Article(id=1153978731828863742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.03.12, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676304000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-14, revisedDate=1679500800000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753059569556, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753059569556, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753059569556, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753059569556, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153978730306331381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='3', pageStart='321', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753059569193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481634700, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=455, endPage=462, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153978732185379585, articleId=1153978731828863742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Research on the Characteristics of Pedestrian Head Injuries Based on In-Depth Investigation of Traffic Accident Data, columnId=1153978731409433338, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Injury Biomechanics and Test/Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the indepth investigation data from 135 pedestrian accidents in the FASS database, the paper statistically analyzes the sources of pedestrian head injuries and the impact of vehicle speed on these sources. According to the Spearman correlation coefficient test method, a regression model between the vehicle speed interval and the average MAIS for head injuries is established. The results show that the primary source of pedestrian head injuries is vehicles, which account for approximately 58%, followed by the ground, which accounts for around 40%. In pedestrian accidents, the vehicle speed significantly affects the distribution of sources for pedestrian head injuries. When the vehicle speed is lower than 30 km/h, the ground tends to be the main source of pedestrian head injuries. When the vehicle speed is between 30 km/h and 50 km/h, the risk of the injuries caused by both vehicles and the ground is comparable. When the vehicle speed exceeds 50 km/h, the main source of pedestrian head injuries is vehicles. Therefore, in the study of traffic injury epidemiology and during the development of traffic injury accident databases, attention should be paid to the risk of head injuries arising from the ground, especially in the midtolow speed collisions.

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基于未来出行交通事故场景研究(Future Mobile Traffic Accident Scenario Study, FASS)数据库中135例人车碰撞事故深度调查数据,对造成行人头部损伤的来源及车速对头部损伤来源的影响进行了统计分析。采用Spearman相关系数检验法,建立了车辆速度区间与头部平均MAIS的回归模型。结果表明,行人头部致伤物主要来源于车辆,占比约58%,其次为地面,占比约40%。行人事故中,碰撞车速对行人头部损伤来源的分布情况有一定的影响,当车速低于30km/h时,行人头部损伤主要来源为地面,当车速为[30,50]km/h时,车辆和地面对行人头部造成的损伤风险相近,当车速高于50km/h时,行人头部损伤主要致伤物来源为车辆。因此,在进行交通损伤流行病学研究、交通损伤事故数据库构建时,特别是在中低速碰撞中,应重视地面对头部造成损伤的风险。

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石亮亮(1988-),男,山东德州人,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为碰撞生物力学及智慧交通安全。Tel: 18850013292 E-mail:
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常意(1996-),女,重庆市人,硕士,初级工程师,主要研究方向为交通安全与人体损伤生物力学。Tel: 18573160298 E-mail:

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url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=World Health Organization, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Health Organization. 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分区 损伤及AIS分级
全区域 挤压伤 (6); 头皮损伤 (1~3)
颅内血管 动脉损伤 (3~6);血管窦损伤 (3~6);静脉损伤 (3~4)
颅神经 颅神经损伤 $\left( {2 \sim 3}\right)$
颅内器官 脑干损伤 (5~6);小脑损伤 (2~5);大脑损伤 (2~5)
颅骨 颅底骨折(3 4);穹隆骨折(2 4)
震荡伤 脑震荡(1 3);弥漫性轴突损伤(4 5)
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分区 损伤及AIS分级
全区域 挤压伤 (6); 头皮损伤 (1~3)
颅内血管 动脉损伤 (3~6);血管窦损伤 (3~6);静脉损伤 (3~4)
颅神经 颅神经损伤 $\left( {2 \sim 3}\right)$
颅内器官 脑干损伤 (5~6);小脑损伤 (2~5);大脑损伤 (2~5)
颅骨 颅底骨折(3 4);穹隆骨折(2 4)
震荡伤 脑震荡(1 3);弥漫性轴突损伤(4 5)
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MAIS 人数/个 占比/%
1 7 4.9
2 33 22.9
3 69 47.9
4 24 16.7
5 8 5.6
6 1 0.7
未知 2 1.4
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MAIS 人数/个 占比/%
1 7 4.9
2 33 22.9
3 69 47.9
4 24 16.7
5 8 5.6
6 1 0.7
未知 2 1.4
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年龄/岁 男性/个 女性/个 占比/%
$0 \sim \leq {10}$ 3.0 0 2.1
11~≤20 1.0 3.0 2.8
${21} \sim \leq {30}$ 3.0 3.0 4.2
31~≤40 4.0 7.0 7.6
${41} \sim \leq {50}$ 9.0 8.0 11.8
${51} \sim \leq {60}$ 15.0 14.0 20.1
${61} \sim \leq {70}$ 18.0 24.0 29.2
≥71 17.0 15.0 22.2
占比/% 48.6 51.4
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年龄/岁 男性/个 女性/个 占比/%
$0 \sim \leq {10}$ 3.0 0 2.1
11~≤20 1.0 3.0 2.8
${21} \sim \leq {30}$ 3.0 3.0 4.2
31~≤40 4.0 7.0 7.6
${41} \sim \leq {50}$ 9.0 8.0 11.8
${51} \sim \leq {60}$ 15.0 14.0 20.1
${61} \sim \leq {70}$ 18.0 24.0 29.2
≥71 17.0 15.0 22.2
占比/% 48.6 51.4
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FASS (N=626) 美国 (N=1 342) 日本 (N=360) 瑞典 (N=1 329)
36.3 32.7 28.6 26.5
1.9 3.7 2.4 3.0
1.9 0 4.5 2.5
18.4 9.5 8.5 10.8
11.3 7.7 4.8 4.7
上肢 6.4 7.9 9.0 14.7
下肢 23.8 38.6 41.7 37.8
未知 0 0 2.1 0
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FASS (N=626) 美国 (N=1 342) 日本 (N=360) 瑞典 (N=1 329)
36.3 32.7 28.6 26.5
1.9 3.7 2.4 3.0
1.9 0 4.5 2.5
18.4 9.5 8.5 10.8
11.3 7.7 4.8 4.7
上肢 6.4 7.9 9.0 14.7
下肢 23.8 38.6 41.7 37.8
未知 0 0 2.1 0
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损伤类型 损伤数/个 百分比/%
挫伤/血肿 122 37.0
骨折 90 27.3
裂伤 37 11.2
擦伤 7 2.1
撕脱伤 4 1.2
挤压伤 1 0.3
其他 19 5.8
未知 50 15.2
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损伤类型 损伤数/个 百分比/%
挫伤/血肿 122 37.0
骨折 90 27.3
裂伤 37 11.2
擦伤 7 2.1
撕脱伤 4 1.2
挤压伤 1 0.3
其他 19 5.8
未知 50 15.2
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致伤物 A柱/雨刮 挡风玻璃 发动机罩 发动机罩前缘 前部翼子板 车辆其他部件 地面 其他
AIS1+ 损伤数/个 33 63 64 2 5 11 122 5
总计 $N = {305}$
占比/% 10.8 20.7 21.0 0.7 1.6 3.6 40.0 1.6
AIS3+ 损伤数/个 18 28 28 1 1 7 51 2
总计 $N = {136}$
占比/% 13.2 20.6 20.6 0.7 0.7 5.1 37.5 1.5
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致伤物 A柱/雨刮 挡风玻璃 发动机罩 发动机罩前缘 前部翼子板 车辆其他部件 地面 其他
AIS1+ 损伤数/个 33 63 64 2 5 11 122 5
总计 $N = {305}$
占比/% 10.8 20.7 21.0 0.7 1.6 3.6 40.0 1.6
AIS3+ 损伤数/个 18 28 28 1 1 7 51 2
总计 $N = {136}$
占比/% 13.2 20.6 20.6 0.7 0.7 5.1 37.5 1.5
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碰撞速度 头部致伤物 头部损伤 MAIS 行人是否 死亡
碰撞速度 1 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$ 0.34 (P=0.001) 0.24 (P=0.016) 0.36 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$
头部致伤物 1 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$ 0.21 $\left( {P = {0.037}}\right)$ 0.38 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$
头部损伤MAIS 1 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$ 0.52 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$
行人是否死亡 1 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$
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碰撞速度 头部致伤物 头部损伤 MAIS 行人是否 死亡
碰撞速度 1 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$ 0.34 (P=0.001) 0.24 (P=0.016) 0.36 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$
头部致伤物 1 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$ 0.21 $\left( {P = {0.037}}\right)$ 0.38 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$
头部损伤MAIS 1 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$ 0.52 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$
行人是否死亡 1 $\left( {P = 0}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1153978764372468623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153978731828863742, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车速/(km/h) 致伤物一车 百分比/% 致伤物-地面 百分比/%
$0 \sim < {20}$ 0 100
${20} \sim < {30}$ 22.2 77.8
${30} \sim < {50}$ 47.1 52.9
${50} \sim < {60}$ 60.0 40.0
60~<70 75.0 25.0
≥70 78.6 21.4
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车速/(km/h) 致伤物一车 百分比/% 致伤物-地面 百分比/%
$0 \sim < {20}$ 0 100
${20} \sim < {30}$ 22.2 77.8
${30} \sim < {50}$ 47.1 52.9
${50} \sim < {60}$ 60.0 40.0
60~<70 75.0 25.0
≥70 78.6 21.4
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基于交通事故深度调查数据的行人头部损伤特征研究
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常意 1 , 石亮亮 1 , 程阔 1 , 王国杰 1 , 崔淑娟 1 , 段伟建 2
汽车工程学报 | 损伤生物力学及其测评 2024,14(3): 455-462
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汽车工程学报 | 损伤生物力学及其测评 2024, 14(3): 455-462
基于交通事故深度调查数据的行人头部损伤特征研究
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常意1 , 石亮亮1 , 程阔1, 王国杰1, 崔淑娟1, 段伟建2
作者信息
  • 1 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 重庆 401122
  • 2 重庆市公安局交通管理局 重庆 400054
  • 常意(1996-),女,重庆市人,硕士,初级工程师,主要研究方向为交通安全与人体损伤生物力学。Tel: 18573160298 E-mail:

通讯作者:


石亮亮(1988-),男,山东德州人,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为碰撞生物力学及智慧交通安全。Tel: 18850013292 E-mail:
Research on the Characteristics of Pedestrian Head Injuries Based on In-Depth Investigation of Traffic Accident Data
Yi CHANG1 , Liangliang SHI1 , Kuo CHENG1, Guojie WANG1, Shujuan CUI1, Weijian DUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd Chongqing 401122 China
  • 2 Traffic Management Bureau, Chongqing Municipal Public Security Bureau Chongqing 400054 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.03.12
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基于未来出行交通事故场景研究(Future Mobile Traffic Accident Scenario Study, FASS)数据库中135例人车碰撞事故深度调查数据,对造成行人头部损伤的来源及车速对头部损伤来源的影响进行了统计分析。采用Spearman相关系数检验法,建立了车辆速度区间与头部平均MAIS的回归模型。结果表明,行人头部致伤物主要来源于车辆,占比约58%,其次为地面,占比约40%。行人事故中,碰撞车速对行人头部损伤来源的分布情况有一定的影响,当车速低于30km/h时,行人头部损伤主要来源为地面,当车速为[30,50]km/h时,车辆和地面对行人头部造成的损伤风险相近,当车速高于50km/h时,行人头部损伤主要致伤物来源为车辆。因此,在进行交通损伤流行病学研究、交通损伤事故数据库构建时,特别是在中低速碰撞中,应重视地面对头部造成损伤的风险。

事故深度调查  /  行人事故  /  头部损伤  /  损伤来源  /  相关性  /  未来出行交通事故场景研究

Based on the indepth investigation data from 135 pedestrian accidents in the FASS database, the paper statistically analyzes the sources of pedestrian head injuries and the impact of vehicle speed on these sources. According to the Spearman correlation coefficient test method, a regression model between the vehicle speed interval and the average MAIS for head injuries is established. The results show that the primary source of pedestrian head injuries is vehicles, which account for approximately 58%, followed by the ground, which accounts for around 40%. In pedestrian accidents, the vehicle speed significantly affects the distribution of sources for pedestrian head injuries. When the vehicle speed is lower than 30 km/h, the ground tends to be the main source of pedestrian head injuries. When the vehicle speed is between 30 km/h and 50 km/h, the risk of the injuries caused by both vehicles and the ground is comparable. When the vehicle speed exceeds 50 km/h, the main source of pedestrian head injuries is vehicles. Therefore, in the study of traffic injury epidemiology and during the development of traffic injury accident databases, attention should be paid to the risk of head injuries arising from the ground, especially in the midtolow speed collisions.

in-depth accident investigation  /  pedestrian accident  /  head injury  /  injury source  /  correlation  /  future mobile traffic accident scenario study
常意, 石亮亮, 程阔, 王国杰, 崔淑娟, 段伟建. 基于交通事故深度调查数据的行人头部损伤特征研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (3) : 455 -462 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.03.12
Yi CHANG, Liangliang SHI, Kuo CHENG, Guojie WANG, Shujuan CUI, Weijian DUAN. Research on the Characteristics of Pedestrian Head Injuries Based on In-Depth Investigation of Traffic Accident Data[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (3) : 455 -462 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.03.12
世界卫生组织公布的《道路安全全球现状报告 2018 [ 1 ] 表明,交通事故已成为导致人类死亡的主要原因之一, 仅 2016 年就有 135 万人在交通事故中丧生,而全世界道路交通死亡者中约有 50% 是 “弱势道路使用者”,即行人与二轮车骑乘人员。在中国,据《道路交通事故统计年报 2020 年度》 [ 2 ] 显示, 2020 年间, 共发生车辆碰撞行人事故 5.2 万起, 行人死亡人数占交通事故总死亡人数的 27.9%,且较 2019 年有所上升 [ 3 ]
对于人车碰撞事故, 国内外学者进行了大量的研究工作, 研究表明行人事故中行人的头部与下肢是最容易受到伤害的部位,其次为胸部 [ 4 ] 。 ARREGUI-DALMASES 等 [ 5 ] 基于 8 个欧洲国家医院数据的研究表明, 19424 名行人中, 头部损伤数占总损伤数的 33%。头部损伤更是造成死亡的主要原因,其造成的死亡率高达 64% [ 6 ]
由于行人与车辆的碰撞过程相对复杂, 人体在短时间内会遭受多次冲击, 车辆、地面或其他与人体发生碰撞的物体, 都会对人体造成损伤, 且车辆速度、撞击角度、车辆前端结构、行人的身高体重、行人的运动状态、撞击瞬间行人的姿态等都会对导致行人损伤的致伤物有影响 [ 7 ] 。已有不少专家学者对导致人头部损伤的来源进行了相关研究。杨济匡 [ 8 ] 指出车辆碰撞是造成行人损伤的主要原因, 但行人落地时, 如果头部首先与地面接触也会造成头部重伤或致命伤。BADEA-ROMERO 等 [ 9 ] 基于英国的 OTS(On-the-Spot)数据库,对行人的头部损伤来源进行的研究表明, 48%的行人头部损伤是由于与地面接触导致的。刘地等 [ 6 ] 统计指出人-车碰撞事故中, 行人头部未与车体发生直接接触的事故占事故总数的 46%,但这类事故中很大部分行人的头部最终会与地面发生碰撞, 从而导致头部严重受伤。冯成建等 [ 10 ] 指出,不仅行人头部损伤严重度与车辆碰撞速度有关, 且行人头部损伤来源也与车速有关,在碰撞速度 $\leq {30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,行人头部主要的损伤来源为地面,碰撞速度 $\geq {40}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,行人头部损伤主要来源于车辆。SHI Liangliang 等 [ 11 ] 研究表明,在低速 $\left( {{20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}\text{、}{30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 碰撞中, 地面造成的行人头部损伤风险高于车辆造成的行人头部损伤风险。
综上所述, 针对人-车碰撞事故, 行人头部损伤来源已有了较丰富的研究成果, 但多数是利用事故重建结果进行损伤来源的相关性分析, 而真实的交通事故数据, 依然是人伤机理研究的基础和关键。本文研究的目的是探讨人车碰撞事故中造成行人头部损伤的来源, 以及车速对头部损伤来源的影响,因此,使用了 2020 ~ 2022 年间,在重庆及湖南等地采集的 135 例行人事故深度调查数据, 事故数据来自 FASS 数据库, 该数据库的人伤数据来源于医院记录、尸检报告或其他来源的损伤描述。
FASS 数据库由中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司(简称:中国汽研)牵头成立,其主要目标是获取交通事故相关数据, 以支持车辆交通安全分析和评价。FASS 数据库的事故调查, 以现场勘查加事故追踪调查为主、24小时全覆盖的采集形式。采集条件为: 至少有 1 辆四轮或四轮以上的汽车参与碰撞, 有人员受伤, 进行现场勘查时事故现场未变动或仅有较小变动, 且事故车辆被扣留可以进行车辆勘查。每个深度调查案例的数据都包含了人、 车、道路、环境的相关信息,覆盖了碰撞前、碰撞过程以及碰撞后的数据, 共计 46 张调查表和 3700 多个字段, 其中损伤相关信息涉及 3 个表格, 共 125 个字段, 损伤信息内包含救援信息、死亡原因、 诊断描述、损伤部位、损伤类型、致伤物、完整的 AIS 编码等。事故调查人员在进行人员损伤分析时, 会根据收集到的事故资料, 如视频、照片、伤情报告等来评估人员的碰撞部位及损伤来源, 也会综合当事人对事故过程的描述, 对致伤物的可信度给出判断。
采用简明损伤定级(Abbreviated Injury Scale, AIS) 法 [ 12 ] 对人员损伤严重程度进行评价, AIS是被普遍认可的可用于对交通事故中人员的损伤量化评估方法 [ 8 ] ,对人体损伤进行 AISO 到 AIS6共 7 个等级划分, 对损伤的严重程度依次描述为无伤、轻度、中度、较重、重度、危重、极度(目前不可救治), AIS 为 9 表示损伤程度未知。头部常见损伤的组织结构分类以及 AIS 分级见 表 1 。组织结构分类可分为全区域、颅内血管、颅神经、内部器官、颅骨以及震荡伤 6 类,其中行人头部的挤压伤一般由车辆碾压造成,须包括颅骨和颅内器官的广泛毁损。
评价多发伤时, 使用得最多的是最高 AIS (Maximal AIS, MAIS) 和损伤严重度评分 (Injury Severity Score, ISS) 这两种方法, 也有人提出了新的 ISS (New Injury Severity Score, NISS) 来代替 ISS。MAIS 是伤员的各损伤中最高的一个 AIS 分值, ISS 是 3 个不同身体区域里最高 AIS 分值的平方和, NISS 是身体任何 (包括同一) 区域的 3 个最高 AIS 分值的平方和 [ 12 ]
FASS 数据库中将人员伤亡情况分为 3 类: 仅受轻伤 $\left( {\mathrm{{MAIS}} \leq 2}\right)$ 、受重伤 $\left( {\mathrm{{MAIS}} \geq 3}\right)$ 但未死亡以及死亡。135起行人事故中,共造成 144 个行人受伤,其中轻伤 38 人,占比 26.4%,重伤 57 人,占比 39.6%,死亡 49 人,占比 34.0%。伤亡人员的 MAIS 分布见 表 2 , MAIS $\geq 3$ 的人数占比较大,为 70.9%。对 8 个欧洲国家医院数据的研究 [ 5 ] 表明, MAIS $\geq 3$ 的人数占比为 ${32.3}\%$ ,死亡率为 ${4.3}\%$ (损伤数 $N = {10341}$ )。FASS数据库中较高的重伤及死亡率可能与以下原因有关: 首先,国外研究 [ 5 ] 中忽略了现场死亡(未住院)的数据,而这部分人员的损伤往往是较严重的; 其次, 与 FASS 数据库的采集条件有关, 较轻微的人员伤可能不会被扣车, 因此无法进行深度调查;最后,与使用的简明损伤定级法的版本不同有关, FASS 数据库中使用的为 05 版,而该研究 [ 5 ] 使用 98 版,两个版本在 AIS 定级上有所不同。
行人的年龄及性别见 表 3 ,涉及 70 名男性及 74 名女性,61 岁及以上的老年人占比较高,为 51.4%,其次为 41~60 岁的中年人,占比 31.9%, 行人平均年龄为 57.5 岁。老年人较高的事故参与率可能与其较薄弱的交通安全意识与较弱的应急反应能力有关 [ 13 ]
在这 135 起行人事故中,61 岁及以上的老年人的死亡率(死亡的老年人数 33 人与老年总人数 74 人的比值)为 44.6%,而 60 岁及以下的人群的死亡率仅为 22.9%,且在 49 起行人死亡事故中(49 人死亡),61岁及以上的老年人占总死亡人数的 67.3%。 由此可知, 老年人在行人事故中处于更加危险的境地, 因此在进行行人损伤研究时应当重视老年人的损伤风险研究。有研究指出, 老年行人较高的伤亡率, 可能与老年人群体质脆弱、抵抗力差、容易有并发症等因素有关 [ 13 ]
135 起事故共对行人造成了 957 处损伤,其中 AIS2+的损伤共 626 个, 占比 65.4%, AIS3+的损伤共262 个,占比 27.4%。
将损伤按照 AIS 编码规则分至 9 个区域, 即头部、面部、颈部、胸部、腹部 (包含盆腔脏器)、 脊柱、上肢、下肢(包含骨盆)以及体表 (皮肤), 行人各部位损伤及严重程度占比如 图 1 所示。从总体 (AIS1+) 的损伤分布来看, 在行人事故中, 行人的头部(34.5%)、下肢(19.6%)、胸部(12.7%) 更容易受到损伤,在 AIS2+的损伤中,上述 3 个部位依旧是最容易受到损伤的部位。随着损伤严重程度的增加,行人头部、胸部受到严重损伤的概率明显高于其他部位,其中头部 AIS3+损伤的占比为 57%,其次为胸部 25%,面部、颈部、上肢及体表则是不容易在事故中受到严重损伤的部位。因此, 无论是在何种损伤风险下, 头部的损伤数占比都为各部位中最高的。
表 4 显示了不同国家 [ 8 ] 及 FASS 数据库中的行人各部位损伤(AIS2+)的占比,统计中将脊柱纳入对应的身体部位。从各国的损伤分布统计来看, 行人的头部、下肢、胸部是更容易受到损伤的部位。但 FASS 数据库事故数据与其他数据相比,头部与胸部的损伤概率更高, 下肢 (含骨盆) 损伤概率较低, 这可能与 FASS 数据库中较高的重伤率有关。
在 144 名受伤行人中,111 名行人遭受头部损伤,占比 77.1%, 共计 330 处损伤, 占总损伤数的 34.5%。
按照 AIS 编码将 330 处头部损伤按照组织结构分类, 各损伤的组织结构占比如 图 2 所示, 行人头部内部器官遭受损伤的概率最大, 为 39.7%, 其次为全区域与骨骼,分别占比 28.2% 与 27.3%。其中, 内部器官最常见的损伤包括硬膜上或硬膜外血肿、 蛛网膜下腔出血、脑挫裂伤以及弥漫性轴索损伤, 全区域最常见的损伤为头皮的擦挫伤及裂伤。
行人头部常见的损伤类型见 表 5 ,其中挫伤/血肿、骨折是最容易出现的损伤类型,占比分别为 37.0% 与 27.3%。
乘用车与行人碰撞为最常见的碰撞类型, 数据库案例中, 头部有损伤的行人中有 102 名行人是与乘用车发生碰撞, 共计 305 处损伤。对造成行人头部损伤的致伤物进行统计, 见 表 6 , 无论是在所有的损伤还是在严重的损伤中, 车辆仍是造成行人头部损伤的主要原因。在所有损伤中, 致伤物来源为车辆的约为 ${58}\%$ ,其次为地面,约 40%,且在严重损伤中车辆为致伤物的占比有所增加,超过 60%。 车辆结构上,发动机罩、挡风玻璃、A柱/雨刮臂是行人头部损伤最主要的致伤物, 较其他车辆零部件而言 $\mathrm{A}$ 柱/雨刮臂在 $\mathrm{A}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{S}3 +$ 损伤中为致伤物的概率较 AIS1+有所增加, 证明 A 柱/雨刮臂更容易导致行人头部遭受严重损伤。根据对德国 GIDAS(German In-Depth Accident Study) 数据库中的 120 例事故的研究 [ 14 ] 结果显示,挡风玻璃区域为 AIS2+和 AIS3+ 头部损伤的主要原因。根据对美国PCDS (Pedestrian Crash Data Study) 数据库的事故数据研究 [ 15 ] 表明,对于乘用车而言,引擎盖区域、前端和挡风玻璃区域造成了 46% 的 AIS3+头部损伤,而在本研究中这一数据为 42.6%。综上所述, 在行人头部致伤物来源上, 各国数据库中数据的统计结果是相近的。
对于商用车碰撞行人的事故, 9 名行人共计 25 处头部损伤, AIS3+的损伤为 15 处, 占比 60.0%, 比乘用车事故 (44.6%) 更高。16 处损伤的致伤物来源为车辆,占约 64.0%, 9 处损伤的致伤物来源为地面,占比 36%, 行人头部主要致伤物仍为车辆。
对车辆碰撞行人事故中的车速以及行人头部损伤数的分布进行统计, 如 图 3 所示。事故中车辆的速度集中在 ${30} \sim {70}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,占事故总数的 ${69.5}\%$ ,其中车速 50~60 km/h 的事故占比最高,为 23.4%。 头部损伤数与行人事故数的分布趋势一致, ${30} \sim {70}$ $\mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 车速下行人头部损伤数占头部损伤总数的 73.3%。
经计算, 车辆和行人碰撞时的车速与行人头部平均损伤数呈二次多项式分布规律, ${R}^{2} = {0.546} >$ 0.5 , 因此, 可以推测更高的车速会加大行人头部损伤数量增加的风险, 从而增加多发伤 (有两个及以上AIS $\geq 3$ 的损伤)的发生概率。
使用 SPSS 软件中的 S-W (Shapiro-Wilk) 检验法来检验几组数据是否服从正态分布, 结果显示, 仅碰撞速度服从正态分布 $\left( {P = {0.324}}\right)$ ,头部致伤物、头部损伤 MAIS 与行人是否死亡都不服从正态分布 $\left( {P < {0.05}}\right)$ 。因此采用Spearman相关系数来分析变量之间的关系 [ 16 ] ,进行 Spearman 相关系数检验前,对数据的显著性关系进行检验,结果见 表 7
表 7 可知,显著性 $P$ 值均小于 0.05,即两组数据间的确有相关性。其中, 行人是否死亡与头部损伤MAIS 之间的相关性系数为 0.52 , 证明行人头部损伤程度与行人是否死亡的相关度较高, 因此在行人事故中应重视行人头部的保护。头部致伤物、 碰撞速度与行人是否死亡之间, 碰撞速度与头部致伤物之间, 也都存在较高的相关性, 证明行人事故中车辆与行人碰撞时的车速的确会对造成行人头部损伤的来源有一定的影响。
进一步对行人事故中车速对行人头部致伤物的影响进行分析, 由于行人头部致伤物主要为车辆和地面, 所以对不同车速下车辆与地面对行人头部造成的平均MAIS(某个速度区间内行人头部 MAIS 的平均值)与碰撞时车速的关系进行统计分析, 统计结果中去除了 MAIS 为 9 以及直接碾压行人这类事故, 以免对统计结果造成误差, 共 102 个行人。 当头部致伤物分别来源为车辆与地面时, 建立速度区间(x)与头部平均 MAIS(y)的回归模型,如 图 4 所示。值得注意的是, AIS不是线型比例关系, 因此平均 AIS 的值没有具体含义 [ 17 ] ,此处的平均 MAIS 的回归模型仅反映不同速度区间内头部损伤严重程度的变化趋势。
当致伤物来源于车辆时, $y$$x$ 呈指数关系, 决定系数 ${R}^{2} = {0.8575}$ ,拟合程度较好,可见,车速的升高会导致行人头部 MAIS 增加,使行人的损伤严重程度增加,值得注意的是当车速高于 ${50}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, 行人头部平均 MAIS 上升到 3 左右, 证明行人头部受重伤的风险增加。在统计案例中没有当车速低于 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时由车辆对头部造成的损伤,可见当车速低于 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时车辆对行人头部的伤害风险较低。
当致伤物来源于地面时, $y$$x$ 呈二次多项式函数关系,决定系数 ${R}^{2} = {0.7241}$ ,可见,车速的升高不会明显导致地面对行人头部的损伤风险增加, 与致伤物为车辆时不同,当车速低于 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,地面仍会对行人头部造成伤害,当车速为 ${20} \sim {50}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, 地面所造成的行人头部平均 MAIS 值与车辆所造成的平均MAIS值相近,即该车速范围内,车辆和地面对行人头部造成的损伤风险相近, 因此在该速度区间内进行行人头部损伤研究时, 应综合考虑两者对头部的损伤风险。当车速高于 ${70}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, 地面导致头部损伤的风险突然降低, 是由于在统计案例中所对应的案例数较少所致, 仅涉及 6 个头部损伤来自于地面的行人。
对不同车速下, 造成行人头部 MAIS 损伤的来源进行统计, 结果见 表 8 。按照致伤物, 可将车速大致分为 $\left\lbrack {0,{30}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}\text{、}\left\lbrack {{30},{50}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 以及高于 ${50}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 三个区间,这 3 个区间之间行人头部致伤物的来源有较大的区别。
综上所述,当车速 $< {30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,行人头部主要损伤来源为地面;当车速为 $\left\lbrack {{30},{50}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, 车辆和地面对行人头部造成的损伤风险相近;当车速 $> {50}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,行人头部主要损伤来源为车辆。
本文对 135 例 FASS 数据库中车辆碰撞行人事故的深度调查数据进行了统计分析, 得出以下结论。
(1)通过对行人头部损伤的致伤物分析发现, 行人头部致伤物主要来源于车辆, 且在严重损伤中车辆为致伤物的占比有所增加,超过 60%,对于车辆结构,发动机罩、挡风玻璃、A柱/雨刮臂是行人头部最主要的致伤物。
(2)根据相关性分析,行人事故中碰撞车速对行人头部损伤来源的分布情况有一定的影响, 分析发现当车速 $< {30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,行人头部主要损伤来源为地面;当车速为 $\left\lbrack {{30},{50}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,车辆和地面对行人头部造成的损伤风险相近;当车速 $> {50}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时, 行人头部主要损伤来源为车辆。这与之前学者的研究结果有相近之处 [ 10 - 11 ]
(3)行人头部、胸部受到严重损伤数的占比要高于其他部位, AIS3+损伤的占比分别为 57%、 25%,下肢则是更容易受到中度及以下损伤的部位。但是, 目前还没有相应的行人保护法规或规程来防止胸部区域的损伤。
(4)FASS 数据库行人事故中行人重伤(MAIS $\geq 3$ ) 人数占比较大 (71%),61 岁及以上的老年人占比较高 (51%),行人平均年龄为 57.5 岁。
(5)在进行交通损伤流行病学研究、交通损伤事故数据库构建时, 特别是在中低速碰撞中, 应重视地面对头部造成的损伤风险。
(6)在行人碰撞事故中,车速并不是唯一影响行人损伤的因素。以前的研究结果中, 车型、行人碰撞时的姿态、行人速度, 碰撞位置/方向等, 都会对行人的损伤造成一定的影响 [18-19] 。但由于交通事故的多样性与事故样本量的限制, 本文并未对其他影响因素作进一步的研究。
(7)在对比国内外的研究结果后发现,不同数据库之间的统计结果可能会出现较明显的差异, 导致这种差异的原因可能是数据库的采集范围不同、 年代不同导致使用的损伤定级标准不同等。因此, 在进行数据融合研究时要注意各个数据库之间的差异,避免出现较大的误差。
  • 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司科研项目(011525.01)
  • 基于安全的测试评价关键技术研究及应用
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.03.12
  • 接收时间:2023-02-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-14
  • 修回日期:2023-03-23
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中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司科研项目(011525.01)
基于安全的测试评价关键技术研究及应用
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    1 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 重庆 401122
    2 重庆市公安局交通管理局 重庆 400054

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石亮亮(1988-),男,山东德州人,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为碰撞生物力学及智慧交通安全。Tel: 18850013292 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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