Article(id=1154016881141862438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.10, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1662393600000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-06, revisedDate=1667836800000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753068665061, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753068665061, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753068665061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753068665061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154016878675611672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='153', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753068664473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481546563, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154016881670344745, articleId=1154016881141862438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Analysis and Optimization of Air Inlet Water Quantity Using the SPH Method, columnId=1153756966938731297, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Other Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to factors that the wiper swing frequency does not match the structure of the waterguiding channel and the air conditioning (AC) external circulation inlet, some vehicle models under rainy conditions experience water droplets or even water flow entering the AC system through the inlet, leading to the unpleasant odors from the air conditioning, and even water leakage into the passenger compartment, causing serious perceived quality issues. By employing the SPH method considering wiper movement, body posture, and the effects of airflow conditions, the paper uses PreonLab software to simulate a vehicle in rainy scenarios to address the water management issues. By adding a baffle at the position of the AC external circulation inlet, the entry of the rainwater into the AC system is significantly reduced, and this solution is verified through the real vehicle tests under rainy conditions. The proposed method can find and rectify the unreasonable flow path designs for vehicles in the rainy scenarios during the development stage without relying on real vehicle tests. The method can also be applied to other performance quality control of vehicle water management, such as wading and rain pollution.

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由于雨刮臂摆动频次与导水槽及空调外循环进风口结构不匹配等因素,部分车型在淋雨工况下,有水滴甚至水流沿空调进风口进入空调系统,导致空调出现异味,甚至有水渗漏进入乘客舱,出现严重的感知质量问题。采用SPH方法,考虑雨刮臂运动、车身姿态及气流效应工况下,借助PreonLab软件仿真,复现某车型淋雨场景下的水管理质量问题,通过在空调外循环进风口位置增加挡板,显著减少了溅入空调箱的雨水量,并在实车淋雨试验中得到验证。方法能在车辆开发阶段发现并整改车辆在淋雨场景下的流通路径设计不合理等问题,可改变目前车辆淋雨场景水管理质量控制主要依托实车测试的现状,也可应用于车辆水管理的其他性能质量的控制,如涉水、雨污等。

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王魏兴(1991-),男,重庆南川人,学士,工程师,主要研究方向为汽车CFD仿真。Tel: 18723881189 E-mail:

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王魏兴(1991-),男,重庆南川人,学士,工程师,主要研究方向为汽车CFD仿真。Tel: 18723881189 E-mail:

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王魏兴(1991-),男,重庆南川人,学士,工程师,主要研究方向为汽车CFD仿真。Tel: 18723881189 E-mail:

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边界条件 具体参数
淋雨强度/(mm/min) 40
雨水直径/mm $1 \sim 2$
雨刮摆动频次/Hz 1
空调模式 全开外循环
空调风量 $/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 480
车辆仰角/(°) 18
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边界条件 具体参数
淋雨强度/(mm/min) 40
雨水直径/mm $1 \sim 2$
雨刮摆动频次/Hz 1
空调模式 全开外循环
空调风量 $/\left( {{\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 480
车辆仰角/(°) 18
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车身姿态 空调模式 雨刮挡位 淋雨强度/ (mm/min) 20 min 进水量/
前仰 18° 外循环 最高挡 最高挡 ${40} \pm {10}\%$ $\leq 5$
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车身姿态 空调模式 雨刮挡位 淋雨强度/ (mm/min) 20 min 进水量/
前仰 18° 外循环 最高挡 最高挡 ${40} \pm {10}\%$ $\leq 5$
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序号 有效测量值/(mm/min) 平均值/(mm/min)
1 42.0
2 39.6
3 41.7 41.3
4 41.0
5 42.2
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序号 有效测量值/(mm/min) 平均值/(mm/min)
1 42.0
2 39.6
3 41.7 41.3
4 41.0
5 42.2
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时间/min 仿真进水质量/g 试验进水质量/g 试验与仿真误差
0 0 0
20 27.47 24.89 2.58
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时间/min 仿真进水质量/g 试验进水质量/g 试验与仿真误差
0 0 0
20 27.47 24.89 2.58
), ArticleFig(id=1154016960980439894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016881141862438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 进水体积 仿真进水质量/g 试验进水质量/g
0 0 0
5 ${7.32}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 7.32
10 ${1.49}\mathrm{E} - {05}$ 14.92
15 ${2.08}\mathrm{E} - {05}$ 20.80
20 ${2.75}\mathrm{E} - {05}$ 27.47 24.89
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961034965848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016881141862438, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=基础状态仿真统计结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 进水体积 仿真进水质量/g 试验进水质量/g
0 0 0
5 ${7.32}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 7.32
10 ${1.49}\mathrm{E} - {05}$ 14.92
15 ${2.08}\mathrm{E} - {05}$ 20.80
20 ${2.75}\mathrm{E} - {05}$ 27.47 24.89
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961097880410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016881141862438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 进水体积 进水质量/g 进水质量优化前/g
0 0 0 0
5 ${1.30}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 1.30 7.32
10 ${2.53}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 2.53 14.92
15 ${3.71}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 3.71 20.80
20 ${4.91}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 4.91 27.47
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961148212060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016881141862438, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=优化后仿真统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 进水体积 进水质量/g 进水质量优化前/g
0 0 0 0
5 ${1.30}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 1.30 7.32
10 ${2.53}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 2.53 14.92
15 ${3.71}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 3.71 20.80
20 ${4.91}\mathrm{E} - {06}$ 4.91 27.47
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961198543710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016881141862438, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化前 优化后
实测进水量/g 24.89 4.46
仿真进水量/g 27.47 4.91
仿真对比试验误差 $/\mathrm{g}$ 2.58 0.45
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961269846878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016881141862438, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=试验测量称重, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化前 优化后
实测进水量/g 24.89 4.46
仿真进水量/g 27.47 4.91
仿真对比试验误差 $/\mathrm{g}$ 2.58 0.45
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基于SPH方法的空调进气口进水量分析及优化
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王魏兴 , 夏春波 , 张全周 , 杜亚非 , 徐磊
汽车工程学报 | 其他 2024,14(1): 101-107
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汽车工程学报 | 其他 2024, 14(1): 101-107
基于SPH方法的空调进气口进水量分析及优化
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王魏兴 , 夏春波, 张全周, 杜亚非, 徐磊
作者信息
  • 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 重庆 401122
  • 王魏兴(1991-),男,重庆南川人,学士,工程师,主要研究方向为汽车CFD仿真。Tel: 18723881189 E-mail:

Analysis and Optimization of Air Inlet Water Quantity Using the SPH Method
Weixing WANG , Chunbo XIA, Quanzhou ZHANG, Yafei DU, Lei XU
Affiliations
  • China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd. Chongqing 401122 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.10
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由于雨刮臂摆动频次与导水槽及空调外循环进风口结构不匹配等因素,部分车型在淋雨工况下,有水滴甚至水流沿空调进风口进入空调系统,导致空调出现异味,甚至有水渗漏进入乘客舱,出现严重的感知质量问题。采用SPH方法,考虑雨刮臂运动、车身姿态及气流效应工况下,借助PreonLab软件仿真,复现某车型淋雨场景下的水管理质量问题,通过在空调外循环进风口位置增加挡板,显著减少了溅入空调箱的雨水量,并在实车淋雨试验中得到验证。方法能在车辆开发阶段发现并整改车辆在淋雨场景下的流通路径设计不合理等问题,可改变目前车辆淋雨场景水管理质量控制主要依托实车测试的现状,也可应用于车辆水管理的其他性能质量的控制,如涉水、雨污等。

车辆水管理  /  淋雨工况  /  空调系统  /  外循环进风口  /  SPH方法

Due to factors that the wiper swing frequency does not match the structure of the waterguiding channel and the air conditioning (AC) external circulation inlet, some vehicle models under rainy conditions experience water droplets or even water flow entering the AC system through the inlet, leading to the unpleasant odors from the air conditioning, and even water leakage into the passenger compartment, causing serious perceived quality issues. By employing the SPH method considering wiper movement, body posture, and the effects of airflow conditions, the paper uses PreonLab software to simulate a vehicle in rainy scenarios to address the water management issues. By adding a baffle at the position of the AC external circulation inlet, the entry of the rainwater into the AC system is significantly reduced, and this solution is verified through the real vehicle tests under rainy conditions. The proposed method can find and rectify the unreasonable flow path designs for vehicles in the rainy scenarios during the development stage without relying on real vehicle tests. The method can also be applied to other performance quality control of vehicle water management, such as wading and rain pollution.

vehicle water management  /  rainy condition  /  air conditioning system  /  external circulation air inlet  /  SPH method
王魏兴, 夏春波, 张全周, 杜亚非, 徐磊. 基于SPH方法的空调进气口进水量分析及优化. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (1) : 101 -107 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.10
Weixing WANG, Chunbo XIA, Quanzhou ZHANG, Yafei DU, Lei XU. Analysis and Optimization of Air Inlet Water Quantity Using the SPH Method[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (1) : 101 -107 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.10
车辆在雨天行驶及商业洗车场景下,雨水会沿着前挡风玻璃透过雨刮器盖板进入导水槽, 并沿着导水槽排水管排到地面。空调外循环进风口通常位于导水槽内, 雨水更易溅入或被吸入空调系统, 导致空调系统漏水、发霉、发臭, 出现严重的感知质量问题 [ 1 ] ,势必影响驾乘体验及舒适性。
现阶段车辆淋雨场景水管理质量控制主要依托于实车测试, 这种方式发现问题晚, 解决问题的方案有限。吕奉阳等 [ 2 ] 和马丽然 [ 3 ] 通过淋雨试验发现空调外循环进风口进水问题, 根据经验提出整改方案; 张勇等 [ 4 ] 在现行淋雨工况试验的基础上提出了坡度淋雨试验工况。随着仿真技术的发展,越来越多的学者开始采用基于流体体积函数方法 [ 5 ] (Volume of Fluid, VOF) 进行仿真优化; 该方法需要将众多的整车零部件进行网格划分, 工作量巨大。王东等 [ 6 ] 、杨静 [ 7 ] 和孟祥军等 [ 8 ] 采用VOF方法模拟了雨滴粒子随气流从空调外循环通风盖板进气格栅到空调外循环进气口过程。近年来快速发展起来了一种新的CFD方法——光滑粒子流体动力学 (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, SPH) 方法 [ 9 ] , 不需要划分网格, 可灵活定义各零部件及边界的运动规律,逐渐应用到流体力学领域 [ 10 ] ; 左辉辉等 [ 11 ] 采用 $\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 方法模拟了雨滴粒子漫过雨刮器盖板上的挡水坝, 通过空调进气格栅进入空调进风口的过程。但这些研究均未考虑雨刮臂摆动、车身俯仰侧倾姿态及气流效应等实际影响因素。
本文采用 $\mathrm{{SPH}}$ 方法,对某车辆淋雨场景下空调外循环进风口的雨水侵入过程进行再现及优化(考虑雨刮臂运动、车身姿态、气流效应),有效地减少了雨水侵入量,并通过最终的样车试验得到验证, 成功解决了该问题。这对整车水管理开发 [ 12 ] 具有重要意义。
本文采用 SPH 方法, 借助 AVL 开发的 PreonLab 软件进行仿真分析。SPH 方法采用的是拉格朗日计算方法, 根据核函数插值将连续的场离散成一个个质点, 通过追踪所有质点的运动轨迹, 模拟整个场的力学现象;它无需网格划分,计算速度快, 对计算资源要求低, 利用关键帧的方式定义运动规律, 适用于解决各种复杂系统中具有自由表面及大变形的流动问题, 比如车辆水管理, 正被全球众多知名汽车厂商,如宝马、特斯拉、克莱斯勒、 沃尔沃、菲亚特、雷诺等应用。
本文旨在仿真分析雨水沿前挡风玻璃透过雨刮器盖板进入导水槽过程中, 吸入空调新风口雨水的进水量及雨水流通路径, 因此模型仅需要 A 柱、前挡风玻璃、挡水胶条、雨刮系统、导水槽、排水管路、雨刮器盖板、空调外循环进风口、发动机舱盖。上述数据由原生 CAD 导出为 STL 格式再导入 PreonLab 软件, 图 1 所示为几何模型及进气口位置截面图。
材料属性:设置材料表面参数,主要为 roughness 和 adhesion 属性, 表征壁面与雨水的粘附作用, 具体数值参照中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司相关规定。
边界条件: 进口为车顶正上方是淋雨强度, 出口为模型导水槽正下方 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 以下区域,如 图 1 所示。
淋雨场景:包括雨量设置(含淋雨强度、雨滴直径、淋雨范围)和车辆设置(含雨刮器刮水频次、外循环风量最大、车辆前仰角度)。几何模型及进气口位置截面如 图 1 所示, 边界条件及其具体参数见 表 1
气流效应:外循环鼓风机抽吸雨槽内空气时对雨水有一定的引导作用。通过耦合气流的流动可以更好地考察雨滴的运动路径,如 图 2 所示。
雨刮臂运动:雨刮臂运动轨迹通过动力学软件输入, 或手动定义。本文采用实测后手动输入方式 (定义刮片、支撑杆、摆臂 3 个关联坐标系,如 图 3 所示), 将雨刮器调到最大摆动频次挡位, 采用秒表记录周期时间, 同时视频录制刮片起始位置及角度, 在逐帧调节支撑杆、摆臂的相对位置, 确保刮片与弧形玻璃面始终刚接触, 如 图 4 所示。
由于现行行业标准 QC / T476-200 《客车防雨密封性限值及试验方法》 [ 13 ] 无明确数值要求,测试及仿真工况根据企业标准设计,见 表 2
本文涉及的淋雨强度要求为 ${40} \pm {10}\% \mathrm{{mm}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ , 尤其是在重点关注区域内。试验前确认的方法为: 将雨刮槽及前挡玻璃正投影面作为强度检测区域, 其内设置的 5 个检测点如 图 5 所示, 调整喷管的供水量及压力控制监测区域的淋雨强度, 见 表 3
某在研车型样车在中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司淋雨试验场景下 ( 图 6 ), 空调外循环进风口处有明水进入 ( 图 7 ), 且雨量严重超标 ( 图 8 ), 存在空调异味、电机锈蚀等隐患。
根据试验测试要求,同步设置瞬态求解 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 淋雨过程, 对比仿真及试验, 空调新风口吸入雨水的累积雨量见 表 4 ,仿真及试验均说明空调外循环进风口处进水量远大于标准要求的 $5\mathrm{\;g}$ ,严重超标需要优化。仿真与试验对比相差 2.58 g,误差较小, 此方法可靠性高, 能进行后续优化分析。
根据上述仿真及试验测试结果, 空调外循环进风口处进水量远远大于标准要求的 $5\mathrm{\;g}$ 。需要分析风口吸入雨水的路径及累积雨量, 以寻找优化方案。
图 9 为新风口进水流线图, 雨水沿着前挡风玻璃进入雨刮槽, 并在雨刮槽内积水。雨刮臂摆动使玻璃面上的雨水刮向雨刮器盖板, 进一步增大雨刮槽内水量, 致使透过盖板的雨水在汇入槽内时与液面碰触而产生飞溅, 随后在气流带动下被吸入新风口,与试验过程监测的状态基本一致。经后处理渲染,新风口处聚集显著水滴如 图 10 所示。
图 11 为通过新风口的雨水体积累积曲线, 统计结果见 表 5 , 与 图 8 所示的实测水量基本一致, 误差为 ${2.58}\mathrm{\;g}$
雨水从雨刮槽进入导水槽的过程中雨水会与导水槽内的液面碰撞溅起水滴。由于雨刮臂的运动导致进入导水槽的进水量不稳定, 溅起的高度也时刻变化, 当达到波峰时溅起的高度最大, 基本覆盖整个新风口,如 图 9 所示。
在不改变雨刮槽排水口和新风口位置及大小的情况下,考虑在进风口和雨水冲击点之间加装挡水板, 同时将其底部外翻成槽状, 避免挡水板上水滴被二次吸入。与产品部门交互后确定的挡水板结构如 图 12 所示。
槽内增加挡水板后,内部气流流动发生变化, 优化仿真时需重新输入气流流动结果, 如 图 13 所示。
挡水板达到设计效果,能有效遮挡进气口上部分的飞溅水滴, 如 图 14 所示。
图 15 为新风口进水路径流线图, 对比 图 9 , 溅入进气口的水量显著减少。经后处理渲染,新风口处聚集水滴如 图 16 所示, 与无挡板相比, 进风口处无明显的水滴。
图 17 为通过新风口的雨水体积累积曲线, 统计结果见 表 6 。进气口进水量为 ${4.91}\mathrm{\;g}$ ,较原状态减少 359%,满足低于 $5\mathrm{\;g}$ 的要求,挡水板遮挡飞溅水滴方案有效。
将快速样件装车,测量试验前/后吸水棉及空调滤芯的质量,如 图 18 所示。实测进气口进水量为 ${4.46}\mathrm{\;g}$ ,较原状态减少 ${358}\%$ ,满足低于 $5\mathrm{\;g}$ 的要求, 挡水板可有效遮挡进气口上部飞溅水滴的吸入量, 见 表 7
本文采用SPH方法, 在考虑雨刮臂运动、车身姿态及气流效应的基础上, 对某车辆淋雨场景下空调外循环进风口的雨水侵入过程进行分析及优化, 主要结论如下。
(1)本文的仿真分析结果与试验结果对比,误差较小,采用此方法分析及优化可靠性高; 能准确定位空调进气口进水路径及进水量, 为设计整改方案提供技术支撑。
(2)该方法更容易同时考虑车身姿态、进气效应、雨刮臂摆动等复杂过程。
(3)优化方案能有效解决空调系统雨水侵入量超标的问题,并通过试验验证了其有效性。
(4)该方法可应用于车辆开发阶段,改变目前车辆淋雨场景水管理质量主要依托于实车测试的现状, 同时, 可应用于车辆水管理相关的其他性能, 比如涉水、雨污等。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0100100)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.10
  • 接收时间:2022-09-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-09-06
  • 修回日期:2022-11-08
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0100100)
作者信息
    中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 重庆 401122
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.01.10
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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