Article(id=1153982906394465043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153982905148760948, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702915200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-19, revisedDate=1703520000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753060564850, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753060564850, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753060564850, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753060564850, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153982905148760948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='2', pageStart='155', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753060564553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481557522, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172525893714063985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153982905148760948, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172525893714063986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153982905148760948, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=294, endPage=303, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153982907686310679, articleId=1153982906394465043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Analysis of Kinematic Responses and Injuries to Riders in Frontal Collisions Between Trucks and Two-Wheelers, columnId=1153982906444796692, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=17th INFATS 2023, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper aims to investigate the effects of speed on the kinematic response and injuries of riders in frontal collision accidents between trucks and twowheelers. For these purposes, multibody models of the truck and twowheeled vehicle were established using MADYMO software to reconstruct a frontal collision involving these vehicles. Furthermore, 25 accident simulations were performed at different speeds by employing the validated model. The kinematic responses and injury metrics were analyzed for twowheeler riders. The results indicate that the extent of body rotation in riders increases with the speed of both the twowheeler and the truck. The riders face a high risk of severe head and chest injuries when the truck's impact speed exceeds 20 km/h, and a notable risk of serious lower extremity injuries when the truck speed exceeds 25 km/h. At truck speeds between 30 km/h to 40 km/h, there is a trend of increasing HIC values for the rider's head with an increase in twowheeler speed, while the trend for chest acceleration is opposite.

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为探究货车两轮车前部碰撞事故中参与双方速度对骑行者运动学响应与损伤的影响,基于MADYMO软件开展事故重建并进行了分析。建立了货车和两轮车的多体碰撞模型,对一起货车前部碰撞两轮车事故进行了事故重建;使用验证后的模型进行了25组不同速度下的全因子仿真试验;分析了不同碰撞速度和骑行速度对骑行者运动学响应和损伤的影响。研究结果表明,骑行者身体旋转幅度会随着两轮车及货车车速的升高而增加;当货车速度超过20km/h时,骑行者头部损伤指标(Head Injury Criterion,HIC)与胸部3ms加速度将超过阈值;而当货车速度超过25 km/h时,骑行者下肢接触力也超过阈值;货车速度处于30~40km/h时,相同货车速度下,骑行者头部HIC值出现随着两轮车速度的增加而升高的趋势,而胸部加速度出现相反的趋势。

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王丙雨(1985-),男,山东聊城人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为车辆碰撞安全、深入事故数据和人体损伤生物力学。Tel: 13215912508 E-mail:
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张翔(1999-),男,浙江义乌人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车辆碰撞安全。Tel: 18757684912 E-mail:

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张翔(1999-),男,浙江义乌人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车辆碰撞安全。Tel: 18757684912 E-mail:

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International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury, 1993,21:93-104., articleTitle=Human Femur Response to Impact Loading, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153982966289125674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153982906394465043, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1983, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=831623, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=27, authorNames=BUNKETORP O, ROMANUS B, HANSSON T, journalName=SAE Technical Papers, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BUNKETORP O, ROMANUS B, HANSSON T, et al. Experimental Study of a Compliant Bumper System[C]// SAE Technical Papers, 1983:831623., articleTitle=Experimental Study of a Compliant Bumper System, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153982966335263019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153982906394465043, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=25, issue=8, pageStart=917, pageEnd=923, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=28, authorNames=MARGULIES SS, THIBAULT LE, journalName=Journal of Biomechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MARGULIES SS, THIBAULT LE. A Proposed Tolerance Criterion for Diffuse Axonal Injury in Man[J]. 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长×宽×高/mm 第 1 轴距/mm 第 2 轴距/mm 保险杠离地高度/mm 整备质量/kg 碰撞时总重/kg 重心高度/mm
${8520} \times {2550} \times {3460}$ 3800 1400 600 12500 12570 1500
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长×宽×高/mm 第 1 轴距/mm 第 2 轴距/mm 保险杠离地高度/mm 整备质量/kg 碰撞时总重/kg 重心高度/mm
${8520} \times {2550} \times {3460}$ 3800 1400 600 12500 12570 1500
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长×宽×高/mm 轴距/mm 整备质量/kg 碰撞时总重/kg 车把离地高/mm 座位离地高度/mm
${1725} \times {70} \times {1090}$ 1 250 95 150 910 770
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长×宽×高/mm 轴距/mm 整备质量/kg 碰撞时总重/kg 车把离地高/mm 座位离地高度/mm
${1725} \times {70} \times {1090}$ 1 250 95 150 910 770
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性别 身高/cm 体重/kg 年龄/岁 伤情
男性 165 65 56 AIS4
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性别 身高/cm 体重/kg 年龄/岁 伤情
男性 165 65 56 AIS4
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参数
货车速度/(km/h) 20,25,30,35,40
两轮车速度/(km/h) 10,15,20,25,30
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参数
货车速度/(km/h) 20,25,30,35,40
两轮车速度/(km/h) 10,15,20,25,30
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部位 评价指标名称 阈值
头部 ${\mathrm{{HIC}}}_{15}$ 1 000[18]
胸部 胸部 $3\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 合成加速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 588.399[19]
下肢 股骨接触力/kN $3 \sim {10}$[20]
胫骨接触力/kN ${2.5} \sim {8.0}$[21]
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部位 评价指标名称 阈值
头部 ${\mathrm{{HIC}}}_{15}$ 1 000[18]
胸部 胸部 $3\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 合成加速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 588.399[19]
下肢 股骨接触力/kN $3 \sim {10}$[20]
胫骨接触力/kN ${2.5} \sim {8.0}$[21]
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货车速度/ (km/h) 两轮车速度/ (km/h) 发生时间/ms
30 10 3750.9 28.9
30 15 3 792.0 28.3
30 20 3870.1 28.1
30 25 4 259.2 484.9
30 30 4968.5 451.9
35 10 5 652.4 24.8
35 15 5 742.5 24.5
35 20 5 990.6 24.3
35 25 6 851.2 474.1
35 30 7 433.0 463.6
40 10 8710.0 21.8
40 15 7 684.5 23.7
40 20 10 073.0 511
40 25 10 649.0 487.7
40 30 12 954.0 467.3
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货车速度/ (km/h) 两轮车速度/ (km/h) 发生时间/ms
30 10 3750.9 28.9
30 15 3 792.0 28.3
30 20 3870.1 28.1
30 25 4 259.2 484.9
30 30 4968.5 451.9
35 10 5 652.4 24.8
35 15 5 742.5 24.5
35 20 5 990.6 24.3
35 25 6 851.2 474.1
35 30 7 433.0 463.6
40 10 8710.0 21.8
40 15 7 684.5 23.7
40 20 10 073.0 511
40 25 10 649.0 487.7
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货车-两轮车前碰撞事故中骑行者运动学响应及损伤分析
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张翔 1 , 王丙雨 1, 2, 3 , 杨垚 1 , 聂进 4 , 王平 1, 2, 3
汽车工程学报 | 第17届国际汽车交通安全学术会议精选论文 2024,14(2): 294-303
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汽车工程学报 | 第17届国际汽车交通安全学术会议精选论文 2024, 14(2): 294-303
货车-两轮车前碰撞事故中骑行者运动学响应及损伤分析
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张翔1 , 王丙雨1, 2, 3 , 杨垚1, 聂进4, 王平1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 厦门理工学院 机械与汽车工程学院 厦门 361024
  • 2 福建省客车先进设计与制造重点实验室 厦门 361024
  • 3 福建省客车及特种车辆研发协同创新中心 厦门 361024
  • 4 娄底职业技术学院 汽车学院 娄底 417000
  • 张翔(1999-),男,浙江义乌人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车辆碰撞安全。Tel: 18757684912 E-mail:

通讯作者:


王丙雨(1985-),男,山东聊城人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为车辆碰撞安全、深入事故数据和人体损伤生物力学。Tel: 13215912508 E-mail:
Analysis of Kinematic Responses and Injuries to Riders in Frontal Collisions Between Trucks and Two-Wheelers
Xiang ZHANG1 , Bingyu WANG1, 2, 3 , Yao YANG1, Jin NIE4, Ping WANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen 361024 China
  • 2 Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing of Coaches Xiamen 361024 China
  • 3 Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for R&D of Coach and Special Vehicle Xiamen 361024 China
  • 4 Automotive School Lowdi Vocational and Technology College Loudi 417000 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.13
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为探究货车两轮车前部碰撞事故中参与双方速度对骑行者运动学响应与损伤的影响,基于MADYMO软件开展事故重建并进行了分析。建立了货车和两轮车的多体碰撞模型,对一起货车前部碰撞两轮车事故进行了事故重建;使用验证后的模型进行了25组不同速度下的全因子仿真试验;分析了不同碰撞速度和骑行速度对骑行者运动学响应和损伤的影响。研究结果表明,骑行者身体旋转幅度会随着两轮车及货车车速的升高而增加;当货车速度超过20km/h时,骑行者头部损伤指标(Head Injury Criterion,HIC)与胸部3ms加速度将超过阈值;而当货车速度超过25 km/h时,骑行者下肢接触力也超过阈值;货车速度处于30~40km/h时,相同货车速度下,骑行者头部HIC值出现随着两轮车速度的增加而升高的趋势,而胸部加速度出现相反的趋势。

事故重建  /  碰撞速度  /  运动学响应  /  头部损伤  /  胸部损伤

This paper aims to investigate the effects of speed on the kinematic response and injuries of riders in frontal collision accidents between trucks and twowheelers. For these purposes, multibody models of the truck and twowheeled vehicle were established using MADYMO software to reconstruct a frontal collision involving these vehicles. Furthermore, 25 accident simulations were performed at different speeds by employing the validated model. The kinematic responses and injury metrics were analyzed for twowheeler riders. The results indicate that the extent of body rotation in riders increases with the speed of both the twowheeler and the truck. The riders face a high risk of severe head and chest injuries when the truck's impact speed exceeds 20 km/h, and a notable risk of serious lower extremity injuries when the truck speed exceeds 25 km/h. At truck speeds between 30 km/h to 40 km/h, there is a trend of increasing HIC values for the rider's head with an increase in twowheeler speed, while the trend for chest acceleration is opposite.

accident reconstruction  /  impact speed  /  kinematic response  /  head injury  /  chest injury
张翔, 王丙雨, 杨垚, 聂进, 王平. 货车-两轮车前碰撞事故中骑行者运动学响应及损伤分析. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (2) : 294 -303 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.13
Xiang ZHANG, Bingyu WANG, Yao YANG, Jin NIE, Ping WANG. Analysis of Kinematic Responses and Injuries to Riders in Frontal Collisions Between Trucks and Two-Wheelers[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (2) : 294 -303 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.13
世界卫生组织报告指出, 两轮车骑行者及行人等弱势道路使用者占全球交通死亡人数的 49%,其中, 两轮车骑行者占全球交通死亡人数的 31%, 其占比为各道路使用者中的第 1 位 [ 1 ] 。同时,随着 “绿色出行”理念的普及, 我国已经成为世界上两轮车保有量最大的国家,致使我国两轮车骑行者伤亡人数从 2016 年的 63763 人上升至 2021 年的 71 259 人,直接财产损失由 9 927 万元增至 12380 万元 [ 2 ] 。 因此, 两轮车骑行者在交通事故中面临的风险应该受到重视。
国内外多位学者已针对两轮车事故的高伤亡率开展研究。胡林等 [ 3 ] 基于CIDAS数据库提取了路口两轮车事故场景。DAS 等 [ 4 ] 收集了 2015 2019 年的摩托车致命事故数据, 并研究了致命事故的影响因素。韩勇等 [ 5 ] 基于两轮车事故视频对两轮车事故中的骑行者运动学响应和应急姿态进行了研究, 结果显示骑行者落地姿态对骑行者身体落地时的各部位接触顺序有显著影响。HUANG Yuan 等 [ 6 ] 基于MADYMO对两轮车事故设计了一组考虑不同速度和碰撞位置的仿真矩阵, 结果表明, 两轮车骑行者的损伤风险随着碰撞速度的增大而升高。ZHAO Yuqing 等 [ 7 ] 通过行车记录仪视频和驾驶模拟器对不同参数对避免碰撞的影响进行了研究, 发现制动反应时间是避免碰撞的重要参数。 WEI Lihua 等 [ 8 ] 基于PC-Crash对右转货车碰撞两轮车事故中的碾压情况进行了讨论, 研究结果表明, 减慢货车速度可以提高骑行者的安全水平。
综上所述可知, 国内外学者已经对两轮车事故进行了详细的研究与分析并取得了显著成果。但以往的学者们往往将轿车和 SUV 作为两轮车的碰撞对象进行研究, 而对货车-两轮车事故的研究较少。 相关研究表明,2018 $\sim {2021}$ 年间,两轮车与重型货车碰撞事故中骑行者死亡率高达 75%,是两轮车与乘用车碰撞事故的 2 倍多, 其事故严重程度和客观死亡人数不容小觑, 需要针对性地对此类事故开展研究 [ 9 ] 。目前,已有的研究多为对事故数据的分析,从而找出造成事故的原因 [ 10 - 12 ] ,而对骑行者动态响应过程以及损伤机制的探索较少。
因此, 为了研究不同碰撞速度下骑行者的运动学响应和损伤分布, 本文将采用 MADYMO 软件对一起货车前部碰撞两轮车事故进行重建, 并在此基础上分析参与双方的速度对两轮车骑行者的运动学响应以及损伤风险的影响。
一辆重型自卸货车沿路由东往西方向直行, 途经路口地段时与沿另一条路由南往北方向直线行驶的一辆电动两轮车相撞, 事故造成两车受损以及电动两轮车骑行者受伤。事故发生时,货车的行驶速度约为 ${20} \sim {30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,两轮车的速度约为 ${10} \sim {30}$ $\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,并且货车驾驶员碰撞前未注意到两轮车。骑行者损伤为弥漫性轴索损伤、枕骨骨折、枕部头皮血肿、双侧多发肋骨骨折和双肺挫伤。事故中货车、电动两轮车以及骑行者的基本信息,见 表1 <inline-formula> 3</inline-formula> 。
事故中货车的多刚体模型参照同型号货车几何模型建立, 其主要技术参数见 表 1 , 整车以及碰撞发生处的车辆前部结构如 图 1 所示。同时, 根据文献 [ 13 ] 中测得的某款货车保险杠、前部面板、导流罩、前流水槽和挡风玻璃的接触特性曲线, 定义货车前部各部分的接触特性, 用以模拟货车前部的碰撞特性。
电动两轮车的多体模型是基于事故车辆同年份同车型的几何模型建立的。根据事故相关信息, 电动两轮车的技术参数, 见 表 2 。电动两轮车模型由车身和车头两部分组成, 两部分采用转动铰链连接。该模型共有 20 个椭球和 4 个铰链组成, 其中一个自由铰链用于描述整个两轮车的总运动, 一个转动铰链描述两轮车车头与车身间的相对运动, 其余两个转动铰链用于描述电动两轮车前后轮相对车身的运动。电动两轮车的接触特性采用了参考文献中的部件试验数据来进行定义 [ 14 - 15 ] 。事故电动两轮车及多体模型, 如 图 2 所示。
事故中两轮车骑行者的基本信息, 见 表 3 。本文采用的骑行者多体模型是 MADYMO 软件自带的 Hybird III 假人,根据伤员的身高和体重,在 GEBOD (Generator of Body Data) 程序中进行缩放, 得到仿真重建所需的人体模型。通过调整假人位置以及各个关节的状态, 使该假人能符合碰撞发生时的姿态并且能自然地骑行在两轮车上, 最终的骑行者骑行姿态模型, 如 图 3 所示。
多体模型事故重建是在 MADYMO 软件中完成的, 其重建过程如 图 4 所示。首先, 要根据事故现场草图、货车信息、电动两轮车信息、骑行者信息、视频信息以及目击者的证词来初步设定碰撞参数。然后, 参照所采集的信息在 MADYMO 中不断优化调整, 直至软件输出的碰撞动态响应过程、货车与电动两轮车及骑行者最终位置、骑行者损伤参数与事故调查信息相一致时, 才能认定事故重建完成。
根据事故发生时的环境信息以及相关参考文献设置人与地摩擦因数为 0.45 ,两轮车车身和地面摩擦因数为 0.62 ,货车轮胎与地面摩擦因数为 0.55 , 两轮车车身与人的摩擦因数为0.4[16]
基于上文所建立的事故重建模型, 设计全因子仿真试验来探究货车-两轮车事故中不同速度对骑行者的运动学响应及伤害参数的影响。仿真初始状态如 图 5 所示, 根据以往对两轮车及货车事故的研究 [ 5 , 9 ] ,将货车速度限定在 ${20} \sim {40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 之间,两轮车速度限定在 ${10} \sim {30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 之间,见 表 4 ,采用 5 $\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的增量对不同速度下的货车前部碰撞两轮车事故的运动学响应和运动学损伤指标进行研究。仿真试验中骑行者运动学损伤评价指标及其阈值见 表 5 , 其中, 头部损伤主要与与撞击载荷大小和持续时间有关 [ 17 ] ,使用 ${\mathrm{{HIC}}}_{15}$ 作为评价指标; 胸部损伤程度使用 $3\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 合成加速度评价,其值大于 ${588.399}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ , 代 表 25 % AIS4 以上的胸部损伤风险 [ 19 ] ; 下肢损伤程度采用长骨能承受的冲击力来评价。
结合视频信息,并进行多次调整可知,当货车车速设置为 ${19.9}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,电动两轮车行驶速度为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,且货车与两轮车的碰撞角度为 ${92}^{ \circ }$ 时,输出的仿真结果与实际情况最吻合。仿真得到的最终位置与案卷记录的对比,如 图 6 所示。 图 6 a 为货车最终位置对比, 图 6 b 为两轮车最终位置对比, 图 6 c 为人、两轮车、货车事故后相对位置对比,仿真所得的人、车最终位置与案卷所记录的事故草图和现场照片中的货车、两轮车、两轮车骑行者的最终位置基本相符。
事故发生过程中的运动学响应, 如 图 7 所示, 仿真开始后第 ${22}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 两轮车与货车前部中央接触后失去平衡向右侧倾斜, 两轮车车头发生一定程度的偏转, 两轮车骑行者伸出脚应急避险; 随后第 475 ms 两轮车完全倒下并进入货车车头下方被拖行, 骑行者从两轮车上滑落, 并且上半身顺时针旋转; 最后,两轮车骑行者盆骨、下肢、胸部和头部依次与地面接触,至 ${1100}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 时身体不再有大幅运动。 从两组图片的对比中可知, 碰撞发生中的骑行者运动学与仿真所得基本一致, 并且最终位置相对吻合。
重建所得的骑行者头部合成加速度、头部角速度、头部质心角加速度以及胸部加速度曲线, 如 图 8 所示。由 图 8 a 可知,头部合成加速度在 ${629}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 时出现峰值为 ${2438.39}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,头部 ${\mathrm{{HIC}}}_{15}$ 为 3102.4,超过颅骨骨折的阈值 1000 ,与案卷中出现的枕骨骨折较切合。由 图 8 b~c 可知,头部角速度峰值为 ${52.356}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,头部角加速度峰值为 ${19488.41}\mathrm{{rad}}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ , 超过重度颅脑损伤发生的阈值 ${46.5}\mathrm{{rad}}/\mathrm{s}$ 和 16000 $\mathrm{{rad}}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,这与案卷中记录的受害者出现颅脑弥散性轴索损伤较贴合 [ 22 ] 。由 图 8 d 可知,胸部加速度于 ${628}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 时出现 ${695.97}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 的峰值,胸部 $3\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 加速度为 ${608.012}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,超过损伤阈值 ${588.399}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,符合受害者胸部出现肋骨骨折的损伤状况。
综上所述, 事故重建所得的碰撞速度, 初始、 最终位置、两轮车骑行者的运动学响应以及骑行者损伤均能较好地符合真实事故, 可以认为事故重建有效并可用于损伤参数分析。
从结果中提取了不同的货车和两轮车速度下的头部 HIC 值变化趋势, 如 图 9 所示, 相同的两轮车速度下, $\mathrm{{HIC}}$ 值随货车速度增加呈上升趋势,且两轮车速度的增大使 HIC 值随货车速度增大而上升的趋势更加明显。在相同的货车速度下, 两轮车速度处于 ${10} \sim {20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,对 $\mathrm{{HIC}}$ 值几乎没有影响。当货车速度为 ${40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, $\mathrm{{HIC}}$ 值从两轮车速度为 10 $\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时的 8710 降低到两轮车速度为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时的 7684,最后升高到两轮车速度为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时的 10073 。 而当两轮车速度从 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 提高到 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,在各货车速度下的HIC值出现 2%~40% 的上升。
不同货车和两轮车速度下的胸部 $3\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 加速度的变化趋势, 如 图 10 所示。由图中横向变化趋势可知,胸部 $3\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 加速度随着货车速度的增加而上升, 且上升趋势随着货车速度的升高变得更加明显。而从纵向变化趋势上可知,较高的货车速度 $({30} \sim {40}$ $\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ) 下,两轮车速度从 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 提高到 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,骑行者的胸部 $3\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 加速度会出现 ${15}\% \sim {20}\%$ 的下降。
对仿真中股骨和胫骨的接触力峰值进行了提取, 得到胫骨、股骨接触力峰值与货车速度及两轮车速度的关系曲线,如 图 11 所示。由如 图 11 a 可知, 股骨接触力受货车速度的影响显著, 两轮车速度对股骨接触力的影响较小, 当货车速度为 20、 ${25}\text{、}{40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,股骨接触力随两轮车速度增大有较明显的上升趋势;胫骨接触力随货车速度上升的趋势与股骨接触力类似。由 图 11 b 可知,两轮车速度在 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,胫骨接触力处于较低水平,而速度为 ${25} \sim {40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,两轮车速度对胫骨接触力无显著影响。总体来看, 股骨接触力和胫骨接触力均随货车、两轮车速度增大而呈上升趋势,但是货车速度对上升趋势影响较大而两轮车速度则影响较小。
采用全因子试验对比分析不同速度下骑行者运动学响应与损伤差异。当货车速度为20、 ${40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 和两轮车速度为10、 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时的骑行者运动学响应, 如 图 12 所示。由图可知, 所有速度下骑行者遭受撞击后均会发生旋转。对比所有货车速度与两轮车速度下,碰撞后 ${50}\text{、}{150}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 时骑行者的状态可知, 货车车速和两轮车车速的升高会使骑行者旋转的幅度增大。骑行者后续的运动基于旋转的幅度呈现出不同的状态,由 图 12 a 和 $\mathrm{b}$ 可知,两轮车低速时,骑行者旋转约 ${90}^{ \circ }$ 变为面向货车,随后从货车上跌落, 盆骨、下肢、胸部和头部依次与地面接触, 其运动学相对一致。两轮车高速行驶时, 骑行者的旋转幅度比低速大,由 图 12 c 和 d 可知,货车速度的提高会引起完全不同的骑行者运动学响应: 货车速度为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 、两轮车速度为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,骑行者在 ${150}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 时旋转至 ${90}^{ \circ }$ 面向货车的位置,随后向两轮车的行驶方向倾倒,最后侧身落地;货车速度为 ${40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 、两轮车速度为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,骑行者在 ${150}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 时脱离两轮车并在空中大幅旋转直至落地。
为探究货车前部碰撞两轮车的事故特征, 使用 MADYMO 软件重建了一起真实事故, 并且仿真所得在最终位置、运动学响应、骑行者损伤上与真实事故均有较好的吻合度。然后在此模型的基础上更改输入速度, 以观察参与方的双方速度对两轮车骑行者运动学响应及运动学损伤指标的影响。
图 9 可知,当货车速度达到 ${25}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, HIC 值就完全超过了阈值, 相对较低的速度碰撞也会使两轮车骑行者头部遭受较大的损伤风险。同时,在所有货车速度下, $\mathrm{{HIC}}$ 值均有随两轮车速度增大而上升的趋势, 这一趋势随着货车速度的上升而显著。 表 6 列出了货车速度 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 以上的骑行者 HIC 值及其出现时间, 可以看到 HIC 值明显上升的发生时间较晚, 这意味着 HIC 的上升趋势来自于地面的冲击而非货车的撞击, 并且在相同的货车速度下, 两轮车速度对货车撞击引起的头部线性加速度的影响较小, 而可能对地面冲击引起的头部线性加速度存在影响。
观察胸部 $3\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 加速度的变化趋势可知,货车速度为 20、25 km/h 时,其峰值处于阈值附近,而货车速度大于 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,其值基本超过阈值。值得注意的是,货车速度为 ${35}\text{、}{40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,其上升趋势明显减缓,从骑行者运动学响应的变化来看,对比 图 12 c 和 d 可知,相同的货车速度下,两轮车速度增加后, 骑行者身体的旋转幅度明显增加, 这可能分散了一部分货车的冲击力, 从而使胸部受到的冲击减缓,这体现在胸部 $3\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 加速度的上升趋势减缓上。
最后,本文仅仅探讨了货车、两轮车速度在货车前部碰撞事故中与骑行者头部、胸部、下肢运动学损伤指标的关系, 而对于更多的损伤影响参数如碰撞角度、其他碰撞位置、两轮车骑行者应急姿态的采取情况等并没有进行探讨。因此, 后续需要进一步增加不同的碰撞工况, 分析不同工况下骑行者的运动学损伤指标的差异性。
基于一个经过事故重建验证的 MADYMO 货车前碰撞两轮车事故模型, 对不同货车、两轮车速度对骑行者运动学响应以及身体主要部位的运动学损伤指标的影响进行了研究, 得到以下结论:
货车速度与两轮车的上升会使骑行人有旋转的趋势; 头部、胸部、下肢的运动学损伤指标均随着货车速度增加而增大, 且较低的货车速度依然会使两轮车骑行者遭受较大的损伤风险;头部和胸部相较于下肢损伤风险较大;当货车速度相同时,两轮车速度对下肢运动学损伤指标影响较小;货车速度相同且处于较高水平时, 两轮车速度的上升会引起头部运动学损伤指标的上升和胸部运动学损伤指标的下降。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51705441)
  • 福建省青年自然科学基金项目(2020J05235)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.02.13
  • 接收时间:2023-12-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-19
  • 修回日期:2023-12-26
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51705441)
福建省青年自然科学基金项目(2020J05235)
作者信息
    1 厦门理工学院 机械与汽车工程学院 厦门 361024
    2 福建省客车先进设计与制造重点实验室 厦门 361024
    3 福建省客车及特种车辆研发协同创新中心 厦门 361024
    4 娄底职业技术学院 汽车学院 娄底 417000

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王丙雨(1985-),男,山东聊城人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为车辆碰撞安全、深入事故数据和人体损伤生物力学。Tel: 13215912508 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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