Article(id=1154016880315584544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.09, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696694400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-08, revisedDate=1698940800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753068664863, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753068664863, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753068664863, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753068664863, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154016878675611672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='153', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753068664473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481546563, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=94, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154016880915370020, articleId=1154016880315584544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Influence of Hollow Roof Spoilers on the Aerodynamic Drag of Hatchback Vehicles, columnId=1154016880856649763, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=2023 SAEAAC, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The hollow roof spoiler has become a new trend in automotive styling design, significantly impacting the vehicle's aerodynamic performance. To study the influence of the spoiler parameters on aerodynamic drag coefficient, CFD simulations were conducted to analyze cases with different spoiler angles, passage sizes, and Dpillar spoilers based on a BYD hatchback model with a hollow roof spoiler. The simulation results agree well with wind tunnel experiment results. It is found that the volume of the upper tail flow increases with a decrease in the spoiler angle, a reduction in the passage size or the addition of a Dpillar spoiler. A lower drag coefficient is obtained when the upper tail flow more effectively matches with the lower tail flow. The findings of this paper are valuable for guiding future designs of hollow roof spoilers.

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镂空式车顶扰流板已成为一种汽车造型设计的新思路,对整车空气动力性能也有极大的影响。为了研究镂空式车顶扰流板对整车空气阻力系数的影响,基于比亚迪某款带有镂空式车顶扰流板的两厢车型,以CFD仿真为主要开发工具,分别研究了扰流板角度、镂空通道和D柱扰流板的影响,并与风洞试验结果进行对标。研究发现,镂空式车顶扰流板的角度减小,镂空通道与后风挡距离减小,以及D柱扰流板延伸长度增大均会导致顶部尾流增大,使尾流上下匹配关系发生变化。当上下尾流匹配性更好时,空气阻力系数更低。该研究结果可为后续镂空式车顶扰流板的开发提供经验。

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王文江(1993-),男,山东威海人,博士,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。Tel: 13505618659 E-mail:
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朱智成(1995-),男,辽宁凤城人,博士,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。Tel: 18666280103 E-mail:

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朱智成(1995-),男,辽宁凤城人,博士,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。Tel: 18666280103 E-mail:

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朱智成(1995-),男,辽宁凤城人,博士,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。Tel: 18666280103 E-mail:

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工况 扰流板倾角/(°) 扰流板是否镂空 镂空通道面与后风挡最小距离/mm D 柱扰流板延伸长度/mm 方案
工况 1 8
工况 2 10.5 工况 1+方案 1
工况 3 10.5 30 工况 2+方案 2
工况 4 10.5 5 工况 3+方案 3
工况 5 10.5 30 80 工况 3+方案 4
), ArticleFig(id=1154016938939372001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016880315584544, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=车顶扰流板方案工况参数表, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 扰流板倾角/(°) 扰流板是否镂空 镂空通道面与后风挡最小距离/mm D 柱扰流板延伸长度/mm 方案
工况 1 8
工况 2 10.5 工况 1+方案 1
工况 3 10.5 30 工况 2+方案 2
工况 4 10.5 5 工况 3+方案 3
工况 5 10.5 30 80 工况 3+方案 4
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镂空式车顶扰流板关键参数对两厢车空气阻力的影响
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朱智成 , 张晓涵 , 罗秋丽 , 张风利 , 王文江
汽车工程学报 | 2023中国汽车工程学会空气动力学分会学术年会精选论文 2024,14(1): 94-100
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汽车工程学报 | 2023中国汽车工程学会空气动力学分会学术年会精选论文 2024, 14(1): 94-100
镂空式车顶扰流板关键参数对两厢车空气阻力的影响
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朱智成 , 张晓涵, 罗秋丽, 张风利, 王文江
作者信息
  • 比亚迪汽车工业有限公司 深圳 518000
  • 朱智成(1995-),男,辽宁凤城人,博士,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。Tel: 18666280103 E-mail:

通讯作者:


王文江(1993-),男,山东威海人,博士,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。Tel: 13505618659 E-mail:
Influence of Hollow Roof Spoilers on the Aerodynamic Drag of Hatchback Vehicles
Zhicheng ZHU , Xiaohan ZHANG, Qiuli LUO, Fengli ZHANG, Wenjiang WANG
Affiliations
  • BYD Auto Industry Company Limited Shenzhen 518000 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.09
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镂空式车顶扰流板已成为一种汽车造型设计的新思路,对整车空气动力性能也有极大的影响。为了研究镂空式车顶扰流板对整车空气阻力系数的影响,基于比亚迪某款带有镂空式车顶扰流板的两厢车型,以CFD仿真为主要开发工具,分别研究了扰流板角度、镂空通道和D柱扰流板的影响,并与风洞试验结果进行对标。研究发现,镂空式车顶扰流板的角度减小,镂空通道与后风挡距离减小,以及D柱扰流板延伸长度增大均会导致顶部尾流增大,使尾流上下匹配关系发生变化。当上下尾流匹配性更好时,空气阻力系数更低。该研究结果可为后续镂空式车顶扰流板的开发提供经验。

汽车  /  镂空式车顶扰流板  /  空气动力学  /  风洞试验  /  DES湍流模型

The hollow roof spoiler has become a new trend in automotive styling design, significantly impacting the vehicle's aerodynamic performance. To study the influence of the spoiler parameters on aerodynamic drag coefficient, CFD simulations were conducted to analyze cases with different spoiler angles, passage sizes, and Dpillar spoilers based on a BYD hatchback model with a hollow roof spoiler. The simulation results agree well with wind tunnel experiment results. It is found that the volume of the upper tail flow increases with a decrease in the spoiler angle, a reduction in the passage size or the addition of a Dpillar spoiler. A lower drag coefficient is obtained when the upper tail flow more effectively matches with the lower tail flow. The findings of this paper are valuable for guiding future designs of hollow roof spoilers.

vehicle  /  hollow roof spoiler  /  aerodynamic  /  wind tunnel test  /  DES turbulence model
朱智成, 张晓涵, 罗秋丽, 张风利, 王文江. 镂空式车顶扰流板关键参数对两厢车空气阻力的影响. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (1) : 94 -100 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.09
Zhicheng ZHU, Xiaohan ZHANG, Qiuli LUO, Fengli ZHANG, Wenjiang WANG. Influence of Hollow Roof Spoilers on the Aerodynamic Drag of Hatchback Vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (1) : 94 -100 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.09
汽车行驶过程中受到的阻力包括滚动阻力、空气阻力等。当高速行驶时,汽车产生的大部分能量都会用于克服空气阻力。早在 100 年前,人们就开始对汽车的空气阻力进行系统的研究。空气阻力的大小与整车速度、迎风面积、阻力系数有关。当汽车的行驶速度增加时, 空气阻力所占总阻力的比重增大,当行驶速度超过 ${80}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,空气阻力占总阻力的绝大部分 [ 1 ] 。可以说,空气阻力与汽车的能源消耗息息相关, 通过减阻可有效提高汽车的经济性。汽车空气动力学的理论发展也为汽车产业的发展提供了重要支撑。传统的汽车空气动力学研究往往基于风洞试验。而近年来, 随着数值仿真技术的不断突破, 仿真精度大大提升, 汽车空气动力学也得到长足发展。目前,试验辅助数值仿真的研究方法已经在汽车空气动力学研究中广泛使用 [ 2 - 8 ]
车顶扰流板作为一种常见的两厢车气动部件, 不仅具有装饰功能, 还可以在车辆行驶时起到减小空气阻力的作用。随着汽车造型的不断发展,更多 “新颖” 的扰流板设计进入大众视野,镂空式车顶扰流板也成为造型设计的一种新思路。这种扰流板不仅能带来更多元化的造型设计, 也与空气动力性能息息相关。研究发现, 在严格的工程限制下, 通过改变小范围的车尾形状也可以有效地控制尾流流动,显著提升整车空气动力性能 [ 9 - 13 ] 。因此,在镂空式车顶扰流板造型开发过程中,可以兼顾对空气动力性能的提升。如 图 1 所示, 不同车型的镂空扰流板倾斜角度、尺寸、镂空通道大小都不尽相同, 扰流板周围的其他部件参数, 如 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱的位置和尺寸、后风挡倾角等都存在较大差异,这些差异也会影响汽车空气动力性能。
相比于传统车顶扰流板的气动开发流程, 开发镂空式车顶扰流板将面临全新的挑战。一方面, 空气动力性能受到更多因素的影响, 如扰流板角度、 镂空形状、镂空通道大小等,导致车顶流动更加复杂, 对车顶部及尾部流动的干扰更大。另一方面, 超低空气阻力镂空式车顶扰流板的开发需要对汽车尾部的流动机理形成更深刻的认识, 特别要对汽车尾流结构进行更细致的分析。本文采用基于 STAR-CCM+仿真结果与风洞试验相辅助的方法, 基于比亚迪某款带有镂空式车顶扰流板的两厢车型开展研究。对车顶扰流板进行空气动力性能优化。在数值仿真中, 通过调节不同参数来优化整车的空气阻力系数, 从而得到工程限制下车顶扰流板的最佳减阻状态。仅选取镂空扰流板的倾斜角度、镂空通道与后风挡距离和 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱扰流板延伸长度 3 个关键参数, 研究其对整车空气阻力系数的影响。首先, 在无镂空扰流板的基础上对扰流板角度进行优化, 得到了一个工程限制下的最优倾角。然后,通过减小镂空通道与后风挡的最小距离, 以及增大 D 柱扰流板的延伸长度分别对空气阻力进行了优化, 得到了空气阻力最优的状态。将本文的数值模拟结果与试验结果进行对比, 发现两者基本一致, 证明了仿真结果的准确性, 为后续理论分析提供基础。在后续镂空式车顶扰流板的开发过程中, 仍可以借鉴本文的研究方法和结论。
在评价汽车空气动力性能时, 常常采用空气阻力系数来表示汽车所受阻力水平,空气阻力系数 ${C}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 的定义式为:
$ {C}_{\mathrm{D}} = \frac{D}{\frac{1}{2}\rho {V}^{2}A} \circ $
式中: $A$ 为汽车的正投影面积; $D$ 为气动阻力; $\rho$ 为空气密度; $V$ 为汽车与来流的相对速度。相关参数都可以在数值仿真和试验中得到。因此, 通过试验和数值仿真分别求得某车型在固定速度下的空气阻力系数。
一种镂空式车顶扰流板, 如 图 2 所示。图中, ①为扰流板顶部面,②为镂空通道面,③为后风挡面,④为 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱面,都是影响车顶扰流板空气动力性能的关键型面。对扰流板倾角、镂空通道大小和 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱扰流板分别进行优化, 设计了 4 种不同的优化方案。方案 1 为将扰流板倾角由 ${8}^{ \circ }$ 下压至 ${10.5}^{ \circ }$ ,方案 2 是将非镂空的车顶扰流板更换为大通道镂空扰流板, 方案 3 是将镂空扰流板的通道面与后风挡面的最小距离由 ${30}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 降至 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,方案 4 为增加沿 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱面延伸 ${80}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$$\mathrm{D}$ 柱扰流板。采用控制变量法对各方案结果进行研究, 保证进行比较的两个工况之间只受到一个关键参数的影响, 由此得到不同方案下的工况参数见 表 1 , 方案的具体参数和减阻效果将在第 2 节中进行讨论。
数值模拟是研究整车空气动力性能的常用手法, 具有迭代速度快, 便于后处理分析等优点。相关学者已经基于这些方法做了大量仿真与试验对标的工作 [ 1 - 2 ] 。基于 STAR-CCM+的 DES 仿真方法也被用于比亚迪汉车型的风洞试验对标工作, 结果显示, 采用 DES 方法的整车空气阻力系数误差在 3% 以内,具备较大的应用潜力 [ 1 ] 。本文基于 STAR-CCM+数值仿真结果, 采用 DES 湍流模型进行仿真, 该模型是一种使用单一湍流模型的三维非定常数值模拟方法。计算了在 ${120}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{s}$ 速度下的不同工况, 得到了流场信息并进行比对。在汽车尾流的数值模拟研究中, 总压零等值面图可以很好地区分尾部流动分离区域, 图 3 a 为非定常计算某时刻的总压零等值面图,为了更直观地比较不同工况下的非定常尾流,采用了如 图 3 b 所示的时均总压等值面图来研究扰流板方案对尾流的影响, 竖直虚线表示时均等值面 $x$ 方向的最大位置。对于同一辆车的不同车顶扰流板方案, 车顶扰流板附近的时均等值面包络的体积越大, 说明对尾流的影响越大。如无特殊说明, 结果分析中的总压零等值面图和压力、速度云图均采用时均结果。车尾的尾流可以分为上、下两部分, 上半部分主要受流过车顶扰流板和 D 柱的气流影响,本文称之为顶部尾流;下半部分主要受流过后保侧边、尾灯和底部护板的气流影响, 本文称之为底部尾流。
为了验证数值模拟的有效性, 本文通过在中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司风洞中心进行的整车油泥模型的空气动力性能试验, 检测了不同方案的增减空气阻力趋势和空气阻力贡献量的大小, 发现所有方案的增减空气阻力趋势和仿真结果相同。对于镂空扰流板, 由于其表面结构较为复杂, 导致车顶流动更加复杂, 对车顶部及尾部流动的干扰更大, 导致数值模拟的结果偏差更大, 因此, 将非镂空扰流板替换为镂空扰流板方案的仿真与试验误差较大。试验中测得的方案贡献量与仿真的对比结果如 图 4 所示, 试验与仿真的误差均在整车空气阻力系数的 3% 以内, 证明对于车顶镂空扰流板的不同方案,仿真结果具有较高的可靠性。
对于无扰流板的两厢车, 后风挡角度对尾流的结构和整车空气阻力系数有较大影响 [ 8 ] 。已经有研究发现随着后风挡角度变大, 流动阻力并不是线型变化的,而是先变小,在 ${10}^{ \circ }$ 左右达到最小值后, 阻力系数随着角度变大而变大 [ 7 ] 。这说明车顶气流的离去角度对整车空气阻力的影响很大, 并且存在一个对应最低空气阻力系数的角度。通过车顶扰流板的角度优化, 可以控制车顶气流离去的角度, 空气阻力达到最优值。优化前和优化后的两种不同角度的车顶扰流板,如 图 5 所示,并以 $\mathrm{Y}0$ 面的扰流板上的表面角度作为扰流板角度,工况 1 为 ${8}^{ \circ }$ ,工况 2 为优化后的车顶扰流板, 在工况 1 的基础上末端下移 ${22}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,扰流板倾角达到 ${10.5}^{ \circ }$ 。工况 1 与工况 2 的总压等值面图、后风挡处的压力云图和扰流板附近的 $\mathrm{Y}0$ 截面速度图,如 图 6 所示。标尺见图片下方, 如无特殊提及, 本文的压力场和速度场的标尺均与 图 6 相同。
通过对比 图 6ab 可知,对于不同的扰流板, 尾流的结构也发生了变化。观察总压零等值面在 $x$ 方向的最大位置,可以发现当扰流板角度为 ${8}^{ \circ }$ 时, 上下尾流大小并不相同, 顶部大而底部小, 距离车尾较近。由速度场可知, 加大扰流板的角度可使气流通过扰流板末端时, 向下的速度分量更大, 顶部尾流会更靠近后风挡,上下尾流距离车尾距离均衡。与工况 1 相比,工况 2 的顶部尾流减小,底部尾流增大,尾流的上下 $x$ 方向最大位置几乎一致。 由压力场可知, 背压提升, 减阻效果更好。通过仿真研究发现, 在造型限制下, 当扰流板的角度达到 ${10.5}^{ \circ }$ 时,空气阻力系数达到最优值。数值模拟显示, 此方案可以达到 11 counts 的减阻效果, 在试验中此方案的减阻效果为 8 counts。同时可以看出, 尾流上下大小一致时, 对背压恢复最为有利。因此, 尾部的优化过程也可以看作是上下尾流大小的匹配过程, 当上下尾流匹配时, 表现为在总压零等值面的 $x$ 方向最大位置一致时,空气阻力系数达到一个最优值。
由此可见, 通过对扰流板的角度优化, 可以确定一个合适的气流离去角度, 并确定影响扰流板上表面的关键参数。确定了扰流板角度后, 对镂空式扰流板的镂空通道大小进行优化。
车顶扰流板镂空的形式有很多, 但都是利用镂空通道对气流进行引导。优化前后的 $y = {400}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 处的镂空扰流板截面, 如 图 7 所示, 工况 3 为镂空通道面与后风挡面距离 ${30}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的大镂空通道,工况 4 在工况 3 的基础上,增加了一个最厚为 ${25}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的台阶,使该截面上镂空通道面与后风挡面距离减小至 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
扰流板镂空后会影响侧边气流的流动方向, 如 图 8 所示, 本文针对 D 柱扰流板进行了优化, 并在 图 8 中用红色标识。侧边气流会贴着 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱运动,增加 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱扰流板可有效改变气流的流动方向。有关 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱扰流板的研究将在第 3 节中描述。
图 9a 展示了大扰流板镂空通道下的数值模拟结果, 与 图 6 对比可知, 当车顶扰流板镂空后, 尾流产生明显变化。由速度场可知,车顶扰流板镂空后,紧贴车顶的气流会沿着镂空通道进入,导致后风挡处速度明显提高。由压力场可知, 后风挡处的压力降低, 低压会引起侧边流过的气流内卷, 导致顶部尾流减小。 图9a的顶部尾流减小到比底部尾流小很多,因此, 上下尾流仍是不匹配的, 这种不匹配也反映到背压的变化上, 可以发现后风挡处存在明显负压,最终会导致增阻效应。
由 2.2 节可知, 扰流板通道处的气流是导致尾流变化的关键, 通过调节镂空通道与后风挡距离可以改变通道处的进气量, 进而改变镂空扰流板对空气阻力的影响。 图 9 展示了工况 3 、工况 4 和工况 5 的总压等值面、车表面压力场与 $\mathrm{Y}0$ 速度场的对比, 标尺均与 图 6 相同。 图 9a 中的竖直虚线为 $y = - {400}$ $\mathrm{{mm}}$ , 图9c中的水平虚线为 $z = {950}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。如 图9a和b 所示, 工况 4 通过在镂空处增加一个台阶, 减小镂空通道大小, 可以有效减小进气量, 同时减小后风挡处的速度,增大后风挡处的压强, $\mathrm{D}$ 柱处的气流速度也减小, 侧边气流向内内卷的效果减弱。顶部尾流更大, 与底部尾流的匹配程度更好, 起到减阻作用。同时可以发现, 由于通道仍有一定的进气量, 相对非镂空扰流板仍有一定的破坏, 从而起到减小顶部尾流的作用, 所以为镂空通道增加台阶后,空气阻力会下降到比非镂空的尾翼更优的状态。而气流在 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱的内卷效应不仅可通过改变通道大小来优化, 还可通过在 D 柱施加扰流板达到此效果。
图 9 a 和 c 所示, 镂空通道处的气流流动会导致侧边气流在 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱处内卷,进而减小尾流。 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱最凹陷处与气帘通道出口接近 ( 图 8 ), 在工况 5 相对于工况 4 的基础上,在 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱处增加延伸 ${80}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$$\mathrm{D}$ 柱扰流板。由 图 9 可知, D 柱扰流板对通道处的速度场影响较小, 但会导致侧边气流的流动分离位置改变。增加 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱扰流板后,会有效地延后侧边气流内卷的位置。由速度场可知, 通道入口处的气流速度最大,越靠后的位置,随着通道宽度变大,气流速度也随之变小, 因此, 增加 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱扰流板可使气流在一个相对较小的通道速度处分离。工况 3 与工况 5 的 $z = {950}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 截面速度场对比,如 图 10 所示。此处由于镂空通道气流导致的负压更小, 气流内卷相对较弱, 增大了顶部尾流, 从而提高了背压, 达到了减阻效果。
综上所述, 镂空扰流板使通道处的气流速度增大, 致使后风挡处的速度变大, 压力减小, D柱扰流板处的内卷严重,顶部尾流变小。但顶部尾流变小不一定会导致整车空气阻力系数降低, 而是需要看其对尾流的匹配度影响, 当上下尾流更匹配时减阻效果更好。
本文基于比亚迪的某款两厢车型, 研究了镂空式车顶扰流板的流动机理, 对镂空式车顶扰流板进行优化, 发现镂空式车顶扰流板的扰流板角度变大、镂空通道变大和增加 $\mathrm{D}$ 柱扰流板都会减小顶部尾流, 使尾流上下匹配关系发生变化。当上下尾流匹配性更好时,空气阻力系数更低。
对于非镂空车顶扰流板, 扰流板的倾斜角度增大降低了车顶气流的流动方向, 从而减小顶部尾流;镂空扰流板处的气流通过通道流向后风挡,减小了后风挡处的压力, 进而导致 D 柱处的气流流动内卷, 从而减小顶部尾流; 通过减小镂空通道的大小, 可有效减小通道处的进气量, 增大顶部尾流。 以上不同方案均改变了顶部尾流的大小, 进而影响了顶部尾流和底部尾流的匹配性。当尾流匹配时, 方案减阻效果最好。本文所提出的研究思路也可以拓展到镂空扰流板的其他研究参数上去, 可为后续镂空式车顶扰流板的空气动力性能开发提供经验。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0208000)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2501705)
  • 广东省基础与应用研究基金(2019A1515111005)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.09
  • 接收时间:2023-10-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08
  • 修回日期:2023-11-03
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFE0208000)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2501705)
广东省基础与应用研究基金(2019A1515111005)
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    比亚迪汽车工业有限公司 深圳 518000

通讯作者:


王文江(1993-),男,山东威海人,博士,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。Tel: 13505618659 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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