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Virtual simulation testing has become the industry-wide norm for intelligent connected vehicles. Such testing demands a rich set of simulation scenarios. Based on data collected from naturalistic highway-driving scenarios, the paper develops an automated strategy for extracting lane-change cut-in events. A perception risk coefficient is introduced, and one-way ANOVA is used to analyze discrete factors while Pearson correlation analysis is employed for continuous factors, revealing the relationships between scenario elements and risk and identifying the key influencing factors. Typical scenarios are then derived with K-Means clustering and the elbow method, key parameters are retained, and each scenario is constructed on the Prescan simulation platform. The results show that this method can effectively extract critical lane-change cut-in scenarios from real-world data, cluster them into typical scenarios, and reconstruct these scenarios on the simulation platform, providing scientific support for autonomous-driving system testing.
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智能网联汽车采用虚拟仿真测试已成为行业共识,虚拟仿真测试依赖仿真场景。基于采集的高速公路自然驾驶场景数据,建立自动化变道切入场景提取策略,引入感知风险系数参数,通过单因素方差分析非连续型要素,皮尔逊相关性分析连续型要素,揭示不同场景因素与风险的关系,确认关键影响因素。采用K-Means聚类和肘部法建立典型场景,保留关键参数,在PreScan仿真平台完成构建。研究表明,该方法可根据真实采集数据完成变道切入关键场景的有效提取,并基于关键场景聚类成典型场景,在仿真平台搭建此场景,可以为自动驾驶系统测试提供科学支持。
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1 Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230601,China
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1 安徽江淮汽车集团股份有限公司,合肥 230601
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宋华(1976-),男,福建建瓯人,学士,工程师,主要研究方向为智能驾驶系统开发及测试。 E-mail:songhua@jac.com.cn
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宋华(1976-),男,福建建瓯人,学士,工程师,主要研究方向为智能驾驶系统开发及测试。 E-mail:songhua@jac.com.cn
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1 Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230601,China
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1 安徽江淮汽车集团股份有限公司,合肥 230601
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1 Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230601,China
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1 安徽江淮汽车集团股份有限公司,合肥 230601
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1 Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230601,China
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1 安徽江淮汽车集团股份有限公司,合肥 230601
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1 安徽江淮汽车集团股份有限公司,合肥 230601)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175522742813213094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175522742821601703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, companyId=1175522742813213094, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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28(20):31-36.(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on Indicator Threshold Warning Method Based on Improved K-means Algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175522742746104227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175522742750298532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, companyId=1175522742746104227, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230601,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175522742758687141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, companyId=1175522742746104227, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 安徽江淮汽车集团股份有限公司,合肥 230601)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175522742813213094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175522742821601703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, companyId=1175522742813213094, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Automotive Intelligent Connected Technology,Hefei 230601,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175522742829990312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, companyId=1175522742813213094, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 安徽省汽车智能网联技术重点实验室,合肥 230601)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175522744696455637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=amrG7+we2OpB3s3AudLOaA==, figureFileBig=lTU1Du/jGdpE7hiB+D34YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522744750981590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
数据滤波前后对比, figureFileSmall=amrG7+we2OpB3s3AudLOaA==, figureFileBig=lTU1Du/jGdpE7hiB+D34YA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522744809701847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Cgv9z8v/KmG4LTuvXG75FQ==, figureFileBig=+mWm6pDJPx0icYz7ahAg0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522744876810712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
切入场景, figureFileSmall=Cgv9z8v/KmG4LTuvXG75FQ==, figureFileBig=+mWm6pDJPx0icYz7ahAg0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522744931336665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8Wg0JpLS6o8KaCadg4SDsg==, figureFileBig=hsLkOV7F6wQ38anBT/09cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522744990056922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
PR值分布, figureFileSmall=8Wg0JpLS6o8KaCadg4SDsg==, figureFileBig=hsLkOV7F6wQ38anBT/09cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745040388571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=enn9wJKAByDdiyIFf/8aLg==, figureFileBig=EIEXrVSOm3ofmRN9XktsTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745090720220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同切入车辆类型下的PR值分布, figureFileSmall=enn9wJKAByDdiyIFf/8aLg==, figureFileBig=EIEXrVSOm3ofmRN9XktsTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745174606301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JH6X4fmpRYfGHx4fHlPcZw==, figureFileBig=jTmRWm5C8P+KZo686jQhfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745224937950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同切入方向下的PR值分布, figureFileSmall=JH6X4fmpRYfGHx4fHlPcZw==, figureFileBig=jTmRWm5C8P+KZo686jQhfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745292046815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VVUkvUqc1PYTIcFRkm0P/w==, figureFileBig=hOYWG74UxUCjMo4yEEIM4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745354961376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
转向灯状态与PR值分布, figureFileSmall=VVUkvUqc1PYTIcFRkm0P/w==, figureFileBig=hOYWG74UxUCjMo4yEEIM4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745413681633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=szZgZt226EY2UTU1BhU3EQ==, figureFileBig=BaGBRnPTp9upUJRz1VMhYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745468207586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
不同天气情况下的PR值分布, figureFileSmall=szZgZt226EY2UTU1BhU3EQ==, figureFileBig=BaGBRnPTp9upUJRz1VMhYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745539510755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=a1v7MzinfemKUXN87TqhfQ==, figureFileBig=eMAjbjO+kECEwix5Nepd4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745606619620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
主车纵向速度 & PR散点, figureFileSmall=a1v7MzinfemKUXN87TqhfQ==, figureFileBig=eMAjbjO+kECEwix5Nepd4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745673728485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EVbuIT6yeXVbFwneWNwf3w==, figureFileBig=L/ChsdtJe9cjdurISO9jkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745736643046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
主车纵向加速度 & PR散点, figureFileSmall=EVbuIT6yeXVbFwneWNwf3w==, figureFileBig=L/ChsdtJe9cjdurISO9jkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745786974695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QOOvlfL1xCruTXoJr7xDRw==, figureFileBig=KYlpcXADyXacABFe8oC4fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745841500648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
相对纵向速度 & PR散点, figureFileSmall=QOOvlfL1xCruTXoJr7xDRw==, figureFileBig=KYlpcXADyXacABFe8oC4fA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745896026601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iB7DCl3H7ELLDDUccbBLvw==, figureFileBig=ns2ps8CfsK5ndZI0c3LFBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522745958941162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
两车纵向距离 & PR散点, figureFileSmall=iB7DCl3H7ELLDDUccbBLvw==, figureFileBig=ns2ps8CfsK5ndZI0c3LFBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522746013467115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/hGUWxuCWfp5RJumTK5yJw==, figureFileBig=B7buRaVkVQUWtrSMDK4IkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522746072187372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
两车横向距离 & PR散点, figureFileSmall=/hGUWxuCWfp5RJumTK5yJw==, figureFileBig=B7buRaVkVQUWtrSMDK4IkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522746135101933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lD0RGzttivNRWEYE7syr+w==, figureFileBig=YKwOWRdPUBBugXqfmPQJZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522746189627886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
切入时间 & PR散点, figureFileSmall=lD0RGzttivNRWEYE7syr+w==, figureFileBig=YKwOWRdPUBBugXqfmPQJZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522746248348143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WbQaAT9ISG1nGIPv2Z6p1Q==, figureFileBig=beJ0ri7lFyXfMB/X+HO9yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522746319651312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
肘部法确定聚类个数, figureFileSmall=WbQaAT9ISG1nGIPv2Z6p1Q==, figureFileBig=beJ0ri7lFyXfMB/X+HO9yQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175522746374177265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 摄像头 | 前视摄像头 | 毫米波雷达 |
| 安装位置 | 前视:前挡风玻璃; 前、后、左、右:车辆后视镜下沿; 后视:车辆后视镜顶部。 | 前挡风玻璃中间 | 正前:前保险杠中间; 前左、前右、后左、后右:车辆前左、前右、后左、后右; 正后:后保险杠中间。 |
| 分辨率 | 1 600×1 200 | | |
| 探测距离/m | 160、80、10 | 0~260 | 0~260 |
| 探测角度/(°) | 52、112、192 | 100 | 近距120/远距18 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746445480434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
采集系统传感器参数
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| 摄像头 | 前视摄像头 | 毫米波雷达 |
| 安装位置 | 前视:前挡风玻璃; 前、后、左、右:车辆后视镜下沿; 后视:车辆后视镜顶部。 | 前挡风玻璃中间 | 正前:前保险杠中间; 前左、前右、后左、后右:车辆前左、前右、后左、后右; 正后:后保险杠中间。 |
| 分辨率 | 1 600×1 200 | | |
| 探测距离/m | 160、80、10 | 0~260 | 0~260 |
| 探测角度/(°) | 52、112、192 | 100 | 近距120/远距18 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746508394995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F | 显著性 |
| 组间 | 48.259 | 1 | 48.259 | 8.457 | 0.004 |
| 组内 | 1 112.754 | 195 | 5.706 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746571309556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
车辆类型方差分析表
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| 平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F | 显著性 |
| 组间 | 48.259 | 1 | 48.259 | 8.457 | 0.004 |
| 组内 | 1 112.754 | 195 | 5.706 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746638418421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F | 显著性 |
| 组间 | 2.939 | 1 | 2.939 | 0.495 | 0.483 |
| 组内 | 1 158.074 | 195 | 5.939 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746688750070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
切入方向方差分析表
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| 平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F | 显著性 |
| 组间 | 2.939 | 1 | 2.939 | 0.495 | 0.483 |
| 组内 | 1 158.074 | 195 | 5.939 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746751664631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F | 显著性 |
| 组间 | 26.805 | 1 | 26.805 | 4.608 | 0.033 |
| 组内 | 1 134.208 | 195 | 5.816 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746822967800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
转向灯方差分析表
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| 平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F | 显著性 |
| 组间 | 26.805 | 1 | 26.805 | 4.608 | 0.033 |
| 组内 | 1 134.208 | 195 | 5.816 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746873299449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F | 显著性 |
| 组间 | 2.040 | 1 | 2.040 | 0.343 | 0.559 |
| 组内 | 1 158.973 | 195 | 5.943 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746923631098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
天气情况方差分析表
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| 平方和 | 自由度 | 均方 | F | 显著性 |
| 组间 | 2.040 | 1 | 2.040 | 0.343 | 0.559 |
| 组内 | 1 158.973 | 195 | 5.943 | | |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522746978157051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Z-score主车纵向速度/ (m/s) | Z-score相对纵向距离/m | Z-score相对纵向速度/ (m/s) | Z-score车辆类型 | Z-score转向灯 |
| 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.63 | 0.12 | 0.49 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.48 | 1.00 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.58 | 0.09 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.66 | 0.20 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.65 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.62 | 0.24 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.80 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.82 | 0.34 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.48 | 0.15 | 0.63 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.45 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522747041071612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
标准化后的部分数据展示
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| Z-score主车纵向速度/ (m/s) | Z-score相对纵向距离/m | Z-score相对纵向速度/ (m/s) | Z-score车辆类型 | Z-score转向灯 |
| 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.63 | 0.12 | 0.49 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.48 | 1.00 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.58 | 0.09 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.66 | 0.20 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.65 | 0.07 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.62 | 0.24 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.80 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.82 | 0.34 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.48 | 0.15 | 0.63 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.45 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
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| 典型场景 | 占比/% | 主车纵向车速/(m/s) | 相对纵向距离/m | 两车相对速度/(m/s) | 车辆类型 | 转向灯 |
| 1 | 13 | 16.65 | 29.27 | 3.75 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | 12 | 24.55 | 64.30 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | 15 | 25.10 | 49.38 | 1.00 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | 40 | 25.12 | 16.10 | 2.99 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 20 | 28.02 | 35.00 | 2.66 | 0 | 0 |
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聚类后的典型场景
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| 典型场景 | 占比/% | 主车纵向车速/(m/s) | 相对纵向距离/m | 两车相对速度/(m/s) | 车辆类型 | 转向灯 |
| 1 | 13 | 16.65 | 29.27 | 3.75 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | 12 | 24.55 | 64.30 | 1.97 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | 15 | 25.10 | 49.38 | 1.00 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | 40 | 25.12 | 16.10 | 2.99 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 20 | 28.02 | 35.00 | 2.66 | 0 | 0 |
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| 类型 | 安装位置 | 方向 | 横向FOV/(°) |
| X/m | Y/m | Z/m | P/(°) | Y/(°) | R/(°) |
| 长距Radar | 3.65 | 0 | 0.40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60.0 |
| 短距Radar | 3.75 | 0 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 120.0 |
| 摄像头 | 1.82 | 0 | 1.62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1175522747267564032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1172525473188950481, language=CN, label=表8, caption=
传感器模型参数
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| 类型 | 安装位置 | 方向 | 横向FOV/(°) |
| X/m | Y/m | Z/m | P/(°) | Y/(°) | R/(°) |
| 长距Radar | 3.65 | 0 | 0.40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60.0 |
| 短距Radar | 3.75 | 0 | 0.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 120.0 |
| 摄像头 | 1.82 | 0 | 1.62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100.3 |
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