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To achieve multiobjective optimization of power performance and stability for inwheelmotor driven offroad vehicles in complex environments with variable adhesion conditions and undulating road surfaces, the paper proposed an adaptive torque control strategy based on pavement impact factors. Five characteristic parameters, namely, the difference in rolling resistance, normalized proportion of air resistance, normalized proportion of ramp resistance, variance of road adhesion difference and the minimum road adhesion coefficient, were used as inputs to establish a fiveparameter identification model of pavement impact factors based on fuzzy theory. Considering the identified pavement impact factors, an adaptive torque control strategy was developed for the multiobjective optimization of vehicle power performance and stability, and a threelayer control architecture was constructed. At the top of the strategy, the pavement impact factors are introduced to determine the urgency of acceleration, and the model predictive control algorithm is used to obtain the desired total driving force. The middle layer serves as the target decisionmaking layer, which governs the antiskid torque based on the optimal slip rate, and determines the desired feedforward compensation torque according to the road resistance. The base layer servers as the torque distribution level, taking the total demand driving force and the tire utilization ratio as the control objectives. It introduces the pavement impact factors to optimize the weight coefficients of these two objectives. A hybrid optimization algorithm with multiple constraints is applied for adaptive torque control. Simulations were conducted using the Matlab/SimulinkCarSim cosimulation platform, with real vehicle trials for verification. The results show that on lowadhesion road surfaces, the wheel slip control can be achieved rapidly within 0.2 s. On the split road surfaces, the lateral displacement is nearly negligible, showing excellent lateral stability. On highly twisted road surfaces, the system prevents large slip rates of the freespinning wheel from exceeding 0.2.

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为实现轮毂电机驱动越野车辆在附着条件多变、路面起伏不定的复杂环境中动力性和稳定性的多目标优化,提出一种基于路面影响因子的自适应转矩控制策略。以滚动阻力差异、空气阻力归一化比例、坡度阻力归一化比例、路面附着差异方差以及最小路面附着系数5个特征参数作为输入,并基于模糊理论方法搭建路面影响因子五参数辨识模型。基于辨识出的路面影响因子,开发整车动力性和稳定性多目标优化自适应转矩控制策略,构建了三层式控制架构:顶层引入路面影响因子对加速度紧迫程度进行判定,采用模型预测控制算法得到期望总驱动力;中层为目标决策层,以最优滑转率为目标决策驱动防滑力矩,并基于路面行驶阻力,决策期望前馈补偿力矩;下层为转矩分配层,以需求总驱动力及轮胎利用率作为控制目标,引入路面影响因子优化两者权重系数,以多约束条件的混合优化算法对转矩进行自适应控制。利用Matlab/SimulinkCarSim联合仿真平台进行仿真,基于实车进行验证。结果表明,在低附着路面,在0.2s内快速完成滑转率抑制;在对开路面,侧向位移接近0;在大扭曲路面,避免腾空车轮出现大滑转率,滑转率最高0.2。

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付翔(1973-),女,湖北随州人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源整车控制技术。Tel:18986200536 E-mail:

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付翔(1973-),女,湖北随州人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源整车控制技术。Tel:18986200536 E-mail:

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付翔(1973-),女,湖北随州人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源整车控制技术。Tel:18986200536 E-mail:

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符号 参数
${i}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 减速器减速比 5
${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 空气阻力系数 0.6
${J}_{\text{eq }}$ 电动轮转动惯量/ $\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 5
$r$ 车轮半径/m 0.425
$m$ 整车质量/kg 5100
$A$ 迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 3.7
${I}_{z}$ $\mathrm{z}$ 轴转动惯量/ $\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 10080
${l}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 前轴到质心的距离/m 1.800
${l}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 后轴到质心的距离/m 1.700
$l$ 轴距/m 3.500
${B}_{1},{B}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 左侧、右侧车轮到质心距离/m 1.025
$B$ 轮距/m 2.050
${h}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 质心地面高度/m 0.800
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符号 参数
${i}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 减速器减速比 5
${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 空气阻力系数 0.6
${J}_{\text{eq }}$ 电动轮转动惯量/ $\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 5
$r$ 车轮半径/m 0.425
$m$ 整车质量/kg 5100
$A$ 迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 3.7
${I}_{z}$ $\mathrm{z}$ 轴转动惯量/ $\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 10080
${l}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 前轴到质心的距离/m 1.800
${l}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 后轴到质心的距离/m 1.700
$l$ 轴距/m 3.500
${B}_{1},{B}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 左侧、右侧车轮到质心距离/m 1.025
$B$ 轮距/m 2.050
${h}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 质心地面高度/m 0.800
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工况类型 辨识参数 权重分析
低附路面 滚动阻力差异 空气阻力比例 1. 滚动阻力差异大,提高稳定性权重 2. 空气阻力大,提高动力性权重
变附路面 附着差异 滚动阻力差异 1. 附着差异大, 提高稳定性权重 2. 滚动阻力差异大,提高稳定性权重
大扭曲路 最小附着 坡度阻力比例 1. 最小附着判定车轮腾空情况 2. 坡度阻力大,提高动力性权重
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工况类型 辨识参数 权重分析
低附路面 滚动阻力差异 空气阻力比例 1. 滚动阻力差异大,提高稳定性权重 2. 空气阻力大,提高动力性权重
变附路面 附着差异 滚动阻力差异 1. 附着差异大, 提高稳定性权重 2. 滚动阻力差异大,提高稳定性权重
大扭曲路 最小附着 坡度阻力比例 1. 最小附着判定车轮腾空情况 2. 坡度阻力大,提高动力性权重
), ArticleFig(id=1154016975547256867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016881548709928, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入 输出
坡度阻力 比例系数 空气阻力 比例系数 滚动阻力 差异 路面附着 差异 附着系数 最小值 路面影响 因子
B || M || S $\mathrm{B}\parallel \mathrm{M}\parallel \mathrm{S}$ M || S S B B
S S B S M $\mathrm{N}$
S M || S M S M S
S M || S S S M M
S B S S M B
S S B B || M M $\mathrm{N}$
S M || S M B || M M S
S S S B M S
S S S M M M
S M S B || M M M
S B S B || M M B
S S B B S M
S $\mathrm{M}\parallel \mathrm{B}$ B B S B
M S B B M $\mathrm{N}$
M M || S M B M S
M M || S S B M M
M B S B M B
B || M B || M || S B B S B
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输入 输出
坡度阻力 比例系数 空气阻力 比例系数 滚动阻力 差异 路面附着 差异 附着系数 最小值 路面影响 因子
B || M || S $\mathrm{B}\parallel \mathrm{M}\parallel \mathrm{S}$ M || S S B B
S S B S M $\mathrm{N}$
S M || S M S M S
S M || S S S M M
S B S S M B
S S B B || M M $\mathrm{N}$
S M || S M B || M M S
S S S B M S
S S S M M M
S M S B || M M M
S B S B || M M B
S S B B S M
S $\mathrm{M}\parallel \mathrm{B}$ B B S B
M S B B M $\mathrm{N}$
M M || S M B M S
M M || S S B M M
M B S B M B
B || M B || M || S B B S B
), ArticleFig(id=1154016975673085989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016881548709928, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型
ATCS 0.19 16.18 1.81 0.0020 42.95
LDC 6.00 40.97 2.92 0.0230 42.06
AMOD 1.94 28.31 1.43 0.0120 40.78
ASR 0.21 71.64 3.19 0.096 0 44.66
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类型
ATCS 0.19 16.18 1.81 0.0020 42.95
LDC 6.00 40.97 2.92 0.0230 42.06
AMOD 1.94 28.31 1.43 0.0120 40.78
ASR 0.21 71.64 3.19 0.096 0 44.66
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基于路面影响因子的轮毂电机驱动车辆自适应转矩控制
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付翔 1, 2, 3 , 唐茂家 1, 2, 3 , 孙录哲 1, 2, 3
汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024,14(1): 33-48
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汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024, 14(1): 33-48
基于路面影响因子的轮毂电机驱动车辆自适应转矩控制
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付翔1, 2, 3 , 唐茂家1, 2, 3, 孙录哲1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学 新能源与智能网联汽车湖北省工程技术研究中心 武汉 430070
  • 2 武汉理工大学 汽车零部件技术湖北省协同创新中心,武汉 430070
  • 3 武汉理工大学 新能源与智能网联汽车湖北省工程技术研究中心,武汉 430070
  • 付翔(1973-),女,湖北随州人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新能源整车控制技术。Tel:18986200536 E-mail:

Adaptive Torque Control In-Wheel-Motor Driven Vehicles Based on Pavement Impact Factors
Xiang FU1, 2, 3 , Maojia TANG1, 2, 3, Luzhe SUN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
  • 2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430070,China
  • 3 Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430070,China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.04
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为实现轮毂电机驱动越野车辆在附着条件多变、路面起伏不定的复杂环境中动力性和稳定性的多目标优化,提出一种基于路面影响因子的自适应转矩控制策略。以滚动阻力差异、空气阻力归一化比例、坡度阻力归一化比例、路面附着差异方差以及最小路面附着系数5个特征参数作为输入,并基于模糊理论方法搭建路面影响因子五参数辨识模型。基于辨识出的路面影响因子,开发整车动力性和稳定性多目标优化自适应转矩控制策略,构建了三层式控制架构:顶层引入路面影响因子对加速度紧迫程度进行判定,采用模型预测控制算法得到期望总驱动力;中层为目标决策层,以最优滑转率为目标决策驱动防滑力矩,并基于路面行驶阻力,决策期望前馈补偿力矩;下层为转矩分配层,以需求总驱动力及轮胎利用率作为控制目标,引入路面影响因子优化两者权重系数,以多约束条件的混合优化算法对转矩进行自适应控制。利用Matlab/SimulinkCarSim联合仿真平台进行仿真,基于实车进行验证。结果表明,在低附着路面,在0.2s内快速完成滑转率抑制;在对开路面,侧向位移接近0;在大扭曲路面,避免腾空车轮出现大滑转率,滑转率最高0.2。

轮毂电机驱动车辆  /  模糊控制  /  路面影响因子  /  自适应转矩控制

To achieve multiobjective optimization of power performance and stability for inwheelmotor driven offroad vehicles in complex environments with variable adhesion conditions and undulating road surfaces, the paper proposed an adaptive torque control strategy based on pavement impact factors. Five characteristic parameters, namely, the difference in rolling resistance, normalized proportion of air resistance, normalized proportion of ramp resistance, variance of road adhesion difference and the minimum road adhesion coefficient, were used as inputs to establish a fiveparameter identification model of pavement impact factors based on fuzzy theory. Considering the identified pavement impact factors, an adaptive torque control strategy was developed for the multiobjective optimization of vehicle power performance and stability, and a threelayer control architecture was constructed. At the top of the strategy, the pavement impact factors are introduced to determine the urgency of acceleration, and the model predictive control algorithm is used to obtain the desired total driving force. The middle layer serves as the target decisionmaking layer, which governs the antiskid torque based on the optimal slip rate, and determines the desired feedforward compensation torque according to the road resistance. The base layer servers as the torque distribution level, taking the total demand driving force and the tire utilization ratio as the control objectives. It introduces the pavement impact factors to optimize the weight coefficients of these two objectives. A hybrid optimization algorithm with multiple constraints is applied for adaptive torque control. Simulations were conducted using the Matlab/SimulinkCarSim cosimulation platform, with real vehicle trials for verification. The results show that on lowadhesion road surfaces, the wheel slip control can be achieved rapidly within 0.2 s. On the split road surfaces, the lateral displacement is nearly negligible, showing excellent lateral stability. On highly twisted road surfaces, the system prevents large slip rates of the freespinning wheel from exceeding 0.2.

in-wheel-motor driven electric vehicle  /  fuzzy control  /  pavement influence factor  /  adaptive torque control
付翔, 唐茂家, 孙录哲. 基于路面影响因子的轮毂电机驱动车辆自适应转矩控制. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (1) : 33 -48 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.04
Xiang FU, Maojia TANG, Luzhe SUN. Adaptive Torque Control In-Wheel-Motor Driven Vehicles Based on Pavement Impact Factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (1) : 33 -48 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.04
自适应转矩控制的主要目的是基于实际路面条件及车辆实时状态, 通过分配各独立驱动电机的转矩来实现整车多自由度协同控制。基于滑转率的自适应转矩控制算法是目前比较常见的算法, 张博涵等 [ 1 ] 建立了双模糊驱动力自适应控制器,利用首个模糊算法识别路面附着条件, 利用另一个模糊算法实现驱动力自适应控制。ZHANG Zheng 等 [ 2 ] 采用最小二乘法识别路面, 利用滑模控制器实现驱动力自适应控制。LI Bin 等 [ 3 ] 考虑了路面坡度变化来构建驱动力自适应控制策略, 利用道路估计器估计峰值附着系数, 以车轮转速为控制变量, 避免低速时的滑转率扰动。上述方法虽然具备较多优点, 但针对本文所研究的复杂越野工况, 仍有明显的缺陷, 其仅局限于车轮子系统来研究驱动力的自适应控制, 缺乏对整车系统状态的关注, 仅仅结合车轮子系统状态不能满足外部复杂扰动的控制需求。
随着对优化控制和控制精度的关注日益密切, 基于多约束条件的自适应转矩控制也不断受到青睐。黄龙 [ 4 ] 考虑了总驱动力约束、横摆力矩约束、 路面附着约束、电机约束,以路面附着负荷函数为优化目标, 以驱动防滑模块基于前馈修正总纵向力矩, 同时基于反馈再修正单轮驱动转矩, 但论文中驱动防滑控制基于反馈决策单轮驱动转矩进行力矩再修正, 在最优分配后进行修正会导致车辆发生非期望横摆, 在保证横向稳定性方面仍存在不足。 VLADISLA [ 5 ] 考虑轮胎力约束、电机特性约束、 执行器约束、滑转率的控制及执行器故障控制约束, 以稳定性与动力性为双控制目标实现六轮无人战车的驱动力自适应控制, 但是不能充分利用路面特征发挥最大的整车驱动力, 造成动力性损失, 同时论文中目标优化函数所设计的权重因子并不能有效地平衡动力性与稳定性。
针对轮毂电机驱动越野车辆, 鉴于其在复杂行驶环境中多动力源冗余控制易导致纵向失稳的问题, 提出路面影响因子均衡动力性和稳定性以提高车辆控制的道路自适应能力。为了明确复杂工况中车轮滑转率、车速、频繁起伏、路面附着变化、车轮腾空情况等众多参数对动力性和稳定性的影响, 通过滚动阻力差异、空气阻力归一化比例、坡度阻力归一化比例、路面附着差异方差以及最小路面附着系数 5 个参数对上述因素进行量化, 并结合模糊理论搭建路面影响因子五参数辨识模型。为发挥轮毂电机驱动车辆转矩独立可控、控制精度高等优点, 基于路面影响因子构建分层式多目标寻优自适应转矩控制策略。其顶层为基于模型预测控制的自适应车速跟踪策略; 其目标决策层包含纵向驱动控制介入/退出机制、基于最优滑转率的驱动防滑力矩决策、基于轴荷重分配的纵向力矩前馈补偿决策; 转矩分配层为基于路面影响因子的自适应转矩分配策略。
$4 \times 4$ 轮毂电机驱动越野车辆为研究对象,采用七自由度整车动力学模型、Dugoff轮胎模型、轮毂电机简化模型, 并分别进行建模, 为路面影响因子五参数辨识模型提供基础,相关技术参数见 表 1
车辆在纵向坡道上的受力如 图 1 所示, 整车受力平衡方程如式(1)所示。
$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{l} {F}_{\mathrm{x}} = {F}_{\mathrm{f}} + {F}_{\mathrm{w}} + {F}_{\mathrm{i}} + {F}_{\mathrm{j}} \\ {F}_{\mathrm{x}} = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{4}{T}_{i} \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{g}}}{r} \\ {F}_{\mathrm{f}} = {mg}{f}_{\mathrm{N}}\cos \theta \\ {F}_{\mathrm{w}} = \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{D}}A{u}_{\mathrm{x}}^{2}}{21.15} \\ {F}_{\mathrm{i}} = {mg}{x}_{\mathrm{i}}\sin \theta \end{array}。}\right. $
式中: ${F}_{x}$ 为驱动力; ${F}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为滚动阻力; ${F}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为空气阻力; ${F}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为坡度阻力; ${F}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 为加速阻力; ${T}_{i}(i =$ $1,2,3,4)$ 为驱动转矩; ${f}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为滚动阻力系数; $\theta$ 为坡度。
忽略整车悬架的作用以及整车自身的侧倾和俯仰;假设车体为一刚体;假设各个轮毂电机以及轮胎特性相同;考虑坡道行驶工况,搭建整车七自由度动力学模型, 如 图 2 所示, 其中包含纵向、横向和横摆 3 个自由度和 4 个车轮旋转自由度。
各自由度的动力学方程如式(2) $\sim$ (4) 所示。
$ m{a}_{x} = m\left( {{\dot{v}}_{x} - \gamma {v}_{y}}\right) = \left( {{F}_{x1} + {F}_{x2}}\right) \cos \delta - \left( {{F}_{y1} + {F}_{y2}}\right) \\ \sin \delta + {F}_{x3} + {F}_{x4} - {F}_{\mathrm{i}} - {F}_{\mathrm{w}} $
$ \begin{aligned} m{a}_{y} = & m\left( {{\dot{v}}_{y} + \gamma {v}_{x}}\right) = \left( {{F}_{x1} + {F}_{x2}}\right) \sin \delta + \left( {{F}_{y1} + {F}_{y2}}\right) \\ & \cos \delta + {F}_{y3} + {F}_{y4} \end{aligned} $
$ {I}_{z}\dot{\gamma } = {l}_{\mathrm{f}}\left\lbrack {\left( {{F}_{y1} + {F}_{y2}}\right) \cos \delta + \left( {{F}_{x1} + {F}_{x2}}\right) \sin \delta }\right\rbrack \\ - {l}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( {{F}_{y3} + {F}_{y4}}\right) + {B}_{1}\left( {{F}_{y1}\sin \delta - {F}_{x1}\cos \delta - {F}_{x3}}\right) \text{。} \\ + {B}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( {{F}_{x2}\cos \delta - {F}_{y2}\sin \delta + {F}_{x4}}\right) $
式中: ${v}_{x}\text{、}{v}_{y}$ 分别为纵向、横向车速; ${a}_{x}\text{、}{a}_{y}$ 分别为纵向、横向加速度; ${F}_{xi}\left( {i = 1,2,3,4}\right)$ 为各驱动轮纵向力; ${F}_{yi}\left( {i = 1,2,3,4}\right)$ 为各驱动力侧向力; $\delta$ 为前轮转角; $\gamma$ 为横摆角速度。
车轮的旋转动力学模型如 图 3 和式(5)~ (6)所示。
$ {J}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\omega }_{i}}{\mathrm{\;d}t} = {T}_{i} - {F}_{xi}r - {T}_{\mathrm{f}i} \circ $
$ {T}_{\mathrm{f}i} = {F}_{\mathrm{f}i} \cdot r = {F}_{zi} \cdot {fr} \circ $
式中: ${\omega }_{i}$ 为各轮转速; ${T}_{i}$ 为驱动转矩; ${F}_{xi}$ 为各轮纵向驱动力; ${T}_{\mathrm{f}i}$ 为滚动阻力偶矩; ${F}_{\mathrm{f}i}$ 为; ${F}_{zi}$ 为各轮的垂向力; $f$ 为滚动阻力系数。
选用系数较少、结构简单清晰的 Dugoff 轮胎模型来求得轮胎力,如式(7)~(10)所示。
$ {F}_{x} = \mu {F}_{z} \cdot {C}_{x}\frac{\lambda }{1 - \lambda } \cdot f\left( L\right) 。 $
$ {F}_{y} = \mu {F}_{z} \cdot {C}_{y}\frac{\tan \left( \alpha \right) }{1 - \lambda } \cdot f\left( L\right) 。 $
$ f\left( L\right) = \left\{ {\begin{matrix} \left( {2 - L}\right) L, L < 1 \\ 1, L \geq 1 \end{matrix}。}\right. $
$ L = \frac{\left( 1 - \lambda \right) }{2\sqrt{{C}_{x}^{2}{\lambda }^{2} + {C}_{y}^{2}{\tan }^{2}\alpha }}. \\ \left( {1 - {v}_{x} \cdot \varepsilon \cdot \sqrt{{C}_{x}^{2}{\lambda }^{2} + {C}_{y}^{2}{\tan }^{2}\alpha }}\right) 。 $
式中: $\lambda$ 为滑转率; $\mu$ 为附着系数; ${F}_{z}$ 为轮胎垂向力; ${\alpha }_{i}$ 为轮胎侧偏角; ${C}_{x}$ 为轮胎纵向刚度; ${C}_{y}$ 为轮胎侧向刚度; $\varepsilon$ 为速度影响因子; $L$ 为边界值。
其中,各轮侧偏角计算如式 (11) $\sim$ (12) 所示。
$ {\alpha }_{1,2} = \delta - \arctan \left( \frac{{V}_{y} + {l}_{\mathrm{f}}\gamma }{{V}_{x} \mp \frac{B\gamma }{2}}\right) 。 $
$ {\alpha }_{3,4} = - \arctan \left( \frac{{V}_{y} - {L}_{\mathrm{r}}\gamma }{{V}_{x} \mp \frac{B\gamma }{2}}\right) 。 $
式中: ${\alpha }_{1}\text{、}{\alpha }_{2}\text{、}{\alpha }_{3}\text{、}{\alpha }_{4}$ 分别为左前、右前、左后、 右后轮的轮胎侧偏角。
其中, 轮胎垂向载荷大小与车身姿态、加速度变化有关, 忽略悬架的影响, 各轮垂向力的计算如式(13)所示。
$ \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {F}_{z1} \\ {F}_{z2} \\ {F}_{z3} \\ {F}_{z4} \end{array}\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {l}_{\mathrm{r}}{B}_{\mathrm{r}} \\ {l}_{\mathrm{r}}{B}_{1} \\ {l}_{\mathrm{f}}{B}_{\mathrm{r}} \\ {l}_{\mathrm{f}}{B}_{1} \end{array}\right\rbrack \frac{{mg}\cos \theta }{lB} + \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} - {l}_{\mathrm{r}}{B}_{\mathrm{r}} \\ - {l}_{\mathrm{r}}{B}_{1} \\ {l}_{\mathrm{f}}{B}_{\mathrm{r}} \\ {l}_{\mathrm{f}}{B}_{1} \end{array}\right\rbrack . $
$ \frac{{mg}{h}_{\mathrm{g}}\sin \theta }{lB} + \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} - 1 \\ - 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack \frac{m{a}_{x}{h}_{\mathrm{g}}}{2l} + \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} - {l}_{\mathrm{r}} \\ {l}_{\mathrm{r}} \\ - {l}_{\mathrm{f}} \\ {l}_{\mathrm{f}} \end{array}\right\rbrack \frac{m{a}_{y}{h}_{\mathrm{g}}}{lB} $
### 1.4 电机模型
采用电机简化模型, 表达式为:
$ {T}_{\mathrm{m}} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix} {T}_{\mathrm{p}}; & 0 < n \leq {n}_{\mathrm{e}} \\ \frac{{9550}{P}_{\mathrm{p}}}{n}; & {n}_{\mathrm{e}} < n \leq {n}_{\mathrm{m}} \end{matrix} \circ }\right. $
式中: ${T}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为输出转矩; ${P}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为峰值功率; ${T}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为峰值转矩; $n$ 为转速; ${n}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为额定转速。
为了相对准确地反映轮毂电机的动态响应特性,采用带有一阶惯性环节的电机简化模型 [ 6 ] ,如式(15)所示。
$ {T}_{\text{out }} = {T}_{\text{in }} \cdot \frac{1}{1 + {\tau s}} \circ $
式中: $\tau$ 为时间常数; ${T}_{\text{in }}$ 为输入需求转矩; ${T}_{\text{out }}$ 为实际输出转矩。
当车轮驱动力大于路面附着力时, 车轮滑转, 以滑转率定量描述,如式 (16) 所示。
$ \lambda = \frac{\omega \cdot r - v}{\omega \cdot r} \times {100}\% \text{。} $
式中: $\lambda$ 为滑转率; $r$ 为轮胎滚动半径; $\omega$ 为轮胎角速度; $v$ 为车速。
车轮滑转率与利用附着系数存在一定关系, 如 图 4 所示,记最优滑转率为 ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{opt}}}$
自适应转矩控制优化目标为动力性和稳定性, 且主要针对低附着路面、变附着路面及大扭曲路面这 3 个典型越野工况, 各特征参数对各工况的影响见 表 2
1)低附着地面:路面附着系数较低的平坦路面。由于轮胎的纵向与侧偏刚度减小, 在纵向加速工况下易发生轮胎滑转及侧偏。当在低附着路面车轮发生严重滑转后, 以轮胎为研究对象, 基于车轮旋转动力学计算的滚动阻力会由于其增大的轮速变化率而增大, 但其基于垂向力计算的滚动阻力不变, 由以上两种滚动阻力差值表征滚动阻力差异, 如式 (17) 所示, 可知滚动阻力差异会增大。滚动阻力差异越大, 说明路面扰动越明显, 滚动阻力呈非线性变化, 车辆更易失稳, 车辆控制应更注重稳定性的约束,增大稳定性优先级权重。当在低附着路面车轮发生小程度滑转或未发生滑转时, 滚动阻力差异较小, 但所处工况由于较小的轮胎纵向、侧偏刚度仍然容易发生再滑转现象, 造成车辆纵向失稳, 为同时保证动力响应性, 应均衡两个优化目标的优先级权重。在低附着路面上空气阻力的大小可间接表征车速的大小, 当空气阻力较大时, 由于此时轮速较大, 由轮毂电机外特性曲线可知, 输出转矩较小, 不容易发生由于转矩调控导致车辆状态发生明显变化的情况, 同时速度可初步绑定驾驶员高动力性意图, 可适当提高动力响应性优先级权重。
2)变附着地面:各轮路面附着系数存在较大差异且变化的平坦路面, 如对开、对接路面等。此工况下各轮纵向刚度和侧偏刚度随路面附着系数动态更新, 造成各个车轮的轮胎利用率差异较大并且振荡的不稳定状态, 并将产生非期望横摆力矩、滑转率增大等无法预测的变化。如式 (19) 所示, 通过路面附着差异可区分低附着路面与变附着路面。 同理, 在滚动阻力差异较大的情况下, 在变附着路面仍需保证整车稳定性权重优先级较大, 在滚动阻力差异较小的情况下,可适当增大动力响应性的权重优先级。
3)扭曲起伏地面:地形不规则起伏的高附着路面。此工况下车轮易出现轮胎附着的裕量迅速降低、腾空失去附着的现象。当某个车轮腾空时,由于车轮无路面附着约束,会发生较低附着工况更为严重的滑转, 滑转率较大, 估计的路面附着系数极小, 可以据此判断车轮腾空, 进而辨识地面为扭曲起伏地面。在扭曲起伏地面上, 考虑行驶车速通常较低,不易发生失稳现象,同时考虑路面起伏增大了总行驶阻力,且坡度越大,行驶阻力越大,造成的整车纵向动力性损失越大。为提高车辆快速机动性能, 需提升动力响应性优先级权重, 增强整车动力性, 但同时应及时响应减小的轮胎裕量, 有效均衡纵向稳定性, 减少轮胎发生过度滑转的概率。
为有效表征动力性和稳定性两个优化目标的优先级权重,引入路面影响因子,并构建辨识该参数的模型, 原理如 图 5 所示。通过滚动阻力差异、空气阻力归一化比例、坡度阻力归一化比例、路面附着差异方差以及最小路面附着系数 5 个特征参数表征强驱动意图工况、较易失稳工况、易失稳工况、 极易失稳工况, 并利用模糊理论方法辨识路面影响因子 $\kappa$ ,该值越小,路面条件越恶劣,对于车辆稳定性控制的要求较高, 反之, 对车辆的动力性要求较高。
以车轮为研究对象, 依据式 (13) 可初步计算车辆滚动阻力, 但是各轮行驶阻力由于各轮状态不同有较大差异,当轮胎处在悬空、低附着等状态时, 地面附着能力降低, 滚动阻力会骤降。为有效评估不同状态下各轮滚阻的差异性来辨识失稳工况, 以车辆正常状态下的各轮滚动阻力以及式 (5) 求得实际的各轮滚动阻力表示整车滚动阻力差异, 如式 (17) 所示, 此输入量可间接表征车轮状态。
$ {\widetilde{F}}_{\mathrm{f}} = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{4}{\left( {f}_{\mathrm{R}}{F}_{zi} + \left( {J}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\omega }_{i}}{\mathrm{\;d}t} + {F}_{xi}r - {T}_{i}\right) /r\right) }^{2}}{4{\widetilde{F}}_{\mathrm{f}\text{_max }}}。 $
式中: ${\widetilde{F}}_{\mathrm{f}\_ \max }$ 为整车滚阻最大差异数值,作为归一化处理因子。
坡度阻力可以在一定程度上表征路面起伏程度。以坡度阻力归一化比例 ${\bar{F}}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 、空气阻力归一化比例 ${\bar{F}}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 作为输入量,上述输入均为阻力归一化处理后的比例,如式 (18) 所示。
$ {\bar{F}}_{\mathrm{w}} = \frac{{F}_{\mathrm{w}} - {F}_{\mathrm{w}\_ \text{min }}}{{F}_{\mathrm{w}\_ \text{max }} - {F}_{\mathrm{w}\_ \text{min }}}, \\ {\bar{F}}_{\mathrm{i}} = \frac{{F}_{\mathrm{i}} - {F}_{\mathrm{i}\_ \text{min }}}{{F}_{\mathrm{i}\_ \text{max }} - {F}_{\mathrm{i}\_ \text{min }}}。 $
式中: ${F}_{{\mathrm{w}}_{ - }\min }$${F}_{{\mathrm{i}}_{ - }\min }$ 分别为车辆试验的空气阻力、 坡度阻力参考最小值; ${F}_{\mathrm{w}\_ \max }$${F}_{\mathrm{i}\_ \max }$ 别为车辆试验的空气阻力、坡度阻力参考最大值。
基于各轮路面附着系数, 得到各轮路面系数方差 ${\sigma }_{\mu }{}^{2}$ ,该值表征各轮路面附着差异; 同时以路面附着系数最小值为输入, 作为路面参考值并划分为 3 种情况:悬空车轮、中低附着、高附着。
$ {\sigma }_{\mu }^{2} = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\left( {\mu }_{i} - \bar{\mu }\right) }^{2}}{N}。 $
式中: $\bar{\mu }$ 为路面附着系数均值; $N$ 为轮胎总数。
将滚动阻力差异、路面附着差异分为小差异、 中等差异、大差异 3 个模糊子集,即 $\{ \mathrm{S},\mathrm{M},\mathrm{B}\}$ ; 空气阻力归一化比例、滚动阻力归一化比例模糊化为小比例、中等比例及大比例 3 个模糊子集, 即 $\{ \mathrm{S},\mathrm{M},\mathrm{B}\}$ ; 将轮胎估计的最小路面附着系数分为为腾空车轮、中低附着、高附着 3 个模糊子集, 即 $\{ \mathrm{S},\mathrm{M},\mathrm{B}\}$ 。输出变量为路面影响因子,将其分为强驱动意图工况、较易失稳工况、易失稳工况以及极易失稳工况,分别描述为 $\{ \mathrm{B},\mathrm{M},\mathrm{S},\mathrm{N}\}$ 。模糊规则见 表 3 ,表中 “||” 代表 “或者”。
利用所辨识出的路面影响因子设计多目标寻优自适应转矩控制策略, 采用分层式控制架构。其顶层基于路面影响因子均衡控制目标实现车速跟踪; 目标决策层决策驱动防滑力矩及运作机制、坡度补偿力矩;转矩分配层引入路面影响因子优化权重系数对转矩进行自适应控制。
顶层为基于模型预测控制的自适应车速跟踪策略,车速跟踪控制器架构如 图 6 所示。
与众多的前期研究类似 [ 7 - 9 ] ,使用一阶惯性环节近似地表示整车纵向运动特性,如式(20) 所示。
$ \dot{a} = \frac{{a}_{\text{ref }} - a}{{\tau }_{s}}。 $
式中: $a$ 为车辆实际加速度; ${a}_{\text{ref }}$ 为车辆期望加速度; ${\tau }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为时间常数。
将车速 $v$ 、加速度 $a$ 选作状态变量,状态方程可以表示为:
$ \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} \dot{v} \\ \dot{a} \end{array}\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - \frac{1}{{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}}} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} v \\ a \end{array}\right\rbrack + \left\lbrack \frac{0}{{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack {a}_{\text{ref }} \circ $
进一步可以写成如式(22)所示的形式。
$ \dot{x} = \mathbf{A}x + \mathbf{B}u\text{。} $
式中:
$ \mathbf{A} = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & - \frac{1}{{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}}} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack ,\mathbf{B} = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 \\ \frac{1}{{\tau }_{\mathrm{s}}} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack , x = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} v \\ a \end{array}\right\rbrack , u = {a}_{{\mathrm{{ref}}}^{ \circ } \circ } $
式中: $x$ 为系统状态变量; $u$ 为系统的控制量。
对上述连续状态方程利用前向欧拉法进行离散化处理,如式(23)所示。
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} x\left( {k + 1}\right) = \overline{\mathbf{A}}x\left( k\right) + \overline{\mathbf{B}}u\left( k\right) \\ y\left( k\right) = \mathbf{C}x\left( k\right) \end{array}\right. $
式中:
$ \overline{\mathbf{A}} = \mathbf{I} + T\mathbf{A},\overline{\mathbf{B}} = T\mathbf{B},\mathbf{C} = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack 。 $
式中: $k$ 为系统的当前时刻; $k + 1$ 为系统的下一时刻; $I$ 为单位矩阵; $T$ 为系统采样时间。
引入路面影响因子均衡速度跟踪控制器的响应能力和整车稳定状态两大控制目标。本系统目标函数定义如式(24)所示。
$ J\left( {x\left( k\right) , u\left( {k - 1}\right) ,{\Delta u}\left( k\right) ,\kappa }\right) = \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{H}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\begin{Vmatrix}{y}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( k + i \mid k\right) - {y}_{\text{ref }}\left( k + i \mid k\right) \end{Vmatrix}}_{Q}^{2} + \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{{{H}_{\mathrm{c}} - 1}}\parallel {\Delta u}\left( {k + i}\right) {\parallel }_{R}^{2} + \\ \left( {1 - \kappa }\right) \cdot \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{{{H}_{\mathrm{c}} - 1}}\parallel u\left( {k + i}\right) {\parallel }_{s}^{2} + \rho {\varepsilon }^{2} $
式中: $k - 1, k$ 分别为系统的上一时刻和当前采样时刻; ${H}_{\mathrm{P}},{H}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 分别为预测步长和步长; ${y}_{\text{ref }}(k +$ $i \mid k), i = 1,\cdots ,{H}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为控制输出的参考值; $u(k +$ $i), i = 1,\cdots ,{H}_{\mathrm{c}}$$k + i$ 时刻的控制输入; ${y}_{\mathrm{p}}(k +$ $i \mid k), i = 1,\cdots ,{H}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为控制输出的预测值; ${\Delta u}(k +$ $i), i = 1,\cdots ,{H}_{\mathrm{c}}$$k + i$ 时刻的控制输入增量; $\mathbf{Q}$$\mathbf{R}$$\mathbf{S}$ 分别为系统的输出量、控制增量以及控制量权重矩阵; $\kappa$ 为路面影响因子; 引入松弛因子 $\varepsilon$ ,保证系统任意时刻均有可行解。
将上述问题求解转化为如下二次规划问题。
$ \mathop{\min }\limits_{{{\Delta u}\left( k\right) }}J\left( {x\left( k\right) , u\left( {k - 1}\right) ,{\Delta u}\left( k\right) ,\kappa }\right) 。 $
满足:
$ {u}_{\min } \leq u\left( {k + i}\right) \leq {u}_{\max }, i = 0,1,\cdots ,{H}_{c} - 1\text{。} $
$ \Delta {u}_{\min } \leq {\Delta u}\left( {k + i}\right) \leq \Delta {u}_{\max }, $
$ i = 0,1,\cdots ,{H}_{c} - 1 \\ {y}_{\min } \leq y\left( {k + i}\right) \leq {y}_{\max }, \\ i = 0,1,\cdots ,{H}_{c} - 1 $
式(26)为加速度的约束;式(27)为加速度变化率的约束;式(28)为车速的约束。
求解式(25)得到每个控制周期的最优控制输入增量 $\left\lbrack {\Delta {u}_{k}{}^{\prime },\Delta {u}_{k + 1}{}^{\prime },\cdots \Delta {u}_{k + {H}_{c} - 1}{}^{\prime }}\right\rbrack$ ,将最优预测的输出结果第一项作为输入增量, 得到的输入如式 (29)所示。
$ u\left( k\right) = u\left( {k - 1}\right) + \Delta {u}_{k}^{\prime } \circ $
通过上述模型预测能得出 $k$ 时刻的预测车速 $v\left( {k + i \mid k}\right)$ 和期望加速度 ${a}_{\text{ref }}\left( k\right)$
综合式 (1) $\sim$ (4),可得到:
$ m{\dot{v}}_{x} = \frac{{T}_{v}{i}_{\mathrm{g}}}{r} - \left( {{mg}\sin \theta + \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{d}}A{v}_{x}^{2}}{21.15}}\right) - {mg}{f}_{\mathrm{R}}\cos \theta \text{。} $
式中: ${\dot{v}}_{x}$ 为车辆的期望加速度 ${a}_{\text{rep }}$
由此可计算得到总的期望驱动转矩 ${T}_{v}$ :
$ {T}_{v} = \left\lbrack {m{a}_{\text{ref }} + \left( {{mg}\sin \theta + \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{d}}A{v}_{x}^{2}}{21.15}}\right) + {mg}{f}_{\mathrm{R}}\cos \theta }\right\rbrack r/{i}_{\mathrm{g}} \circ $
基于自适应最大转矩判定方法(Adaptive Maximum Torque Determination, AMTD) 设计驱动防滑控制的介入/退出机制。各轮滑转率应跟随最优滑转率 ${S}_{\text{opt }}$ ,如式(32)所示。
$ 1 - {s}_{\mathrm{i}} = \frac{v}{{\omega }_{i}r} = \frac{\int \dot{v}\mathrm{\;d}t}{\int {\dot{\omega }}_{i}r\mathrm{\;d}t} = \frac{\int {a}_{x}\mathrm{\;d}t}{\int {\dot{\omega }}_{i}r\mathrm{\;d}t} = 1 - {S}_{\text{opt }}。 $
微分得到纵向加速度 ${a}_{x}$ ,如式 (33) 所示。
$ {a}_{x} = {\dot{\omega }}_{i}r \cdot \left( {1 - {S}_{\text{opt }}}\right) 。 $
引入了松弛因子 $\varepsilon$ ,限制各轮滑转率 ${s}_{i}$ :
$ {s}_{i} \leq {S}_{\text{opt }} + {\varepsilon }_{ \circ } $
车轮等效加速度与车辆纵向的加速度之间的偏差定义为 AMTD 的一个触发条件, 如式 (35) 所示。
$ \Delta = {\dot{\omega }}_{i}r - {a}_{x} = {\dot{\omega }}_{i}r \cdot {s}_{i} \leq \delta = {\dot{\omega }}_{i}r \cdot \left( {{s}_{\text{opt }} + \varepsilon }\right) 。 $
式中: $\delta$ 为阈值; ${\dot{\omega }}_{i}$ 为车轮角加速度,采用了固定宽度的移动窗口滤波器进行滤波处理。过滤后的车轮角加速度由式(36)得出。
$ {\overline{\dot{\omega }}}_{i}\left( n\right) = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = {n}_{i} - M}}^{{n}_{i}}{\dot{\omega }}_{i}\left( n\right) }{M}。 $
式中: $M$ 为滑动窗口的宽度。
为实现对控制量的快速识别、及时反应, AMTD 的触发条件应加入最大限制力矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{{AMTD}}}$ ,如式 (37)所示。
$ {T}_{\mathrm{{AMTD}}i} = {F}_{xi}r + {J}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}{\overline{\dot{\omega }}}_{i} + \psi $
式中: ${F}_{xi}$ 为纵向驱动力,其值由式 (7) 得到; $\psi$ 为最大转矩校准参数。
设定 AMTD 的触发状态机如下 图 7 所示。
简化整车七自由度模型,仅采用 1/4 车辆模型, 如式 (38) 所示。
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {m}^{\prime }\dot{v} = {F}_{x} - {F}_{\mathrm{r}}, \\ J\dot{\omega } = T - {F}_{x}{r}_{ \circ } \end{array}\right. $
式中: $J$ 为电动轮转动惯量; $T$ 为驱动转矩; ${m}^{\prime }$$1/4$ 车辆质量; ${F}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为行驶阻力。
选取车轮滑转率 $\lambda$ 为状态变量 $x$ ,如式 (39) 所示。
$ x = \lambda = \frac{{r\omega } - v}{r\omega }。 $
驱动转矩 $T$ 为输入量 $u$ ,如式 (40) 所示。
$ u = T\text{。} $
则有:
$ \dot{x} = \dot{\lambda } = \frac{v\dot{\omega }}{r{\omega }^{2}} - \frac{\dot{v}}{r\omega } \\ = \frac{v}{{Jr}{\omega }^{2}}u - \frac{{F}_{x} - {F}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{r\omega }{m}^{\prime }} - \frac{v{F}_{x}}{J{\omega }^{2}}。 $
控制器滑模函数设计如式(42)所示。
$ e = \lambda - {\lambda }_{\text{opt }}\text{。} $
式中: $\lambda$ 为车轮滑转率; ${\lambda }_{\mathrm{{opt}}}$ 为最优滑转率。
设计滑模面,如式(43)所示。
$ s = e + c\int e\mathrm{\;d}t\text{。} $
式中: $c$ 为积分系数。
式(43)求导可得:
$ \dot{s} = \dot{e} + {ce}\text{。} $
利用饱和函数 $\operatorname{sat}\left( s\right)$ 来代替 $\operatorname{sgn}\left( s\right)$
$ \dot{s} = - \varepsilon \cdot \operatorname{sat}\left( s\right) - {ks},\varepsilon > 0, k > 0\text{ 。 } $
联立式 (38) $\sim$ (45) 可得驱动防滑控制输入 $u$ ,如式 (46) 所示。
$ u = - \frac{{Jr}{\omega }^{2}}{v}\left\lbrack {c\left( {\frac{{r\omega } - v}{r\omega } - {\lambda }_{\text{opt }}}\right) + }\right. \\ \left. {\varepsilon \cdot \operatorname{sat}\left( s\right) + {ks}}\right\rbrack + {F}_{x}r + \frac{\left( {{F}_{x} - {F}_{r}}\right) J \cdot \omega }{r{m}^{\prime } \cdot v}。 $
综上所述, 若纵向驱动控制介入时, 各电机驱动转矩及力如式(47)〜(48)所示。
$ {T}_{\mathrm{{ASR}}i} = {u}_{i} \circ $
$ {F}_{\mathrm{{ASR}}i} = \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{{ASR}}i}{i}_{\mathrm{g}}}{r}。 $
式中: $i = 0,1,2,3$ 分别为左前、右前、左后、右后轮; ${T}_{\mathrm{{ASR}}i}$ 为驱动防滑控制器的决策转矩; ${F}_{\mathrm{{ASR}}i}$ 为 ASR 决策力矩下产生的力; ${u}_{i}$ 为驱动防滑控制律。
越野车辆可能行驶在频繁起伏的扭曲路面上, 对坡度阻力的快速补偿有助于减轻驾驶员的行驶负担。设计力矩补偿策略以解决车辆入坡的动力损失问题。基于坡度值 $\theta$ ,计算得出车辆进入坡道后应补偿的力矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{r}}$ ,并下配至各车轮。为防止车辆在纵向失稳工况下有过多的力矩决策, 设定当驱动滑转标志介入时, 该力矩补偿功能失效。如 图 1 的受力分析, 坡度补偿力矩为:
$ {T}_{r} = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \frac{\left( {{F}_{i} + {F}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right) r}{{i}_{\mathrm{g}}} = \frac{\left( {{mg}\sin \theta + {mg}{f}_{\mathrm{R}}\cos \theta }\right) r}{{i}_{\mathrm{g}}}, \\ \text{ ATMD Flag } = 0, \\ 0,\text{ ATMD Flag } = 1。 \end{array}\right. $
为在实现前馈动态补偿力矩的同时, 有效降低轴荷较小的车轮滑转失稳的概率, 提出基于轴荷重分配的方式进行前馈力矩补偿。前后轴轴荷的计算如式 (50) 所示。
$ \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {F}_{z\mathrm{f}} \\ {F}_{z\mathrm{r}} \end{array}\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {W}_{\mathrm{f}} \\ {W}_{\mathrm{r}} \end{array}\right\rbrack + \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} - b \\ a \end{array}\right\rbrack \Delta {W}_{\theta } + \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} - 1 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack \Delta {W}_{{a}_{x}} \\ = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} b \\ a \end{array}\right\rbrack \frac{{mg}\cos \theta }{L} + \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} - b \\ a \end{array}\right\rbrack \frac{{mg}{h}_{\mathrm{g}}\sin \theta }{L} + \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} - 1 \\ 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack \frac{m{a}_{x}{h}_{\mathrm{g}}}{L}。 $
式中: ${F}_{z\mathrm{f}}\text{、}{F}_{z\mathrm{r}}$ 为前轴荷及后轴荷; $\Delta {W}_{{a}_{x}}$ 为整车加速度造成的轴荷转移量; $\Delta {W}_{\theta }$ 为坡度造成的轴荷转移量; ${W}_{\mathrm{f}}$${W}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为水平路面上前轴静载荷及后轴静载荷。
因此,后轴控制系数 $\psi$ 计算如式 (51) 所示。
$ \psi = \frac{{F}_{zr}}{{F}_{zf} + {F}_{zr}} = \frac{a \cdot g\cos \theta + \left( {{a}_{x} + g\sin \theta }\right) {h}_{\mathrm{g}}}{L \cdot g\cos \theta + \left( {a - b}\right) g{h}_{\mathrm{g}}\sin \theta }。 $
可由上述后轴控制系数 $\psi$ 进行各轮转矩分配, 如式 (52) 所示。
$ \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {T}_{\mathrm{r}1} \\ {T}_{\mathrm{r}2} \\ {T}_{\mathrm{r}3} \\ {T}_{\mathrm{r}4} \end{array}\right\rbrack = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} \left( {1 - \psi }\right) /2 \\ \left( {1 - \psi }\right) /2 \\ \psi /2 \\ \psi /2 \end{array}\right\rbrack {T}_{\mathrm{r}} \circ $
为满足决策层的需求, 考虑多约束条件, 以总驱动力、各轮附着裕量为控制目标,利用混合优化算法, 提出基于路面影响因子的自适应转矩分配策略。
主要控制目标如式(53)所示。
$ {F}_{x} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{4}{F}_{xi}\text{ 。 } $
各轮纵向驱动力 ${F}_{xi}$ 与驱动转矩 ${T}_{i}$ 的关系如式 (54)所示。
$ {F}_{xi} = \left( {{T}_{i}{i}_{\mathrm{g}} - {J}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\omega }_{i}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}}\right) /{r}_{ \circ } $
通过其中一个主要优化目标得到的目标优化函数如式 (55) 所示, 由自适应速度跟踪控制器得到的需求总驱动力 ${F}_{v\mathrm{\;d}}$ 决定,保证纵向驱动需求。
$ \min {J}_{1} = {\left( {F}_{x} - {F}_{v\mathrm{\;d}}\right) }^{2} \circ $
轮胎利用率可以反映车辆的稳定程度 [ 10 ] ,设计目标优化函数为:
$ \min {J}_{2} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{4}\frac{{F}_{xi}^{2} + {F}_{yi}^{2}}{{\left( {\mu }_{i}{F}_{zi}\right) }^{2}}。 $
由于车辆侧向力无法控制, 并且纵向行驶时纵向力一般大于侧向力,为优化控制目标,将式 (56)简化为:
$ \min {J}_{2} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{4}\frac{{F}_{xi}^{2}}{{\left( {\mu }_{i}{F}_{zi}\right) }^{2}} \circ $
利用合适的权重系数使两个优化目标能协调高效地实现控制,选择路面影响因子 $\kappa$ 设计权重系数。 混合优化的目标函数为:
$ \min J = \varepsilon \cdot S \cdot {J}_{1} + \left( {1 - \varepsilon }\right) \cdot W \cdot {J}_{2}\text{。} $
式中: $\varepsilon = \kappa ,\kappa$ 为路面影响因子; $S\text{、}W$ 为均衡权重因子,用于均衡 ${J}_{1}\text{、}{J}_{2}$ 的权重,使所设定的路面影响因子作用明显。
为防止纵向驱动转矩大于驱动防滑控制转矩致使车轮保持飞转状态并损害稳定性, 对驱动防滑介入后的驱动力进行约束,如式 (59) 所示。
$ {F}_{xi} \leq {F}_{\mathrm{{ASR}}i} = \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{{ASR}}i}}{r}{i}_{\mathrm{g}} \circ $
电机输出转矩受电机本身性能影响, 考虑电机的峰值转矩 ${T}_{\mathrm{p}}$ ,设定约束条件为:
$ 0 \leq {F}_{xi} \leq \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{p}i}}{r}{i}_{\mathrm{g}} \circ $
车轮的最大纵向力受到道路附着条件的限制, 设定约束条件为:
$ - {\mu }_{i}{F}_{zi} \leq {F}_{xi} \leq {\mu }_{i}{F}_{zi} \circ $
综合上述约束条件,约束条件下限 ${\mathrm{{LB}}}_{i}$ 和约束条件上限 ${\mathrm{{UB}}}_{i}$ 计算式为:
$ {\mathrm{{LB}}}_{i} = \left\{ {\begin{array}{ll} - {\mu }_{i}{F}_{zi} & \text{ ATMD }\mathrm{{Flag}} = 0 \\ 0 & \text{ ATMD }\mathrm{{Flag}} = 1 \end{array}。}\right. $
$ {\mathrm{{UB}}}_{i} = \left\{ {\begin{array}{l} \min \left( {\mu {F}_{zi},\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{p}i}}{R}{i}_{\mathrm{g}}}\right) , \\ \text{ ATMD Flag } = 0 \\ {F}_{\mathrm{{ASR}}i}, \\ \text{ ATMD Flag } = 1 \end{array} \circ }\right. $
式中: ATMD Flag 为驱动防滑控制介入退出机制的标志位。
将目标函数转化为二次规划标准形式, 如式
$ \mathbf{H} = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} \frac{{2W}\left( {1 - \varepsilon }\right) }{{\left( {\mu }_{1}{F}_{z1}\right) }^{2}} + {2S\varepsilon } & {2S\varepsilon } \\ {2S\varepsilon } & \frac{{2W}\left( {1 - \varepsilon }\right) }{{\left( {\mu }_{2}{F}_{z2}\right) }^{2}} + {2S\varepsilon } \\ {2S\varepsilon } & {2S\varepsilon } \\ {2S\varepsilon } & {2S\varepsilon } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
基于有效集法求解二次规划问题, 根据参考文献 [ 11 ] 算法步骤实现策略的编写,最终通过优化分配得到各轮目标驱动力 ${F}_{xi}$ ,之后根据式 (65) 可获得各轮目标转矩 ${T}_{i}$
$ {T}_{i} = \left( {{J}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\omega }_{i}}{\mathrm{\;d}t} + {F}_{xi}r + {T}_{ri}}\right) /{i}_{\mathrm{g}} \circ $
采用 Matlab/Simulink-CarSim 联合仿真平台, 验证自适应转矩控制策略(Adaptive Torque Control Strategy, ATCS)的有效性。设定全低附着、对开路面、大扭曲路面 3 种仿真工况, 选用无驱动防滑控制的载荷分配策略(Load Distribution Control, LDC)、附着裕量最优控制(Optimal Distribution of Adhesion Margin, AMOD)、驱动防滑控制 (ASR) 进行对比验证, 对各个策略中车轮的滑移率、转矩、控制力矩、整车车速等参数进行对比分析。联合仿真平台整体框架如 图 8 所示。
试验车辆为课题组与某企业合作开发的四轮毂电机驱动越野车辆, 实车如 图 9 所示。
设置仿真条件为: 选取路面附着系数为 0.2 的
(64)所示。
$ \min J = \frac{1}{2}{x}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{H}x + {c}^{\mathrm{T}}x, $
$ \text{s.t.}\mathrm{{LB}} \leq x \leq {\mathrm{{UB}}}_{ \circ } $
式中:
$ x = {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll} {F}_{x1} & {F}_{x2} & {F}_{x3} & {F}_{x4} \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}, \\ \mathrm{{LB}} = {\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{LB}}}_{1},{\mathrm{{LB}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{LB}}}_{3},{\mathrm{{LB}}}_{4}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\text{,} \\ \mathrm{{UB}} = {\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{UB}}}_{1},{\mathrm{{UB}}}_{2},{\mathrm{{UB}}}_{3},{\mathrm{{UB}}}_{4}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\text{,} \\ c = {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll} - {2S\varepsilon }{F}_{vd} & - {2S\varepsilon }{F}_{vd} & - {2S\varepsilon }{F}_{vd} & - {2S\varepsilon }{F}_{vd} \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}, \\ \left. \begin{matrix} {2S\varepsilon } & {2S\varepsilon } \\ {2S\varepsilon } & {2S\varepsilon } \\ \frac{{2W}\left( {1 - \varepsilon }\right) }{{\left( {\mu }_{3}{F}_{3}\right) }^{2}} + {2S\varepsilon } & {2S\varepsilon } \\ {2S\varepsilon } & \frac{{2W}\left( {1 - \varepsilon }\right) }{{\left( {\mu }_{3}{F}_{3}\right) }^{2}} + {2S\varepsilon } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \circ $
全低附着均一路面,车辆 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时以加速踏板 ${40}\%$ 开度起步急加速,最后 $7\mathrm{\;s}$ 时踏板开度置零,车辆保持滑行。
图 10 所示, 车辆起步急加速后, ATCS、 LDC 系统的车轮等效速度都大于车速, 发生滑转。
图 11 a 和 图 12 a 所示,当车轮滑转时, ATCS 系统迅速介入控制, 降低控制力矩并使滑转率稳定到最优滑转率附近,力矩作为控制量虽然波动较大, 但其作用时间极短, 车辆系统的惯性使作为反馈量的滑移率难以瞬间满足策略的控制要求, 但其波动相对平稳, 满足预期要求。对比 LDC 系统, 如 图 11 b 和 图 12 b 所示, 驱动电机由于转速较高使其过早地进入了恒功率区, 导致转矩输出受到了限制,滑转率抑制速度缓慢。
考虑如 图 13 所示的路面影响因子的识别, 当车辆在 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时发生明显滑转时,路面影响因子迅速拉低, 控制系统主动限制急加速前期的驱动功率响应速度, 防止车辆恢复稳定状态时再次发生失稳现象。即使整车系统趋于稳定后, 由于仍处于低附易失稳路面, 路面影响因子拉高至 0.77 , 维持稳定性的同时, 提高其对动力需求的响应性。
试验路面为湿滑路段, 附着系数约为 0.2 , 驾驶员急加速起步, 保持直线行驶。实际工况如 图 14 所示。
如图 ${15}\mathrm{a} \sim \mathrm{b}$ 所示,车辆在 ${22}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右急加速起步, 4 个电机的转速明显增大, 整车速度由于惯性变化较慢, 导致各轮的滑转率最大达到 0.83, 车轮出现了严重滑转; 如 图 15 c 所示,自适应转矩控制策略在 ${23}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右介入,执行驱动防滑,迅速将滑转率控制在最优滑转率 0.07 左右, 控制精度较高, 且未发生明显震荡, 具备较强的鲁棒性。
仿真条件: 选取路面附着系数左侧为 0.8 , 右侧为 0.2 的对开路面, $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时以加速踏板 ${40}\%$ 开度起步急加速, $7\mathrm{\;s}$ 时驾驶员放开加速踏板,保持直线行驶。
图 16 所示, 车辆起步急加速后, 车辆右侧车轮发生了滑转, ATCS介入, 控制转矩迅速稳定, 滑转率快速达到最优值。
图 17 可知, 车辆加速驶入对开路面后, LDC 系统右前轮保持飞转状态, 同时右前轮电机由于外特性限制, 高转速导致输出转矩受到约束。 AMOD 系统在较长时间后, 由于相对较小的控制力矩及路面阻力的影响, 车轮滑转率较慢归 0 。ASR 系统介入控制后, 滑转率可迅速达到最优值, 但相较 ATCS 系统抑制速度较慢。从车速上分析可知, ATCS 最大速度相较于 LDC 及 AMOD 系统均有提升,由于仿真时间限制在 $8\mathrm{\;s}$ ,速度提升较小,增加仿真时间可增加速度提升百分比。 (c) 各轮转矩输出
图 18 所示, 4 种控制系统均能在一定时间内达到稳定状态, 即横摆角速度为 0 , 其中 ATCS 系统耗时最短, 方向盘转角幅度最小, 横向位移接近 0,横向稳定性最好。AMOD 系统相较于 ATCS 系统,其方向盘调整范围更大,横向位移也更大。 ASR 系统为了实现稳定状态, 方向盘转角需要大范围调整,且整个过程中横摆角波动相对较大,产生了较大的侧向位移。
各策略中,调节时间 ${t}_{\mathrm{s}}$ ,最大前轮转角 ${\delta }_{\max }$ ,最大横摆角速度 ${\gamma }_{\max }$ ,最大侧向位移 ${x}_{y\max }$ ,最大车速 ${v}_{x\max }$ 的对比见 表 4
左侧路面附着系数约为 0.2 , 右侧路面附着系数约为 0.8 ,驾驶员急加速起步,保持直线行驶。 实车工况如 图 19 所示。
图 20 a 所示, ${12}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右车辆急加速起步后左前以及左后轮均出现滑转, 滑转率达到 0.6 , 此外, 急加速起步阶段右侧高附着路面车轮滑转率存在计算误差,滑转率小范围波动。由 图 20 b 可知, ${14}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时自适应转矩控制策略中驱动防滑系统介入, 左侧控制转矩迅速降低,同时由于策略中横向的限制, 右侧控制转矩跟随左侧转矩降低, 兼顾了降低轮胎滑转率与优化稳定性的两个目标。由 图 20 a 可知, 控制系统将左侧两车轮控制在最优滑转率附近, 控制精度较高, 同时在控制过程中没有出现控制转矩大幅震荡的现象,控制系统鲁棒性较好。
模拟具有扭曲特征的上坡路段, 如 图 21 所示, 坡度 ${10}^{ \circ } \sim {15}^{ \circ }$ ,附着系数0.8,目标车速为 $8\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ , 保持直线通过此扭曲纵坡。
图 22 可知, ATCS 系统的多约束条件充分考虑了轮胎附着裕量, 避免了悬空车轮出现大滑转率, 并将滑转率控制在 0.2 以内, 该系统具有良好的抗滑转性能。
图 23 可知, 车辆匀速驶入大扭曲路面后, LDC 系统右前轮滑转率达到 0.95 且车轮保持了 $2\mathrm{\;s}$ 的飞转状态;ASR系统由于车轮悬空发生滑转,其后控制转矩及时置零,相较于 LDC 有效降低了最大滑转率,但未及时对降低的轮胎附着裕量响应, 提前降低驱动转矩导致发生了持续 1.8 s 的滑转现象。
综上所述, 车辆在轮胎附着裕量差异较大的工况行驶时, ATCS 系统充分均衡了变化的轮胎附着裕量及总驱动需求的关系, 有效降低了车轮滑转及车辆失稳的风险,增强了车速跟踪精度,因此 ATCS 系统在保证纵向行驶意图以及横向稳定性完成度方面具备明显的优势, 验证了其具备更高工况适应性。
1)构建路面影响因子五参数辨识模型。通过滚动阻力差异、空气阻力归一化比例、坡度阻力归一化比例、路面附着差异方差以及最小路面附着系数 5 个特征参数表征强驱动意图工况、较易失稳工况、易失稳工况以及极易失稳工况 4 种工况然后, 基于模糊理论方法辨识路面影响因子, 以该因子均衡动力性及稳定性。
2)构建多目标寻优自适应转矩控制策略。采用分层式控制架构:顶层采用模型预测控制算法得到期望总驱动力, 利用路面影响因子判定加速度紧迫程度, 实现了期望车速的自适应跟踪; 目标决策层以最优的滑转率为目标决策驱动防滑力矩并设计介入/退出机制, 并基于路面行驶阻力决策期望前馈补偿力矩;转矩分配层以需求总驱动力及轮胎利用率作为控制目标, 引入路面影响因子优化权重系数, 考虑多约束条件, 以混合优化方法实现车辆自适应转矩控制。
3)分别利用仿真平台和实车道路试验进行有效性验证。结果表明:在低附着路面上,滑转率抑制快、转矩响应迅速; 在对开、大扭曲路面上, 横向稳定性较其他策略更优, 动力性及车速跟踪效果好, 工况自适应能力强。所设计的控制策略能准确识别路面影响因子, 且能有效均衡动力性和稳定性两大控制目标。
  • 武汉理工大学自主创新研究基金项目(107-3120620906)
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2024年第14卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.04
  • 接收时间:2022-12-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-05
  • 修回日期:2023-01-16
基金
武汉理工大学自主创新研究基金项目(107-3120620906)
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    1 武汉理工大学 新能源与智能网联汽车湖北省工程技术研究中心 武汉 430070
    2 武汉理工大学 汽车零部件技术湖北省协同创新中心,武汉 430070
    3 武汉理工大学 新能源与智能网联汽车湖北省工程技术研究中心,武汉 430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
genus
种数
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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