Article(id=1153982910727181088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153982905148760948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.09, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677686400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-02, revisedDate=1686499200000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753060565883, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753060565883, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753060565883, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753060565883, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153982905148760948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='2', pageStart='155', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753060564553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481557522, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172525893714063985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153982905148760948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172525893714063986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153982905148760948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=255, endPage=263, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153982911314383650, articleId=1153982910727181088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Optimizing Control and Stability of a Light Commercial Vehicle Based on MOPSO, columnId=1153756965063877395, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=System Dynamics Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of large roll angle rates in the steadystate circular testing of a light commercial vehicle, its suspension system is optimized and improved. The multibody dynamics model of the vehicle is established using ADAMS/car. The accuracy of the suspension simulation model is verified by the antiphase parallel wheel travel test for the front suspension and theoretical calculations for the rear suspension. Through simulation analysis of the vehicle's steadystate circular test and oncenter steering test, it is concluded that the roll angle rate is higher than desired. To achieve the automated process of stability optimization analysis, a cosimulation method based on modeFRONTIER is proposed. Taking the suspension design parameters as optimization variables, and targeting the roll angle rate and yaw rate time delay as the optimization objectives, a hybrid agent model was fitted using the Latin hypercube experiment design method. This model was combined with the multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO) to carry out the multiobjective optimization of the suspension system, and the optimization scheme of the suspension system is obtained. The optimization results show that, while maintaining ride comfort, the roll angle rate is reduced by 13.93% and the yaw rate time delay is reduced by 2.75%, resulting in improved vehicle control and stability.

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针对某轻型商用车稳态回转时侧倾度偏大的问题对其悬架进行优化改进。基于ADAMS/car搭建整车多体动力学模型,通过前悬架反向平行轮跳试验、后悬架理论计算验证了悬架仿真模型的准确性。进行整车稳态回转工况和转向盘中间位置转向工况仿真分析,结果表明,车身侧倾度偏高。为实现操纵稳定性优化分析的流程自动化,提出了基于modeFRONTIER的联合仿真方法。以悬架设计参数为优化变量,以汽车的侧倾度与横摆角速度响应滞后时间为优化目标,采用拉丁超立方试验设计方法拟合得到混合代理模型,并结合多目标粒子群优化算法对悬架系统进行多目标优化,获得了悬架系统优化方案。优化结果显示,在不影响平顺性的前提下,汽车车身侧倾度降低了13.93%,横摆角速度响应滞后时间降低了2.75%,整车操纵稳定性得到了提升。

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刘错(1995-),男,湖北宜昌人,硕士,主要研究方向为车辆系统动力学。Tel:17386690224 E-mail:

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Multi-Objective Layout Optimization for Branch Pipe of Aero-Engine Based on MOPSO[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2018,54(19):197-203. 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参数 值/规格
整车簧上质量/kg 4020
轴距/mm 3300
前轮距/mm 1740
后轮距/mm 1704
满载质心高度/mm 900
轮胎型号 195/75R16LT
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参数 值/规格
整车簧上质量/kg 4020
轴距/mm 3300
前轮距/mm 1740
后轮距/mm 1704
满载质心高度/mm 900
轮胎型号 195/75R16LT
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设计参数 初始值 下限值 上限值
空气弹簧刚度缩放系数 ${S}_{C}$ 1 0.5 1.5
空载空气弹簧刚度 ${S}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 51.2 25.6 76.8
半载空气弹簧刚度 ${S}_{\mathrm{C}2}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 81.19 40.595 121.785
满载空气弹簧刚度 ${S}_{\mathrm{C}3}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 113.1 56.55 169.65
空气弹簧末端变化距离 ${L}_{\mathrm{{Hn}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 0 -15 270
前悬减震器阻尼缩放系数 ${S}_{\mathrm{{FZ}}}$ 1 0.7 1.3
后悬减震器阻尼缩放系数 ${S}_{\mathrm{{RZ}}}$ 1 0.5 1.5
前横向稳定杆直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{{FA}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20 16 30
后横向稳定杆直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{{RA}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 24 16 30
导向簧的高度 ${H}_{\mathrm{{LA}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20 15 25
后缓冲块的长度缩放系数 ${S}_{\mathrm{{RBL}}}$ 1 0.7 1.4
后缓冲块的刚度缩放系数 ${S}_{\mathrm{{RBS}}}$ 1 0.7 1.3
前悬架扭杆弹簧的刚度 ${C}_{\mathrm{T}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 95 000 70000 120 000
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设计参数 初始值 下限值 上限值
空气弹簧刚度缩放系数 ${S}_{C}$ 1 0.5 1.5
空载空气弹簧刚度 ${S}_{\mathrm{{Cl}}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 51.2 25.6 76.8
半载空气弹簧刚度 ${S}_{\mathrm{C}2}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 81.19 40.595 121.785
满载空气弹簧刚度 ${S}_{\mathrm{C}3}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 113.1 56.55 169.65
空气弹簧末端变化距离 ${L}_{\mathrm{{Hn}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 0 -15 270
前悬减震器阻尼缩放系数 ${S}_{\mathrm{{FZ}}}$ 1 0.7 1.3
后悬减震器阻尼缩放系数 ${S}_{\mathrm{{RZ}}}$ 1 0.5 1.5
前横向稳定杆直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{{FA}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20 16 30
后横向稳定杆直径 ${D}_{\mathrm{{RA}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 24 16 30
导向簧的高度 ${H}_{\mathrm{{LA}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20 15 25
后缓冲块的长度缩放系数 ${S}_{\mathrm{{RBL}}}$ 1 0.7 1.4
后缓冲块的刚度缩放系数 ${S}_{\mathrm{{RBS}}}$ 1 0.7 1.3
前悬架扭杆弹簧的刚度 ${C}_{\mathrm{T}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 95 000 70000 120 000
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算法类型 算法名称 输出
传统算法 Ploynominal SVD RAR 0.966
YRG 0.950
YRTD 0.903
RMS 0.875
统计算法 Kriging RAR 1
YRG 0.896
YRTD 0.885
RMS 0.897
Anisotropic Kriging RAR 1
YRG 0.985
YRTD 0.960
RMS 0.922
DACE Kriging RAR 1
YRG 0.882
YRTD 0.819
RMS 0.855
Gaussian Processes RAR 0.957
YRG 0.913
YRTD 0.825
RMS 0.945
高级算法 Neural Networks RAR 1
YRG 0.891
YRTD 0.950
RMS 0.990
Radial Basis Functions RAR 1
YRG 0.973
YRTD 0.967
RMS 0.923
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算法类型 算法名称 输出
传统算法 Ploynominal SVD RAR 0.966
YRG 0.950
YRTD 0.903
RMS 0.875
统计算法 Kriging RAR 1
YRG 0.896
YRTD 0.885
RMS 0.897
Anisotropic Kriging RAR 1
YRG 0.985
YRTD 0.960
RMS 0.922
DACE Kriging RAR 1
YRG 0.882
YRTD 0.819
RMS 0.855
Gaussian Processes RAR 0.957
YRG 0.913
YRTD 0.825
RMS 0.945
高级算法 Neural Networks RAR 1
YRG 0.891
YRTD 0.950
RMS 0.990
Radial Basis Functions RAR 1
YRG 0.973
YRTD 0.967
RMS 0.923
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类型 名称 优化前 优化后
设计参数 ${C}_{\mathrm{r}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 95000 80000
${S}_{\mathrm{{RZ}}}$ 1 1.3
${D}_{\mathrm{{FA}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20 30
${S}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 1 0.9
优化目标 $\mathrm{{RAR}}/\left\lbrack {\left( {}^{ \circ }\right) \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{2}/\mathrm{m}}\right\rbrack$ 0.912 0.785
${N}_{\phi }$ 83.04 93.2
YRT/s 0.182 0.177
蛇形试验 ${N}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 98.63 98.75
转向盘角脉冲输入试验 ${N}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 93.49 95.31
转向盘角阶跃输入试验 ${N}_{\mathrm{J}}$ 90.45 92.52
转向回正性试验 ${N}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 94.22 95.08
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类型 名称 优化前 优化后
设计参数 ${C}_{\mathrm{r}}/\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ 95000 80000
${S}_{\mathrm{{RZ}}}$ 1 1.3
${D}_{\mathrm{{FA}}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20 30
${S}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 1 0.9
优化目标 $\mathrm{{RAR}}/\left\lbrack {\left( {}^{ \circ }\right) \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{2}/\mathrm{m}}\right\rbrack$ 0.912 0.785
${N}_{\phi }$ 83.04 93.2
YRT/s 0.182 0.177
蛇形试验 ${N}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 98.63 98.75
转向盘角脉冲输入试验 ${N}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 93.49 95.31
转向盘角阶跃输入试验 ${N}_{\mathrm{J}}$ 90.45 92.52
转向回正性试验 ${N}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 94.22 95.08
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车速/(km/h) 总加权加速度均方根值 优化百分比/%
优化前 优化后
40 0.2112 0.2067 2.14
60 0.235 5 0.2178 7.54
80 0.262 1 0.2455 6.34
100 0.295 9 0.2824 4.57
120 0.301 2 0.294 8 2.12
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车速/(km/h) 总加权加速度均方根值 优化百分比/%
优化前 优化后
40 0.2112 0.2067 2.14
60 0.235 5 0.2178 7.54
80 0.262 1 0.2455 6.34
100 0.295 9 0.2824 4.57
120 0.301 2 0.294 8 2.12
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基于多目标粒子群优化算法的某轻型商用车操纵稳定性优化研究
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刘锴 1 , 邹小俊 2, 3 , 袁刘凯 3 , 曹灿 3 , 王陶 1 , 王良模 1
汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024,14(2): 255-263
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汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2024, 14(2): 255-263
基于多目标粒子群优化算法的某轻型商用车操纵稳定性优化研究
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刘锴1 , 邹小俊2, 3, 袁刘凯3, 曹灿3, 王陶1, 王良模1
作者信息
  • 1 南京理工大学 机械工程学院 南京 210094
  • 2 东南大学 网络空间安全学院 南京 211189
  • 3 南京依维柯汽车有限公司 南京 210037
  • 刘错(1995-),男,湖北宜昌人,硕士,主要研究方向为车辆系统动力学。Tel:17386690224 E-mail:

Optimizing Control and Stability of a Light Commercial Vehicle Based on MOPSO
Kai LIU1 , Xiaojun ZOU2, 3, Liukai YUAN3, Can CAO3, Tao WANG1, Liangmo WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
  • 2 School of Cyber Science and Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
  • 3 Nanjing Iveco Co., Ltd. Nanjing 210037 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.09
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针对某轻型商用车稳态回转时侧倾度偏大的问题对其悬架进行优化改进。基于ADAMS/car搭建整车多体动力学模型,通过前悬架反向平行轮跳试验、后悬架理论计算验证了悬架仿真模型的准确性。进行整车稳态回转工况和转向盘中间位置转向工况仿真分析,结果表明,车身侧倾度偏高。为实现操纵稳定性优化分析的流程自动化,提出了基于modeFRONTIER的联合仿真方法。以悬架设计参数为优化变量,以汽车的侧倾度与横摆角速度响应滞后时间为优化目标,采用拉丁超立方试验设计方法拟合得到混合代理模型,并结合多目标粒子群优化算法对悬架系统进行多目标优化,获得了悬架系统优化方案。优化结果显示,在不影响平顺性的前提下,汽车车身侧倾度降低了13.93%,横摆角速度响应滞后时间降低了2.75%,整车操纵稳定性得到了提升。

操纵稳定性  /  代理模型  /  联合仿真  /  多目标粒子群优化算法  /  ADAMS/car

To address the issue of large roll angle rates in the steadystate circular testing of a light commercial vehicle, its suspension system is optimized and improved. The multibody dynamics model of the vehicle is established using ADAMS/car. The accuracy of the suspension simulation model is verified by the antiphase parallel wheel travel test for the front suspension and theoretical calculations for the rear suspension. Through simulation analysis of the vehicle's steadystate circular test and oncenter steering test, it is concluded that the roll angle rate is higher than desired. To achieve the automated process of stability optimization analysis, a cosimulation method based on modeFRONTIER is proposed. Taking the suspension design parameters as optimization variables, and targeting the roll angle rate and yaw rate time delay as the optimization objectives, a hybrid agent model was fitted using the Latin hypercube experiment design method. This model was combined with the multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO) to carry out the multiobjective optimization of the suspension system, and the optimization scheme of the suspension system is obtained. The optimization results show that, while maintaining ride comfort, the roll angle rate is reduced by 13.93% and the yaw rate time delay is reduced by 2.75%, resulting in improved vehicle control and stability.

controlling and stability  /  agent model  /  joint simulation  /  multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm  /  ADAMS/car
刘锴, 邹小俊, 袁刘凯, 曹灿, 王陶, 王良模. 基于多目标粒子群优化算法的某轻型商用车操纵稳定性优化研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (2) : 255 -263 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.09
Kai LIU, Xiaojun ZOU, Liukai YUAN, Can CAO, Tao WANG, Liangmo WANG. Optimizing Control and Stability of a Light Commercial Vehicle Based on MOPSO[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (2) : 255 -263 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.09
随着虚拟仿真技术与不同优化算法的应用发展, 汽车操纵稳定性的优化研究呈现出多样化的趋势。相关研究主要集中于两方面, 一方面不少学者基于 ADAMS 等仿真软件建立悬架或整车多体模型, 分析不同参数对操纵稳定性的影响并评估优化前后的操纵稳定性差异[1-2]。高晋等 [ 3 ] 建立了扭转梁后悬架的刚柔耦合多体模型,并通过 NSGA-II多目标优化算法改善了汽车的操纵稳定性。江洪等 [ 4 ] 将空气弹簧Simulink 模型耦合到整车多体模型中, 对横向互联式空气悬架客车与非横向互联式空气悬架客车的操纵稳定性与平顺性进行了对比分析。 SHI Qin 等 [ 5 ] 提出了一种双循环多目标粒子群优化算法, 通过 ADAMS 仿真结果表明, 相比于传统算法, 该算法能得到更好的操纵稳定性与平顺性优化方案。LI Bo 等 [ 6 ] 搭建多体模型,基于D-最优试验设计建立响应面模型, 采用分层遗传粒子群算法提高了汽车的操纵稳定性综合评分。另一方面, 有学者通过构建数学模型, 利用 Matlab 与 CarSim 等软件进行联合数值仿真 [ 7 ] 。田文朋等 [ 8 ] 通过联合仿真, 发现同轴交连式油气悬架更有利于增强汽车的稳定性。El-ZOMOR 等 [ 9 ] 联合ADAMS与Matlab对所提出的主动外倾角系统进行仿真, 分析了轮胎载荷对汽车外倾角的影响, 使执行机构有效地工作到最优外倾角,以提高车辆的操纵稳定性。李炜等 [ 10 ] 通过 Matlab/Simulink 搭建了车辆二自由度模型, 提出了基于传统预瞄误差模型的 PID 控制方法, 通过不同工况下的仿真, 分析了路径跟踪精度与操纵稳定性的负相关性。ZHANG Feng 等 [ 11 ] 通过联合仿真, 表明所提出的基于横摆力矩控制的分层控制策略能显著降低系统的振动, 提高该车操纵稳定性。上述优化方法各有优劣, 前者可用于汽车几何结构与弹性元件特性参数的改进, 但是不同代理模型的适应性尚且没有定论。后者则更易与控制策略进一步结合研究, 但模型精度逊于前者, 且不便于修改硬点、部件尺寸等几何结构。
本文针对某轻型商用车稳态回转时车身侧倾度偏大的特定问题, 基于 modeFRONTIER 建立联合仿真平台, 进行悬架系统设计参数相对灵敏度分析, 通过比较决定系数确定响应量代理模型, 结合多目标粒子群优化算法(Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm, MOPSO), 以车身侧倾度、 横摆角速度响应滞后时间为目标对整车进行操纵稳定性优化。最终,该轻型商用车稳态回转特性有明显改善,整车其他操纵稳定性与随机平顺性略有提升。相关研究可以为提高轻型商用车的操纵稳定性提供一定的依据。
本文以某轻型商用车为研究对象, 其驱动形式为前置后驱, 前悬为双横臂式扭杆弹簧悬架, 后悬采用复合式空气弹簧悬架, 基本参数见 表 1
利用 ADAMS/car 分别搭建转向、前后悬架、 轮胎和车身等子系统模型, 其中前悬架中的扭杆弹簧和后悬架中的导向簧采用非线性梁进行模拟, 而空气弹簧通过 Airspring 模块结合空气弹簧特性曲线进行精确的建模 [ 12 ] ,最终建立整车虚拟样机多体动力学模型。
该轻型商用车 $\mathrm{K}\& \mathrm{C}$ 特性试验,如 图 1 所示。 反向平行轮跳工况前悬架侧倾力矩随车身侧倾角变化的曲线, 如 图 2 所示, 侧倾角刚度即为其在零点处的斜率。前悬架侧倾角刚度对比显示: 前悬架侧倾角刚度试验值为 ${1478}\mathrm{{Nm}}/\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ ,仿真值为 1580 $\mathrm{{Nm}}/\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ ,误差为 ${6.9}\%$ 。可以看出,前悬架侧倾角刚度的试验结果与仿真结果的一致性较好。
可以将 $\mathrm{Z}$ 型导向簧复合式空气弹簧悬架( 图 3 ) 看成是空气弹簧和导向簧后半段串联, 然后再与导向簧前半段并联。在高度阀不充放气的情况下, 复合式空气悬架总刚度与侧倾角刚度的计算如式(1) $\sim$ (2)所示。
$ {C}_{\mathrm{B}} = \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{B}1}{C}_{\mathrm{B}2}}{{C}_{\mathrm{B}1} + {C}_{\mathrm{B}2}} = \frac{\theta {\left( 1 + \theta \right) }^{2}}{K\left( {1 + \theta }\right) + {\theta }^{3}}{C}_{B2}^{\prime } \circ $
$ {C}_{\Phi \mathrm{B}} = \frac{\pi {C}_{\mathrm{B}}\left( {{L}_{\mathrm{B}1}^{2} + K{L}_{\mathrm{B}2}^{2}}\right) }{{3.6} \times {10}^{5}} \cdot \frac{K\left( {1 + \theta }\right) + {\theta }^{3}}{{K\theta }{\left( 1 + \theta \right) }^{2}} \circ $
式中: $\theta$ 为杠杆比, $\theta = a/b = {1.711};a$ 为导向簧前端点 $\mathrm{B}1$ 与车轴中心点 $\mathrm{B}$ 之间的水平距离; $b$ 为空气弹簧安装点 $\mathrm{B}2$ 与车轴中心点 $\mathrm{B}$ 之间的水平距离; $K$ 为刚度比, $K = {C}_{\mathrm{B}2}^{\prime }/{C}_{\mathrm{B}1}^{\prime }$ 为空气弹簧刚度 ${C}_{\mathrm{B}2}^{\prime }$ 与导向簧 $\mathrm{B}1$ 点处刚度 ${C}_{\mathrm{B}1}^{\prime }$ 的比值; ${L}_{\mathrm{B}1}$${L}_{\mathrm{B}2}$ 分别为导向簧左、 右端点跨距与左、右两空气弹簧中心距,单位 mm。
复合式空气悬架根据式(1) $\sim$ (2)计算得到的理论刚度 ${C}_{\mathrm{B}} = {164.39}\mathrm{\;N}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ ,理论角刚度 ${C}_{\Phi \mathrm{B}} =$ 2730.9 Nm/( ${}^{ \circ }$ )。
反向平行轮跳工况下后悬架侧倾力矩随车身侧倾角变化的曲线, 如 图 4 所示, 可以得到后悬架侧倾角刚度仿真值为 ${2886.856}\mathrm{{Nm}}/\left( {}^{ \circ }\right)$ ,与理论值误差率为 5.71%,说明后悬架建模比较准确。
基于以上整车多体动力学模型,按照国标 $\mathrm{{GB}}/$ T 6323-2014《汽车操纵稳定性试验方法》 [ 13 ] 主要针对稳态回转工况和转向盘中间位置转向工况进行仿真, 并依据 QC/T 480-1999 《汽车操纵稳定性指标限值与评价方法》 [ 14 ] 计价评分和分析。
本文采用定半径法, 侧向加速度增加率低于 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3}$ ,直至到达 ${6.5}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 时终止仿真。其目的主要是考察汽车不足转向度 (Under Steer Rate, USR) 和侧倾度 (Roll Angle Rate, RAR) 两项稳态参数。
图 5 稳态回转工况仿真结果
图 5 a 为侧向加速度和前、后轴侧偏角差值的关系曲线,可以提取出侧向加速度为 $2\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 处的平均斜率, 即为不足转向度, 继而可以求得其评分为 87.98。该轻型商用车具有合适的不足转向度。
图 5 b 中可以提取得到车身侧倾度 ${K}_{\Phi } = {0.912}$ $\left( {}^{ \circ }\right) \cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{2}/\mathrm{m}$ ,计算得到车身侧倾度的计价评分 ${N}_{\Phi } =$ 83.04。车身侧倾度未达到预期要求, 车身侧倾度评分不够理想, 该轻型商用车在稳态回转工况下的操纵稳定性有待进一步提高。
在半载、附着性良好的水平路面上, 方向盘以 $5\mathrm{\;s}$ 一个周期进行正弦输入至少 4 个周期,输入幅值需保证最大侧向加速度达到 $2\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$图 6 a 为方向盘转角与横摆角速度之间的关系曲线, 可以得出中心区横摆角速度增益(Yaw Rate Gain, YRG)为 ${0.2}{\mathrm{\;s}}^{-1}$ 左右,处在可接受的范围内。
图 6 b 反映的是方向盘转角与横摆角速度的时间历程曲线, 可以看到横摆角速度相对方向盘转角输入虽有延迟,但变化趋势相似,存在正相关性。
采用以下相关性函数可以得到滞后时间如式 (3)所示。
$ {K}_{xy}\left( \gamma \right) = \mathop{\lim }\limits_{{T \rightarrow \infty }}\frac{1}{T}{\int }_{0}^{\mathrm{T}}x\left( t\right) y\left( {t + \gamma }\right) \mathrm{d}t $
式中: $\gamma$ 为延迟因子; $x$ 为转向盘转角; $y$ 为横摆角速度; $T$ 为积分区域; ${K}_{xy}$ 为相关性系数。
计算可得相关性系数关于延迟因子的函数, 当 ${K}_{xy}$ 取最大值时对应的 $\gamma$ 为延迟时间, $\gamma$ 乘以实际采样频率为最终的横摆角速度响应滞后时间(Yaw Rate Time Delay, YRTD $){0.182}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。说明该轻型商用车转向较灵敏, 但其转向灵敏度仍有进一步优化的空间。
采用多目标优化软件 modeFRONTIER 搭建联合仿真平台 ( 图7 ), 进行悬架系统优化设计, 以提高整车操纵稳定性优化设计的效率和精度。
基于联合仿真平台, 进行悬架设计参数灵敏度分析。选择对优化目标影响较大的设计参数作为需要优化的悬架参数, 初选设计参数及其变化范围见 表 2 。仿真工况分别为稳态回转工况与转向盘中间位置转向工况, 以及随机输入平顺性试验。考虑的优化性能目标包括侧倾度、横摆角速度增益、横摆角速度响应滞后时间和总加权加速度均方根值。
随机拉丁超立方算法生成的样本点具有很好的均匀性和输入无关性, 因此, 采用随机拉丁超立方算法生成了 100 个样本点作为输入。
将输出结果处理成相关性热力图 ( 图 8 ), 其中, 红色代表正相关, 蓝色代表负相关, 相关性系数绝对值至少达到 0.3 代表两个变量之间存在相关性。
可以得出 10 个设计参数与 5 个优化目标之间的相关性:前横向稳定杆的直径对侧倾度呈负相关性, 表明前横向稳定杆的直径越大, 侧倾度越小; 后悬架减振器的阻尼和横摆角速度增益之间为负相关, 说明后悬架减振器阻尼越大, 横摆角速度增益越小; 前悬架扭杆弹簧的刚度对侧倾角、横摆角速度增益与横摆角速度响应滞后时间都有密切影响, 其相关性系数分别为 $- {0.819}\text{、}{0.83}\text{、}{0.958}$ ,说明增加前悬架扭杆弹簧的刚度, 可以明显减小侧倾度, 同时增大横摆角速度增益与横摆角速度响应滞后时间;总加权加速度均方根值(RMS)与空气弹簧刚度、前扭杆弹簧刚度之间均为正相关。而其他设计参数对优化目标的影响不大。
代理模型是在数据基础上建立的所有设计变量和每个输出变量之间的近似函数关系。 表 3 展示了稳态回转工况下的侧倾角 (RAR)、转向盘中间位置转向工况下的横摆角速度增益(YRG)和横摆角速度响应滞后时间 (YRTD), 以及随机输入平顺性试验下的总加权加速度均方根值(RMS)分别随设计变量 (前横向稳定杆直径、后悬架减振器阻尼、 前悬架扭杆弹簧刚度)变化响应的 7 种代理模型。
根据决定系数 ${R}^{2}$ 判断训练数据集生成的代理模型质量好坏, 可以看出, 径向基模型能很好地显示设计变量与横摆角速度响应滞后时间之间的关系, 而各向异性克里金模型对于车身侧倾度、横摆角速度增益与设计变量之间的响应适应性最好, 神经网络模型对于总加权加速度均方根值的响应可信度最高。
基于建立的混合代理模型, 以稳态工况下车身侧倾度 ${K}_{\Phi }$ 、方向盘中间位置转向工况下的横摆角速度响应滞后时间 ${T}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为主要优化目标,以方向盘中间位置转向工况下的横摆角速度增益 ${G}_{\omega }$ 作为约束。 同时, 考虑操纵稳定性与平顺性互相矛盾的问题, 引入总加权加速度均方根值 ${a}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 作为约束。相应的约束范围按照 QC/T 480-1999 和 GB/T 4970-2009 规定的指标限值进行选取, 则该优化问题的数学模型可以描述为:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \min & \left\{ {{K}_{\Phi },{T}_{\mathrm{D}}}\right\} , \\ & \\ \text{ st } & \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {0.5} \leq {S}_{\mathrm{C}},{S}_{\mathrm{{RZ}}} \leq {1.5}, \\ {70000} \leq {C}_{\mathrm{T}} \leq {120000}, \\ {16} \leq {D}_{\mathrm{{FA}}} \leq {30}, \\ {0.18} \leq {G}_{\omega } \leq {0.35}, \\ {g}_{\mathrm{L}} \leq {0.315}, \end{array}\right. \end{array}\right. $
多目标粒子群算法在解决多目标优化问题的同时, 保留了粒子群算法 (PSO) 简单快速的特性 [ 15 ] 。设定种群规模为 100 , 经过 50 代的优化后, 累计得到 5000 个可行的优化设计方案, 其中包含了 916 个 Pareto 最优设计方案 ( 图 9 ),其中红点为 Pareto 的最优设计方案。
优化方案尽可能侧重于提高抗侧倾能力, 根据 Pareto 前沿选择样本点 333, 其优化前后的设计参数与优化目标以及其他工况操纵稳定性评分, 见 表 4 。其中,评分结果按照标准进行仿真得到, ${N}_{\mathrm{S}}$${N}_{\mathrm{M}}$${N}_{\mathrm{J}}$${N}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 分别为蛇形试验、转向盘转角脉冲输入试验、转向盘角阶跃输入试验、转向回正性试验的评价计分值。
表 4 可知, 优化后的扭杆弹簧刚度减小了 5.26%,前横向稳定杆直径增大了 50%,同时后悬架减振器阻尼比增加了 30%,空气弹簧的刚度降低了 10%。
前后悬架经过上述调教后, 在稳态回转工况下,整车车身侧倾度降低了 13.93%, 进而使车身侧倾度评分提高了 12.24%,且在中间位置转向工况下,整车横摆角速度响应滞后时间降低了 2.75%。 同时, 其他工况下的操纵稳定性试验评分也略有提升,说明调校方案对整车操纵稳定性有一定提升。
为验证优化后整车平顺性的变化, 根据标准设定整车模型在 $\mathrm{B}$ 级路面上以 ${40} \sim {120}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 和每 20 $\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的间隔进行随机输入行驶试验仿真,得到优化后的车身质心处总加权加速度均方根值,见 表 5
由表可知, 优化后的总加权加速度均方根值均有所减小, 说明调教方案并未降低整车平顺性。
1)针对某轻型商用车的悬架系统,对前悬架的扭杆弹簧以及后悬架的空气弹簧进行了参数化建模。建立了整车多体动力学模型, 并通过反向平行轮跳试验与理论计算两种方法进行误差分析, 验证了模型的准确性。
2)通过拉丁超立方试验分析设计参数与优化目标的相关性, 并拟合得到了响应面模型, 其车身侧倾度、横摆角速度增益、横摆角速度响应滞后时间、总加权加速度均方根值与设计变量间的代理模型的决定系数 ${R}^{2}$ 分别为 $1,{0.985}\text{、}{0.976}\text{、}{0.99}$ ,代理模型是合理的。
3)通过对代理模型采用多目标粒子群优化算法进行多目标优化, 得到了 Pareto 最优解集, 并从中选取一个最优设计方案。仿真结果显示: 在稳态回转工况下,整车车身侧倾度降低了 13.93%,在中间位置转向工况下, 整车横摆角速度响应滞后时间降低了 2.86%,在不影响整车平顺性的前提下,提升了整车操纵稳定性。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.09
  • 接收时间:2023-03-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-02
  • 修回日期:2023-06-12
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    1 南京理工大学 机械工程学院 南京 210094
    2 东南大学 网络空间安全学院 南京 211189
    3 南京依维柯汽车有限公司 南京 210037
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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