Article(id=1153978734085399304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.18, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697385600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-16, revisedDate=1702224000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753059570093, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753059570093, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753059570093, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753059570093, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153978730306331381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='3', pageStart='321', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753059569193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481634700, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=511, endPage=518, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153978734550967050, articleId=1153978734085399304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Neural Network-Based Data Repair Method During NO Sensor Dew Point Protection in Remote Monitoring of Heavy-Duty Vehicles, columnId=1153978732042768990, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green/Health Technologies and Test/Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the problem of invalid data during the dew point protection phase of NOx sensors in the remote monitoring of heavyduty vehicles, the paper used the PEMS tests on a China VI heavyduty vehicle to investigate the high NOx, emissions during this protection period. Furthermore, the feasibility of using a neural network algorithm to repair the data and improve the utilization rate of remote monitoring data was verified. The results show that the dew point protection leads to more than 30% NOx, emissions not being recorded. During this protection phase, over 90% of the data revealed that the vehicle speed was below 54 km/h, the engine coolant temperature was below 82 °C, the SCR inlet temperature was below 245 °C, and the SCR outlet temperature was below 225 °C. The neural network algorithm effectively repaired the invalid NOx, measurements during dew point protection, with errors of less than 4%.

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为解决重型车辆远程监控数据中NOx 传感器露点保护过程的数据无效问题,利用一辆国六重型车辆的PEMS测试对露点保护期间的高NOx排放问题进行探究,验证了利用神经网络算法修复数据和提高远程监测数据利用率的可行性。结果表明,NOx传感器露点保护过程会导致30%以上的NOx排放量未被统计;在露点保护期间,超过90%的数据显示车辆速度低于54 km/h、发动机冷却液温度低于82°C、SCR入口温度低于245°C、SCR出口温度低于225℃。神经网络算法可有效修复露点保护过程中失效的NOx测量值,对发动机原始排放和车辆尾管排放的累计排放量误差都在4%以内。

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裴毅强(1967-),男,河南洛阳人,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧过程和排放控制。Tel:13802192203 E-mail:
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刘春涛(1987-),男,山东潍坊人,博士,主要研究方向为在用重型车NO₄排放监控方法。Tel:15376365461 E-mail:

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刘春涛(1987-),男,山东潍坊人,博士,主要研究方向为在用重型车NO₄排放监控方法。Tel:15376365461 E-mail:

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刘春涛(1987-),男,山东潍坊人,博士,主要研究方向为在用重型车NO₄排放监控方法。Tel:15376365461 E-mail:

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参数 值/规格
车辆类别 N3
整车质量/kg 8500
最高载荷/kg 25000
发动机最高功率/kW 199
发动机最大转矩/Nm 1170
排放标准 国六
后处理系统 DOC+DPF+SCR
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参数 值/规格
车辆类别 N3
整车质量/kg 8500
最高载荷/kg 25000
发动机最高功率/kW 199
发动机最大转矩/Nm 1170
排放标准 国六
后处理系统 DOC+DPF+SCR
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序号 项目 备注
1 车速 运行工况分析
2 大气压力 海拔识别
3 发动机净输出转矩 运行工况分析
4 发动机摩擦转矩 运行工况分析
5 发动机转速 运行工况分析
6 发动机燃料流量 碳排放、排气流量分析
7 进气量 排气流量分析
8 SCR上游 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器输出值 SCR效率监控
9 SCR下游 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ 传感器输出值 SCR效率、 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 排放监控
10 SCR 入口温度 (如果适用) SCR工作环境分析
11 SCR出口温度(如果适用) SCR工作环境分析
12 DPF压差 DPF效率分析
13 反应剂余量 SCR监控
14 油箱液位 燃料量检查
15 发动机冷却液温度 发动机运行状态分析
16 累计里程 车辆在用性分析
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序号 项目 备注
1 车速 运行工况分析
2 大气压力 海拔识别
3 发动机净输出转矩 运行工况分析
4 发动机摩擦转矩 运行工况分析
5 发动机转速 运行工况分析
6 发动机燃料流量 碳排放、排气流量分析
7 进气量 排气流量分析
8 SCR上游 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器输出值 SCR效率监控
9 SCR下游 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ 传感器输出值 SCR效率、 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 排放监控
10 SCR 入口温度 (如果适用) SCR工作环境分析
11 SCR出口温度(如果适用) SCR工作环境分析
12 DPF压差 DPF效率分析
13 反应剂余量 SCR监控
14 油箱液位 燃料量检查
15 发动机冷却液温度 发动机运行状态分析
16 累计里程 车辆在用性分析
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基于神经网络的重型车辆远程监控NO传感器露点保护过程数据修复方法
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刘春涛 1 , 张帆 2 , 吴春玲 3 , 裴毅强 2 , 陈淑鑫 1 , 何颖 1
汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024,14(3): 511-518
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024, 14(3): 511-518
基于神经网络的重型车辆远程监控NO传感器露点保护过程数据修复方法
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刘春涛1 , 张帆2, 吴春玲3, 裴毅强2 , 陈淑鑫1, 何颖1
作者信息
  • 1 天津仁爱学院 机械工程学院 天津 301636
  • 2 天津大学 机械工程学院 天津 300072
  • 3 中汽研汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司 天津 300300
  • 刘春涛(1987-),男,山东潍坊人,博士,主要研究方向为在用重型车NO₄排放监控方法。Tel:15376365461 E-mail:

通讯作者:


裴毅强(1967-),男,河南洛阳人,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧过程和排放控制。Tel:13802192203 E-mail:
Neural Network-Based Data Repair Method During NO Sensor Dew Point Protection in Remote Monitoring of Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Chuntao LIU1 , Fan ZHANG2, Chunling WU3, Yiqiang PEI2 , Shuxin CHEN1, Ying HE1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin Renai College Tianjin 301636 China
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
  • 3 CATARC Automotive Test Center (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Tianjin 300300 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.18
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为解决重型车辆远程监控数据中NOx 传感器露点保护过程的数据无效问题,利用一辆国六重型车辆的PEMS测试对露点保护期间的高NOx排放问题进行探究,验证了利用神经网络算法修复数据和提高远程监测数据利用率的可行性。结果表明,NOx传感器露点保护过程会导致30%以上的NOx排放量未被统计;在露点保护期间,超过90%的数据显示车辆速度低于54 km/h、发动机冷却液温度低于82°C、SCR入口温度低于245°C、SCR出口温度低于225℃。神经网络算法可有效修复露点保护过程中失效的NOx测量值,对发动机原始排放和车辆尾管排放的累计排放量误差都在4%以内。

神经网络  /  远程监控数据  /  NOx排放  /  重型车  /  露点保护

To solve the problem of invalid data during the dew point protection phase of NOx sensors in the remote monitoring of heavyduty vehicles, the paper used the PEMS tests on a China VI heavyduty vehicle to investigate the high NOx, emissions during this protection period. Furthermore, the feasibility of using a neural network algorithm to repair the data and improve the utilization rate of remote monitoring data was verified. The results show that the dew point protection leads to more than 30% NOx, emissions not being recorded. During this protection phase, over 90% of the data revealed that the vehicle speed was below 54 km/h, the engine coolant temperature was below 82 °C, the SCR inlet temperature was below 245 °C, and the SCR outlet temperature was below 225 °C. The neural network algorithm effectively repaired the invalid NOx, measurements during dew point protection, with errors of less than 4%.

neural network  /  remote monitoring data  /  NOx emissions  /  heavy-duty vehicles  /  dew point protection
刘春涛, 张帆, 吴春玲, 裴毅强, 陈淑鑫, 何颖. 基于神经网络的重型车辆远程监控NO传感器露点保护过程数据修复方法. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (3) : 511 -518 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.18
Chuntao LIU, Fan ZHANG, Chunling WU, Yiqiang PEI, Shuxin CHEN, Ying HE. Neural Network-Based Data Repair Method During NO Sensor Dew Point Protection in Remote Monitoring of Heavy-Duty Vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (3) : 511 -518 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.18
柴油机因其出色的经济性、耐久性和动力性, 已在全球范围内被广泛用作重型车辆的动力源。然而,其高 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放问题也受到了密切关注 [ 1 ] 。根据 《中国移动源环境管理 2022 年度报告》,尽管重型车辆仅占中国车辆保有量的 ${9.1}\%$ ,但其 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放量却占总排放量的 76.1%,总量达到 582.1 万吨 [ 2 ] 。 因此,降低重型车辆的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放量对于减少机动车总体排放量具有极其重要的作用。
近年来, 全球范围内对排放标准的严格把控推动了缸内净化技术的不断改进和后处理装置的持续升级,从而确保重型车辆能顺利通过排放测试 [ 3 ] 。 然而, 需要强调的是, 尽管车辆在预售阶段的排放认证合规,但并不意味着其在整个生命周期内的排放都符合标准。大量研究表明,重型车辆在实际道路上行驶时所产生的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放量往往比认证条件下的高出许多倍 [ 4 - 6 ] 。这种排放恶化现象主要由催化剂老化 [ 7 ] 、劣质燃料 [ 8 ] 以及数据篡改 [ 1 ] 等因素引起。由于重型车辆的使用寿命较长,所以 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放恶化将导致大量污染物的排放。由此可见, 对在用重型车辆的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放进行持续监测尤为重要。多种手段可用于检测车辆的实际排放情况, 包括使用便携式排放测试系统(Pontable Emissions Measurement System, PEMS)进行实际行驶污物排放(Real Drive Emission, RDE)测试 [ 9 ] 、环境监测 [ 10 ] 、道路遥感 [ 11 ] 、隧道测量 [ 12 ] 和烟羽追踪 [ 13 ] 等方式。 虽然 PEMS 测试的准确率较高,但由于其安装侵入性较强且成本高昂, 所以将 PEMS 测试广泛应用于在用重型车辆的排放测量并不现实 [ 14 ] 。环境监测、 道路遥感技术和隧道测量则适用于测量大量车辆的实际道路排放,且具有成本效益 [ 15 ] 。不过,它们似乎更侧重于测量空气质量,而不是跟踪单个车辆的排放 [ 16 ] 。烟羽追踪针对单辆汽车的排放检测, 但容易受到复杂多变的稀释过程的影响 [ 14 ]
随着互联网的广泛应用和无线技术的普及, 得以实现车载自动诊断系统(On-Board Diagnostics, OBD)数据的无线传输, 这为远程监测在用重型车辆的排放提供了可能性。2018 年,中国发布了重型车辆第 6 阶段的排放标准, 要求新销售的重型车辆配备远程排放管理终端, 并从 2021 年开始正式要求车辆在全寿命期内进行数据传输 [ 17 ] 。这标志着中国已成为世界上第 1 个将 OBD III技术用于重型车辆排放监管的国家,但目前仅监测 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放。远程监测数据可以帮助环境监管机构实时监测车辆的排放状况, 也有助于车辆和发动机制造商及时判断和处理车辆问题 [ 18 ] 。研究结果表明,远程监测数据与 PEMS 数据之间具有高度的一致性 [ 19 - 21 ] ,这证实了远程监测数据可以胜任在用重型车辆的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放监测任务。
尽管重型车辆远程监测技术在监测 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放方面具有一定的有效性, 但其仍然存在一些关键问题,其中之一是 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器在露点保护过程中的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 测量失效问题。在测量 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 浓度时, ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器会被加热到高温 (约 ${780}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ),在其遇到水滴时, 容易导致损坏或性能下降 (热冲击)。为保护 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器,在车辆启动后,先以小电流让 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器进入保护状态,通过高温废气加热管路以及 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器安装位置来消除积聚在尾气系统部件中的水分。一旦发热量超过阈值,即可认为积聚的水分已经蒸发,不会形成液滴,此时 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器加热才被完全激活, 这个过程被称为露点保护, 可能会持续数分钟甚至几十分钟。在此过程中,由于 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 浓度测量不准确, 远程监测数据将会失效。目前, 重型车辆排放标准中的 RDE 测试并未包括冷启动数据 [ 17 ] ,这意味着露点保护期间的数据几乎完全被忽略。然而, 在未来排放标准中, 冷启动数据或露点保护期间的数据在对重型车辆的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放进行评估时将会发挥重要作用, 这一点可以从 Euro VII排放法规提案中看出 [ 22 ] 。因此,对露点保护数据的修复是提高冷启动数据利用率的关键环节。尽管如此,关于露点保护过程中,对 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 测量数据特征的描述和数据修复方面的研究在此前并未引起足够的关注。
本研究选择对一辆符合国六标准的重型车辆在过去 13 个月的远程监控数据进行分析。针对每个月的露点保护数据, 计算了它们在总数据中的时间占比,并以此为基础提取出露点保护数据的各项特征。首次提出了一种基于机器学习的露点保护过程中 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 测量值的修复方法,并采用神经网络算法验证了该方法的有效性。这一研究结果对于提高远程监控数据的利用率具有积极意义, 同时也为未来重型车辆的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放合规监测提供了支持。
为了对露点保护过程中的实际 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放进行评估, 在试验车辆上进行了 4 次 PEMS 测试。该测试车辆配备了 1 台直列四缸、 ${6.2}\mathrm{\;L}$ 排量、涡轮增压柴油发动机, 后处理系统包括柴油机氧化催化器 (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Converter, DOCC)、柴油机颗粒捕集器(Diesel Particulate Filter, DPF) 以及选择性催化还原系统(Selective Catalytic Reduction, SCR)。有关测试车辆配置的信息如 图 1表 1 所示。
AVL M. O. V. E 气体分析仪被用于精确测量 PEMS 测试中的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放浓度。同时,通过连接至外部设备, 进一步对排气流量、气象状况以及 GPS 信号进行准确的测定。为了尽量减小对发动机运行性能的影响, 测试过程中所有的设备均由便携式电池提供所需的电力, 从而避免了额外的负荷。
根据国六排放标准的规定, 试验路线的构成比例为市区道路占 20%,市郊道路占 25%,高速道路占 55%。在此过程中, 最大允许误差为 5%, 以确保测试的准确性。在测试进行期间, 车辆的有效载荷应维持在最大允许有效载荷的 60% 左右, 以确保车辆运行状态的稳定, 从而对排放结果产生最小的影响。
在试验车辆的远程监控数据中, 所需的数据流信息主要包括发动机运行工况和后处理系统参数, 具体项目总结见 表 2 。需要强调的是, 这些远程监测数据应以 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的频率进行连续采集。该频率能较准确地反映车辆的污染物排放和运行状态 [ 23 ]
机器学习是利用计算机作为工具, 通过在大量数据中训练算法, 依据经验数据进行模型生成, 进而找出数据之间的潜在关联。当面对新的数据时, 该模型会根据已找出的关联进行判断。机器学习的最终效果受到数据总量、数据质量以及具体算法的影响。本研究主要针对监督学习中的回归问题, 并采用神经网络作为主要的解决算法。神经网络的流行原因在于其能进行非线性数据的建模, 并能充分提取输入和输出变量之间的复杂关联 [ 24 ] 。神经网络的基本构成如 图 2 所示。神经网络算法在预测方面具有优秀的鲁棒性和容错能力, 可以充分逼近复杂的非线性关系。
PEMS 测试过程中车辆 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放率和排放量, 如 图 3 所示。阴影区域代表了露点保护期,点划线表示国六排放标准所要求的 PEMS 测试有效数据的起点,即发动机冷却液温度首次超过 ${70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的时段。 在 4 次 PEMS 测试中, 露点保护结束的时间与有效数据开始的时间非常接近, 两者之间的最大间隔不超过 ${150}\mathrm{\;s}$
在 4 次 PEMS 测试中, 露点保护持续时间占比范围为 ${9.6}\% \sim {14.9}\%$ ,而 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 质量占比超过 ${30}\%$ , 如 图 4 所示。露点保护时间虽然相对较短, 但对 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放的贡献却相当显著,甚至在最高的一次测试中占到了整个试验 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放量的一半左右。因此,露点保护期间的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放应引起足够的重视。
试验车辆在 13 个月的露点保护时间占比范围为 10%~16%,如 图 5 所示,这一数据与 PEMS 测试中的露点保护时间占比相近。这说明在车辆的日常使用过程中,有 ${10}\% \sim {16}\%$ 的时间无法直接通过远程监测数据计算出 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 的排放量,此时 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 的排放率往往较高。因此, 为了提高远程监测数据在评估 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放中的利用率,有必要修复这些 “失效数据”。
尽管在露点保护过程中无法由 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器精准地测定 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 浓度,但可以通过机器学习的方式进行估算。车辆行驶一段时间后,将生成大量的远程监控数据,这些数据可以分成 3 类: 第 1 类是 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器测量值失效的露点保护数据; 第 2 类是与露点保护数据特征类似,但 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器测量值准确的 “特征数据”;其余的数据属于第 3 类,即 “其余数据”。数据修复过程仅使用第 1 类和第 2 类数据。通过机器学习建立用于预测 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 浓度的模型,并利用第 2 类的 “特征数据” 进行训练,能获取 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 浓度与其他数据项间的关联。将这种 “关联” 应用到第 1 类露点保护数据中,用模型预测值取代 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器的测量值, 从而实现远程监控数据的修复。远程监控数据修复流程如 图 6 所示, 主要包括以下步骤:
(1)从远程监控数据中取得露点保护数据;
(2)提取露点保护数据的特征;
(3)从远程监控数据(不含露点保护数据)中取得特征数据;
(4)建立预测模型并通过机器学习进行训练;
(5)将预测模型应用于露点保护数据并进行预测;
(6)用预测后的数据替换失效数据从而得到修复后的数据。
特征提取可以定义为从露点保护数据中选取关键数据元素, 并利用这些元素的特性来描述露点保护数据的特性。因为露点保护主要发生在车辆启动后的短时间内, 某些数据元素的数值范围与车辆启动后的时间并无明显的关联, 所以并不适合用作特征参数。例如, 大气压力主要受高度影响, 与车辆的运行状况并无关联。在露点保护数据中, 选择车辆速度、发动机冷却液温度、SCR 入口温度以及 SCR出口温度作为特征参数。为了使所提取的特性能代表大部分的露点保护数据, 同时避免个例对特性的干扰, 根据每个月数据的 90% 分位数来设定车辆速度、发动机冷却液温度、SCR入口温度以及出口温度的上限数值。例如,如果每个月有 90% 以上的数据表明车辆速度低于 ${54}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,那么就将车辆速度的上限设定为 ${54}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 。露点保护数据的特性参数统计结果如 图 7 所示, 发动机冷却液温度上限为 ${82}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ , SCR 入口温度上限为 ${245}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ , SCR 出口温度上限为 225 °C。
为提高机器学习性能, 训练模型时应尽量减少输入参数的数量,同时确保不遗漏任何关键参数。 因此,对于某些与 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放无关且变化频率较低的数据项,不适合作为模型输入。而对于一些相关性较高的数据项,仅需保留其中一项即可。需要强调的是,车辆 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放不仅与当前发动机的运行状态有关, 还受到之前车辆运行状态的影响。在本研究中,“前一个运行状态”通过参数的增长率来表示。 经过筛选, 最终确定的预测模型输入参数为发动机转速、发动机转速增长率、发动机燃料流量、发动机燃料流量增长率、进气量、发动机冷却液温度和 SCR 入口温度。
将数据集分成两组, 分别用于预测发动机原始 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放 $\left( {{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}\text{原排}}\right)$ 和车辆 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 尾管排放 $\left( {\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}\right.$ 尾排)。第 1 组数据用于预测 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 原排,然后与第 2 组数据合并作为 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 尾排预测模型的输入参数,该过程的具体操作如 图 8 所示。 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 原排模型和尾排模型均采用神经网络算法, 其中, 隐藏层采用单层结构, 并包含 30 个神经元。在本研究中, 采用了 “向后预测”的方式来进行数据修复工作。具体而言, 利用连续 3 个月的数据来训练预测模型, 并预测下一个月露点保护期间 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 的浓度。为防止与数据前后时间不连续的独立数据对预测模型的训练产生干扰,提前从特征数据中排除这些独立数据。
2022 年 8 月, ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放预测值(使用 5 月至 7 月数据训练模型)与 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器测量值进行了比较, 如 图 9 所示。结果显示,无论是 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 原排预测值还是尾排预测值, 都与实际测量结果高度契合, 这说明采用机器学习法来修正露点保护过程中的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 浓度是有效的; 同时推断出, 通过进一步优化神经网络算法或引入其他机器学习算法, 还能进一步提高模型对 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放的预测准确性。
2022 年 8 月, ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 累计排放量预测值与测量值的对比,如 图 10 所示。两条曲线的相似性较高, 预测模型对 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 原排累计排放量的相对误差仅为 ${3.9}\%$ ,对 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 尾排累计排放量的相对误差为 ${3.3}\%$ 。 这表明该预测模型能较准确地预测在露点防护期间车辆的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放量。通过使用 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放预测结果来替换在露点保护过程中失效的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放测量值,即可实现 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放数据的修复。
${10}{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 累计排放量预测值与测量值对比
为了提高重型车辆远程监测数据在 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放监测中的利用率,增加冷启动过程中 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放监测的可行性, 本研究着重对露点保护数据的特征及数据修复方法进行分析, 研究结果如下。
(1)所研究的重型车辆在日常运行过程中,约在 ${10}\% \sim {16}\%$ 的时间里, ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器处于露点保护状态,这可能导致 ${30}\%$ 以上的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放量因 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 测量值无效而未被统计。
(2)${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 传感器露点保护主要出现在车辆启动后的一个特定时间段内, 在此时间段内 90% 以上的数据显示车辆速度低于 ${54}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 、发动机冷却液温度低于 ${82}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{{SCR}}$ 入口温度低于 ${245}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{{SCR}}$ 出口温度低于 225 °C。
(3)通过运用机器学习技术,可以有效地对露点保护过程中失效的 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 浓度数据进行修复。针对本研究所用的重型车辆而言, 数据修复的效果较理想,特别是针对 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 累积排放量的预测, ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 原排和尾排的预测值偏差都在 4% 以内, 并且存在进一步优化提升的空间。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3701805)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3703600)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.18
  • 接收时间:2023-10-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-16
  • 修回日期:2023-12-11
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3701805)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3703600)
作者信息
    1 天津仁爱学院 机械工程学院 天津 301636
    2 天津大学 机械工程学院 天津 300072
    3 中汽研汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司 天津 300300

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裴毅强(1967-),男,河南洛阳人,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧过程和排放控制。Tel:13802192203 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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