Article(id=1153978734534185577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.17, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702915200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-19, revisedDate=1704470400000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753059570201, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753059570201, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753059570201, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753059570201, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153978730306331381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='3', pageStart='321', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753059569193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481634700, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=502, endPage=510, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153978734974587500, articleId=1153978734534185577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Life Cycle-Based Carbon Emission Study of Lightweighting in Light Commercial Trucks, columnId=1153978732042768990, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green/Health Technologies and Test/Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper takes a light commercial truck as the subject of research, developing a carbon emission calculation model based on the life cycle theory. The model sets its boundaries at the stages of raw material acquisition, production and transportation, parts manufacturing and vehicle assembly in the automobile production process. The paper also explores the differences in the life cycle carbon emissions of the materials involved in the lightweighting measures, and compares the carbon emissions of the vehicle before and after lightweighting. The results show that the life cycle carbon emissions of the substitute materials such as aluminum, magnesium, and carbon fiber reinforced plastic are significantly higher than those of the substituted materials, steel and cast iron. The emissions are quantified as 6.23 kg/kg for forged aluminum, 6.92 kg/kg for cast aluminum, 14.76 kg/kg for magnesium products, 20.2 kg/kg for carbon fiber reinforced plastic, 2.85 kg/kg for ordinary steel, 0.67 kg/kg for stainless steel, and 0.81 kg/kg for cast iron. After lightweighting, the carbon emissions from the powertrain system, driveline system, chassis, and body parts increased by 0.57%, 525.51%, 11.57%, and 33.29%, respectively, leading to a total increase in the vehicle's lifecycle carbon emissions by 36.22%. Both steel and aluminum have lower lifecycle carbon emissions, which results in more significant carbon reduction effects in the vehicle body parts before and after lightweighting.

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以某轻型商用货车为研究对象,根据生命周期理论构建以汽车生产过程中的原材料获取、生产运输、零部件制造和车辆装配阶段为边界的碳排放量计算模型,探讨了轻量化措施中所涉及材料的生命周期碳排放差异,对比分析了该车轻量化前后的碳排放量。结果表明,替代材料铝合金、镁合金、碳纤维增强塑料的生命周期碳(CO₂)排放量显著高于被替代材料钢和铸造铁,分别为6.23 kg/kg(锻造铝合金)、6.92 kg/kg(铸造铝合金)、14.76 kg/kg(车用镁合金)、20.2 kg/kg(车用碳纤维增强塑料)、2.85kg/kg(普通钢)、0.67 kg/kg(不锈钢)和0.81 kg/kg(铸造铁);轻量化后的动力总成系统、传动系统、底盘和车身部分的碳(CO₂)排放量分别增加了0.57%、525.51%、11.57%和33.29%,车辆生命周期碳(CO₂)排放量增加了36.22%;钢和铝生命周期碳(CO₂)排放量的降低对于轻量化前后车体部分的减碳效果均较明显。

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谢晓敏(1976-),女,陕西华县人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为“碳中和”相关战略及政策、生命周期分析、能源系统评价和区域可持续发展。Tel: 021-34206860 E-mail:
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汤捷(1999-),男,湖南永州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为全生命周期分析。Tel: 15000906832 E-mail:

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汤捷(1999-),男,湖南永州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为全生命周期分析。Tel: 15000906832 E-mail:

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汤捷(1999-),男,湖南永州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为全生命周期分析。Tel: 15000906832 E-mail:

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articleId=1153978734534185577, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 值/规格
整车外形尺寸/mm ${4645} \times {1675} \times {1945}$
燃油种类 汽油
排放标准 国六
后桥速比 4.778
后桥额定载荷/t 1.5
整备质量/kg 1 325
额定载重/kg 1 495
总质量/kg 2950
最高车速/ $\left( {\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 110
), ArticleFig(id=1153978778310136012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978734534185577, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=车型主要参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 值/规格
整车外形尺寸/mm ${4645} \times {1675} \times {1945}$
燃油种类 汽油
排放标准 国六
后桥速比 4.778
后桥额定载荷/t 1.5
整备质量/kg 1 325
额定载重/kg 1 495
总质量/kg 2950
最高车速/ $\left( {\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 110
), ArticleFig(id=1153978778385633488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978734534185577, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轻量化的组成部分 材料替代措施的质量变化量/kg 总变化量/kg
铝镁合金替代钢 铝合金替代钢 碳纤维替代钢 铝合金替代铸造铁
动力总成系统 -25 -25
传动系统 -5 -5
底盘 (不带电池) -90 -90
车身 -10 -90 -100
轮胎 -14 -14
各措施下的总变化量 $/\mathrm{{kg}}$ -10 -194 -5 -25 -234
), ArticleFig(id=1153978778477908177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978734534185577, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=该车型具体轻量化措施, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轻量化的组成部分 材料替代措施的质量变化量/kg 总变化量/kg
铝镁合金替代钢 铝合金替代钢 碳纤维替代钢 铝合金替代铸造铁
动力总成系统 -25 -25
传动系统 -5 -5
底盘 (不带电池) -90 -90
车身 -10 -90 -100
轮胎 -14 -14
各措施下的总变化量 $/\mathrm{{kg}}$ -10 -194 -5 -25 -234
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基于生命周期的轻型商用货车轻量化碳排放研究
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汤捷 1, 2 , 谢航 2, 3 , 吕强 4, 5 , 梁晓静 2, 6 , 袁琨 2 , 张庭婷 2 , 谢晓敏 2, 6 , 黄震 2, 6
汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024,14(3): 502-510
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024, 14(3): 502-510
基于生命周期的轻型商用货车轻量化碳排放研究
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汤捷1, 2 , 谢航2, 3, 吕强4, 5, 梁晓静2, 6, 袁琨2, 张庭婷2, 谢晓敏2, 6 , 黄震2, 6
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学 中英国际低碳学院 上海 201306
  • 2 上海交通大学 碳中和发展研究院 上海 200030
  • 3 上海交通大学 国家电投智慧能源创新学院 上海 200240
  • 4 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 重庆 401122
  • 5 车辆排放与节能重庆市重点实验室 重庆 401122
  • 6 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
  • 汤捷(1999-),男,湖南永州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为全生命周期分析。Tel: 15000906832 E-mail:

通讯作者:


谢晓敏(1976-),女,陕西华县人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为“碳中和”相关战略及政策、生命周期分析、能源系统评价和区域可持续发展。Tel: 021-34206860 E-mail:
Life Cycle-Based Carbon Emission Study of Lightweighting in Light Commercial Trucks
Jie TANG1, 2 , Hang XIE2, 3, Qiang LYU4, 5, Xiaojing LIANG2, 6, Kun YUAN2, Tingting ZHANG2, Xiaomin XIE2, 6 , Zhen HUANG2, 6
Affiliations
  • 1 China-UK Low Carbon College Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 201306 China
  • 2 Research Institute of Carbon Neutrality Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200030 China
  • 3 SJTU-SPIC College of Smart Energy Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 China
  • 4 China Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Co., Ltd. Chongqing 401122 China
  • 5 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission and Economizing Energy Chongqing 401122 China
  • 6 School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.17
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以某轻型商用货车为研究对象,根据生命周期理论构建以汽车生产过程中的原材料获取、生产运输、零部件制造和车辆装配阶段为边界的碳排放量计算模型,探讨了轻量化措施中所涉及材料的生命周期碳排放差异,对比分析了该车轻量化前后的碳排放量。结果表明,替代材料铝合金、镁合金、碳纤维增强塑料的生命周期碳(CO₂)排放量显著高于被替代材料钢和铸造铁,分别为6.23 kg/kg(锻造铝合金)、6.92 kg/kg(铸造铝合金)、14.76 kg/kg(车用镁合金)、20.2 kg/kg(车用碳纤维增强塑料)、2.85kg/kg(普通钢)、0.67 kg/kg(不锈钢)和0.81 kg/kg(铸造铁);轻量化后的动力总成系统、传动系统、底盘和车身部分的碳(CO₂)排放量分别增加了0.57%、525.51%、11.57%和33.29%,车辆生命周期碳(CO₂)排放量增加了36.22%;钢和铝生命周期碳(CO₂)排放量的降低对于轻量化前后车体部分的减碳效果均较明显。

商用车  /  生命周期  /  碳排放  /  轻量化

This paper takes a light commercial truck as the subject of research, developing a carbon emission calculation model based on the life cycle theory. The model sets its boundaries at the stages of raw material acquisition, production and transportation, parts manufacturing and vehicle assembly in the automobile production process. The paper also explores the differences in the life cycle carbon emissions of the materials involved in the lightweighting measures, and compares the carbon emissions of the vehicle before and after lightweighting. The results show that the life cycle carbon emissions of the substitute materials such as aluminum, magnesium, and carbon fiber reinforced plastic are significantly higher than those of the substituted materials, steel and cast iron. The emissions are quantified as 6.23 kg/kg for forged aluminum, 6.92 kg/kg for cast aluminum, 14.76 kg/kg for magnesium products, 20.2 kg/kg for carbon fiber reinforced plastic, 2.85 kg/kg for ordinary steel, 0.67 kg/kg for stainless steel, and 0.81 kg/kg for cast iron. After lightweighting, the carbon emissions from the powertrain system, driveline system, chassis, and body parts increased by 0.57%, 525.51%, 11.57%, and 33.29%, respectively, leading to a total increase in the vehicle's lifecycle carbon emissions by 36.22%. Both steel and aluminum have lower lifecycle carbon emissions, which results in more significant carbon reduction effects in the vehicle body parts before and after lightweighting.

commercial vehicles  /  life cycle  /  carbon emission  /  lightweight
汤捷, 谢航, 吕强, 梁晓静, 袁琨, 张庭婷, 谢晓敏, 黄震. 基于生命周期的轻型商用货车轻量化碳排放研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (3) : 502 -510 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.17
Jie TANG, Hang XIE, Qiang LYU, Xiaojing LIANG, Kun YUAN, Tingting ZHANG, Xiaomin XIE, Zhen HUANG. Life Cycle-Based Carbon Emission Study of Lightweighting in Light Commercial Trucks[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (3) : 502 -510 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.17
作为碳排放大国, 中国已承诺在 2030 年前实现全国 “碳达峰”,在 2060 年前实现 “碳中和”。 但从目前来看,要实现 “双碳” 目标还面临着巨大挑战, 因为中国正处于工业化的快速经济增长期, 世界的材料工业和制造业等高耗能、高排放行业仍集中于此,所以需要权衡经济发展与 “双碳” 目标之间的关系, 以形成经济增长和节能减排共赢的新局面 [ 1 ]
交通运输行业是碳排放贡献较多的部门之一, 未来我国交通部门能耗和碳排放仍将随着经济高速发展而快速增加,如何在 “碳中和” 背景下实现交通运输行业碳减排是一个重要的研究课题 [ 2 ] 。而汽车行业在我国交通领域是碳排放重点行业 [ 3 ] ,尤其是商用车辆的使用, 不但加剧了化石能源的过度消耗还增加了碳排放量 [ 4 ] 。我国商用车保有量仅占汽车总保有量的 12% 左右,但商用车温室气体排放量占道路运输排放量的 77% [ 5 ] 。减少商用车碳排放量的关键是降低交通运输行业的碳排放量。
轻量化是目前汽车行业低碳化转型的路径之一 [ 6 ] , 国外部分学者早已对这方面做了一些研究。 KAWAJIRI 等 [ 7 ] 发现,车企可以采用多种方法来提升燃油效率并达到所规定的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放目标,其中, 通过材料替代实现车辆的轻量化, 被车企视为更有前景的选择。PERVAIZ 等 [ 8 ] 建议,如果要达到 2020 年欧洲设定的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放目标,即 ${95}\mathrm{\;g}/\mathrm{{km}}$ ,需要将车辆质量减轻 ${200}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$${300}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 。ISENSTADT 等 [ 9 ] 研究发现,在保持发动机尺寸、性能、动力性不变的情况下,发动机质量每减少 10%,燃油消耗就会减少 5.1%。DUBREUIL 等 [ 10 ] 、DANILECKI 等 [ 11 ] 和 KIM 等 [ 12 ] 认为,目前普遍忽视了车辆其他阶段的环境绩效, 轻质材料的使用并不能确保降低车辆生命周期中的总体温室气体排放, 因为轻质材料(如铝、镁和碳纤维复合材料)的生产通常比传统材料(如钢和钢合金)的能源密集度更高。 JHAVERI等 [ 13 ] 开发了一个参数化的生命周期模型, 以便能从全生命周期的角度来评估传统铸造铁和铸造铝合金在能源消耗和温室气体排放方面的差异。
国内的专家学者们也在汽车轻量化对碳排放的影响方面做了许多研究。张立军等 [ 14 ] 对白车身选材进行了研究, 从全生命周期的角度来看, 采用先进高强度钢、铝合金和镁合金代替普通钢作为车身材料可以降低碳排放和能耗。王童等 [ 15 ] 对某客车车身进行了轻量化,最终客车在整个生命周期的矿产资源消耗、化石能源消耗和综合环境影响值上均有不同程度的降低。徐建全等 [ 16 ] 基于系统动力学理论构建了汽车产品轻量化全生命周期动态评价模型, 模型涵盖了材料获取、材料加工、零部件制造、整车装配、运行使用直至回收利用的生命周期全过程。ZHANG Lei等 [ 17 ] 研究了汽车发动机的设计过程, 从对集成系统的分析结果来看, 发动机的原材料采购阶段导致碳排放量最大, 其中气缸体占主要部分。
从国内外现有文献来看, 目前关于汽车的轻量化对碳排放的影响研究关注更多的是乘用车以及大型商用客车在某些零件上的单一材料替代, 对轻型商用货车的整车轻量化研究偏少。因此, 本研究聚焦于轻型商用货车在整车轻量化后, 对产品生命周期碳排放的影响, 一方面为中国商用车生命周期碳排放核算提供数据支撑, 另一方面完善汽车行业的生命周期碳排放研究, 为降低中国道路交通行业的碳排放量做出贡献。
本文综合考虑各种商用车辆的市场销量情况、 技术成熟度、市场应用情况, 选取某车企生产的一款以汽油为燃料的轻型商用货车为研究对象。该车型是达到国六排放标准的轻卡系列载货商用车,用途广泛, 常用于运输蔬菜水果、农副产品、机电设备、建材装饰等货物,市场占有率高,可选取本款车型代表微型、轻型商用货车作为研究对象。
该车型的主要整车参数见 表 1 。数据来源于该车 (整备质量为 ${1325}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ ) 车企官网的公开数据和现场调研。本文聚焦于车辆产品生产阶段的生命周期碳排放, 因此, 选取的功能单位为每辆该轻型商用车。
本文聚焦于车辆生产制造阶段的碳排放, 将生命周期碳排放核算的系统边界确定为原材料获取阶段、生产运输阶段、零部件制造阶段、车辆装配阶段,即 “从摇篮到大门” 的生命周期阶段。原材料获取阶段包括车用金属材料和非金属材料的获取, 材料获取源自矿石原始获取和各种材料经回收处理后的再生。生产运输阶段主要是一些原料和辅助材料的运输, 运输方式有公路运输、铁路运输、水运等。零部件制造阶段主要包括动力总成系统、车身、传动系统、底盘、电子控制器、电池和车用液体。其中, 底盘包括轮胎, 但不包括电池, 电池单独列出, 这些构成了车辆的基本组成部分。车辆装配阶段是成本核算周期的最后一环, 装配完成后, 车辆作为一个即将交付给用户的产品, 计算的是该产品的生命周期碳排放量, 中间各环节所涉及的过程燃料和过程辅料的投入, 也包含在本次核算范围中, 核算范围如 图 1 所示。
在收集数据的过程中, 车型数据主要来源于企业官网、现场调研、公开报告,以及参考了美国阿贡实验室的 GREET 数据库 [ 18 ] 中的一些车型数据, 材料生产运输阶段、燃料生产运输阶段等上游计算所用到的数据, 来自课题组自建的汽车生命周期评价模型CALCA数据库。
按照选定的商用车轻量化措施, 通过模型计算轻量化前后各部分的碳排放量, 对轻量化前后商用车生命周期的碳排放变化进行分析, 找到引起碳排放变化的原因并提供建议。上文提到的各部分就是从车辆零部件角度将商用车分成若干部分, 分别是动力总成系统、传动系统、不含电池的底盘、车身、电子控制器、轮胎、刮水器、电池和车用液体, 采用的计算模型为课题组自主研发的机动车生命周期碳排放核算平台, 该平台经多次实例计算分析, 能比较准确地计算各部分和最终的碳排放量。
该车型的轻量化措施主要从车身、动力总成系统、底盘、传动系统、轮胎几个组成部分入手,将国内外已有的商用车辆轻量化措施、GREET数据库中的车辆轻量化措施和实地调研得到的轻量化措施作为参考, 以确定该车型具体的轻量化措施, 涉及的材料主要有钢、铝合金、镁合金、铸造铁和碳纤维。
具体轻量化措施有:
1)将发动机中飞轮壳、齿轮室、缸体和油底壳等的材质由铸造铁改为铸造铝合金;
2)将仪表盘与方向盘骨架替换为铝镁合金材料;
3)货箱由原来的钢结构调整为铝合金结构;
4)传动轴由原来的钢质改用碳纤维材料;
5)轮毂由原来的钢质替换成锻造铝合金材质;
6)主减速器壳体由铸造铁替换为铝合金。
材料替代情况与车辆各部分的关系, 见 表 2
将所有的轻量化措施采用后, 车辆各部分质量对比如 图 2 所示。用铝合金替代钢占了很大比例, 这也是目前主流的轻量化改进措施, 涉及的组成部分以底盘和车身为主。同时,由 图 2 可以知,这两部分也是整车中质量占比较大的部分。材料轻量化前后车辆各部分在整车中的质量对比,如 图 3 所示, 以钢的大幅度降低和铝合金的大幅度上升为主。
根据系统边界, 上游材料的生产与运输阶段产生的碳排放量是核算整车碳排放的最底层部分, 如式(1)所示。
$ {C}_{\text{material }} = {C}_{\mathrm{{mp}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{mt}}} 。 $
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{{mp}}}$${C}_{\mathrm{{mt}}}$ 分别为材料生产和运输的碳排放量。材料的生命周期评价功能单位为生产得到每千克目标产品。例如, 在钢铁生产的第 1 阶段, 即铁矿石的提取与加工阶段,功能单位是 $1\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 铁矿石, 而在此后的几项工艺阶段均属于炼钢阶段, 功能单位为 $1\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 粗钢,也就是在不同的工艺阶段拥有不同的功能单位, 具体的功能单位需根据相应的流程环节进行确定。
在确定了该材料的工艺流程后, 计算该材料的生产阶段碳排放量如式(2)〜(3)所示。
$ {C}_{\mathrm{{mp}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}\left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{\mathrm{j}}{E}_{\mathrm{j}} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{\mathrm{m}}{A}_{i,\mathrm{m}} \cdot {B}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right\rbrack 。 $
$ {E}_{j} = {E}_{i,\mathrm{j}} \cdot \left( {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{\mathrm{k}}{P}_{i,\mathrm{j},\mathrm{k}} \cdot {f}_{i,\mathrm{j},\mathrm{k}} + {I}_{i,\mathrm{j}}}\right) 。 $
式中: ${C}_{\mathrm{{mp}}}$ 为材料生产阶段的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量 (如果计算车用钢、车用铝等会采用短流程回收方法生产的材料, 还需将长流程与短流程两种方式生产的材料进行质量加权计算),单位 $\mathrm{{kg}};{E}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 为 “能源 $\mathrm{j}$ ” 的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量; ${E}_{i,\mathrm{j}}$ 为第 $i$ 阶段的 “能源 $\mathrm{j}$ ” 直接消耗量,单位 $\mathrm{{GJ}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ (以钢为例,第 1 阶段为铁矿石开采和加工, 第 2 阶段为炼焦等, “能源j” 为燃料油、汽油、柴油、天然气、煤、电力等,单位 GJ/kg); ${A}_{i,\mathrm{m}}$ 为第 $i$ 阶段的 “辅助材料 $\mathrm{m}$ ” 直接使用量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{B}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为 “辅助材料 $\mathrm{m}$ ” 的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{P}_{i, j,\mathrm{k}}$ 为第 $i$ 阶段的 “能源 $\mathrm{j}$ ” 的 “燃烧设备 $\mathrm{k}$ ” 的份额; ${f}_{i, j,\mathrm{k}}$ 为第 $i$ 阶段的 “能源 $\mathrm{j}$ ”的 “燃烧设备 $\mathrm{k}$ ” 对应的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子, 单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{GJ}}$${I}_{i, j}$ 为第 $i$ 阶段的 “能源 $\mathrm{j}$ ” 的间接碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{GJ}}$
当 “能源j” 为燃料油、汽油、柴油等与石油有关的能源时, ${I}_{i, j} =$ 原油原料阶段的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子 $\times$ 损失因子+“能源j” 燃料阶段的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子;当 “能源 $\mathrm{j}$ ” 为天然气时, ${I}_{i,\mathrm{j}} =$ 天然气作为固定燃料的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子;当 “能源j” 为煤时, ${I}_{i, j} =$ 煤厂产煤的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子; 当 “能源 $\mathrm{j}$ ” 为 电 力 时, ${I}_{i,\mathrm{j}} = \sum ($ 发电方式份额 $\times$ 对应发电方式的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子)。
材料在运输过程中的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量计算, 如式(4)所示。
$ {C}_{\mathrm{{mt}}} = D \times \frac{{E}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{\_ \mathrm{{to}}\_ \mathrm{D}}\mathrm{D}} + {E}_{\mathrm{{back}}\_ \mathrm{{haul}}}}{{\mathrm{{Payload}}}_{\mathrm{m}}} \times \left( {{C}_{\mathrm{{fc}}} + {C}_{\mathrm{{fp}}}}\right) 。 $
式中: $D$ 为从起点到目的地的单程距离,单位 $\mathrm{{km}}$ ; ${E}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}{\mathrm{{to}}}_{D}}$ 为某材料 $\mathrm{m}$ 从起点运输到目的地的能源消耗, 单位 $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{km}}$ ; ${E}_{\text{back }\text{_}\text{haul}}$ 为某材料 $\mathrm{m}$ 从目的地返回起点的能源消耗,单位 $\mathrm{{kJ}}/\mathrm{{km}};{\mathrm{{Payload}}}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为交通工具对某材料 $\mathrm{m}$ 的有效载荷,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}};{C}_{\mathrm{{fc}}}$ 为单位能量燃料燃烧所产生的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}};{C}_{\mathrm{{fp}}}$ 为单位能量燃料上游所产生的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量, 单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$
车辆制造阶段由动力总成系统、传动系统、底盘 (不含电池)、车身、电子控制器、轮胎等车体部分组成,如式(5)所示。
$ {C}_{\text{vehicle }} = {C}_{\text{Components }} + {C}_{\text{Assembly } \circ } $
式中: ${C}_{\text{Components }}$ 为商用车制造阶段的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量, 包括动力总成系统、传动系统、底盘 (不含电池)、车身、电子控制器、轮胎等车体组成部分所涉及的生命周期碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}$${C}_{\text{Assembly }}$ 为车辆装配阶段的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}$
车辆制造阶段的碳排放量计算式为:
$ {C}_{\text{Components }} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}{W}_{i} \times {C}_{i,\text{ material }} \circ $
其中, ${W}_{i}$ 由式 (7) 计算得出:
$ {W}_{\mathrm{i}} = {W}_{\mathrm{P}} \times {P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{P}} + {W}_{\mathrm{T}} \times {P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{T}} + {W}_{\mathrm{C}} \times {P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{C}} + $
$ {W}_{\mathrm{E}} \times {P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{E}} + {W}_{\mathrm{B}} \times {P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{B}} + {W}_{\mathrm{t}} \times {T}_{\mathrm{t}} \times {P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{t}} \circ $
式中: ${W}_{\mathrm{P}}\text{、}{W}_{\mathrm{T}}\text{、}{W}_{\mathrm{C}}\text{、}{W}_{\mathrm{E}}\text{、}{W}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为动力总成系统质量、传动系统质量、底盘(不含电池)质量、电子控制器质量、车身质量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}};{P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{P}}\text{、}{P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{T}}$${P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{C}}$${P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{E}}$${P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为动力总成系统、传动系统、 底盘 (不含电池)、电子控制器、车身中材料 $\mathrm{i}$ 所占质量比; ${W}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为单个轮胎质量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}};{T}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为轮胎数量; ${P}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{t}}$ 为轮胎中材料 $\mathrm{i}$ 质量占比; ${C}_{\mathrm{i},\text{ material }}$ 为材料 $\mathrm{i}$ 对应的生命周期碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$
装配阶段的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量计算,如式 (8) 所示, 包含了装配环节的冲压工艺、焊装工艺、涂装工艺、总装工艺。
$ {C}_{\text{Assembly }} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{\mathrm{i}}\left\lbrack {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{\mathrm{j}}{E}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{j}} \times \left( {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{\mathrm{k}}{P}_{i,\mathrm{j},\mathrm{k}} \times {f}_{i,\mathrm{j},\mathrm{k}} + {I}_{i,\mathrm{j}}}\right) }\right\rbrack 。 $
式中: ${E}_{i, j}$ 为工艺 $\mathrm{i}$ 中 “能源 $\mathrm{j}$ ” 直接消耗量,工艺包括冲压、焊装、涂装和总装,“能源j” 为燃料油、汽油、柴油、天然气、煤、电力等能源,单位 GJ/辆; ${P}_{i, j, k}$ 为第 $i$ 阶段的 “能源 $j$ ” 的 “燃烧设备 $\mathrm{k}$ ”的份额; ${f}_{i,\mathrm{j},\mathrm{k}}$ 为第 $i$ 阶段的 “能源 $\mathrm{j}$ ” 的 “燃烧设备 $\mathrm{k}$ ” 对应的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{GJ}}$ ; ${I}_{i, j}$ 为第 $i$ 阶段的 “能源 $j$ ” 的间接碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放因子,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{GJ}}$
采取的轻量化措施中, 有 4 种材料替代措施, 分别是铝镁合金替代钢、铝合金替代钢、碳纤维增强塑料替代钢、铝合金替代铸造铁。涉及 5 类材料, 分别是铝、钢、铸造铁、镁合金、碳纤维增强塑料, 细分成 7 种材料, 分别是锻造铝合金、铸造铝合金、普通钢、不锈钢、铸造铁、镁合金、碳纤维增强塑料。轻量化措施中涉及材料的生命周期碳排放对比结果, 如 图 4 所示。
钢在该车型轻量化过程中涉及的是普通钢和不锈钢, 由于车用钢涉及的具体钢材种类过多, 所以此处的普通钢为车辆中除不锈钢和高强度钢之外的所有钢材,生命周期碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量为 ${2.85}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ; 不锈钢在模型中考虑的是以短流程炼钢为主,因此, 生命周期碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量显著降低,为 ${0.67}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ 。 锻造铝合金和铸造铝合金的生命周期碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量分别为 ${6.23}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${6.92}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,锻造铝合金和铸造铝合金在工艺流程上的生产铝锭阶段是相同的, 造成差异的原因是铸造铝合金在后续工艺中耗能更大, 从而造成高碳排放量。铸造铁、车用镁产品、 车用碳纤维增强塑料的生命周期碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量分别为 ${0.81}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${14.76}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${20.2}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ ,造成后两者碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量高的原因是中间工艺流程消耗的能源较大, 镁合金生产主因是电解过程需要消耗大量电力, 碳纤维增强塑料主因是生产中间材料环氧树脂和碳纤维需要大量能源投入。
图 4 可知, 钢和铸造铁作为被替代的材料, 生命周期碳排放量都偏低, 而铝合金、镁合金、碳纤维增强塑料作为轻量化材料, 虽然能降低整车质量, 但生命周期碳排放量都偏高, 势必会影响车辆周期的碳排放量。
将轻量化前后的各种参数代入模型进行计算, 参数涵盖车体各个零部件的材料质量组成, 计算出车体各组成部分的碳排放量如 图 5 所示。动力总成系统在轻量化后碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量增加了 ${95.91}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ , 该部分的轻量化措施是铸造铝合金替代铸造铁, 质量减轻了 ${25}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 。传动系统的碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量由原来的 ${57.35}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 增加到 ${198.30}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ ,增幅明显,但此部分质量仅减轻了 $5\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ ,原因是采用碳纤维增强塑料管来替代传动系统中的某钢管, 而碳纤维增强塑料的生命周期碳排放量是钢的 7 倍左右, 从而造成传动系统碳排放量显著增加。底盘部分碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量由轻量化前的 ${1542.10}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 增加到轻量化后的 ${2054.14}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ ,导致碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量增加的原因, 是轮胎的轮毂和底盘的其他零部件采取了由铝合金替代钢的轻量化措施。电子控制器没有相应的轻量化措施且质量占比很小。车身部分碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量由轻量化前的 ${1547.43}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ 增加到轻量化后的 2 ${470.42}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$ ,原因是该部分采取的轻量化措施是用铝镁合金和铝合金替代原有的钢材。
最终车辆生命周期的碳排放量对比, 如 图 6 所示, 轻量化后的碳排放量与轻量化前的碳排放量相比增加了 36.22%,车用液体、电池、车辆装配这三部分因为不涉及轻量化改进, 所以此部分的碳排放量没有发生变化。原车体部分碳排放量的增加导致车辆生命周期碳排放的增加, 主因是在轻量化措施中, 大量钢材由铝材替代, 轻量化前钢的质量占整车质量的 70% 左右,轻量化后仅占 20%;轻量化前铝合金的质量在整车质量中的占比小于 4%,轻量化后占比达到近 50%,而铝合金的生命周期碳排放量为钢的 2 倍以上, 因此, 导致轻量化后的车辆生命周期碳排放量显著增加。
钢和铝合金是在车辆中占比最多的材料, 也是轻量化措施中涉及材料替代最多的材料, 对于整车的碳排放影响较大, 需要探讨钢和铝合金的生命周期碳排放量降低后对车辆各部分以及车体组成部分的碳排放的影响。目前,我国也在推进钢和铝合金低碳化的生产工艺。例如, 在高炉工艺中采取生物质水热炭化高炉炼铁工艺, 或在采用加氢高炉工艺的情况下,生产 $1\mathrm{t}$ 铁水的 ${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 直接排放量可减少 5.23%~40.2% [ 19 - 21 ] ,而铝工业如果采取烧结拜尔法或改进拜耳法生产原铝, 会比通过烧结法生产原铝的碳排放量减少6%~20%[22-23],因此,本研究在保证材料性能不变的情况下, 设置钢和铝合金生命周期碳排放量降低 10%,以探究其对车体各组成部分碳排放量的影响,结果如 图 7 所示。当钢生命周期碳排放量降低时, 对轻量化前后的车体组成部分碳排放量降低也有显著效果, 主因是钢在车辆中的质量占比较高, 轻量化后的钢仍占比近 30%。当铝合金生命周期碳排放量降低时, 对轻量化后的车辆影响较大, 对轻量化前的车辆影响有限。因此, 为了减少轻量化前后的车辆循环碳排放量的差距, 可以从降低铝合金生命周期碳排放量入手。本研究涉及轻量化的铸造铁、镁合金、碳纤维增强塑料, 由于这些材料在车辆中质量占比较小, 所以对车体部分碳排放量的影响非常有限。
本文基于生命周期理论, 对某轻型商用货车进行轻量化前后的生命周期碳排放分析, 结论如下。
1)轻量化措施涉及的材料为钢、铝合金、镁合金、铸造铁、碳纤维增强塑料,生命周期碳 $\left( {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\right)$ 排放量分别为 ${2.85}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ (普通钢)、0.67 ${\mathrm{{kg}}}_{2}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ (不锈钢)、 ${6.23}{\mathrm{\;{kg}}}_{2}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ (锻造铝合金)、6.92 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ (铸造铝合金)、0.81 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ (铸造铁)、14.76 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{kg}}$ (车用镁合金)、20.2 kg/kg(车用碳纤维增强塑料)。由此可知, 铝合金、镁合金、碳纤维增强塑料的生命周期碳排放量显著高于钢和铁, 主因是铝合金、镁合金、碳纤维增强塑料在生产过程中的工艺单位能耗与辅料投入显著高于钢和铁, 导致生命周期碳排放量较高。
2)在实施轻量化措施后,该车型产品生命周期碳排放量增加 36.22%,主因是车体碳排放量增加, 轻量化后的车体碳排放量与轻量化前的相比增加了 45.9%。动力总成系统、传动系统、底盘和车身是导致车体排放量增加的主要来源, 由于底盘和车身的质量占比较大, 通过钢铝替代后, 碳排放量增加仍主要来源于底盘和车身。因此, 底盘和车身的轻量化是降低车辆生命周期碳排放量的关键, 需对轻量化方案进行优选。同时,本研究只考虑了车辆产品阶段的碳排放, 如果考虑到车辆后续行驶阶段产生的碳排放量, 在车辆达到一定的行驶里程后 [ 16 - 24 ] ,轻量化的优势将会凸显出来。
3)由敏感性分析结果可知,钢作为目前汽车使用最多的材料, 降低钢的生命周期碳排放量尤为重要。而针对于目前汽车行业的轻量化措施主要仍以铝合金替代钢为主,铝合金作为主流的轻量化材料, 想要减小轻量化前后车辆周期的碳排放量差距,需要呼吁汽车行业和铝工业企业重视车用铝合金产品的低碳化发展。
  • 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司科研项目(CIIP-2021-004)
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2024年第14卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.17
  • 接收时间:2023-12-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-19
  • 修回日期:2024-01-06
基金
中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司科研项目(CIIP-2021-004)
作者信息
    1 上海交通大学 中英国际低碳学院 上海 201306
    2 上海交通大学 碳中和发展研究院 上海 200030
    3 上海交通大学 国家电投智慧能源创新学院 上海 200240
    4 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 重庆 401122
    5 车辆排放与节能重庆市重点实验室 重庆 401122
    6 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240

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谢晓敏(1976-),女,陕西华县人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为“碳中和”相关战略及政策、生命周期分析、能源系统评价和区域可持续发展。Tel: 021-34206860 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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