Article(id=1172525474073953045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1172525471628673796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.14, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723046400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-08, revisedDate=1725984000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1757481457489, onlineDateStr=2025-09-10, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1757481457489, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1757481457489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481457489, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1172525471628673796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='4', pageStart='427', pageEnd='619', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1757481456904, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757489711911, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172560095704662894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1172525471628673796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172560095704662895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1172525471628673796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=578, endPage=589, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1172525474308834071, articleId=1172525474073953045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Simulation Analysis and Optimization of Heat Dissipation and Aerodynamic Performance of FSAE Race Car Considering Rear Compartment Structure, columnId=1153756965063877395, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=System Dynamics Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aerodynamic design is one of the key elements in Formula SAE (FSAE) car design, which not only has a decisive impact on the car's handling performance but also affects the cooling performance of the radiator. In this paper, the method of Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is adopted to carry out the analysis and optimization of aerodynamic performance and heat dissipation performance of FSAE racing car considering the characteristics of the rear compartment structure. By analyzing the trend of changes in heat dissipation performance and aerodynamic performance, four representative schemes were selected for comparison. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between the optimized local aerodynamic performance and heat dissipation performance. After optimization, the average volume temperature of the radiator decreased by 29.82%, and the negative lift of the wing increased by 26.92%. This study provides new ideas for the CFD simulation of the full-car model of FSAE race cars, and also provides guidance for the layout design of the cooling device for open-wheel race cars with the radiator placed at the rear.

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空气动力学设计是大学生方程式赛车(FSAE)设计关键环节之一,它不仅对赛车的操纵性能具有决定性的作用,同时也影响了散热器的冷却性能。采用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,开展了考虑后舱结构特征的FSAE赛车气动性能和散热性能的分析与优化,通过散热性能与气动性能变化趋势筛选出4种具有代表性的方案进行对比分析,结果表明,本次优化的局部气动性能与散热性能呈现出较强的正相关,优化后散热器平均体积温度降低了29.82%,梁翼的负升力增加了26.92%。为FSAE赛车的CFD仿真提供了新的思路,同时也为散热器尾置的开轮式赛车散热装置的布置设计提供了参考。

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赖晨光(1978-),男,江西广昌人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。 E-mail:

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赖晨光(1978-),男,江西广昌人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。 E-mail:

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articleId=1172525474073953045, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=计算流体力学), Keyword(id=1175522889043428082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=散热优化), Keyword(id=1175522889106342643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=梁翼)], refs=[Reference(id=1175522892889604902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=37, issue=10, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=赖晨光, 刘丽华, 冯帅, journalName=重庆理工大学学报(自然科学), refType=null, unstructuredReference=赖晨光,刘丽华,冯帅,等.FSAE赛车弯道气动特性数值模拟与试验研究[J].重庆理工大学学报(自然科学)202337(10):17-27., articleTitle=FSAE赛车弯道气动特性数值模拟与试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175522892939936551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, 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articleId=1172525474073953045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
扇叶攻角/(°) 26
展长/mm 60
风扇转速/(r/min) 3 800
), ArticleFig(id=1175522891887166233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风扇参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
扇叶攻角/(°) 26
展长/mm 60
风扇转速/(r/min) 3 800
), ArticleFig(id=1175522891954275098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 边界条件 设置值
进口 速度进口/(m/s) 15
出口 压力出口/Pa 0
墙壁、地面 壁面(滑移)
), ArticleFig(id=1175522892012995355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算域边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 边界条件 设置值
进口 速度进口/(m/s) 15
出口 压力出口/Pa 0
墙壁、地面 壁面(滑移)
), ArticleFig(id=1175522892088492828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 边界条件
进口 停滞进口
出口 压力出口(0 Pa)
风扇 壁面、旋转
涵道 壁面(无滑移)
), ArticleFig(id=1175522892151407389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

散热风扇仿真边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 边界条件
进口 停滞进口
出口 压力出口(0 Pa)
风扇 壁面、旋转
涵道 壁面(无滑移)
), ArticleFig(id=1175522892210127646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
多孔惯性阻力/(kg/m4 47.5
多孔黏性阻力/(kg/m3 98.2
多孔介质热功率/W 34 700
), ArticleFig(id=1175522892268847903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

多孔介质阻力参数及热功率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
多孔惯性阻力/(kg/m4 47.5
多孔黏性阻力/(kg/m3 98.2
多孔介质热功率/W 34 700
), ArticleFig(id=1175522892335956768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 F D /N F L /N C L / C D T e m /℃ k R / %
简化模型 188 -489 -2.6 53.3
后舱模型 189 -426 -2.2 107 48.2
), ArticleFig(id=1175522892394677025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

简化模型与后舱模型性能参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 F D /N F L /N C L / C D T e m /℃ k R / %
简化模型 188 -489 -2.6 53.3
后舱模型 189 -426 -2.2 107 48.2
), ArticleFig(id=1175522892453397282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 α / ( ° ) z 0 / m m ] T e m/℃ F b e a m/N k R/%
Ⅰ(Base) [90,0] 104.82 -17.23 48.2
[110,0] 98.76 -17.59 48.4
[110,160] 73.56 -21.87 51.2
[110,180] 75.60 -17.11 49.6
), ArticleFig(id=1175522892528894755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525474073953045, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同变量取值对应的目标值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 α / ( ° ) z 0 / m m ] T e m/℃ F b e a m/N k R/%
Ⅰ(Base) [90,0] 104.82 -17.23 48.2
[110,0] 98.76 -17.59 48.4
[110,160] 73.56 -21.87 51.2
[110,180] 75.60 -17.11 49.6
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考虑后舱结构的FSAE赛车散热与气动性能仿真分析及优化
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胡滋锐 , 管益扬 , 赖晨光 , 甄泽宇
汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2025,15(4): 578-589
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汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2025, 15(4): 578-589
考虑后舱结构的FSAE赛车散热与气动性能仿真分析及优化
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胡滋锐, 管益扬, 赖晨光 , 甄泽宇
作者信息
  • 重庆理工大学 车辆工程学院,重庆 400054
  • 赖晨光(1978-),男,江西广昌人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。 E-mail:

Simulation Analysis and Optimization of Heat Dissipation and Aerodynamic Performance of FSAE Race Car Considering Rear Compartment Structure
Zirui HU, Yiyang GUAN, Chenguang LAI , Zeyu ZHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Vehicle Engineering,Chongqing University of Technology,Chongqing 400054,China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.14
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空气动力学设计是大学生方程式赛车(FSAE)设计关键环节之一,它不仅对赛车的操纵性能具有决定性的作用,同时也影响了散热器的冷却性能。采用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,开展了考虑后舱结构特征的FSAE赛车气动性能和散热性能的分析与优化,通过散热性能与气动性能变化趋势筛选出4种具有代表性的方案进行对比分析,结果表明,本次优化的局部气动性能与散热性能呈现出较强的正相关,优化后散热器平均体积温度降低了29.82%,梁翼的负升力增加了26.92%。为FSAE赛车的CFD仿真提供了新的思路,同时也为散热器尾置的开轮式赛车散热装置的布置设计提供了参考。

FSAE赛车  /  计算流体力学  /  散热优化  /  梁翼

Aerodynamic design is one of the key elements in Formula SAE (FSAE) car design, which not only has a decisive impact on the car's handling performance but also affects the cooling performance of the radiator. In this paper, the method of Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is adopted to carry out the analysis and optimization of aerodynamic performance and heat dissipation performance of FSAE racing car considering the characteristics of the rear compartment structure. By analyzing the trend of changes in heat dissipation performance and aerodynamic performance, four representative schemes were selected for comparison. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between the optimized local aerodynamic performance and heat dissipation performance. After optimization, the average volume temperature of the radiator decreased by 29.82%, and the negative lift of the wing increased by 26.92%. This study provides new ideas for the CFD simulation of the full-car model of FSAE race cars, and also provides guidance for the layout design of the cooling device for open-wheel race cars with the radiator placed at the rear.

FSAE race car  /  CFD  /  cooling optimization  /  wing beam
胡滋锐, 管益扬, 赖晨光, 甄泽宇. 考虑后舱结构的FSAE赛车散热与气动性能仿真分析及优化. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (4) : 578 -589 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.14
Zirui HU, Yiyang GUAN, Chenguang LAI, Zeyu ZHEN. Simulation Analysis and Optimization of Heat Dissipation and Aerodynamic Performance of FSAE Race Car Considering Rear Compartment Structure[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (4) : 578 -589 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.14
空气动力学设计是赛车工程中的关键技术之一,赛车气动设计对于气动性能和散热性能同时具有较大的影响。发动机过热问题一直是大学生方程式(Formula SAE,FSAE)赛车耐久赛环节发生故障的主要原因,赛车空气动力学套件与散热装置都有较高的空气依赖性,因此,良好的赛车空气动力学设计要求提供足够的负升力、保持风压中心在质心附近的同时要考虑赛车散热需求。
随着FSAE赛事的迅速发展,FSAE赛车气动性能也越来越被受到重视[1-5]。HETAWAL等[6]对装有后置发动机的FSAE赛车进行了数值模拟研究。他们采用了SST k-ε湍流模型,在追求增加车辆下压力和提高速度的同时,成功降低了赛车的阻力。值得注意的是,研究中没有充分考虑空气动力力矩对赛车行驶过程的影响。为了提高仿真计算的精确度,LU Xiongwen等[7]建立了精细的CAD模型,研究了前后翼对开轮式赛车流场的影响,并通过对压力分布的定量计算,提出了优化空气动力特性的建议。经过空气动力特性的优化,有效地改善了赛车圈速。RIJNS等[8]对高性能车辆的空气动力特性进行了研究,探讨了在直线行驶和转弯条件下与尾翼之间的相互作用,为未来的静态和主动空气动力学设计研究提供了重要基础。
FSAE赛事的赛道多以转弯为主,这使赛车在大部分时间内行驶速度较低,所以一般赛车动力设计具有“大转矩,低极速”的特性,这就对散热系统的散热能力提出了较高的要求。通过控制流经散热器的空气质量流量对赛车的散热性能往往具有决定性的作用。但目前对于国内的参赛队伍而言,在赛车空气动力学设计阶段考虑散热性能仍然较少。
发动机热管理的研究在乘用车领域应用较成熟。从流体力学和热分析的角度来看,这些系统的复杂性不言而喻,因为它们需要各种不同尺寸、形状和质量的元件,从而涉及多尺度的几何分析。传统的热管理测试方法包括气候风洞试验和路况试验[9]。在很长的一段时间里,大部分对发动机的热管理研究主要集中于散热器本身。MATHUR[10]则研究了通过前端空气管理以优化移动空调性能的方法,包括但不限于空气导流器、冷凝器和散热器之间的密封以及发动机盖处的密封。KUBOKURA等[11]进行了研究,旨在通过调控冷却流量和管理部件热负荷的方式来减小冷却阻力。这些方法包括外部车体流动的改善、冷却风扇的控制逻辑调整以及风扇罩形状的改变。随后计算流体力学(Computation Fluid Dynamics,CFD)仿真的手段发展趋于成熟,研究者对于散热性能的分析逐渐将整体流场加入考虑[12-14]。SAAB等[15]研究了汽车不同格栅开度对冷却气流的影响,得到了散热器相应的换热效率,为防止发动机过热提供了设计指导。LI Jiacheng等[16]通过调整车辆格栅的开口角度,研究了主动格栅百叶窗(Active Grille Shutter,AGS)开口对动力系统冷却的影响,得到的AGS开口角度控制策略保证了发动机在合适的温度环境下工作。
FSAE赛车散热器有不同的布局形式,将其布置在侧部或背部是2种比较常见的做法。散热器侧面布局往往会将散热器与赛车侧翼结合起来[17],这种方式可使散热器获得较好的空气流量,散热性能较好,但可能会对侧翼的气动性能造成影响,进而使赛车的操纵极限降低;散热器背部布局则对整车气动性能影响较小,但由于后舱位置相对闭塞,很难达到比较理想的散热效果,所以,如果布局在背部的散热器能发挥出较好的散热效果就能使赛车的气动性能与散热性能同时得到保证。
在不可压缩流动中,流体运动满足三大守恒定律。汽车空气动力外流场稳态数值模拟研究大部分都是基于雷诺时均方法(RANS)。求解过程中,需要对三大守恒进行时间和空间上的离散。
其中,连续性方程又称质量守恒方程,其微分形式为:
ρ t + d i v ρ u = 0  
式中: ρ为密度;t为时间; u为速度矢量。
能量守恒定律是含有热交换的流动系统必须满足的基本定律,如式(2)所示。
ρ T t + d i v ρ u T = d i v κ C p g r a d T + S T  
式中: C p为比热容; T为温度; κ为流动的传热系数; S T为流体的内热源。
动量方程,又称Navier-Stokes方程,由牛顿第二定理推导而来,表达式为:
χ j ρ u i u j = χ j μ u i χ j + χ i - 2 3 μ u i χ k - p χ i  
式中: p为流体微元体上的压力; ρ为密度; μ为动力黏度。
空气阻力系数与升力系数是一辆赛车气动性能的基本参数,良好的赛车空气动力学设计应当具有较小空气阻力系数的同时拥有更高的负升力。
汽车阻力系数可表示为:
C D = 2 F D ρ V 2 A  
升力系数可表示为:
C L = 2 F L ρ V 2 A  
式中: C D为阻力系数; C L为升力; F D为阻力; F L为升力; ρ为空气密度; V为车速; A为迎风面积(正投影面积)。
风压中心位置同样也是赛车的一个重要设计参数,它代表了负升力对于赛车的等效作用点,其位置将直接影响赛车的操纵稳定性,利用风压中心可确定分配于前后轴的气动下压力大小,其一般被设计为与质心重叠或略靠后的位置。
作用在后轴的下压力及下压力比例分配可表示为:
F R l = a a + b F L  
k R = a a + b × 100 %  
式中: F R l为分配到后轴的下压力; ab分别为前后轴中心点与风压中心点的水平距离; k R为后轴分配到的下压力比例。
在实际的汽车工程应用中,气流通过散热器会遇到障碍,造成压力损失,而散热器尺寸相较于汽车车身小几个数量级,同时对数值网格离散化的方法对散热器所有翅片进行求解则会消耗大量的计算资源,因此,在CFD仿真中经常采用物理特性接近、网格数量要求较少的多孔介质对散热器压降进行直接模拟,以达到代替散热器真实模型的目的。
将流体域设置为多孔介质之后,可以定义其各个方向的阻力系数,来代替固体流体的阻力,即添加一个与速度相关的动量汇,其表达式为:
S i = - j = 1 3 D i j μ v j + j = 1 3 C i j 1 2 ρ v v j  
式中: S i为第 i x , y , z方向上的动量方程的源项; v为速度值; D i j C i j分别为黏性阻力系数张量及惯性阻力系数张量。
对于均匀的多孔介质来说,可改写为:
S i = - D μ v i + C 2 ρ v v i  
式中: D为黏性阻力系数,可以被改写为 1 / α α为渗透率; C 2为惯性阻力系数。
动量汇 S i作用于流体产生了压力梯度 Δ P,即 Δ P   =   - S i × l , l为多孔介质域的厚度。
赛车空气动力学是一个联系的整体,在FSAE空气动力性能研究上,大量研究都基于空气动力套件所引起的力变化,缺少了对空气有需求部件(比如散热器、进气装置等)的考虑。CHEN Zhen等[18]确定了最佳的数值模拟策略,涵盖了湍流模型、简化的车辆模型、计算域、边界条件、网格划分和离散化方法。他们首次提出了一种精确且标准化的车辆空气动力学数值模拟方案,为本文的模型处理方法与数值模拟策略提供参考。
采用实体方块对模型后舱结构及散热器进行简化处理是目前研究的主流做法。对于散热器模拟,实体的后舱简化方块结构无法考虑散热装置冷却性能的优劣;对于赛车CFD仿真,一方面,该简化方法忽略了复杂的后舱结构对气动套件的下压力水平产生的影响,另一方面,对赛车的尾流结构也产生重要影响[19],影响赛车阻力水平。因此,为获得更加准确的流动和散热特性,本文以2023赛季士继方程式车队FSAE赛车A20号(图1)为模型,构建了还原后舱结构的FSAE赛车模型(以下简称“后舱模型”),在仿真分析时结合散热装置及赛车后舱模型处理方法进行深入探讨。
对于风扇旋转运动模拟而言,旋转壁面法与多重参考坐标系法(Multiple Reference Frame,MRF)是CFD稳态仿真中模拟物体旋转的常用手段[20-21],目前在航空、船舶等领域中应用较成熟。旋转壁面法是在壁面表面施加切向速度来对模型旋转进行模拟,适用于类似圆柱等模型周向均匀的旋转面;而MRF法网格并非真实运动,通过旋转坐标系的方法实现风扇区域的旋转效果,将旋转域与主流场分隔并通过流场内部交界面(Interface)连接。显然对于非周向均匀的风扇模型而言,MRF法更加适用于对扇叶旋转进行描述,同时这也被KHALED等[22]所证实。
风扇模型面网格的划分及Interface的建立如图2所示,旋转域流场信息将通过Interface与主流场进行互相传递。散热风扇的基本参数见表1
FASE赛车的散热器与乘用车散热器类似,采用了相同的散热结构,图3a显示了A20号赛车采用的散热器真实模型,主要由散热器铝制外壳与翅片组成,翅片区域尺寸为长×高×厚= 218 mm×262 mm×48 mm;图3b显示了在保留铝制外壳的基础上将真实模型翅片区域替换为尺寸相同的多孔介质,最大程度上保证了空气通过多孔介质模型具有近似真实的流动特性。值得注意的是,不均匀的流体在通过散热器翅片的同时会被强制拉直,所以为保证流体通过多孔介质达到相同的效果,需要对其他方向的张量进行重新取值,一般取不同的数量级以使气流通过多孔介质被完全拉直[23]
FSAE赛车后舱模型主要由车身部分、轮胎悬架、空气动力学套件部分、后舱以及散热装置组成,各个部分的造型设计共同决定了赛车的外流场,进一步决定了赛车的气动性能以及赛车后舱简化与否,两者模型区别集中在赛车尾部。如图4所示,简化模型后舱部分为方块状,与车身直接相连,而后舱模型则对赛车真实后舱进行了还原,同时将上文所述的散热风扇与散热器串联为散热装置,按照原车位置布置在后舱尾部。
车辆流场模拟以及阻力和升力系数的精确计算对计算域尺寸有较高的要求。JOSEFSSON等[24]在对风洞干扰问题中表示,考虑风洞的影响可以提升流场的预测精度,从而更准确地估算绝对阻力值及不同配置之间的阻力差异。较大的风洞是CFD仿真的首选,但必须根据计算负荷和所要解决的流动问题的性质加以限制,同时也要保证风洞阻塞比,计算域边界条件见表2
图5可知计算域的尺寸:车辆前方3L,车辆后方7L,车辆上方10H,车辆侧面5W,其中L为车辆长度,H为车辆高度,W为车辆宽度,风洞阻塞比小于1%,满足仿真精度要求。
在数值模拟中,模型网格质量与数量是一个关键的步骤。采用STAR-CCM+进行网格划分,为保证计算结果更加精准,如图6所示,重点针对赛车后舱、梁翼及尾流位置单独添加网格加密区,生成了全局域的非结构化切割体+壁面棱柱层网格。对赛车的空气阻力系数 C D与升力系数 C L进行监测,图7显示了随着体网格数从600万个开始递增, C D - C L随之上升,最终在2 200万个左右开始趋于稳定。因此,为了节省计算资源并提高效率,本研究体网格数量划分选择在2 200~2 500万个之间。
在对后舱模型进行CFD仿真分析之前,为了更加符合实际工况,需要首先单独对散热风扇与多孔介质仿真结果进行对标、拟合,随后将散热风扇与多孔介质串联为散热装置参与整车数值仿真并与道路试验结果进一步对标,同时与赛车简化模型进行对比,统计两者差异。
对于散热风扇的CFD模拟而言,与试验条件一致,将散热风扇放置于长6倍直径的涵道中,边界条件见表3
经CFD仿真,空气通过涵道进口截面速度平均值为9.7 m/s,与试验值10 m/s误差仅为3%。如图8a所示,受风扇旋转特性的影响,在同样角速度下叶片外侧的线速度要大于内侧,负压区主要集中在扇叶外侧部分。如图8b所示,涵道内靠近风扇进口近壁面气流速度明显快于中心区域,而气流速度梯度在通过风扇后更加明显,这意味着虽然整体气流平均流速为9.7 m/s,但实际风扇出口气流速度分布在较大的范围内,这就要求在后舱模型CFD仿真中位于风扇出口侧的多孔介质在更大质量流量范围内阻力特性与实际散热器阻力特性相近。
多孔介质模型是否与散热器真实模型阻力特性相近需要单独进行拟合计算。如图9所示,将90 mm×90 mm,厚度为48 mm的散热器样件及多孔介质放置于进出口截面积、长度相同的流道中分别进行数值仿真,为模拟位于多孔介质前方的散热风扇出口风速,将流道风速 v R依次设置间隔为5~15 m/s,统计两者的流道进出口压降 Δ P。散热器模型及经过参数计算后的多孔介质模型 V R - Δ P曲线如图10所示。
在对于多孔介质流动问题的计算中,惯性阻力系数 C 2与黏性阻力系数 D决定了多孔介质的阻力特性,一般通过经过的流体的流速与流道进出口压降求得。压降与流速为一元二次方程的关系,即:
Δ P = A v R 2 + B v R   ,
A = 1 2 C 2 ρ l
B = D v R l  
图10为散热器模型及多孔介质模型的 V R- Δ P曲线,通过散热器模型 V R- Δ P曲线及式(10)可计算出多孔黏性阻力系数 D和多孔惯性阻力系数 C 2,见表4,代入多孔介质模型使多孔介质与散热器模型压降与速度的关系曲线趋于重叠,这意味着多散热器模型和多孔介质模型在5~15 m/s的CFD仿真中阻力特性具有较高的一致性,对于本研究,多孔介质模型将代替散热器真实模型进行仿真。
综上所述,分别选取赛车的简化模型与后舱模型进行CFD数值仿真,并结合实车道路试验验证,统计了赛车的流场信息及数据,赛车阻力 F D、升力 F L、升阻比 C L / C D、散热器温度 T e m、后轴气动力占比 k R表5
表5可知,简化模型与后舱模型的气动性能差异较大,其中,整车阻力变化较小,但整车下压力损失占比超过12%,升阻比下降0.4,同时风压中心位置前移超过5%,但赛车的后轴载荷占比设计为55%,这就意味着风压中心位置脱离了合理范围。
由2辆车表面压力云图对比可知(图11),后舱模型较简化模型除了前翼负压区尺寸变化不明显,扩散器及尾翼负压区面积及数值明显减小,尾翼及扩散器的下压力的大量损失是导致风压中心前移的原因。值得注意的是,气流通过后舱模型中的梁翼位置形成了2号分离涡,梁翼基本处于完全失速状态,这在实车试验中也得到了证实,利用丝带法在15 m/s的速度下直线行驶工况梁翼下表面气流附着状态如图12所示,这与CFD仿真结果相吻合。气流分离对于梁翼下表面的负压水平影响较严重,与其对应的表面压力云图也显示了负压区尺寸及数值的明显差异,这主要是与后舱简化与否关联较大,对于简化模型而言,梁翼与简化后舱组成了一个相对封闭的气流通道,高速气流可以通过这个通道而不受干扰,最终发挥出预期作用;而随着真实后舱的还原,平整的简化后舱的消失,文丘里效应也随之消失,气流方向随着头枕、后舱向下撞击梁翼前缘,最终导致翼片失速、下压力损失。
图13显示了2辆车的尾部流场信息。对于简化模型而言,赛车尾部分离区即1号涡流结构相对简单,由底部扩散器的上抛气流与通过梁翼的上抛气流共同组成,形成了1个尺寸较大、位置靠上的分离涡,而此涡流的存在对于底部扩散器的上抛气流进一步起到了向上吸附的作用,增大了气流的上扬角,使赛车获得了更高的下压力。而对于后舱模型而言,1号涡流并不存在,取而代之的是由梁翼引起的2号分离涡及风扇引起的3号涡流,值得注意的是,风扇及散热器位于赛车后舱下部,这意味着运行的风扇进口位置将对来自头枕的气流有吸引作用,加剧了气流的下沉趋势以及梁翼的失速情况,增大了2号涡流的尺寸。风扇散热器出口发出的水平方向射流直接与底扩的上抛气流融合,降低了被抛起气流的角度,导致扩散器下压力水平同样受到较严重的影响。
综上所述,散热装置的布局位置与气动性能有密切的联系,赛车后舱空间相对闭塞,散热风扇吸入的空气流量受到了影响,导致位于后舱下部的散热装置散热效果较差。
FSAE赛车真实后舱模型与简化模型流场差异较大,仿真结果表明,针对于散热装置的布局位置会影响到散热器的散热效果以及赛车的相关气动性能。图14显示了对散热装置的沿车辆坐标系y轴的俯仰角度 αz轴的垂直高度 z 0作为改变散热装置位置的2个输入变量的选取,以散热器温度 T e m和梁翼升力 F b e a m作为2个目标,采用adjacent-averaging插值法,目标函数变化的趋势结果如图1516所示。
由图1516可知,散热装置在水平夹角 α = 80°~120°和水平高度 z 0   = 0~200 mm的变化区间内,目标值波动较大,分别分布在 T e m= 73.1~107.7 ℃范围内和梁翼升力 F b e a m=-16.61~-22.26 N范围内。最优解集出现在了 α = 110°且目标值 T e m F b e a m最优值都锁定在了( α z 0)=(110°,160 mm)的附近区域,当 z 0进一步超160 mm时, T e m F b e a m分别出现了上升趋势,这表明基于散热装置的俯仰角度和水平高度的位置布局优化对于散热器散热效果以及赛车梁翼的下压力恢复具有较高的一致性,且在变量取值范围内存在极值,散热装置布置在( α z 0)=(110°,160 mm)位置附近可以获得较好的散热性能,同时也能改善一定的气动性能。因此,基于Base模型对于 α = 110°额外选取3个具有代表性的变量(图1516)进行数据对比及流场分析。
表6可知,仿真结果表明了Ⅲ号模型同时具有最佳的散热性能及气动性能,较Base模型 T e m数值由104.82 ℃下降至73.56 ℃,优化了29.82%;梁翼升力 F b e a m由Base模型-17.23 N降至-21.87 N,优化了26.92%;由于赛车前后轴载荷比为45 55,气动力后轴占比 k R得到了3%的恢复。
图17a、b分别显示了I号(Base)模型与Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ号模型的中截面的速度分布及温度分布,散热装置不同高度之间表现出了较大的流场差异。首先,如图17a模型I速度云图所示,来流通过头枕后被尾翼主翼前缘分为两部分,分别为气流1和气流2,气流1先后经过主翼、襟翼最终形成上洗流,气流2则通过主翼下表面流向梁翼及散热器的方向,经过梁翼前缘被再次分割,一部分经过梁翼上表面随后与气流1相融合,而另一分支脱离梁翼下表面,形成分离涡②。由于风扇旋转的特性,涡流③由扇叶的射流与风扇中心气流停滞区域形成的速度梯度产生。
Base模型与Ⅱ模型散热性能与气动性能差别不大,两者由于风扇进口前方区域空间闭塞,未充分利用来流2,所以涡流③的尺寸较大,结合速度云图与温度分布,散热器中心区域热量逆向溢出,并与风扇相连。同时涡流②的尺寸两者相近,梁翼下表面仍然表现为完全失速,但模型Ⅱ较Base模型增加了20°的仰角,散热器的射流减少了对底部扩散器上抛气流的干涉,底部扩散器下压力得到了恢复。
模型Ⅲ的散热装置位于 z 0=160 mm的高度,其散热性能与气动性能同时表现为最佳,如速度云图所示,相较于Base及模型Ⅱ,赛车尾部的涡系结构发生了较大的变化,气流2不再从梁翼前缘下方分离,而是被散热风扇所捕捉且改变原有的下洗方向向上抛出,涡流②与涡流③相互融合,形成了一个尺寸较大、远离尾翼的涡流④。由于通过散热器的空气流量增加,结合图18中模型Ⅲ截面压力云图与温度分布云图,风扇的效率得到了提高,散热风扇与散热器之间的正压取代了原有的负压,原有的热量回流基本消失,热量分布与流场相对应,通过散热器后被分布在了尺寸更大的区域,增加了换热效率,提升了散热性能;而散热器的外壳与梁翼下表面之间距离的缩小压缩了气流通道,使气流2重新附着在了翼片的上下表面,这与简化模型效果类似,文氏通道被重新组成,梁翼下表面负压尺寸及数值明显增加,翼片的下压力水平得到恢复;梁翼为位置靠后的空气动力学套件,因此,可以相对车身产生较大的力矩,风压中心位置也随之后移。
模型Ⅳ较模型Ⅲ, z 0进一步上移20 mm,结果表明散热性能与气动性能同时出现了不同程度的下降,尤其是梁翼下压力基本恢复至Base模型的水平。模型IV的尾部涡系结构与模型Ⅲ类似,但如图18所示,过近的散热装置与梁翼之间的距离造成了翼片前缘与风扇入口区域压力集中,这对于散热性能影响有限,但文氏通道由于“管径”距离达到极限后表现出了进口压力提升的反向效果,集中的正压力溢向了梁翼下表面位置,使翼片下表面靠近前缘区域正压取代了原有的负压,这对梁翼的气动性能造成了较大的影响。
1)本研究考虑了FSAE赛车后舱结构并加入了散热系统,实现了赛车模型流场的精细化仿真,为FSAE赛车CFD仿真提供了新的思路。
2)FSAE赛车简化模型与后舱模型流场具有较大的差异,后舱模型气动性能的下降具体表现为负升力损失以及风压中心位置前移。整车负升力下降12%,损失主要集中在尾翼及扩散器;赛车后轴气动力占比由简化模型的53.3%缩小至48.2%。
3)散热器的布局位置决定了赛车的散热性能,仿真结果显示,由于后舱空间相对闭塞,位于后舱底部的散热器散热性能较差,将其上移靠近梁翼布置并增加一定的仰角则会充分利用来流获得更好的散热效果,散热器温度将由基础模型104.82 ℃降低至73.56 ℃,下降了29.82%。
4)对于FSAE赛车尾部散热器的布置位置而言,散热效果的优化和气动性能具有高度的一致性。合适的散热器高度及角度改善了梁翼下表面失速现象,梁翼下压力得到了26.92%的恢复,虽然对于整车负升力效果影响有限,但由于其充分靠后,产生了较大的力矩,所以对于风压中心的位置影响较显著,后轴气动力占比增加了3%,改善了风压中心靠前的特性,增加了赛车的操纵稳定性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51305477)
  • Part of the Work was Carried out Under the Collaborative Research Project of the Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University(J24I010)
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2025年第15卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.04.14
  • 接收时间:2024-08-08
  • 首发时间:2025-09-10
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-08
  • 修回日期:2024-09-11
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国家自然科学基金项目(51305477)
Part of the Work was Carried out Under the Collaborative Research Project of the Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University(J24I010)
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    重庆理工大学 车辆工程学院,重庆 400054
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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