Article(id=1154016884551836246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.15, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687622400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-25, revisedDate=1691596800000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753068665873, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753068665873, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753068665873, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753068665873, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154016878675611672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='153', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753068664473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481546563, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=144, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154016885222924889, articleId=1154016884551836246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Research on Coupling of Porous Material with Acoustic Cavity and Sheet Metal, and Calibration of the Modeling Method, columnId=1153756966938731297, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Other Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To overcome the challenges of NTF simulation accuracy in vehicle NVH simulations, the paper designed and constructed a “rigidwall occupant cabin", which reduced the coupling effect between the "acoustic cavity mode” and the “container" to a negligible extent. Based on the rigidwall passenger cabin, the influence of subacoustic cavities on the overall acoustic cavity mode was analyzed, and the modeling method for porous materials was discussed. The porous material models such as seats and carpets were established, and the effect of front wall sound insulation material on the coupling of sheet metal vibration and acoustic cavity mode was analyzed quantitatively. The simulation and test results show that the cavity mode, airborne sound transfer function, structural vibration transfer function and sound transfer function all achieve good simulation accuracy. The findings of this paper provide a reference for the control of low frequency road noise and engine noise.

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为突破汽车NVH仿真中NTF仿真精度难题,设计制作了“刚性壁乘员舱”,把“声腔模态”与“容器”的耦合效应降到可以忽略。基于此刚性壁乘员舱,分析了子声腔对整体声腔模态的影响,讨论了多孔材料的建模方法,建立了座椅和地毯等多孔材料模型,量化分析了前围隔声材料对钣金振动与声腔模态耦合的影响。仿真和试验对标的结果表明,空腔模态、空气传递声传递函数、结构传递振动传递函数和声传递函数均获得较好的仿真精度,为整车低频路噪和发动机噪声控制提供了参考。

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洪卫芳(1988-),女,山东济南人,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为整车路噪和NVH仿真。Tel:13510882387 E-mail:
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张荣荣(1978-),女,江苏徐州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源汽车的整车性能开发,涉及结构耐久、被动安全、NVH、整车热管理、车辆空气动力学。Tel:18998125553 E-mail:

, authorsList=张荣荣, Charles ZHANG, 洪卫芳, 李永超)}, authors=[Author(id=1154016960611344573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016884551836246, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhang.rongrong@byd.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1154016960678453439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016884551836246, authorId=1154016960611344573, language=EN, stringName=Rongrong ZHANG, firstName=Rongrong, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=BYD Auto Industry Co., Ltd. Shenzhen 518000 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1154016960732979392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016884551836246, authorId=1154016960611344573, language=CN, stringName=张荣荣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=比亚迪汽车工业有限公司 深圳 518000, bio={"img":"VQZDC9fKZ4KTckZMw493UQ==","content":"

张荣荣(1978-),女,江苏徐州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源汽车的整车性能开发,涉及结构耐久、被动安全、NVH、整车热管理、车辆空气动力学。Tel:18998125553 E-mail:

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张荣荣(1978-),女,江苏徐州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源汽车的整车性能开发,涉及结构耐久、被动安全、NVH、整车热管理、车辆空气动力学。Tel:18998125553 E-mail:

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figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数 测试频率 仿真频率 频率偏差 MAC
1 M 1-54.89 M 2-55.37 -0.87 1.00
2 M_2-108.53 M_3-107.20 1.23 0.99
3 M 3-133.58 M_4-132.20 1.03 0.95
4 M_4-141.47 M 5-144.30 -2.00 0.92
5 M 5-160.98 M 7-158.50 1.54 0.90
6 M 6-176.54 M 8-170.20 3.59 0.61
7 M 7-203.35 M_10-198.40 2.43 0.73
8 M 8-221.74 M_13-214.50 3.27 0.88
9 M 9-233.18 M_14-226.10 3.04 0.96
10 M_10-238.75 M_15-233.90 2.03 0.90
11 M_11-248.77 M 16-244.20 1.84 0.86
12 M_12-263.83 M 19-260.70 1.19 0.64
13 M_13-283.89 M_23-278.90 1.76 0.88
14 M_14-294.94 M_24-289.80 1.74 0.88
15 M 15-307.69 M 26-302.10 1.82 0.87
16 M_16-312.53 M 28-305.70 2.19 0.88
17 M 17-324.45 M 31-317.60 2.11 0.92
18 M 18-331.13 M 32-324.60 1.97 0.85
19 M_19-353.22 M_39-346.30 1.96 0.88
20 M_20-360.48 M_40-353.70 1.88 0.88
21 M 21-370.46 M_43-365.30 1.39 0.84
22 M_22-375.30 M 44-368.00 1.95 0.85
23 M_23-387.77 M 47-381.60 1.59 0.75
24 M 24-400.94 M_52-395.80 1.28 0.80
), ArticleFig(id=1154016965539651843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016884551836246, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=仿真与试验模态对标结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数 测试频率 仿真频率 频率偏差 MAC
1 M 1-54.89 M 2-55.37 -0.87 1.00
2 M_2-108.53 M_3-107.20 1.23 0.99
3 M 3-133.58 M_4-132.20 1.03 0.95
4 M_4-141.47 M 5-144.30 -2.00 0.92
5 M 5-160.98 M 7-158.50 1.54 0.90
6 M 6-176.54 M 8-170.20 3.59 0.61
7 M 7-203.35 M_10-198.40 2.43 0.73
8 M 8-221.74 M_13-214.50 3.27 0.88
9 M 9-233.18 M_14-226.10 3.04 0.96
10 M_10-238.75 M_15-233.90 2.03 0.90
11 M_11-248.77 M 16-244.20 1.84 0.86
12 M_12-263.83 M 19-260.70 1.19 0.64
13 M_13-283.89 M_23-278.90 1.76 0.88
14 M_14-294.94 M_24-289.80 1.74 0.88
15 M 15-307.69 M 26-302.10 1.82 0.87
16 M_16-312.53 M 28-305.70 2.19 0.88
17 M 17-324.45 M 31-317.60 2.11 0.92
18 M 18-331.13 M 32-324.60 1.97 0.85
19 M_19-353.22 M_39-346.30 1.96 0.88
20 M_20-360.48 M_40-353.70 1.88 0.88
21 M 21-370.46 M_43-365.30 1.39 0.84
22 M_22-375.30 M 44-368.00 1.95 0.85
23 M_23-387.77 M 47-381.60 1.59 0.75
24 M 24-400.94 M_52-395.80 1.28 0.80
), ArticleFig(id=1154016965610955012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016884551836246, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Biot 参数 座椅PU 座椅蒙皮
孔隙率 $\phi$ 0.939 0.952
流阻 $\sigma /\left( {\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 25 128 244 065
扭曲度 ${\alpha }_{\infty }$ 1.440 3.296
粘特征长度VLE/μm 70.0 40.6
热特征长度TLE/μm 153 60.5
杨氏模量 $E/\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 64.68 64.68
密度 $\rho /\left( {\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}}\right)$ 30.4 80.0
泊淞比 $\nu$ 0.338 0.338
阻尼 $\eta$ 0.113 0.113
), ArticleFig(id=1154016965669675269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016884551836246, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=座椅PU和蒙皮Biot参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Biot 参数 座椅PU 座椅蒙皮
孔隙率 $\phi$ 0.939 0.952
流阻 $\sigma /\left( {\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 25 128 244 065
扭曲度 ${\alpha }_{\infty }$ 1.440 3.296
粘特征长度VLE/μm 70.0 40.6
热特征长度TLE/μm 153 60.5
杨氏模量 $E/\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 64.68 64.68
密度 $\rho /\left( {\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}}\right)$ 30.4 80.0
泊淞比 $\nu$ 0.338 0.338
阻尼 $\eta$ 0.113 0.113
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多孔材料与声腔、钣金耦合的研究及建模方法标定
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张荣荣 , Charles ZHANG , 洪卫芳 , 李永超
汽车工程学报 | 其他 2024,14(1): 144-153
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汽车工程学报 | 其他 2024, 14(1): 144-153
多孔材料与声腔、钣金耦合的研究及建模方法标定
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张荣荣 , Charles ZHANG, 洪卫芳 , 李永超
作者信息
  • 比亚迪汽车工业有限公司 深圳 518000
  • 张荣荣(1978-),女,江苏徐州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源汽车的整车性能开发,涉及结构耐久、被动安全、NVH、整车热管理、车辆空气动力学。Tel:18998125553 E-mail:

通讯作者:


洪卫芳(1988-),女,山东济南人,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为整车路噪和NVH仿真。Tel:13510882387 E-mail:
Research on Coupling of Porous Material with Acoustic Cavity and Sheet Metal, and Calibration of the Modeling Method
Rongrong ZHANG , ZHANG Charles, Weifang HONG , Yongchao LI
Affiliations
  • BYD Auto Industry Co., Ltd. Shenzhen 518000 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.15
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为突破汽车NVH仿真中NTF仿真精度难题,设计制作了“刚性壁乘员舱”,把“声腔模态”与“容器”的耦合效应降到可以忽略。基于此刚性壁乘员舱,分析了子声腔对整体声腔模态的影响,讨论了多孔材料的建模方法,建立了座椅和地毯等多孔材料模型,量化分析了前围隔声材料对钣金振动与声腔模态耦合的影响。仿真和试验对标的结果表明,空腔模态、空气传递声传递函数、结构传递振动传递函数和声传递函数均获得较好的仿真精度,为整车低频路噪和发动机噪声控制提供了参考。

声腔模态  /  多孔吸声材料  /  空气传递噪声  /  结构传递噪声  /  有限元建模  /  试验仿真对标

To overcome the challenges of NTF simulation accuracy in vehicle NVH simulations, the paper designed and constructed a “rigidwall occupant cabin", which reduced the coupling effect between the "acoustic cavity mode” and the “container" to a negligible extent. Based on the rigidwall passenger cabin, the influence of subacoustic cavities on the overall acoustic cavity mode was analyzed, and the modeling method for porous materials was discussed. The porous material models such as seats and carpets were established, and the effect of front wall sound insulation material on the coupling of sheet metal vibration and acoustic cavity mode was analyzed quantitatively. The simulation and test results show that the cavity mode, airborne sound transfer function, structural vibration transfer function and sound transfer function all achieve good simulation accuracy. The findings of this paper provide a reference for the control of low frequency road noise and engine noise.

cavity mode  /  porous material  /  air born noise  /  structure born noise  /  finite element modeling  /  orrelation between test and simulation
张荣荣, Charles ZHANG, 洪卫芳, 李永超. 多孔材料与声腔、钣金耦合的研究及建模方法标定. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (1) : 144 -153 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.15
Rongrong ZHANG, ZHANG Charles, Weifang HONG, Yongchao LI. Research on Coupling of Porous Material with Acoustic Cavity and Sheet Metal, and Calibration of the Modeling Method[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (1) : 144 -153 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.15
NVH性能是衡量汽车驾乘舒适性的重要指标之一。在中国汽车工业发展初期,样车 NVH 性能调校占据了整个NVH性能开发工作量的 70% 以上, 花费大量人力、物力、财力,主要原因是仿真模型精度不高, 不能在产品设计阶段准确预测并排除 NVH性能风险。所以, 提高仿真精度至关重要。
21 世纪初期, 国外汽车厂就加强了 NVH 仿真模型精度提升的研究工作 [ 1 ] 。目前,国内在子系统模态、动刚度和振动传递函数上的对标精度尚可, 声腔模态、噪声传递函数及整车噪声对标精度仍需提升,也鲜有文献对此进行深入研究。周鋐等 [ 2 ] 仅对比了仿真与试验的声腔模态振型, 由于材料参数不准确和几何建模精度不够, 无法保证仿真模型的精度。赵乐斌等 [ 3 ] 比较了某 SUV 车内声腔的试验模态结果和仿真结果, 前 4 阶模态频率误差均在 7%以上,声腔模型精度同样不理想。仿真计算的声腔模型边界条件是刚性边界, 即声腔点位移在边界上等于 0 , 实际上, 车身钣金的刚度不管是多少, 无论用什么激振方法, 均不足以消除声腔与钣金的耦合效应。因此, 基于实车研究声腔模态及其建模方法并不严谨,研究多孔材料(如座椅)对声腔模态的影响也存在局限性。白洁等 [ 4 ] 通过建立内饰材料仿真模型, 考虑声固耦合, 对比分析了内饰材料对声场分布和噪声的影响, 并未研究所用耦合模型的精确度, 难以准确指导优化设计。本文以刚性壁乘员舱和舱内不同声学形态为研究对象, 深入研究声腔、多孔材料建模方法及多孔材料与声腔、钣金耦合的机理, 并进行仿真与试验对标, 改进建模方法, 从而提升仿真精度。
为研究与汽车乘员舱声腔相关联的物理现象, 本文设计制作了一个 “刚性壁乘员舱”, 把 “声腔模态”与“容器”的耦合效应降到可以忽略的程度。
刚性壁乘员舱的容积与 A+级 SUV 相似, 为 ${3300}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {1360}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {1180}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,外型如 图 1 所示。 前半部截取某 SUV 半截车身,在 A 柱、B 柱、上边梁、门槛梁、顶棚处灌注树脂,地板上浇注水泥, 并用厚度为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的电木板封堵前围、顶棚、地板、侧围、前挡风玻璃和侧门, 电木板厚度为被封堵板件厚度的 6~15 倍。后部则是用厚度为 ${150}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的库板搭建, 库板厚度为车辆实际壁板厚度的 70 倍之多。这样, 乘员舱壁刚度足够大, 便可以直接用试验手段获取和数模相同边界条件的声腔模态。
功能 1: 用厚电木板封闭挡风玻璃、前围和车门,测试并对标刚性壁乘员舱声腔模态。
功能 2: 构建子声腔, 如后备箱和仪表台下声腔 ( 图 2 )。子声腔与主声腔联通开口的大小可调, 用于研究子声腔对乘员舱整体模态的影响。
功能 3: 移走挡风玻璃、前围和车门的电木板。 研究声腔模态与车身典型结构(风挡玻璃、前围板、车门等)的耦合。
功能 4: 引入座椅、地毯、前围声学包。研究多孔材料对声腔模态,特别是对声传递函数的影响。
在全刚性壁状态下, 对声腔模态进行了对标研究。试验时, 在乘员舱内右后位置放 1 个低频扬声器, 285 个声压传感器由前至后均布在舱内 12 个空间截面上, 如 图 3 所示。仿真采用 VA ONE 软件, 用四面体单元建立声腔模型, 属性为 Fluid, 材料参数为: 声速 ${3.43}\mathrm{E} + {05}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,密度 ${1.2}\mathrm{E} - {12}\mathrm{t}/{\mathrm{{mm}}}^{3}$ 。 根据试验声压传感器位置, 仿真模型设置相应位置的节点为声压响应点, 用单极子声功率作为载荷进行加载。
$0 \sim {400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频率范围内,共识别了 24 阶模态, 仿真与试验模态对标的结果见 表 1 。仿真频率误差基本在 3% 以下, 用于辨识振型相似度的指标 MAC 基本都大于 0.8 , 只有少数在 0.6 和 0.7 之间。 图 4 对比了两组仿真与试验振型, 第 1 组频率差为 0.93%, MAC 为 0.99 ,第 2 组频率差为 3.41%, MAC为0.61。
试验仅用了一个激振声源和有限数量的声压传感器, 因此, 不是所有的模态都是可识别的, 比如声源处于某阶模态的节线位置, 该阶模态不可识别。 图 5 是仿真得到的第 6 阶振型: ${152}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,激振声源正好处于该阶振型的节线处, 测试未能识别该阶模态。
本试验用 ${30}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 厚的电木板模拟后备箱对刚性壁空间的分割,后备箱容积: ${800}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {1260}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times$ ${400}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,与主声腔的贯通面积为 ${1260}\mathrm{\;{mm}} \times {90}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。 相比于无后备箱的声腔, $0 \sim {400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频段内增加了 6 阶模态, 而且主要模态的振型也发生了很大变化。 图 6 比较了两个状态下的前 3 阶模态, 加了后备箱以后,多出 ${64}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的模态,而且前两阶模态的振型也发生了变化,特别是乘员舱后部。
研究表明, 后备箱子声腔不仅对模态有影响, 也改变了声传递函数。试验将体声源放在乘员舱内右前端, 麦克风放在后排乘员位置。 图 7 对比了两个状态的声传递函数, 在后备箱声腔与主声腔耦合后的新模态处出现了峰值, 同时, 在主声腔一阶模态附近, 声传递函数曲线上出现了双峰现象, 文献 [ 5 ] 中同样出现过类似现象。在三厢式乘用车中, 后备箱声腔通过座椅扶手与车身间的空隙或者搁物板上的开孔与乘员舱声腔连通。这些“声腔通道” 的大小和位置对后排噪声的声压级大小和峰值频率都有影响。国内汽车厂进行 NVH 仿真建模时常常忽略这一细节, 而国外汽车厂已经利用后备箱子声腔与乘员舱声腔的耦合效应来降低后排噪声 [ 6 ]
目前,汽车行业广泛使用的商业软件 (NASTRAN、VA ONE)能保证乘员舱声腔模型的精度。其中,有如下两个建模细节需要注意。
1)有限元单元的大小取决于计算的最高频率, 最高频率的波长包含至少 6 个有限元单元。
2)必须仔细建立与乘员舱声腔贯通的所有子声腔模型, 尤其是两声腔间的 “通道”。对于乘用车,重要的子声腔有:后备箱声腔、仪表板下的声腔、侧门钣金与内饰板之间的声腔。
对于多孔固体材料建模理论的研究已有大量的文献可参考 [ 7 - 13 ] 。目前,常用商业软件中多孔材料的建模方法都是基于修正的 Biot 理论。该理论用九大参数描述了多孔材料的宏观特性, 这些参数分别为:材料骨架的密度、杨氏模量、泊松比、阻尼损耗因子、孔隙率、空气流阻、扭曲度、粘性特征长度、热特征长度,可以用试验的方法直接获得。为保证测试精度和推广标准化,欧洲主机厂 VOLKSWAGEN、RENAULT、PEUGEOT和声学包生产厂 FAURECIA、TREVES、AUTONEUM 对目前常用的测试方法进行了比较, 并推荐了可靠的测试仪器和测试方法, 也对试验环境和操作细节提出了建议 [ 14 ] 。本文仿真模型中的多孔材料参数是用文献 [ 14 ] 推荐的方法获取的。
座椅导轨已预先固定在刚性壁乘员舱的地板上。主驾驶和副驾驶座椅安装在导轨上, 可前后滑动。座椅骨架用传统有限元方法建模。基于修正的 Biot方程, 坐垫和靠背用多孔材料模型建模。 ALLARD 等 [ 8 - 9 ] 和 HAMDI 等 [ 11 ] 就 Biot 相关理论都有详细论述。基于这些理论研究, NASTRAN 和 VA ONE 均提供了多孔材料有限元模块以及车身结构、声腔和多孔材料耦合/计算模块。本文的仿真结果是用 VA ONE 软件获得的。座垫和靠背的有限元模型由两部分构成: 表面蒙皮和内部充填材料 (PU), 如 图 8 所示。每部分材料的 Biot 参数均用文献 [ 14 ] 推荐的试验方法获得, 表 2 列出了 PU 和表面蒙皮的 Biot 参数。座椅 PU 密度大约是空气密度的 25 倍,仿真对比了 25 倍空气密度和 10 倍空气密度的声腔模态结果, 差异非常小。而且, 用 “重空气”模拟座椅和靠背占据的空间,这种建模方法获得的声腔模态与试验模态更接近, 同时考虑建模标准化, 最后对加入座椅的声腔模型做出了修正: 座垫和靠背占据的空间用 “重空气” (其密度是空气密度的 10 倍)来充填。
到目前为止, 对多孔材料性能的研究主要集中于中高频段, 这是因为汽车行业常用软内饰材料 ( $<$ 20 mm厚度) 的吸声系数在低频段很小。但是, 多孔材料对汽车乘员舱声腔低频段声学特性的影响是不可忽视的。为验证这一点, 在刚性壁乘员舱前端放置一个低频扬声器, 另有 70 个声传感器均布在舱内。 图 10 比较了加入座椅前后声传递函数的平均值。
图 10 可知, ${300}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 以后,多孔材料的影响很大,平均声传递函数降低了 ${10}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 左右; 在低频段, 它的影响也是不可忽略的, 这说明多孔材料在中低频也有吸收能量的作用。这一点也可从声腔模态的阻尼系数看出。在无多孔材料声腔状态下, 声腔一阶模态的阻尼系数为 1% 左右, 加入座椅后, 达到 6.5%。此外,有一个有趣的比较,在 ${200}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 处, ${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 厚的海绵(PU)吸声系数接近 0,而 ${200}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 厚的同样材料的吸声系数大于 0.6 。这说明 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 厚的海绵在 ${200}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 几乎没有吸能作用,但 ${200}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 厚度的海绵吸声性能是不可忽略的。所以, 多孔材料在低频段的作用大小不仅取决于材料特性, 更取决于厚度。本文试验所用的座椅垫平均厚度约 ${150}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , 靠背厚度约 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。为进一步验证这一点,在加入座椅的基础上,再加入地毯和地毯隔垫(厚度 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ )。由 图 11 可知,地毯对声传递函数的影响很小。
以上试验结果表明: 如果车身有限元模型不包含软内饰 (多孔材料), 声传递函数的计算精度是不能保证的, 即使在中低频段也无法保证。
图 12图 13 分别为空乘员舱和加座椅后的声传递函数仿真与试验对标的结果。即使座椅垫和靠背都是复杂的复合多孔材料, 仍然获得了较好的仿真精度。
座椅的建模方法已在 3.2 节中描述。VA ONE 有自动耦合座椅和声腔界面的功能, 因此, 座椅和乘员舱声腔可分别建模, 不要求其在界面上的节点一一对应。文献 [ 15 ] 介绍了 VA ONE 处理多孔材料与结构 (如白车身)、声腔耦合的方法。
$ \overline{\mathbf{Y}} = {\mathbf{R}}^{t}\mathbf{{YR}}\text{。} $
式中: $\mathbf{Y}$ 为多孔材料有限元矩阵; $\mathbf{R}$ 为投影矩阵; $\overline{\mathbf{Y}}$ 为只包含多孔材料与结构和声腔界面自由度的压缩矩阵。
$\bar{Y}$ 代入结构、声腔、多孔材料耦合的运动方程。
$ \left\{ {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll} {\mathbf{Z}}_{s} & \\ & {\mathbf{A}}_{C} \end{array}\right\rbrack + \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll} \overline{{Y}_{ss}} & \overline{{Y}_{SC}} \\ \overline{{Y}_{CS}} & \overline{{Y}_{CC}} \end{array}\right\rbrack }\right\} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} U \\ P \end{array}\right\} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} F \\ Q \end{array}\right\} 。 $
式中: ${\mathbf{Z}}_{s}$${\mathbf{A}}_{c}$ 分别为结构和声腔的阻抗矩阵。
在结构力 $F$ 和声源 $Q$ 的激振下计算响应、结构位移 $U$ 和声压 $P$ 。为了减少计算时间, VA ONE 使用模态投影法将有限元模型从物理空间转换到模态空间, 建议计算的模态最高频率是计算响应最高频率的两倍。
刚性壁乘员舱的试验结果证明了多孔材料对中低频声学计算的重要性, 座椅对乘员舱声腔中低频声传递函数影响最大。
前 7 个 Biot 参数对中低频传递函数的影响较大, 粘性特征长度和热特征长度的影响可以忽略。
座椅靠背和座垫是复合多孔材料。座椅蒙皮的空气流阻是海绵(PU)的 10 倍,不同材料蒙皮的空气流阻也是不同的, 比如本文试验研究用的织物蒙皮 $\sigma = {244065}\mathrm{\;{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,而穿孔皮蒙皮 $\sigma = {40441}$ $\mathrm{{Pa}} \cdot \mathrm{s}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 。VA ONE 可以自动处理不同材料的复合多孔材料, 只要 Biot 参数准确, 计算精度可以得到保证。
为阻隔车外噪声传递到乘员舱, 车内会布置很多隔声材料, 最重要的有前围隔热 (隔声) 垫、地毯+地毯垫。和吸声材料一样, 目前汽车行业工程师对隔声材料的研究集中在中高频段。其实, 隔声材料在低频段的主要作用不是隔声而是降低钣金的振动。
刚性壁乘员舱预留了一块钢板来模拟白车身的前围。如 图 14 所示, 试验在钢板右上角加一激振力, 在钢板上布置 4 个振动传感器, 在乘员舱内布置 70 个麦克风,并在 3 个状态下测试从激振点到钢板传感器的振动传递函数 $\gamma /\mathrm{f}$ 和到乘员舱声压传感器的声传递函数 $\mathrm{p}/\mathrm{f}$ ,这 3 个状态分别是:
1)钢板+空声腔;
2)钢板+隔声材料+空声腔;
3)钢板+隔声材料+座椅+地毯。
钢板的厚度是 $1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。隔声材料由 PU+EVA 组成。PU厚度为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , EVA面密度为 $6\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
图 15 对比了 3 个状态下钢板上的振动传递函数和声腔内的声传递函数平均值。
1)加入隔声材料后,钢板振动大大降低,乘员舱内的噪声也相应降低. 质量层 EVA 的存在使 PU 空隙壁产生相对运动, 由此产生的 “摩擦” 吸收了振动能量。
2)乘员舱内加入座椅和地毯后,钢板振动不受影响。但乘员舱内的噪声在 ${100}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 以后降低了 ${10}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 左右。
试验设计已经非常接近整车结构传递产生的噪声: 钢板受激励产生振动, 钢板上的隔声材料、乘员舱内的吸声材料与结构和声腔耦合。目的就是量化隔声/吸声材料在低频段对振动和噪声的影响。 若 CAE 模型不包含多孔材料是很难准确模拟车内噪声的。
隔声材料模型:两层复合结构。PU用Biot模型,重质量层就是一般有限元模型。重质量层与乘员舱声腔耦合,而 $\mathrm{{PU}}$ 与钢板耦合。 $\mathrm{{PU}}$ 与钢板之间可以设定如下两个不同的边界条件。
1)Full coupled: PU 边界节点所有自由度的位移和钢板边界自由度位移相同。
2)Sliding: 边界节点的法向自由度位移相同。 PU 切向自由度不加约束。
这两种边界条件对钢板振动有一定影响。低频振动某些峰值可出现 $3 \sim 5\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 的差异。具体如何选择边界条件要根据隔声材料与钢板的实际连接方式。试验中, 隔声材料胶粘在钢板上, 因此, 仿真模型选用了第 1 种边界条件 Full coupled。
图 16 是裸钢板与加了隔声材料的 VTF 仿真结果对比。隔声材料与钣金的耦合大大降低了钢板振动,这与试验结果完全吻合。
图 17 直接对比了仿真与试验 ${40} \sim {400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的 NTF 结果。图中所示 NTF 是乘员舱内 70 个声压传感器的声压平均值。仿真结果与测试结果基本吻合。
目前常用的有限元模型中, 隔声材料一般是用质量和阻尼等效 [ 16 ] 。本文试验中,隔声材料质量为 ${1.329}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 。在传统仿真模型里,这个质量均布在钣金的所有节点上,另外给钣金加入 5% 的阻尼。 图 18 比较了裸钢板加隔声材料的试验与仿真(本文推荐建模方法和传统建模方法)VTF结果。显而易见, 传统建模方法得到的结果远远偏离了试验结果, 该方法存在局限性。
对于乘员舱内的吸声材料, 如座椅和地毯, 传统的建模方法通常把它们等效为声腔模态的阻尼系数。对于如何选取阻尼值, 各个主机厂都有不同的经验值,一般在 ${10}\% \sim {20}\%$ 之间,本文选用了 16%。 图 19 对比了仿真与试验的声传递函数, 试验条件如 4.1 节所述。传统有限元模型:钣金的隔声材料用等效质量和阻尼;座椅和地毯用声腔模态 16%阻尼系数等效。由 图 19 可知, 传统模型第一个 ${50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 左右的 $\mathrm{{NTF}}$ 峰值与试验结果相差不大,但随着频率增高, 传统模型的结果与试验值的差距越来越大。
综上所述, 相比于传统建模方法, 通过建立多孔材料有限元模型, 并与声腔、钣金耦合, 计算得到的结果更接近试验值。这意味着, 在整车项目开发前期, 只要能获得准确的多孔材料参数, 就可保证较好的仿真精度。
本文重点研究了子声腔和多孔材料对声腔模态、空气传递声传递函数、结构振动传递函数和声传递函数的影响。仿真与试验的对标结果表明, 只要建模方法正确, 现有商业软件可以保证车内中低频噪声的仿真精度; 乘员舱声腔和多孔材料的建模至关重要。具体结论如下。
1)子声腔及多孔材料对声腔模态和空气传递声传递函数的影响: 同中高频段, 多孔材料在低频段的作用也是吸收能量; 多孔材料吸收低频能量的能力取决于其厚度。只有厚度为 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 以上的多孔材料才会对 ${200}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 以下的NTF产生显著影响。
2)隔声材料对结构振动传递函数和声传递函数的影响: 隔声材料在低频区域的作用主要是大大降低钣金振动。
3)子声腔及其与乘员舱(主声腔)的 “贯通通道”非常重要,必须仔细建模。
4)座椅对车内中低频噪声影响很大。获取准确的 Biot 参数是关键, 建议分别获取蒙皮和海绵的 Biot参数。
5)必须准确建立所有与车身钣金接触的隔声材料模型, 其与钣金的边界条件视其与钣金的固定方式选取。
6)整车具有诸多零部件, 有限元模型不可能包含所有的内饰。为了减小因简化模型产生的计算误差, 建议给每个声腔模态设置一个等效阻尼系数。
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2024年第14卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.15
  • 接收时间:2023-06-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-25
  • 修回日期:2023-08-10
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    比亚迪汽车工业有限公司 深圳 518000

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洪卫芳(1988-),女,山东济南人,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为整车路噪和NVH仿真。Tel:13510882387 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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