视频并进行主观评价,将5段视频分别归为“存在主观感知风险”和“不存在主观感知风险”两类。共计得到55个评价样本,对应混淆矩阵如图11所示。由试验结果可知,模型分类与被试者分类的一致率为89.1%,表明本文建立的预测模型能较好地反映乘员的真实主观感知风险,所选取的截断值较合理。
通过上述建立的模型,可以有效预测乘员主观感知风险。此外,基于模型分析所得的不同场景客观风险指标与主观感知风险之间的定量关系,还可用于优化自车的驾驶策略[25],降低乘员的主观感知风险,从而提高乘员对自动驾驶汽车的接受度。
在5个超车样本中,2号样本的模型预测值为0.658,为乘员存在主观感知风险的样本。其场景分类指标 S为3,处于中间水平,代表着超车场景的一般情况。具体分析表明,2号样本中自车的超车时机较晚,导致超车时与前车的 t c o l t h e a d都偏小,直接影响了乘员的主观感知风险,如图12所示。
为解决上述问题,本节提出了如下3种可能减弱或消除乘员主观感知风险的驾驶策略。
1)提前超车:在不改变纵向车速的前提下,尽量在距离前车更远的位置处开始执行超车动作;
2)减速超车,再加速:在不改变执行超车动作位置的前提下,车辆在接近前车的过程中以固定的减速度 a d e c降低车速,完成超车动作后再以固定的加速度 a a c c提高车速。根据自然驾驶行为特性参数的经验分布, a d e c a a c c分别取值为-1.1   m / s 2和0.9   m / s 2 [27]
3)减速跟车:自车不再执行超车动作,而是以固定的减速度 a d e c降低车速,直至与前车相对静止,然后跟随前车行驶。
基于自然驾驶数据,分别生成了以上3种驾驶策略所对应的行驶轨迹,如图13所示。
表11所示,利用预测模型计算得出,策略1和策略2导致乘员产生主观感知风险的概率分别为0.402和0.152,均低于截断值 P 0=0.462,这表明在调整驾驶策略后,乘员不再感知到风险。策略3超出了模型的预测范畴,因此未参与计算。
为进一步验证上述结论,招募的11名被试者继续在驾驶模拟器中观看复现的策略1至策略3的场景视频样本,并进行了主观评价。结果表明,所有被试者均将策略1至策略3场景归为“不存在主观感知风险”类,表明其在调整驾驶策略后不再表达出主观感知风险,再次证明了策略1至策略3均能有效降低乘员的主观感知风险,提高乘员的接受度。
对3种驾驶策略在影响通行效率和主观感知风险上的效果进行对比分析,结果见表12
在通行效率方面,策略1保持了自车通过监测路段的通行效率不变,策略2和策略3则分别导致自车通行效率降低了9.0%、16.8%。
在主观感知风险方面,预测模型和验证试验均表明策略1和策略2能有效降低乘员的主观感知风险。虽然策略3无法通过预测模型验证,但试验证明其也能降低乘员的主观感知风险。然而,在策略3的验证试验中,有被试者指出自车右前方的卡车会加剧其紧张程度,导致主观感知风险增加,因此,认为策略3在降低乘员主观感知风险的效果上不如策略1和策略2。
综上所述,策略1在满足低主观感知风险要求的同时,还能保证通行效率,是最优的驾驶策略。然而,真实情况可能不具备实现策略1的条件,此时可以选择同样能满足低主观感知风险要求的策略2。而策略3不仅会造成通行效率的较大损失,在降低主观感知风险上的效果也最差,是最保守的选择。
本文以超车场景为例,基于预测乘员主观感知风险的逻辑回归模型,对场景客观风险指标与主观感知风险之间的定量关系进行了深入分析,主要结论如下。
1)在设计的7个场景客观风险指标中,相邻区域风险 S、碰撞时间 t c o l和车头时距 t h e a d与乘员的主观感知风险显著相关。其中,车头时距 t h e a d对乘员的主观感知风险影响最大。
2)本文构建了可预测主观感知风险的概率模型,并计算出预测模型的截断值。通过55个评价样本的验证,模型准确率为89.1%,表明该模型能较准确地预测主观感知风险。
3)针对典型超车场景中的乘员主观感知风险过高的问题,制定了3种优化驾驶策略,并通过驾驶模拟器试验进行了验证。综合对比了3种策略在通行效率和主观感知风险两方面的效果。
未来研究将进一步扩大实车试验中被试者的规模,以覆盖更广泛的人群特征并对样本进行异质性分析。研究还将增加场景多样性,在超车外的其他场景中对结论的泛化性进行验证。此外,研究还将采用支持向量机和神经网络等方法构建模型,以进一步验证主观感知风险预测模型分析结论的有效性和普适性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2501205)
  • 上海汽车工业科技发展基金会项目(2114)
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2025年第15卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.09
  • 接收时间:2025-02-14
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-14
  • 修回日期:2025-04-11
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2501205)
上海汽车工业科技发展基金会项目(2114)
作者信息
    1 同济大学 汽车学院,上海 201804
    2 上海机动车检测认证技术研究中心有限公司,上海 201805
    3 上汽集团创新研究开发总院,上海 201804
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