Article(id=1154016879887765532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677427200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-27, revisedDate=1680451200000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753068664762, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753068664762, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753068664762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753068664762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154016878675611672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='153', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753068664473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481546563, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172525847715136460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1154016878675611672, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=49, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154016880370110497, articleId=1154016879887765532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Research on Road Roughness Recognition Algorithm Based on ReliefF-RBF, columnId=1154016880298807327, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=System Dynamics Setion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Road surface unevenness significantly affects both the driving safety of road vehicles and their dynamic responses. However, the existing datadriven methods for road surface classification struggle to efficiently handle timevarying parameters and vehicle speeds. Meanwhile, the existing modelbased road surface recognition algorithms require known and accurate vehicle models, facing the challenge of acquiring vehicle physical parameters in realworld applications. This paper proposes a novel pavement classification algorithm that begins by backcalculating the equivalent pavement profile, followed by data preprocessing. Subsequently, it computes time and frequency domain features for the equivalent pavement profile and response information, and key features are extracted using the ReliefF algorithm. A radial basis function neural network is used to construct a classifier for pavement grading and recognition. Finally, the robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified through simulation tests and realvehicle tests with different vehicle parameters and speeds.

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路面不平度对道路车辆行驶安全性及车辆动力学响应具有重要影响。通过将路面不平度识别与先进悬架控制结合,有望能进一步提升乘员舒适性和车辆的操纵稳定性。现有基于数据驱动的路面分类方法难以高效处理时变参数与车速,现有基于模型的路面识别算法需要已知精确车辆模型,在实际应用中面临车辆物理参数难以获得的问题。提出一种融合模型和数据驱动的路面分类算法,采用基于模型的方法反算等效路面轮廓,结合数据预处理方法,对车辆响应和反算等效路面轮廓数据进行滤波;对等效路面轮廓和响应信息进行时域频域特征计算,采用ReliefF算法进行关键特征提取,构建基于径向基函数神经网络的路面分类器,进行路面分级识别;通过仿真试验和实车试验验证了不同车辆参数和车速下所提出的算法鲁棒性。

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秦也辰(1988-),男,北京市人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为智能车辆动力学控制。Tel:010-68911372 E-mail:
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陈凯(1995-),男,河南郑州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为路面识别。Tel:15116439587 E-mail:

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陈凯(1995-),男,河南郑州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为路面识别。Tel:15116439587 E-mail:

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陈凯(1995-),男,河南郑州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为路面识别。Tel:15116439587 E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=Z4TQuNtOsup2Vozdca1WvQ==, figureFileBig=LAZVCAGIk5KzNKz9jK5xUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154016961269846879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
${m}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 410
${m}_{\mathrm{w}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 40
${k}_{\mathrm{s}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}}\right)$ 18 514
${k}_{\mathrm{t}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}}\right)$ 210 000
${c}_{\mathrm{p}}/\left( {\mathrm{{kNs}}/\mathrm{m}}\right)$ 2000
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961320178527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=四分之一车辆模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
${m}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 410
${m}_{\mathrm{w}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 40
${k}_{\mathrm{s}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}}\right)$ 18 514
${k}_{\mathrm{t}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m}}\right)$ 210 000
${c}_{\mathrm{p}}/\left( {\mathrm{{kNs}}/\mathrm{m}}\right)$ 2000
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特征 方差 SRA RMS 最大值 能量 IRI
路面高程 时域特征 1 2 3 4 N/A 43
频域特征 能量 N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 N/A
aA2 6 10 14 18 N/A N/A
Ad2 7 11 15 19 N/A N/A
Da2 8 12 16 20 N/A N/A
Dd2 9 13 17 21 N/A N/A
车辆响应 时域特征 22 23 24 25 N/A N/A
频域特征 能量 N/A N/A N/A N/A 26 N/A
aA2 27 31 35 39 N/A N/A
Ad2 28 32 36 40 N/A N/A
Da2 29 33 37 41 N/A N/A
Dd2 30 34 38 42 N/A N/A
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特征 方差 SRA RMS 最大值 能量 IRI
路面高程 时域特征 1 2 3 4 N/A 43
频域特征 能量 N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 N/A
aA2 6 10 14 18 N/A N/A
Ad2 7 11 15 19 N/A N/A
Da2 8 12 16 20 N/A N/A
Dd2 9 13 17 21 N/A N/A
车辆响应 时域特征 22 23 24 25 N/A N/A
频域特征 能量 N/A N/A N/A N/A 26 N/A
aA2 27 31 35 39 N/A N/A
Ad2 28 32 36 40 N/A N/A
Da2 29 33 37 41 N/A N/A
Dd2 30 34 38 42 N/A N/A
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961525699428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路面类型 车速/(km/h) 路面长度/m
A 级路面 20,40,60 每种车速各 5000
B 级路面 20,40,60 每种车速各 5000
C级路面 20,40,60 每种车速各 5000
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路面类型 车速/(km/h) 路面长度/m
A 级路面 20,40,60 每种车速各 5000
B 级路面 20,40,60 每种车速各 5000
C级路面 20,40,60 每种车速各 5000
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索引号 描述
20 路面高程 Da2 最大值
2 路面高程 SRA
13 路面高程Dd2 SRA
43 路面 IRI
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961680888683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
索引号 描述
20 路面高程 Da2 最大值
2 路面高程 SRA
13 路面高程Dd2 SRA
43 路面 IRI
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961739608941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路面类型 召回率 误检率
A 级路面 0.980 0.008
B 级路面 0.974 0.029
C级路面 0.990 0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961844466543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=分类模型评价, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路面类型 召回率 误检率
A 级路面 0.980 0.008
B 级路面 0.974 0.029
C级路面 0.990 0.017
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961911575409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路面类型 召回率 误检率
A 级路面 0.968 0.018
B 级路面 0.960 0.056
C级路面 0.974 0.022
), ArticleFig(id=1154016961957712755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=簧载质量增大后分类模型评价, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路面类型 召回率 误检率
A 级路面 0.968 0.018
B 级路面 0.960 0.056
C级路面 0.974 0.022
), ArticleFig(id=1154016962016433013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路面类型 召回率 误检率
A 级路面 0.972 0.022
B 级路面 0.956 0.047
C级路面 0.980 0.021
), ArticleFig(id=1154016962075153271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=CN, label=表 8, caption=簧载质量减小后分类模型评价, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路面类型 召回率 误检率
A 级路面 0.972 0.022
B 级路面 0.956 0.047
C级路面 0.980 0.021
), ArticleFig(id=1154016962129679225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
索引号 描述
4 空间域路面高程最大值
2 路面高程SRA
43 路面 IRI
26 车辆响应 Ad2 最大值
), ArticleFig(id=1154016962192593787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=CN, label=表 9, caption=特征选取结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
索引号 描述
4 空间域路面高程最大值
2 路面高程SRA
43 路面 IRI
26 车辆响应 Ad2 最大值
), ArticleFig(id=1154016962247119741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路面类型 召回率 误检率
随机短波路 0.800 0.027
沥青挤压变形路 1 0
平整路面 1 0.167
), ArticleFig(id=1154016962318422911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1154016879887765532, language=CN, label=表 10, caption=分类模型评价, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路面类型 召回率 误检率
随机短波路 0.800 0.027
沥青挤压变形路 1 0
平整路面 1 0.167
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基于ReliefF-RBF的路面不平度识别算法研究
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陈凯 1 , 史少阳 1 , 程姗姗 2 , 秦也辰 1
汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024,14(1): 49-59
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汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024, 14(1): 49-59
基于ReliefF-RBF的路面不平度识别算法研究
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陈凯1 , 史少阳1, 程姗姗2, 秦也辰1
作者信息
  • 1 北京理工大学 北京 100081
  • 2 交通运输部公路科学研究院 北京 100088
  • 陈凯(1995-),男,河南郑州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为路面识别。Tel:15116439587 E-mail:

通讯作者:


秦也辰(1988-),男,北京市人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为智能车辆动力学控制。Tel:010-68911372 E-mail:
Research on Road Roughness Recognition Algorithm Based on ReliefF-RBF
Kai CHEN1 , Shaoyang SHI1, Shanshan CHENG2, Yechen QIN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
  • 2 Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport Beijing 100088 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.05
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路面不平度对道路车辆行驶安全性及车辆动力学响应具有重要影响。通过将路面不平度识别与先进悬架控制结合,有望能进一步提升乘员舒适性和车辆的操纵稳定性。现有基于数据驱动的路面分类方法难以高效处理时变参数与车速,现有基于模型的路面识别算法需要已知精确车辆模型,在实际应用中面临车辆物理参数难以获得的问题。提出一种融合模型和数据驱动的路面分类算法,采用基于模型的方法反算等效路面轮廓,结合数据预处理方法,对车辆响应和反算等效路面轮廓数据进行滤波;对等效路面轮廓和响应信息进行时域频域特征计算,采用ReliefF算法进行关键特征提取,构建基于径向基函数神经网络的路面分类器,进行路面分级识别;通过仿真试验和实车试验验证了不同车辆参数和车速下所提出的算法鲁棒性。

路面不平度  /  车辆动力学  /  数据驱动  /  加速度传感器  /  路面识别

Road surface unevenness significantly affects both the driving safety of road vehicles and their dynamic responses. However, the existing datadriven methods for road surface classification struggle to efficiently handle timevarying parameters and vehicle speeds. Meanwhile, the existing modelbased road surface recognition algorithms require known and accurate vehicle models, facing the challenge of acquiring vehicle physical parameters in realworld applications. This paper proposes a novel pavement classification algorithm that begins by backcalculating the equivalent pavement profile, followed by data preprocessing. Subsequently, it computes time and frequency domain features for the equivalent pavement profile and response information, and key features are extracted using the ReliefF algorithm. A radial basis function neural network is used to construct a classifier for pavement grading and recognition. Finally, the robustness of the proposed algorithm is verified through simulation tests and realvehicle tests with different vehicle parameters and speeds.

road roughness  /  vehicle dynamics  /  data driven  /  accelerometer  /  pavement recognition
陈凯, 史少阳, 程姗姗, 秦也辰. 基于ReliefF-RBF的路面不平度识别算法研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (1) : 49 -59 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.05
Kai CHEN, Shaoyang SHI, Shanshan CHENG, Yechen QIN. Research on Road Roughness Recognition Algorithm Based on ReliefF-RBF[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (1) : 49 -59 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.05
随着汽车的大范围普及, 公路等基础设施的完善以及智能驾驶技术的快速发展, 世界各国和不同企业对路面质量监控、车辆乘员舒适性和操纵安全性越来越重视 [ 1 ] 。中国国务院办公厅发布《“十四五”现代综合交通运输体系发展规划》,提出需要建设交通基础设施长期性能科学观测网, 强化道路常态化预防性养护。路面不平度描述了路面的起伏程度, 是路面质量最有效的评价指标之一, 为道路维护提供重要的保障 [ 2 - 3 ] 。同时,路面不平度也是车辆行驶过程中的主要激励源, 直接影响车辆乘员舒适性、操纵稳定性和零部件疲劳寿命。先进技术的应用使车辆悬架控制成为可能, 可提升车辆乘员舒适性和操纵稳定性。路面不平度的准确感知能为悬架提供先验信息, 实现可控悬架调节, 改善车辆乘员舒适性和操纵稳定性 [ 4 ]
目前,路面识别方法主要分为 3 种类型 [ 5 ] : 接触式测量、非接触式测量以及基于系统响应的方法。 接触式测量法需要专用路面测量仪, 如通用汽车研究实验室 (General Motors Research Laboratories) 研制的 GMR 路面计 [ 6 ] ,这种方法在中低速工况中有很高的测量精度, 但需要额外安装路面测量仪, 成本高昂, 测量效率低下, 限制了其大规模应用 [ 7 ] ,同时,接触式测量法在高速工况下会存在测量轮跳离路面的情况,造成测量错误 [ 8 ] 。非接触式测量法基于惯性基准原理,利用车载非接触式传感器(激光雷达、超声波雷达、相机)进行路面高程测量。这种方法虽然比接触式测量法更先进, 但同样存在设备结构复杂、操作不便、成本高昂和无法适应复杂环境的问题, 限制了其在中低端车辆中的应用 [ 9 ] 。基于系统响应的方法则利用常规车载传感器获取车辆响应信息, 通过响应信息间接识别路面。随着车载传感器的逐渐丰富, 这种方法可以利用车辆本身携带的传感器, 易于应用, 更有利于可控悬架的发展。
根据路面状况和车辆响应之间的构造关系, 基于系统响应的路面识别方法又可以分为基于模型的识别和基于数据驱动 (Data-driven) 的识别。基于模型的识别以车辆模型为基础, 构建车辆响应和路面之间的关系识别路面状况 [ 10 ] ,主要包括卡尔曼滤波方法、构建观测器法、自适应超扭曲法、基于传递函数法等。其中, JOHNSSON 等 [ 11 ] 构建四分之一车辆模型, 以非簧载加速度为输入, 实现基于传递函数的路面识别。刘浪等 [ 12 ] 基于半车模型, 设计考虑车辆加速度的增广卡尔曼滤波, 实现路面不平度的识别。基于模型的路面识别精确度完全取决于建立系统模型的准确性。基于数据驱动的识别不依赖车辆模型, 通过训练建立已知路面工况和对应工况下车辆响应信息之间的映射关系, 然后基于映射关系进行实时路面识别 [ 9 ] 。谷正气等 [ 13 ] 建立自卸车 14 自由度模型, 引入 BP 神经网络算法, 以座椅加速度作为输入,识别矿山路面不平度。 LIANG Guanqun 等 [ 14 ] 使用训练后的长短期记忆网络进行路面激励的识别。谷盛丰等 [ 15 ] 使用应用径向基神经网络识别进行路面不平度的识别, 并对神经网络输入选择、输入方案确定等问题提出一种解决方法。基于数据驱动只能识别已经经过数据集训练的路面, 无法在新的和不可预见的情况下输出未经训练的结果。现有研究仍有两个主要问题没有解决: 首先, 相似路面工况激励的车辆响应相似, 会降低路面识别的精准度, 算法鲁棒性较差; 其次, 车辆的响应会因为车速的变化而受到影响, 在相同工况下,车速越高,路面激励能量越大,常见的解决办法是将车辆速度作为一个变量进行训练 [ 16 ] 。 该方法虽然能得到较满意的结果, 但由于需要考虑不同速度下控制器参数的变化来扩展训练集的维数, 所以训练时间和人工劳动量都会大幅增加。为了克服这些问题, 本文提出了一种结合模型与数据驱动基于 ReliefF 特征选择算法和径向基函数神经网络 (Radial Basis Function, RBF) 的路面不平度识别算法 (ReliefF-RBF), 通过模型方法先进行等效路面轮廓识别, 然后根据估计的等效路面轮廓和响应信息进行时域和频域特征计算,再采用 ReliefF-RBF 算法, 先进行有效特征筛选, 并根据较少的有效特征进行路面类型识别。
1/4 车辆模型结构简单, 可以较好地反映车辆的垂向振动, 在悬架垂向动力学中应用广泛。建立如 图 1 所示的模型, 根据牛顿第二定律, 其动力学方程为:
$ {m}_{\mathrm{b}}{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{b}} + {k}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( {{x}_{\mathrm{b}} - {x}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right) + {c}_{p}\left( {{\dot{x}}_{\mathrm{b}} - {\dot{x}}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right) = 0, \\ {m}_{\mathrm{w}}{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{w}} + {k}_{\mathrm{t}}\left( {{x}_{\mathrm{w}} - {x}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right) - {k}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( {{x}_{\mathrm{b}} - {x}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right) + {c}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( {{x}_{\mathrm{w}} - {x}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right) = {0}_{ \circ } $
式中: ${m}_{\mathrm{b}}$${m}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 分别为簧载质量和非簧载质量; ${k}_{\mathrm{s}}$${k}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为弹簧刚度和轮胎刚度,单位 $\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{m};{c}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为悬架阻尼系数,单位 $\mathrm{{kNs}}/\mathrm{m};{x}_{\mathrm{b}}\text{、}{x}_{\mathrm{w}}$${x}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为簧载质量位移、非簧载质量位移和道路剖面位移,单位 $\mathrm{m}$ 。 其中,轮胎被简化为仅有垂直刚度的弹簧 [ 17 ] ,具体参数见 表 1
利用数学工具根据路面统计特性进行路面不平度建模。
谐波叠加法是一种基于严密数学推理, 一种利用路面不平度系数重构路面不平度的路面重构算法 [ 7 ] ,具有精度高、理论严密等特点。后文根据谐波叠加法生成空间域路面不平度模型, 作为仿真路面激励输入, 即:
$ q\left( l\right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}\sqrt{2{G}_{\mathrm{q}}\left( {n}_{\text{mid } - i}\right) \Delta {n}_{i}}\sin \left( {{2\pi }{n}_{\text{mid } - i}l + {\theta }_{i}}\right) 。 $
式中: $l$ 为生成路面长度,单位 $\mathrm{m};{G}_{\mathrm{q}}\left( {n}_{\text{mid } - i}\right)$ 为区间中心谱密度; $\Delta {n}_{i}$ 为频率区间; ${\theta }_{i}$ 为在 $\left\lbrack {0,{2\pi }}\right\rbrack$ 上符合均匀分布且相互独立的随机变量。
图 2 所示, 本文设计的 ReliefF-RBF 算法总体流程可分为在线路面类型识别、离线分类器训练两部分。其中, 离线部分可分为等效路面轮廓估计、 特征计算、特征选取以及信号分类 4 部分。
首先采用基于模型的方法对车辆响应进行路面等效轮廓识别, 获取空间域路面高程信息和车辆响应信息;随后对路面高程信息和车辆响应信息进行特征计算, 分别计算对应的时域特征和频域特征, 获取待筛选特征;然后基于 ReliefF 算法进行优选特征选取, 并以此为基础缩减分类器的输入特征维度, 完成径向基函数神经网络分类器设计。
本部分采用文献 [ 9 ] 中的方法进行路面等效输入计算。
如式(2)所示, 通过对式 (1) 进行 Laplace 变换, 可求得系统非簧载质量加速度与路面高程输人的传递函数。
$ H{\left( s\right) }_{{\widetilde{x}}_{\mathrm{w}} \sim {x}_{\mathrm{r}}} = \frac{{m}_{\mathrm{w}}{m}_{\mathrm{b}}{s}^{4} + \left( {{c}_{\mathrm{p}}{m}_{\mathrm{b}} + {c}_{\mathrm{p}}{m}_{\mathrm{w}}}\right) {s}^{3} + A + {B}_{k}{k}_{\mathrm{t}}A}{{m}_{\mathrm{b}}{k}_{\mathrm{t}}{s}^{4} + {c}_{\mathrm{p}}{k}_{\mathrm{t}}{s}^{3} + {k}_{\mathrm{s}}{k}_{\mathrm{t}}{s}^{2}}, \\ A = \left( {{m}_{\mathrm{w}}{k}_{\mathrm{s}} + {m}_{\mathrm{b}}{k}_{\mathrm{s}} + {m}_{\mathrm{b}}{k}_{\mathrm{t}} + {c}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2} - {c}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}{m}_{\mathrm{w}}/{m}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right) {s}^{2}, \\ B = \left( {{c}_{\mathrm{p}}{k}_{\mathrm{t}} + {c}_{\mathrm{p}}{k}_{\mathrm{s}} - {c}_{\mathrm{p}}{k}_{\mathrm{s}}{m}_{\mathrm{w}}/{m}_{\mathrm{b}}}\right) {s}_{ \circ } $
式中: $s$ 为复变量。
通过式(2)中的传递函数和非簧载质量加速度生成时间域等效路面高程。
根据 ISO 8608 中路面功率谱密度的相关定义 [ 2 ] 可知, 所研究路面激励空间频率范围主要集中于 ${0.011} \sim {2.83}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{-1}$ 之间,因此,为剔除数据中的高频噪声以及减少车速变化对等效路面高程和车辆响应的影响, 对时间域等效路面高程和车辆响应进行带通滤波, 其中, 带通滤波截止频率根据车速大小和路面激励频率范围综合设定。利用车速信息对滤波后时间域等效路面高程和车辆响应信息进行时空转换, 获取空间域路面高程和车辆响应数据。
图 3 所示, 对经过时空转换的两类数据分别以 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 为步长提取空间样本,对每段样本进行特征计算。
由文献 [ 18 ] 可知, 方差、方均幅值 (Square Root of Amplitude, SRA)、均方根值 (Root Mean Square, RMS)以及最大值 4 种统计特征对路面激励等级变化具有良好辨识度, 所以选择以上 4 种统计特征进行后续路面识别的研究, 以上 4 种统计特征可以通过式(4)〜(7)计算。
$ \text{Variance} = \sqrt{\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{N}{\left( x\left( n\right) - \bar{x}\right) }^{2}}{N - 1}}\text{。} $
$ \operatorname{SRA} = {\left( \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{N}\sqrt{\left| x\left( n\right) \right| }}{N}\right) }^{2}。 $
$ \text{ RMS } = \sqrt{\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{N}{\left( x\left( n\right) \right) }^{2}}{N}}\text{ 。 } $
$ \operatorname{Max} = \left| {x\left( n\right) }\right| \text{。} $
由于路面激励频率主要集中于 ${0.011} \sim {2.83}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{-1}$ , 所以对数据预处理后的空间域等效路面高程数据和等效空间域车辆响应数据分别进行 2 层小包分解, 并根据其频率范围进行子信号的自动提取, 如 图 4 所示。
根据选定的 4 种统计特征和两类数据各自时域信号和 4 个频段的子信号, 一共可以获得 40 个时频特征。
计算两类数据各频段子信号总能量, 具体定义如下式, 一共可以获得 2 个能量特征。
$ \text{ Energy } = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 2}}^{6}a{D}_{i}{}^{2} + \mathrm{d}{A}_{3}{}^{2}\text{ 。 } $
路面粗糙度也是描述路面特征常用的统计特征, 计算每段样本路面高程 IRI [ 2 ] ,一共可以获得 1 个特征。
综上所述, 每段样本有 43 个特征, 具体列表见 表 2
上文所述 43 个特征均能被用于进行分类计算, 但并非所有特征都为有效特征。通过分析不同特征对识别结果的影响, 提取与分类相关性大的特征, 能减少算法复杂度, 提高分类器分类效果。本部分采用ReliefF算法进行优选特征选择。
ReliefF算法是 KONONENKO [ 19 ] 在 Relief 算法的基础上提出的用于解决多分类问题的算法。在进行多类问题的特征选择工作时, ReliefF 算法先从训练集中随机选择一个样本 $R$ ,从其同类和异类集合中各选 $k$ 个近邻样本,更新响应权重,选取多个更新样本点重复上述过程更新特征, 最终得到特征的平均权重评分, 选择权重大的特征为优选特征。算法伪代码见 表 3
$ W\left\lbrack A\right\rbrack = W\left\lbrack A\right\rbrack - \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{k}\operatorname{diff}\left( {A,{T}_{i},{H}_{j}}\right) /\left( {m \cdot k}\right) + \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{C \neq \operatorname{class}\left( {T}_{i}\right) }}\left\lbrack {\frac{P\left( C\right) }{1 - P\left( {\operatorname{class}\left( {T}_{i}\right) }\right) }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{k}\operatorname{diff}\left( {A,{T}_{i}}\right. }\right. \text{,} \\ \left. \left. {{M}_{j}\left( C\right) }\right) \right\rbrack /\left( {m \cdot k}\right) \text{。} $
式中: $C$ 为第 $C$ 类特征; $\operatorname{class}\left( {T}_{i}\right)$ 为样本点 ${T}_{i}$ 所属于的类标签; $P\left( C\right)$ 为第 $C$ 类样本的概率; $\operatorname{diff}\left( {A,{T}_{1},{T}_{2}}\right)$ 为样本 ${T}_{1}$${T}_{2}$ 在特征 $A$ 上的欧氏距离; ${M}_{j}\left( C\right)$ 为第 $C$ 类数据中的第 $j$ 个样本点。
表 3 ReliefF 算法伪代码
输入: 训练集 $D$ ,采样次数 $m$ ,最近邻数 $k$
输出: 特征的贡献权重向量 $W$
1) 初始化 $W = 0$ ;
2)遍历每个采样点
3)在 $D$ 中随机选择样本 ${T}_{i}$
4)在 ${R}_{i}$ 同类中寻找最邻近 $k$ 个样本 ${H}_{i}$
5)对于每个 $C \neq \operatorname{class}\left( {T}_{i}\right)$ ,找到 $k$ 个最邻近样本 ${M}_{j}\left( C\right)$
6)遍历每个特征
7)如下式更新每个特征的贡献权值
8)end
9)end
为利用选取后得到的特征进行等级分类, 本节使用RBF 神经网络构建分类器。RBF 神经网络是一种具有输入层、单个隐含层和输出层的 3 层前馈型神经网络 [ 20 ] 。其基本思想是利用RBF作为隐单元的 “基” 构成隐含层空间, 把低维的输入矢量通过投影变换到高维空间, 其基本结构如 图 5 所示。
由RBF构成的隐含层空间, 可以将输入矢量直接映射到隐空间, 从而不需要通过权连接, 因此, 输入层和隐含层之间的连接权值均为 1 。其仅在隐含层和输出层之间有权值, 隐含层的传递函数为径向基函数。
常用的径向基函数有高斯函数, 如式 (10) 所示。
$ \phi \left( u\right) = {\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{u}^{2}}{{v}^{2}}}。 $
径向基函数方差计算为:
$ {c}_{\max } = \max \left( {c}_{i}\right) 。 $
$ \sigma = \frac{{c}_{m}}{\sqrt{2h}}。 $
隐含层与输出层之间权值计算为:
$ {\omega }_{ij} = \exp \left( {\frac{h}{{c}^{2}}{\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{p} - {c}_{i}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2}}\right) 。 $
$\mathrm{{RBF}}$ 神经网络的输出为:
$ {y}_{j} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{h}{w}_{ij}\exp \left( {-\frac{1}{2{\sigma }_{i}}{\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{p} - {c}_{i}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2}}\right) 。 $
式中: ${y}_{j}$$\mathrm{{RBF}}$ 神经网络的输出; ${x}_{p}$ 为第 $p$ 个输入样本; ${c}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个中心点; ${\sigma }_{i}$ 为函数第 $i$ 个中心点的宽度; ${w}_{ij}$ 为隐含层神经元 $i$ 与输出层神经元 $j$ 之间的连接权值系数; $h$ 为隐含层的节点数; $n$ 为输出的样本数或分类数。
为验证ReliefF-RBF算法的有效性, 利用 CarSim进行仿真分析。
利用谐波叠加法生成不同车速下 $\mathrm{A},\mathrm{\;B}$$\mathrm{C}$ 三种等级的随机道路剖面作为路面集, 具体路面集定义见 表 4
在 CarSim 中选择 B-Class Hatchback 作为对象, 将车辆参数改为 2.1 中的 1/4 车辆模型参数。然后将不同车速下不同类型路面激励( 图 6 )输入 CarSim 车辆模型, 采集响应信号。选择非簧载加速度作为参与分类的系统响应, 通过基于模型的方式计算等效路面轮廓。 图 7 ~9 为数据预处理前后车辆响应对比。 图 10 为相同车速下不同路面类型路面激励下车辆响应图, 图 11 ~12 为未经数据预处理和经数据预处理计算所得等效路面轮廓对比。
图 7 ~10 所示,由于在仿真环境中没有噪声影响, 因此, 相对于路面差异带来的影响, 数据预处理对车辆响应影响较小。因此, 在后续计算中仅对加速度做截止频率 ${500}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的高通滤波。
图 11 ~12 所示,在未进行滤波的前提下, 中高速工况下 B 级路面、C 级路面的路面高程包含大量不属于路面激励频率范围的低频路面高程数据, 因此, 需要对等效路面高程进行滤波。在根据路面激励频率范围进行路面滤波后, 易于提取有别于其余路面类型的有效特征。
根据 3.3 节所述的特征计算方法,以 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 为步长从空间域数据中提取样本,3 种路面各长 ${15000}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 从中共获取 4500 个样本, 计算每个样本的特征, 并采用 ReliefF 算法进行特征选择, 选择前 4 个优选特征组成特征向量, 可以得到 表 5 所示的特征选取结果。
将所有 3 种路面的 4 500 个特征向量组成数据集, 每种路面包含 1500 个特征向量, 对每种路面的特征向量进行随机抽样, 从每种路面的特征向量中各选取 1000 个特征向量,共 3000 个特征向量组成训练集, 剩余 1500 个特征向量组成检验集, 以召回率 (recall) 和误检率 (fa rate) 作为评价标准对训练后的分类模型进行评价 [ 21 ] 。其中,召回率评价算法的精确程度, 误检率评价分类模型的可靠程度。具体定义如式(15)所示。
$ \text{recall} = \mathrm{{TP}}/\left( {\mathrm{{TP}} + \mathrm{{FN}}}\right) \text{,} $
$ \text{farate} = \mathrm{{FP}}/{\left( \mathrm{{FP}} + \mathrm{{TN}}\right) }_{ \circ } $
表 5 特征选取结果
式中: True Positive (TP) 为正样本预测为正样本的样本数;False Negative (FN) 为正样本预测为负样本的样本数;False Positive (FP) 为负样本预测为正样本的样本数;True Negative (TN) 为负样本预测为负样本的样本数。
正常模型识别结果如 表 6图 13 所示。
在车辆运行过程中, 由于乘客数量和载货量的改变, 系统簧载质量会产生一定变化。为说明上文所提出的方法在不同簧载质量下的识别精度, 保留原有训练集, 改变车辆簧载质量, 重新进行特征计算,替换原有检验集,为突出参数影响程度,试验分为两组,分别为增加 ${100}\% \left( {+6\mathrm{\;{dB}}}\right)$ 以及簧载质量减小 ${50}\% \left( {-6\mathrm{\;{dB}}}\right)$
更换检测集后重新进行分类, 不同参数下的分类结果如 图 14 ~15 所示,分类效果见 表 7 ~8。
图 13 ~15 和 表 6 ~8 可知, ReliefF-RBF 算法在不同工况下能得到比较良好的分类效果, 对车辆参数变化有较好的鲁棒性, 能有效消除车速变化带来的影响。由识别结果可知, B 级路面总体召回率较差,误检率较高, A 级路面和 $\mathrm{C}$ 级路面相互的错检为 0 ,这表明识别精度与两个相邻路面等级差异相关, 较大的路面频率结构以及激励能量差异能提高识别精度。此外, 对比分析簧载质量变化后的结果, 当簧载质量发生大的变化时路面分类精度会有较大波动, 但整体召回率仍高于 0.95, 表明车辆行驶过程中的人员加减情况对分类效果影响较小, 验证了算法在簧载质量变化时的识别精度。
为了在实际环境中验证算法的有效性, 进行实车试验。通过在车轮处布置加速度传感器采集车辆左后轮的加速度, 实车和采集系统如 图 16 所示。 试验车以不同车速匀速行驶于随机短波路、沥青挤压变形路、平整路面,每段路长 ${150}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。数据采集系统采样频率为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$
根据 图 5 所示, 通过建立由左后非簧载加速度到路面激励的传递函数, 以左后非簧载加速度响应作为输入, 计算等效路面轮廓, 如 图 17 所示。
根据 3.3 节所述的特征计算方法, 对经过时空转换的两类数据分别以 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 为步长提取样本,3 种路面各 ${300}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,从中共获取 90 个样本。每种路面各 30 个样本, 计算每个样本的特征, 并采用 ReliefF 算法进行特征选择, 选择前 4 个优选特征组成特征向量, 可以得到 表 9 所示的特征选取结果。
将所有 3 种路面的 90 个特征向量组成数据集, 每种路面包含 30 个特征向量, 对每种路面的特征向量进行随机抽样, 各选取 20 个特征向量, 共 60 个特征向量组成训练集, 剩余 30 个特征向量组成检验集, 以召回率和误检率作为评价标准对训练后的分类模型进行评价, 得到分类结果如 图 18 所示, 分类模型在测试集上的分类效果见 表 10
图 18 可知, 通过 ReliefF-RBF 算法能在较小数据集的情况下得到比较理想的分类结果。由识别结果可知, 识别中的错误主要出现在随机短波路中。由 图 17 ~18 可知,错误识别的区域位于随机短波路中较平缓的部分, 与平整路面差异较小, 导致这部分随机短波路面更容易被误识别为平整路面,说明识别精度与两个路面频率结构以及激励能量差异存在一定相关性。
本文提出了一种结合基于 ReliefF 特征选择算法和径向基函数神经网络的路面类型识别算法。该法基于模型的方法反算等效路面轮廓, 为消除车速影响, 结合路面功率谱密度的相关定义对数据进行预处理, 然后基于等效路面轮廓和车辆响应计算关键特征向量, 采用 ReliefF-RBF 算法进行路面分类, 增强算法鲁棒性。设计包含不同等级路面作为路面激励, 进行仿真, 结果表明, ReliefF-RBF算法能实现不同车速下不同类型路面的有效分类。为验证算法在实际环境中的有效性, 设计包含 3 种不同类型路面的实车试验, 通过实车试验进一步验证了本算法的准确性和在变车速工况的有效性。
后续研究工作可以从以下几个方面开展:
1)研究参数变化对分类精确度的影响, 提升算法鲁棒性;
2)探究对路面频率结构以及激励能量敏感度更高的特征,提高相似路面工况下的路面分类能力;
3)研究采用不同特征选择算法和神经网络分类算法对路面识别精度的影响;
4)研究基于路面特征识别结果的主动悬架控制。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52272386)
  • 中国汽车工程学会青年人才托举计划
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.01.05
  • 接收时间:2023-02-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-27
  • 修回日期:2023-04-03
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52272386)
中国汽车工程学会青年人才托举计划
作者信息
    1 北京理工大学 北京 100081
    2 交通运输部公路科学研究院 北京 100088

通讯作者:


秦也辰(1988-),男,北京市人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为智能车辆动力学控制。Tel:010-68911372 E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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