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The biological fidelity of the advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor(aPLI) in crash testing largely depends on its geometric structure and the hyperelastic mechanical properties of synthetic rubber used to simulate leg muscle. Based on the quasistatic uniaxial compression test data of rubber, both Ogden and Mooney Rivlin constitutive models are fitted to characterize the hyperelastic behavior of rubber. Following this, the material parameters are obtained and fitting curves are compared with the experimental curves to assess the accuracy of different constitutive models. The results show that the outcomes of the secondorder Ogden model better match the experimental data. To increase the accuracy of muscle rubber material parameters in the finite element model, a compression test finite element model is reconstructed. Taking the material parameters of the fitted secondorder Ogden constitutive model as the initial values, an optimization of the material parameters, μ₁, α₁, μ2 and a₂ in the model is performed using the adaptive response surface method combined with finite element analysis and optimization strategies. This yields a set of optimal material parameters for the material under quasistatic compression.

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aPLI先进行人腿型冲击器在碰撞测试中的生物仿真度,在很大程度上取决于其几何结构及其模拟腿部肌肉的合成橡胶的超弹性力学特性。根据橡胶准静态单轴压缩试验数据,分别对用于表述橡胶超弹性的Ogden和MooneyRivlin本构模型进行材料参数拟合,得到相应的材料参数并将拟合曲线与试验曲线进行比较,对比不同本构模型的拟合精度。结果表明,2阶Ogden材料模型更符合试验结果。为提高有限元模型中肌肉橡胶材料参数的准确性,重构压缩试验有限元模型,以拟合得到的2阶Ogden本构模型材料参数为初始值,通过将有限元与优化策略相结合,基于自适应响应面法对2阶Ogden模型中μ₁、a₁、µ2、a₂这4个材料参数进行优化,获得该材料在准静态压缩状态下的一组最佳材料参数。

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崔世海(1977-),男,山东栖霞人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全和损伤生物力学。Tel: 022-60274034 E-mail:

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崔世海(1977-),男,山东栖霞人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全和损伤生物力学。Tel: 022-60274034 E-mail:

"}, bioImg=NQWarSQ1ygPV7RKC7oLhpA==, bioContent=

崔世海(1977-),男,山东栖霞人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全和损伤生物力学。Tel: 022-60274034 E-mail:

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模型 工程应力 (engineering stress) - 伸长比 ( stretch )
Mooney-Rivlin $\sigma = 2{C}_{10}\left( {{\lambda }_{1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-2}}\right) + 2{C}_{01}\left( {1 - {\lambda }_{1}^{-3}}\right)$
1 阶 Ogden $\sigma = {\mu }_{1}\left( {{\lambda }_{1}^{{\alpha }_{1} - 1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-\left( {\frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_{1} + 1}\right) }}\right)$
2 阶 Ogden $\sigma = {\mu }_{1}\left( {{\lambda }_{1}^{{\alpha }_{1} - 1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-\left( {\frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_{1} + 1}\right) }}\right) + {\mu }_{2}\left( {{\lambda }_{1}^{{\alpha }_{2} - 1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-\left( {\frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_{2} + 1}\right) }}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1153978780021412124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978735926694512, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=单轴压缩超弹性模型的函数形式, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 工程应力 (engineering stress) - 伸长比 ( stretch )
Mooney-Rivlin $\sigma = 2{C}_{10}\left( {{\lambda }_{1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-2}}\right) + 2{C}_{01}\left( {1 - {\lambda }_{1}^{-3}}\right)$
1 阶 Ogden $\sigma = {\mu }_{1}\left( {{\lambda }_{1}^{{\alpha }_{1} - 1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-\left( {\frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_{1} + 1}\right) }}\right)$
2 阶 Ogden $\sigma = {\mu }_{1}\left( {{\lambda }_{1}^{{\alpha }_{1} - 1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-\left( {\frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_{1} + 1}\right) }}\right) + {\mu }_{2}\left( {{\lambda }_{1}^{{\alpha }_{2} - 1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-\left( {\frac{1}{2}{\alpha }_{2} + 1}\right) }}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1153978780101103903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978735926694512, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数 拟合优度
模型 ${C}_{10}$ ${C}_{01}$ ${\mu }_{1}$ ${\alpha }_{1}$ ${\mu }_{2}$ ${\alpha }_{2}$ MAE
Mooney-Rivlin 1.5070 -0.275 0 0.1825
1 阶 Ogden 3.1820 1.2670 0.2237
2 阶 Ogden 53.465 0 0.077 9 0.010 8 -6.7035 0.1571
), ArticleFig(id=1153978780172407077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978735926694512, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=超弹性模型参数与拟合优度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料参数 拟合优度
模型 ${C}_{10}$ ${C}_{01}$ ${\mu }_{1}$ ${\alpha }_{1}$ ${\mu }_{2}$ ${\alpha }_{2}$ MAE
Mooney-Rivlin 1.5070 -0.275 0 0.1825
1 阶 Ogden 3.1820 1.2670 0.2237
2 阶 Ogden 53.465 0 0.077 9 0.010 8 -6.7035 0.1571
), ArticleFig(id=1153978780235321641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978735926694512, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 初始值(曲线拟合) 取值范围
${\mu }_{1}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 53.465 0 42.7720 ~ 64.1580
${\alpha }_{1}$ 0.077 9 0.062 3~0.093 5
${\mu }_{2}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 0.0108 0.008 6~0.013 0
${\alpha }_{2}$ -6.7035 $- {8.0442} \sim - {5.3628}$
), ArticleFig(id=1153978780356956462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978735926694512, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=参数取值范围, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 初始值(曲线拟合) 取值范围
${\mu }_{1}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 53.465 0 42.7720 ~ 64.1580
${\alpha }_{1}$ 0.077 9 0.062 3~0.093 5
${\mu }_{2}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 0.0108 0.008 6~0.013 0
${\alpha }_{2}$ -6.7035 $- {8.0442} \sim - {5.3628}$
), ArticleFig(id=1153978780445036851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978735926694512, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 初始值 (曲线拟合) 取值范围 优化结果
${\mu }_{1}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 53.465 0 42.7720 ~ 64.1580 51.748 0
${\alpha }_{1}$ 0.0779 0.062 3~0.093 5 0.0817
${\mu }_{2}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 0.010 8 0.008 6~0.013 0 0.0111
${\alpha }_{2}$ -6.7035 $- {8.0442} \sim - {5.3628}$ -6.5436
), ArticleFig(id=1153978780537311538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978735926694512, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=参数反求初始值、取值范围和优化结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 初始值 (曲线拟合) 取值范围 优化结果
${\mu }_{1}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 53.465 0 42.7720 ~ 64.1580 51.748 0
${\alpha }_{1}$ 0.0779 0.062 3~0.093 5 0.0817
${\mu }_{2}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 0.010 8 0.008 6~0.013 0 0.0111
${\alpha }_{2}$ -6.7035 $- {8.0442} \sim - {5.3628}$ -6.5436
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行人腿型冲击器肌肉材料参数反求
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崔世海 1 , 杨宇 1 , 闫晓晓 2 , 李海岩 1 , 贺丽娟 1 , 吕文乐 1
汽车工程学报 | 损伤生物力学及其测评 2024,14(3): 463-469
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汽车工程学报 | 损伤生物力学及其测评 2024, 14(3): 463-469
行人腿型冲击器肌肉材料参数反求
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崔世海1 , 杨宇1, 闫晓晓2, 李海岩1, 贺丽娟1, 吕文乐1
作者信息
  • 1 天津科技大学 天津 300222
  • 2 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 天津 300300
  • 崔世海(1977-),男,山东栖霞人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全和损伤生物力学。Tel: 022-60274034 E-mail:

Inverse Calculation of Muscle Material Parameters for the Pedestrian Legform Impactor
Shihai CUI1 , Yu YANG1, Xiaoxiao YAN2, Haiyan LI1, Lijuan HE1, Wenle LYU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Tianjin 300222 China
  • 2 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Tianjin 300300 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.13
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aPLI先进行人腿型冲击器在碰撞测试中的生物仿真度,在很大程度上取决于其几何结构及其模拟腿部肌肉的合成橡胶的超弹性力学特性。根据橡胶准静态单轴压缩试验数据,分别对用于表述橡胶超弹性的Ogden和MooneyRivlin本构模型进行材料参数拟合,得到相应的材料参数并将拟合曲线与试验曲线进行比较,对比不同本构模型的拟合精度。结果表明,2阶Ogden材料模型更符合试验结果。为提高有限元模型中肌肉橡胶材料参数的准确性,重构压缩试验有限元模型,以拟合得到的2阶Ogden本构模型材料参数为初始值,通过将有限元与优化策略相结合,基于自适应响应面法对2阶Ogden模型中μ₁、a₁、µ2、a₂这4个材料参数进行优化,获得该材料在准静态压缩状态下的一组最佳材料参数。

行人保护  /  行人腿型冲击器肌肉  /  本构模型  /  自适应响应面法  /  参数反求

The biological fidelity of the advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor(aPLI) in crash testing largely depends on its geometric structure and the hyperelastic mechanical properties of synthetic rubber used to simulate leg muscle. Based on the quasistatic uniaxial compression test data of rubber, both Ogden and Mooney Rivlin constitutive models are fitted to characterize the hyperelastic behavior of rubber. Following this, the material parameters are obtained and fitting curves are compared with the experimental curves to assess the accuracy of different constitutive models. The results show that the outcomes of the secondorder Ogden model better match the experimental data. To increase the accuracy of muscle rubber material parameters in the finite element model, a compression test finite element model is reconstructed. Taking the material parameters of the fitted secondorder Ogden constitutive model as the initial values, an optimization of the material parameters, μ₁, α₁, μ2 and a₂ in the model is performed using the adaptive response surface method combined with finite element analysis and optimization strategies. This yields a set of optimal material parameters for the material under quasistatic compression.

pedestrian protection  /  muscle of pedestrian legform impactor  /  constitutive models  /  adaptive response surface method  /  parameter inversion
崔世海, 杨宇, 闫晓晓, 李海岩, 贺丽娟, 吕文乐. 行人腿型冲击器肌肉材料参数反求. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (3) : 463 -469 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.13
Shihai CUI, Yu YANG, Xiaoxiao YAN, Haiyan LI, Lijuan HE, Wenle LYU. Inverse Calculation of Muscle Material Parameters for the Pedestrian Legform Impactor[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (3) : 463 -469 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.13
aPLI腿型冲击器是最新的行人保护碰撞测试工具, 用于评估汽车前端部与行人碰撞时对行人膝盖、小腿和大腿造成的损伤。aPLI 腿型改进了 Flex-PLI腿型的局限性, 以增强运动学响应和生物仿真度 [ 1 - 5 ] 。2021 版 C-NCAP 修改了行人保护试验及评价方法并用于 2022 年正式实施的行人保护测试, 采用 aPLI 先进行人腿型替代传统 Flex-PLI 腿型和 TRL 上腿型进行行人腿部碰撞保护评价 [ 6 ] 。从 2023 年起, Euro NCAP 将正式使用 aPLI 腿型用于行人保护测试 [ 7 ] 。韩国 $\mathrm{K}$ -NCAP 和日本 $\mathrm{J}$ -NCAP 也分别在 2023 年和 2024 年正式使用 aPLI 腿型进行行人保护腿部测试。
aPLI腿型较Flex-PLI腿型生物仿真度有较大提高,更接近人体有限元模型 [ 8 ] 。在行人保护碰撞测试中 aPLI 腿型各项损伤指标较 Flex-PLI 有较大提高, 在 NCAP 评价测试得分难度较大, 为了更好地开发车辆前端行人保护结构,侯松等 [ 9 ] 、陈琳等 [ 10 ] 、侯延军等 [ 11 ] 将 aPLI腿型和Flex-PLI腿型进行参数对比, 分析 aPLI 的特征和损伤机理。其中, 陈琳等 [ 10 ] 、侯延军等 [ 11 ] 将 aPLI 腿型和 Flex-PLI 腿型碰撞结果进行对比研究, 为新车型行人保护开发提供应对策略。袁堂军等 [ 12 ] 、谭冰花等 [ 13 ] 、徐福慧等 [ 14 ] 基于 aPLI 腿型对车辆前端结构设计进行优化,为后续其他车型的设计及优化提供参考。
aPLI 腿型由皮肤、肌肉、大腿、小腿、膝部、 上体模块组成。其中, 上体模块、大腿、小腿和膝部外部由合成橡胶材质的肌肉包裹, 肌肉材料由肖氏硬度为 45 的合成橡胶制成。在碰撞测试过程中, aPLI腿型冲击器肌肉起到缓冲的作用, 其材料特性是影响 aPLI 运动学响应和生物仿真度的重要因素。 SUZUKI 等 [ 15 ] 通过准静态单轴拉伸和压缩试验测得用于 Flex-PLI-GTR 肖氏硬度为 45 的合成橡胶肌肉的应力一应变曲线, 并在 LS-DYNA 软件中使用 77-MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER材料模型进行模拟。
目前, 国内对于 aPLI 腿型的研究多是关于生物仿真度及基于 aPLI 腿型汽车前端结构设计优化方面。针对 aPL1 腿型冲击器有限元模型开发、材料生物仿真度等研究较少。由于未公开腿型冲击器肌肉合成橡胶材料的具体材料参数, 仿真模型中肌肉材料参数难以确定。对 aPLI 腿型冲击器肌肉材料参数进行研究有助于提高仿真结果的准确性, 以预测汽车与行人碰撞事故中行人下肢的潜在损伤。本文对肖氏硬度为 45 的 aPLI 肌肉合成橡胶材料进行准静态单轴压缩试验, 通过将有限元与优化策略相结合的方法反求 aPLI 肌肉材料在准静态压缩状态下的最优材料参数。
aPLI腿型冲击器肌肉由橡胶材料制成, 橡胶在弹性行为上是各向同性, 几乎不可被压缩。橡胶的弹性性质可以用基于应变不变量 ${I}_{1},{I}_{2},{I}_{3}$ 的应变能函数来解释,这些不变量是伸长比 ${\lambda }_{1},{\lambda }_{2},{\lambda }_{3}$ 的函数,在式 (1) ~ (3) 中具有以下关系。
$ {I}_{1} = {\lambda }_{1}^{2} + {\lambda }_{2}^{2} + {\lambda }_{3}^{2}\text{。} $
$ {I}_{2} = {\lambda }_{1}^{2}{\lambda }_{2}^{2} + {\lambda }_{2}^{2}{\lambda }_{3}^{2} + {\lambda }_{3}^{2}{\lambda }_{1}^{2}。 $
$ {I}_{3} = {\lambda }_{1}^{2}{\lambda }_{2}^{2}{\lambda }_{3}^{2} \circ $
式中: ${\lambda }_{i} = \frac{{l}_{i}}{{L}_{i}} = 1 + {\varepsilon }_{i}, i \in \left\lbrack {1,2,3}\right\rbrack ;{\lambda }_{i}$ 为伸长比, ${l}_{i}$ 为变形后长度; ${L}_{i}$ 为未变形状态下的长度; ${\varepsilon }_{i}$ 为应变。
当材料不可压缩时, 第 3 个不变量为 1 , 因此, 式(1) (3)可以进一步简化为式(4) (6)。 当荷载仅在一个方向上施加时, 在单轴荷载的情况下,第 2 拉伸比 ${\lambda }_{2}$ 等于第 3 拉伸比 ${\lambda }_{3}$ 。因此,不变量可以表示为仅两个伸长比的函数,式 (7) 为 ${\lambda }_{1}$${\lambda }_{2}$ 的关系。
$ {I}_{1} = {\lambda }_{1}^{2} + {\lambda }_{2}^{2} + 1/{\lambda }_{1}^{2}{\lambda }_{2}^{2}\text{。} $
$ {I}_{2} = 1/{\lambda }_{1}^{2} + 1/{\lambda }_{2}^{2} + {\lambda }_{1}^{2}{\lambda }_{2}^{2}\text{。} $
$ {I}_{3} = {\lambda }_{1}^{2}{\lambda }_{2}^{2}{\lambda }_{3}^{2} = 1\text{。} $
$ {\lambda }_{2} = {\lambda }_{3} = {\lambda }_{1}^{-1/2}\text{。} $
在 LS-DYNA 软件中, 常用于描述橡胶超弹性的本构模型有 Ogden 模型和 Mooney-Rivling 模型等。
Mooney-Rivlin 材料模型, 应变能密度函数为 [ 16 - 17 ] :
$ W = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i, j = 0}}^{N}{C}_{ij}{\left( {I}_{1} - 3\right) }^{i}{\left( {I}_{2} - 3\right) }^{j} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\frac{1}{{D}_{i}}{\left( {I}_{e1} - 1\right) }^{2i}。 $
式中: $W$ 为应变能密度函数; ${I}_{1}$${I}_{2}$ 为材料变形的度量; ${C}_{ij}$ 描述了材料的剪切行为; ${D}_{i}$ 介绍了材料的不可压缩性; ${I}_{e1}$ 为弹性体积应变,由于橡胶材料的不可压缩性, ${I}_{e1} = 1$
式 (8) 中 $N = 1$ 时得到 Mooney-Rivlin 材料模型, 应变能密度函数为:
$ W = {C}_{10}\left( {{I}_{1} - 3}\right) + {C}_{01}\left( {{I}_{2} - 3}\right) \text{。} $
式中: ${C}_{10}$${C}_{01}$ 为材料参数; ${I}_{1}$${I}_{2}$ 为柯西-格林形变张量第 1 和第 2 不变量。
$N = 1$ 时 Mooney-Rivlin 模型压缩时工程应力与伸长比之间的关系为:
$ \sigma = \frac{\partial w}{\partial {\lambda }_{1}} = \frac{\partial w}{\partial {I}_{1}}\frac{\partial {I}_{1}}{\partial {\lambda }_{1}} + \frac{\partial w}{\partial {I}_{2}}\frac{\partial {I}_{2}}{\partial {\lambda }_{1}}。 $
$ \sigma = 2{C}_{10}\left( {{\lambda }_{1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-2}}\right) + 2{C}_{01}\left( {1 - {\lambda }_{1}^{-3}}\right) 。 $
Ogden 材料模型结合了超弹性材料模型 [ 18 - 19 ] , 该模型认为材料是完全不可压缩的, 应变能函数表示为:
$ W = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{p}^{N}\frac{{\mu }_{p}}{{a}_{p}}\left( {{\lambda }_{1}^{{a}_{p}} + {\lambda }_{2}^{{a}_{p}} + {\lambda }_{3}^{{a}_{p}} - 3}\right) + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\frac{1}{{D}_{i}}{\left( {I}_{e1} - 1\right) }^{2i}。 $
式中: ${\lambda }_{1}\text{、}{\lambda }_{2}\text{、}{\lambda }_{3}$ 为伸长比; $N$ 为 Ogden 模型的阶数; ${\mu }_{p}$${\alpha }_{p}$ 分别为 $p$ 级剪切模量和指数; ${I}_{e1}$ 为弹性体积应变,由于橡胶材料的不可压缩性, ${I}_{e1} = 1$
其中, ${\lambda }_{i} = \frac{{l}_{i}}{{L}_{i}} = 1 + {\varepsilon }_{i}, i \in \left\lbrack {1,2,3}\right\rbrack ;{\lambda }_{i}$ 为伸长比; ${l}_{i}$ 为变形后长度; ${L}_{i}$ 为未变形状态下的长度。
单轴压缩试验中,设 ${\lambda }_{1}$ 为压缩方向上的伸长比。考虑到不可压缩性的约束,其他两个主应变为 ${\lambda }_{2} = {\lambda }_{3} = {\lambda }_{1}^{-1/2};{\lambda }_{1} = {\lambda }_{0}N$ 阶 Ogden 模型应变能函数为:
$ W\left( \lambda \right) = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{p}^{N}\frac{{\mu }_{p}}{{a}_{p}}\left( {{\lambda }_{1}^{{a}_{p}} + 2 \cdot {\lambda }_{1}^{-\frac{1}{2{a}_{p}}} - 3}\right) 。 $
$N$ 阶 Ogden 模型压缩时工程应力与拉伸比之间的关系为:
$ \sigma = \frac{\partial w}{\partial {\lambda }_{1}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{p}^{N}{\mu }_{p}\left( {{\lambda }_{1}^{{a}_{p} - 1} - {\lambda }_{1}^{-\left( {\frac{1}{2}{a}_{p} + 1}\right) }}\right) 。 $
根据肖氏硬度为 45 的合成橡胶准静态单轴压缩试验数据, 选取 Mooney-Rivlin、1 阶 Ogden 和 2 阶 Ogden 本构模型表征肖氏硬度为 45 的 aPLI 腿型冲击器合成橡胶肌肉材料的力学性能。 表 1 给出了单轴压缩中每个超弹性模型的函数形式。使用 Matlab 软件对这两种橡胶超弹性本构模型进行了参数拟合。使用平均绝对误差(MAE)来评估超弹性模型拟合的精度, MAE 的表达式为:
$ \mathrm{{MAE}} = \frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}^{N}\left| {{\sigma }_{\mathrm{{fit}}, i} - {\sigma }_{\text{test,}i}}\right| 。 $
式中: 在应力一应变曲线上使用插值函数选择 30 个测试点数作为评估两条曲线平均绝对误差的数据, $N = {30};{\sigma }_{\text{fit }, i}$ 为拟合曲线第 $i$ 个测试点应力; ${\sigma }_{\text{test }, i}$ 为试验曲线第 $i$ 个测试点应力。
表 2 为 Mooney-Rivlin、1 阶和 2 阶 Ogden 超弹性本构模型的拟合参数, 以及拟合曲线与试验曲线的平均绝对误差。不同超弹性模型的拟合曲线应力-应变关系如 图 1 所示。
为评价不同超弹性模型在仿真肌肉力学性能的准确度, 通过计算模型预测和试验应力响应之间的 MAE 来评估不同弹性模型的拟合优度, 结果表明, 2 阶 Ogden 模型提供了数据的最佳拟合, 具有最低的MAE值。因此,选择 2 阶 Ogden 超弹性材料本末模型模拟 aPLI 肌肉仿生材料。
通过曲线拟合得到的初始材料参数只是代表在数值层面上与试验曲线拟合最佳, 并不能说明其在力学特性上具有相同的表现。为获得 aPLI 腿型橡胶材料在准静态压缩条件下较精确的材料参数, 参考肖氏硬度为 45 的合成橡胶压缩试验,建立了橡胶准静态单轴压缩仿真有限元模型, 通过 Hyperstudy 优化软件和 LS-DYNA 仿真软件相结合, 基于自适应响应面法对 2 阶 Ogden 材料模型的 4 个参数 $\left( {{\mu }_{1},{\alpha }_{1},{\mu }_{2},{\alpha }_{2}}\right)$ 进行优化,优化目标为试验曲线和仿真曲线的差异最小。
依据国际标准 ISO 7743: ${2017}{\left( \mathrm{E}\right) }$[20]中橡胶单轴压缩试验的相关规定重构了准静态单轴压缩仿真有限元模型。在 Hypermesh 软件中建立有限元模型,压缩试样直径为 ${29}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,高度为 ${12.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,采用最小单元长度为 ${0.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的六面体单元对试样进行划分, 共计 2760 个单元, 2405 个节点, 材料采用 77 号材料 (*MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER), 为了避免沙漏选用全积分单元。上压板和底板采用刚性墙,底板固定,上压板以 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的速度对橡胶进行压缩。上压板和底板与橡胶的接触摩擦因数设置为 0.1 。为了方便后续对材料参数的优化研究, 将输出的接触力与时间历程换算为工程应力与工程应变。
材料参数的反求实际上可归结为优化问题, 即仿真结果与试验数据之间的误差函数值最小 [ 21 ] 。 工程中的优化问题通常表示为:
$ \min f\left( x\right) = f\left( {{x}_{1},{x}_{2},{x}_{3},\cdots \cdots ,{x}_{n}}\right) , \\ \text{s.t.}{g}_{j}\left( x\right) \leq 0\;\left( {j = 1,2,\cdots \cdots , m}\right) \text{,} \\ {x}_{i}^{l} \leq {x}_{i} \leq {x}_{i}^{u}\;\left( {i = 1,2,\cdots \cdots , m}\right) 。 $
式中: $f\left( x\right)$ 为目标函数; ${g}_{i}\left( x\right)$ 为自变量 ${x}_{i}$ (设计变量)的函数。
本研究采用自适应响应面法(ARSM)进行优化, 目标函数和约束函数采用如式 (17) 所示的二阶多项式表示。
$ {g}_{l}\left( x\right) \approx {\widehat{g}}_{j}\left( x\right) = {a}_{j0} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{l}^{n}{a}_{n}{X}_{l} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{l}^{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{l}^{n}{a}_{m}{X}_{l}{X}_{k} \\ \left( {j = 1,\cdots \cdots , m + 1}\right) \text{。} $
式中: $m$ 为约束的个数; $n$ 为设计变量的个数; ${a}_{j0}$ , ${a}_{n}$ , ${a}_{m}$ 为二次多项式的系数。
ARSM通过分析初始设计点以及由扰动设计变量生成的 $n$ 个新的设计点 (共计 $n + 1$ ),使用最小二乘法确定目标函数和各个约束函数的多项式系数, 如果已求解的设计点数为 $n + 1$ ,确定常数项和一次项系数 ${a}_{j0},{a}_{ji}$ 建立线性响应面 $\mathrm{{RS}}1$ ,每产生 $n$ 个设计点,可增加二次项系数 ${a}_{jw}$ ,如果已求解的设计点个数 $1 + n + \left( {n + 1}\right) \times n/2$ ,则对设计点进行加权来确定系数 ${a}_{jw}$ 以给出二阶响应面 $\mathrm{{RS}}2,\mathrm{{RS}}3,\mathrm{{RS}}4\cdots \cdots$ ; 用数学规划法 (SQP) 对基于响应面的问题进行优化求解, 自动选取最优方法; 对模型近似最优点进行分析;如果优化迭代已收敛,则停止求解。反求流程如 图 3 所示。
将橡胶压缩试验仿真有限元模型输出的应力- 应变曲线校准到试验数据。使用方程式中所示的均方根误差 (RMSE) 作为目标函数, 如式 (18) 所示,将 4 个材料参数 $\left( {{\mu }_{1},{\alpha }_{1},{\mu }_{2},{\alpha }_{2}}\right)$ 作为输入变量, 每个材料参数的初始值由 1.3 节中描述的简单曲线拟合确定, 优化区间上下值为各个参数的 $\pm {20}\%$ ,见 表 3
$ f{\left( x\right) }_{\text{erro }} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\left( {{\sigma }_{\text{sim,}i} - {\sigma }_{\text{test,}i}}\right) }。 $
式中: 在应力一应变曲线上选择 30 个测试点数作为评估两条曲线均方根误差的数据, $N = {30};{\sigma }_{\mathrm{{sim}}, i}$ 为仿真曲线第 $i$ 个测试点应力; ${\sigma }_{\text{test }, i}$ 为试验曲线第 $i$ 个测试点应力。
使用 HyperStudy 优化软件, LS-DYNA 仿真软件, 通过有限元结合优化的方法, 基于自适应响应面法, 得到优化后的材料参数见 表 4 。目标函数迭代历程如 图 4 所示, 目标函数经过 21 次迭代后收敛。由于通过曲线拟合得到的 2 阶 Ogden 超弹性材料本构模型初始材料参数能较好地代表肌肉橡胶材料的力学性能,且 ${\mu }_{1},{\alpha }_{1},{\mu }_{2},{\alpha }_{2}$ 取值范围变化较小, 因此, 代表初始材料参数的优化前仿真曲线与试验曲线相差较小, 初始目标函数 RMSE 值为 0.185, 经过 21 次迭代后, 最终目标函数收敛值为 0.120, 收敛后的目标函数值与初始目标函数值尽管相差较小, 但优化后的仿真曲线极大地逼近了试验曲线, 表明了反求得到的材料参数具有更高的生物仿真度。
优化前后应力一应变曲线与试验应力一应变曲线的对比如 图 5 所示。图中, 试验曲线按照 ISO 发布的 ISO 7743:2007(E)国际标准对肌肉橡胶进行准静态单轴压缩试验获取。优化前仿真曲线的材料参数通过曲线拟合得到; 优化后的仿真曲线材料参数通过有限元与优化结合, 基于自适应响应面法获得。 ${\mu }_{1},{\alpha }_{1},{\mu }_{2},{\alpha }_{2}$ 经过 21 次迭代后收敛,均稳定于非上下边界处, 优化后的材料参数准确可靠。优化前后的仿真曲线与试验曲线的 RMSE 由 0.185 减少到 0.120 ,优化后的仿真曲线相较于优化前的仿真曲线更接近试验曲线, 与试验曲线基本吻合。结果表明, 通过参数反求方法得到 aPLI 腿型肌肉橡胶材料参数, 相较于通过曲线拟合得到的材料参数, 可以更好地反映 aPLI 腿型肌肉橡胶材料在准静态压缩状态下的力学特性。
由于缺乏中高应变率试验数据, 目前的研究尚停留在试件受准静态压缩变形的情况。而实际的工况通常是动态连续加载并伴有大应变变形, 因此, 通过曲线拟合和优化后得到的参数不足以全面描述 aPLI肌肉仿生材料的真实力学性能。没有对这种材料进行剪切和拉伸试验, 所以无法在这些类型的载荷下对模型进行评估。然而, aPLI腿型冲击器碰撞期间, aPLI 肌肉仿生材料的一般加载模式为压缩, 因此, 对于许多冲击场景, 可能不需要描述材料的剪切和拉伸行为。
本文采用 1 阶 Ogden、 2 阶 Ogden 和 Mooney-Rivlin 材料模型模拟 aPLI 腿型冲击器肌肉橡胶材料, 根据压缩试验数据拟合得出橡胶材料参数初始值,对比拟合曲线与试验曲线,发现 2 阶 Ogden 模型能较好地模拟该橡胶在准静态压缩状态下的应力-应变响应。 2 阶 Ogden 模型拟合参数: ${\mu }_{1} =$ 53.4650, ${\alpha }_{1} = {0.0779},{\mu }_{2} = {0.0108},{\alpha }_{2} = - {6.7035}$ 。 选择 2 阶 Ogden 材料模型模拟 aPLI 腿型冲击器肌肉合成橡胶材料, 通过有限元结合优化策略的方法进一步优化其材料参数, 得到一组优化后的材料参数: ${\mu }_{1} = {51.7480},{\alpha }_{1} = {0.0817},{\mu }_{2} = {0.0111},{\alpha }_{2} =$ -6.5436 , 该反求参数可以较好地拟合试验曲线, 并用于肖氏硬度为 45 的 aPLI 腿部冲击器肌肉的有限元模型中。
本文采用的 aPLI 腿型肌肉橡胶材料参数反求方法能有效提高计算效率, 降低计算成本。在仿真中采用该方法得到的肌肉橡胶材料参数能较好地反映该材料在准静态单轴压缩条件下的力学特性。同时, aPLI腿型其他关键零部件的材料参数也可以通过类似的方法进行反求获得, 为获取其他部件的材料参数提供了新思路。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.13
  • 接收时间:2023-02-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-17
  • 修回日期:2023-04-05
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    1 天津科技大学 天津 300222
    2 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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