Article(id=1153978731598172765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.14, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702310400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-12, revisedDate=1707148800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753059569500, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753059569500, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753059569500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753059569500, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153978730306331381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='3', pageStart='321', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753059569193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481634700, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526217405280451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153978730306331381, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=470, endPage=478, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153978732114072159, articleId=1153978731598172765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation Impact on Human Health in Electric Vehicles, columnId=1153978732042768990, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green/Health Technologies and Test/Evaluation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry, numerous challenges must be addressed in the dose evaluation of electromagnetic radiation inside vehicles. This paper expounded the research progress on this topic. And based on the relevant international and domestic standards for electromagnetic radiation exposure limits, it compared the similarities and differences of the current electromagnetic radiation standards for electric vehicles. Additionally, the paper introduced the simulation method for calculating radiation, and evaluated the human exposure doses in the vehicle through both simulation calculation and measurements. The simulation and evaluation of electromagnetic radiation in electric vehicles, as well as the radiation impact on human health, require further exploration and study.

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电动汽车行业迅速发展,车内电磁辐射的剂量评估存在诸多问题亟待解决。阐述了电动汽车电磁辐射研究进展,依据国内外电动汽车辐射研究现状以及国内外电磁辐射暴露限值相关标准,对现行电动汽车电磁辐射标准的异同作了比较,并介绍了电动汽车电磁辐射模拟计算方法,采用模拟计算和实际测量对车内人体电磁辐射暴露剂量进行了评估。对电动汽车电磁辐射的模拟评估、测量评价以及对人体的辐射影响等问题,仍需不断探索和研究。

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李从胜(1987-),男,安徽六安人,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为终端电磁辐射、电磁辐射人体健康效应和电磁学计算方法。Tel:13488717674 E-mail:
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赵晖(1994-),男,河北邢台人,硕士,主要研究方向为终端电磁辐射、汽车和终端电磁仿真计算。Tel:13759978034 E-mail:

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赵晖(1994-),男,河北邢台人,硕士,主要研究方向为终端电磁辐射、汽车和终端电磁仿真计算。Tel:13759978034 E-mail:

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赵晖(1994-),男,河北邢台人,硕士,主要研究方向为终端电磁辐射、汽车和终端电磁仿真计算。Tel:13759978034 E-mail:

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标准名称 ICNIRP IEC 62764- 1: 2022 GB 8702—2014 GB/T 37130- 2018 JASO TP- 13002: 2013 EV-Test 汽车健康指数
标准级别 国际 国际 中国 中国 日本 行业 行业
归口单位 国际非电离辐射 防护委员会 国际电工委员会 国家环境保护部 全国无线电干扰 标准化技术委员 会 日本汽车工业 学会 中国汽车技术 研究中心有限 公司 中国汽研
适用范围 所有电磁环境 纯电、混动、 燃油车 所有电磁环境 L、M、N类车辆 L、M、N类车辆 纯电动乘用车 纯电、混动、燃 油乘用车
测试工况 静止、匀速、 充电状态 静止、行驶、线 缆充电 匀速、加减速、 充电状态 匀速、加速、 减速 匀速、急加速、 急减速、通信 (T-BOX)
测试频段 电磁场 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {300}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 磁场 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 电磁场 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {300}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 磁场 ${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {400}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 磁场 ${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {400}\mathrm{\;{kHz}}$ 磁场 ${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {400}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 磁场 ${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {30}$ $\mathrm{{MHz}}$ ,电场 30 MHz $\sim 3$ GHz
测试位置 分区域扫描寻找最 大点,包括座椅、 前机舱、后行李 舱、脚部、充电接 ☐ 20 cm 等区域 座椅位置、脚部 空间区域、中控、 充电口等 脑、心脏、生殖 器部位对应的座 椅位置,以及充 电接口 座椅头部、胸部、 生殖器、脚底板 及车辆中控 乘员头部、胸部、 裆部、脚部及车 辆中控
限值要求 基准 比ICNIRP严格 同 GB 8702-2014 ICNIRP 1998 ICNIRP 2010 低于GB 8702- 2014 限值 10% 最优为低于GB 8702-2014 限值 10%
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标准名称 ICNIRP IEC 62764- 1: 2022 GB 8702—2014 GB/T 37130- 2018 JASO TP- 13002: 2013 EV-Test 汽车健康指数
标准级别 国际 国际 中国 中国 日本 行业 行业
归口单位 国际非电离辐射 防护委员会 国际电工委员会 国家环境保护部 全国无线电干扰 标准化技术委员 会 日本汽车工业 学会 中国汽车技术 研究中心有限 公司 中国汽研
适用范围 所有电磁环境 纯电、混动、 燃油车 所有电磁环境 L、M、N类车辆 L、M、N类车辆 纯电动乘用车 纯电、混动、燃 油乘用车
测试工况 静止、匀速、 充电状态 静止、行驶、线 缆充电 匀速、加减速、 充电状态 匀速、加速、 减速 匀速、急加速、 急减速、通信 (T-BOX)
测试频段 电磁场 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {300}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 磁场 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 电磁场 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {300}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 磁场 ${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {400}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 磁场 ${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {400}\mathrm{\;{kHz}}$ 磁场 ${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {400}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 磁场 ${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {30}$ $\mathrm{{MHz}}$ ,电场 30 MHz $\sim 3$ GHz
测试位置 分区域扫描寻找最 大点,包括座椅、 前机舱、后行李 舱、脚部、充电接 ☐ 20 cm 等区域 座椅位置、脚部 空间区域、中控、 充电口等 脑、心脏、生殖 器部位对应的座 椅位置,以及充 电接口 座椅头部、胸部、 生殖器、脚底板 及车辆中控 乘员头部、胸部、 裆部、脚部及车 辆中控
限值要求 基准 比ICNIRP严格 同 GB 8702-2014 ICNIRP 1998 ICNIRP 2010 低于GB 8702- 2014 限值 10% 最优为低于GB 8702-2014 限值 10%
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10 MHz
职业曝露限值 0.8 27 2700
公众曝露限值 0.4 13.5 1 350
无金属植入物 ${4.23} \times {10}^{-3}$ ${4.24} \times {10}^{-1}$ 41.30
有金属植入物 ${8.00} \times {10}^{-3}$ ${8.72} \times {10}^{-1}$ 91.80
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10 MHz
职业曝露限值 0.8 27 2700
公众曝露限值 0.4 13.5 1 350
无金属植入物 ${4.23} \times {10}^{-3}$ ${4.24} \times {10}^{-1}$ 41.30
有金属植入物 ${8.00} \times {10}^{-3}$ ${8.72} \times {10}^{-1}$ 91.80
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车号 总分 匀速工况 得分 急加速工 况得分 急减速工 况得分 通信工况 得分
1 94.5 65 10 5 14.5
2 100 65 10 5 20
3 100 65 10 5 20
4 98.25 65 10 5 18.25
5 99.24 64.59 9.75 4.9 20
6 100 65 10 5 20
7 97.25 65 10 5 17.25
8 87.85 63.78 9.88 4.94 9.25
9 91.75 65 9.25 5 12.5
10 100 65 10 5 20
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车号 总分 匀速工况 得分 急加速工 况得分 急减速工 况得分 通信工况 得分
1 94.5 65 10 5 14.5
2 100 65 10 5 20
3 100 65 10 5 20
4 98.25 65 10 5 18.25
5 99.24 64.59 9.75 4.9 20
6 100 65 10 5 20
7 97.25 65 10 5 17.25
8 87.85 63.78 9.88 4.94 9.25
9 91.75 65 9.25 5 12.5
10 100 65 10 5 20
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电动汽车电磁辐射对人体健康影响的评估研究
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赵晖 1 , 陈兵 2 , 李从胜 1
汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024,14(3): 470-478
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色健康技术及其测评 2024, 14(3): 470-478
电动汽车电磁辐射对人体健康影响的评估研究
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赵晖1 , 陈兵2, 李从胜1
作者信息
  • 1 中国信息通信研究院 北京 100191
  • 2 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 重庆 401122
  • 赵晖(1994-),男,河北邢台人,硕士,主要研究方向为终端电磁辐射、汽车和终端电磁仿真计算。Tel:13759978034 E-mail:

通讯作者:


李从胜(1987-),男,安徽六安人,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为终端电磁辐射、电磁辐射人体健康效应和电磁学计算方法。Tel:13488717674 E-mail:
Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation Impact on Human Health in Electric Vehicles
Hui ZHAO1 , Bing CHEN2, Congsheng LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 China Academy of Information and Communications Technology Beijing 100191 China
  • 2 China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd. Chongqing 401122 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.14
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电动汽车行业迅速发展,车内电磁辐射的剂量评估存在诸多问题亟待解决。阐述了电动汽车电磁辐射研究进展,依据国内外电动汽车辐射研究现状以及国内外电磁辐射暴露限值相关标准,对现行电动汽车电磁辐射标准的异同作了比较,并介绍了电动汽车电磁辐射模拟计算方法,采用模拟计算和实际测量对车内人体电磁辐射暴露剂量进行了评估。对电动汽车电磁辐射的模拟评估、测量评价以及对人体的辐射影响等问题,仍需不断探索和研究。

电动汽车  /  电磁辐射  /  标准与限值  /  数值模拟方法  /  测量评价

With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry, numerous challenges must be addressed in the dose evaluation of electromagnetic radiation inside vehicles. This paper expounded the research progress on this topic. And based on the relevant international and domestic standards for electromagnetic radiation exposure limits, it compared the similarities and differences of the current electromagnetic radiation standards for electric vehicles. Additionally, the paper introduced the simulation method for calculating radiation, and evaluated the human exposure doses in the vehicle through both simulation calculation and measurements. The simulation and evaluation of electromagnetic radiation in electric vehicles, as well as the radiation impact on human health, require further exploration and study.

electric vehicle  /  electromagnetic radiation  /  standards and limits  /  numerical simulation methods  /  measurement and evaluation
赵晖, 陈兵, 李从胜. 电动汽车电磁辐射对人体健康影响的评估研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (3) : 470 -478 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.14
Hui ZHAO, Bing CHEN, Congsheng LI. Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation Impact on Human Health in Electric Vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (3) : 470 -478 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.14
在电动汽车等新能源汽车日渐普及,以及相关技术飞速发展的过程中, 由于电动汽车型号、类型复杂多样, 所以车内电磁辐射场景也日趋复杂。这促使很多研究团队展开了对电动汽车电磁安全方面的研究, 从多个方面论证电动汽车的电磁安全性, 以及当前电磁辐射水平限值的适用性。 KARABETSOS 等 [ 1 ] 、PARK 等 [ 2 ] 和李海燕等 [ 3 ] 分别关注不同环境和车内不同位置的磁场分布测量与电磁暴露剂量评估, 研究不同情况下电磁辐射是否超过国际标准限值或者是否会带来明显的生物效应。随着对不同暴露场景下的磁场分布与暴露剂量评估的深入, 相关研究更多地倾向于暴露场景的总结和仿真, 以及与实际测量相结合的方法, 从而对车内电磁辐射问题进行更细致的分析与研究。
在电动汽车电磁辐射带来的生物效应方面, 最受关注的应当是电动汽车内部的极低频磁场。 HAREUVENY 等 [ 4 ] 、VASSILEV 等 [ 5 ] 和 WYSZKOWSKA 等 [ 6 ] 均针对电动汽车产生的极低频磁场强度及其对人体的影响进行了相关研究, 但仍无法证明生物效应方面的安全性。整体来看, 当前有关电动汽车产生的极低频磁场的研究大多数仍是参考国际非电离辐射防护委员会(International Commission of Non-Ionising Radiation Protection, ICNIRP) 1998 和 2010 标准的相关限值, 且绝大多数研究得到的结论都是磁场暴露值远低于 ICNIRP 限值。在有关极低频磁场与婴儿白血病风险的研究中, 采用的磁场强度 $\left( {{0.3} \sim {0.4\mu }\mathrm{T}}\right)$ 同样远低于 ICNIRP 限值(40 mT), 但其带来的潜在生物效应风险仍应引起重视。这也提示我们, 对于极低频磁场的范畴, ICNIRP 等当前的国际限值可能存在问题, 需要充分考虑极低频磁场带来的生物效应对人类尤其是婴幼儿的影响。
随着对电动汽车研究的细化, 越来越多的研究开始针对电动汽车内部的某一部分来研究其发出的磁场。这些研究通常会采用数值仿真与试验测量相结合的方法, 综合地评价电动汽车不同组件对电动汽车内部场分布的贡献。CONCHA 等 [ 7 ] 、 RUDDLE 等 [ 8 ] 、朱灿金等 [ 9 ] 、DONG 等 [ 10 ] 都针对汽车内部多种组件带来的电磁辐射进行了相关研究, 同时其研究结果也受到具体组件和场景的限制。对于电动汽车产生电磁辐射的情况, 由于其内部依靠电能驱动的组件繁多且十分复杂, 又考虑到磁场的叠加原理, 单独考虑某一部分组件的磁场也是十分必要且合理的, 这有助于在设计电动汽车的电磁屏蔽系统时, 针对不同组件发射的不同频率电磁场使用更有效、更具有针对性的屏蔽措施。除了出现于上述研究的部分组件(磁化轮胎、逆变器、 蓄电池、高压电缆等), 随着电动汽车的智能化技术的发展, 也有必要考虑更多的新的电磁场辐射源头,如智能中控系统、毫米波雷达、充电系统等。
ICNIRP 在 1998 年制定了 ICNIRP 标准 [ 11 ] ,该标准将受众群体分为职业群体和公众群体, ICNIRP 在 2010 年 和 2020 年 进行了标准的更新 [ 12 - 13 ] 。职业群体是指工作在辐射可控的区域内, 且已经受过训练并能采取相应的措施去防止或降低潜在辐射危害的群体, 这类人群受辐射的强度可以通过与辐射源距离、特定辐射防护或屏蔽等进行适当降低, 受辐射的持续时间可以通过限制其每天的工作时间、变换工种和限制连续操作时间来控制。 公众群体是指具有不同年龄和身体健康状况的人群, 其大部分成员不能意识到周围环境中辐射的发生,也没有受过避免辐射危害的训练。因此,公众曝露限值要比职业曝露限值更加严格。
ICNIRP 标准还将受众接受限值分为参考水平和基本限值。参考水平只与测量环境有关, 是指在可被测量的环境中的电场和磁场强度的大小, 由电场强度、磁场强度和磁通密度等物理量来表述。基本限值是在设定的健康效应基础上直接制定的曝露于时变的电场、磁场和电磁场的限值, 由生物体组织感应出的感应电场、感应电流密度、比吸收率和功率密度等物理量的大小来体现, 通常难以直接测量。
ICNIRP 标准根据感应电场参数对不同频率范围引起的电磁暴露制定的基本限值, 以及对职业暴露和公众暴露的人体中枢神经系统和全身组织细化分析, 如 图 1 所示。
ICNIRP 标准通过电场强度、磁场强度和磁通密度参数, 对不同频率范围的电磁场引起的电磁暴露制定的参考水平, 分为职业暴露和公众暴露两种暴露特性, 如 图 2 所示。
ICNIRP 的最新限制电磁场曝露导则为 2020 年修订版,阐述了曝露在 ${100}\mathrm{{kHz}} \sim {300}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 频段范围内的人体曝露机理、依据和保护措施。新导则取代了 ICNIRP(1998)射频导则的 ${100}\mathrm{{kHz}} \sim {300}$ $\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 频段部分,以及 $\mathrm{{ICNIRP}}\left( {2010}\right)$ 低频导则 100 $\mathrm{{kHz}} \sim {10}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段部分。 图 3 是平均时间 $\geq 6\mathrm{\;{min}}$${100}\mathrm{{kHz}} \sim {300}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 电磁场曝露基本限值,同样分为两部分:职业暴露和公众暴露。
IEEE 为了和 ICNIRP 标准等其他标准统一, 在 IEEE C95.1-1999 和 IEEE C95.1b-2004 的基础上修订了 IEEE C95.1-2005 [ 14 - 16 ] 。该版本将辐射区域划分为受控环境和公众, 其划分依据是判断在该区域中辐射强度是否可控、是否可采取相应的防护措施来防止辐射的危害, 这类似于在 ICNIRP 标准中规定的 “职业” 和 “公众” 的分类。此外, 该版本还采用了基本限值和最大容许暴露的概念, 基本限值是在已明确的生物有害效应的基础上, 再结合考虑一定的安全系数而得到的, 并用人体组织内电场、组织内电场强度、入射功率密度、比吸收率表示。最大容许暴露量是由上述基本限值导出的, 类似于其他标准中的导出限值或参考水平。
IEEE C95.1-2005 规定的身体不同部位对电磁辐射的电磁场基本限值, 如 图 4 所示。与 ICNIRP 标准相比,最大区别在于它们的基本限值是采用不同物理量来衡量的, ICNIRP 标准中采用的是环境辐射在体内产生的感应电流强度, 而 IEEE C95.1- 2005 更偏向采用体内感应电场强度, 因为 IEEE 认为采用体内电场强度比采用体内电流强度所获得的基本限值更准确。
1988 年,国家环保部发布国内正式通用标准 GB 8702-88 《电磁环境控制限值》 [ 17 ] ,该标准在 2014 年进行了修订, 引入了 ICNIRP 起草颁布的 ICNIRP 环境电磁辐射限制标准, 定于 2015 年 1 月 1 日开始实施。GB 8702-2014 规定了电磁环境中控制电场、磁场、电磁场(频率范围为 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {300}$ $\mathrm{{GHz}}$ ) 的场量限值,电磁场评价方法和相关设施 (设备)的豁免权, 但该标准是一项通用性电磁环境国家标准, 对于各种能源类型的汽车内电磁环境的测试评估要求并不涉及。
该标准取消了基本限制和导出限制的概念, 仅适用于电磁辐射环境中控制公众曝露的评价和管理方法。但公众群体生活场景复杂, 常见的辐射暴露复杂环境有:医疗环境(以治疗或诊断为目的导致病人或陪护人员曝露的场景)、逐渐繁杂的智能化通信环境(无线通信终端、家用电器)和车内智能化通信交互环境等。对于上述这些公众辐射暴露较多的具体环境, 该标准不适用于对其进行暴露评价与管理,也不能作为对环境中产生电场、磁场、电磁场设施 (设备) 的产品质量要求。
国际上一直对关乎人体健康的车内电磁辐射环境十分重视, 日本汽车标准组织制定了 JASOTP- 13002: 2013《汽车中人体曝露的电磁场测试方法》,这是汽车行业第 1 个测量方法标准 [ 18 ]
IEC TS 62764-1: 2019《汽车环境中电子和电气设备产生的与人体接触有关的磁场水平的测量程序》是正式发布的汽车行业第 1 个国际标准 [ 19 ] ,该标准介绍了低频磁场部分(频率范围为 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {400}$ $\mathrm{{kHz}}$ ),以及汽车环境中电子和电气设备产生的关于人体暴露的磁场水平的测量程序, 但于 2022 年进行了更新,将频率范围缩小至 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$
我国也一直致力于电磁辐射暴露的研究, 如 图 6 所示, 在国际限值标准的基础上发布了汽车方面的国家标准。由全国无线电干扰标准化技术委员会发起的一项专门针对车内电磁辐射测试方法的标准于 2018 年正式发布,命名为 GB/T 37130-2018《车辆电磁场相对于人体曝露的测量方法[20]。这项标准是国内第 1 个关于车内人体暴露剂量测量方法的标准, 在过去燃油车对电磁辐射限值等要求的基础上, 对电动汽车各种运行工况和车内各个重点部位的电磁辐射限值都有了具体且更高的要求, 限值则参考了 GB 8702-2014 的规定。该标准是于 2019 年 7 月 1 日正式实施的国家强制性标准, 其在参考国际相关标准的基础上结合我国电动汽车的实际发展情况, 对电动汽车电磁辐射提出了更严格的要求, 相关具体限值的要求也高于其他工业产品。这在很大程度上提升了我国电动汽车电磁辐射的安全性。
依托国家标准颁布和市场发展趋势, 一些行业机构参考 GB/T 37130-2018 的测试方法, 出台了一系列车内电磁辐射的测试要求。其中, 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司主导的中国电动汽车测评 (China Electric Vehicle Test & Assessment, EV-Test) 中的人体电磁防护测评和中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司(下文简称 “中国汽研” )主导的中国汽车健康指数中的车辆电磁辐射(Electromagnetic Radiation, EMR) 测评具有代表意义。 表 1 总结了电动汽车电磁辐射主要涉及的国内外标准以及异同点。
当前的测量技术可以对环境中不同频率的电磁场水平进行有效监测, 但仍存在亟待解决的问题。 目前还没有无损测量技术能直接获取生物体内的电磁场分布。不同的生物体存在体质上的差异, 暴露在相同的电磁场环境下, 体内的电磁场分布也会存在差异性, 而体内的电磁场分布直接决定了个体电磁场暴露的风险程度, 因此, 了解不同个体的体内电磁场对评估环境暴露引起的公共安全问题是十分必要的, 这也是环境监测的最终目的。其次, 获得体内电磁场分布剂量也符合与国际现行环境评价体系接轨的要求。国际上的环境评价标准限值体系都将体内的电场磁场分布、SAR(比吸收率)数值和功率吸收等设定为基本限值, 合规性评价最终是要保证环境暴露符合基本限值要求。为了与国外环评工作进行多维度比较, 更好地保证人民安全, 利用数值方法模拟体内电磁场剂量是十分必要的。使用电磁场数值(剂量学数值计算)方法定量评估电磁场与生物体的耦合是剖析电磁场与生物体相互作用的关键。目前,电磁场数值算法主要有:时域有限差 分法 (Finite Difference Time Domain Method, FDTD)、矩量法 (Method of Moments, MoM)、有限元法(Finite Element Method, FEM)、标量势有限差分法(Scalar-Potential Finite Difference, SPFD), 以及基于这几种算法的混合方法, 如矩量法+时域有限差分法、矩量法+标量有限差分法等 [ 21 - 24 ]
建立模型来模拟真实使用场景, 并采用标量势有限差分数值模拟方法, 来评估电动汽车内人体电磁辐射效应。在驾驶电动车辆过程中,车内电流的变化会在人体中产生感应电场, 当人体表面或内部存在金属物体时, 可能会造成这种感应电场的局部增强, 因此, 体内存在金属植入物的人群在驾驶电动汽车时,可能存在更大的电磁辐射危害。同时, 考虑两种情况, 人体中存在和不存在金属植入时, 评估体内产生的电磁辐射影响。
金属植入物暴露在外部产生的电磁场环境中, 由于电磁场的散射方式会导致身体局部组织中电动势分布的局部变化, 从而导致植入物附近更强的能量分布,所以温度升高,并对组织和神经造成损伤。
为了模拟人体暴露于车内磁场环境, 研究构建了简化的汽车模型,如 图7 a所示,汽车模型主要包括总线线束、轮毂、外壳、玻璃和座椅等主要部件。人体模型放置于主驾位置来模拟驾驶员的开车场景。同时,利用体素形变算法 [ 25 ] ,构建了人体坐姿模型,在脊柱植入金属固定支架,如 图 7 b 所示, 以模拟具有脊柱内固定植入物的人群暴露于车内磁场时的安全性。人体模型采用 $1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 空间分辨率,具有 77 个不同组织。
模拟感应电场的结果, 如 图 8 所示, 蓝色部分感应电场强度较弱, 黄色越深说明感应电场越强。 结果表明, 在植入医疗器械后, 人体暴露于车辆内磁场环境中的内部感应电场。在同一频率时, 有无金属植入物的模拟结果表明, 在相同的馈电电流条件下, 植入金属物的感应电场强度明显增强。不同频率时, 随着频率的增加, 人体内的感应电场也逐渐增强。
表 2 显示了 ICNIRP 指南中的职业暴露和一般公众暴露的基本限值。由于模拟仿真中使用了完整的人体模型, 所以选择指南中包含头部和身体的全身组织限值,限值中 $1\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim 3\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 为固定值, $3\mathrm{{kHz}} \sim$ ${10}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 为频率函数。随着频率的增加,基本限值逐渐变大。在频率函数为 $3\mathrm{{kHz}} \sim {10}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 的职业曝露中,全身组织的内部电场限值为 ${2.7} \times {10}^{-4} \times f$ $\left( {\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{m}}\right)$ 。在频率函数为 $3\mathrm{{kHz}} \sim {10}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 的公众曝露下,全身组织的内部电场限值为 ${1.35} \times {10}^{-4} \times f\left( {\mathrm{\;V}/\mathrm{m}}\right)$ , 具体数值见 表 2
当电动汽车运行时, 在加减速过程中电流的瞬时变化会产生较大的磁场强度。根据已发表的研究测量结果 [ 26 - 27 ] ,加速状态下的车载磁场强度不超过 $3\mathrm{{uT}}$ 。以此数值为基准,结合仿真计算的体内感应电场强度, 可以得到实际场景感应电场大小 ( 表2 )。 比较不存在金属植入物和存在金属植入物的辐射剂量结果, 金属植入物导致体内感应电场和诱导电流的显著增加。从仿真和计算结果可知, 与 ICNIRP 的基本限制相比, 感应电场强度远低于指南中要求的上限。这表明现有的限值仍大于金属植入物人群的暴露评估值。此外, 在驾驶电动汽车时的磁场环境下,正常尺寸的人体金属植入物产生的感应电场是相对安全的。
对电动汽车内人体电磁辐射效应的评估, 除了数值模拟法, 行之有效的方法还有实际测量评价, 根据中国汽研发布的中国汽车健康指数(C-AHI) 车辆电磁辐射测试及评价规程 V2.0 [ 28 ] ,选取最近两年上市的 10 辆电动汽车并对其进行电磁辐射测试和评价。根据测试及评价规程,在匀速、急加速、急减速行驶工况下的测试场为磁场, 测试频段为 ${10}\mathrm{\;{Hz}} \sim {30}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ ,实际测量结果显示,有 8 辆电动汽车在行驶工况下,其人体坐姿各个测试点位的辐射最大值多数出现在 ${25} \sim {30}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 的频率范围内, 另外 2 辆电动汽车的各测试点位辐射最大值多数出现在 ${3.8} \sim {5.1}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 的频率范围内; 而测试及评价规程中, 通信工况情况下的测试场为电场, 测试频段为 ${30}\mathrm{{MHz}} \sim 3\mathrm{{GHz}}$ ,实际测量结果显示, 10 辆电动汽车通信工况下人体坐姿各个测试点位的辐射最大值均出现在通信频点附近。
依据 $\mathrm{C} - \mathrm{{AHI}}$ 中规定的测试方法和评分准则,该测试及评价规程中车辆 EMR 的满分为 100 分, 选取的这 10 辆电动汽车的得分见 表 3 。由表可知, 在匀速、急加速、急减速行驶工况下的得分较高,即行驶工况下电磁辐射水平低;通信工况下得分变化较大, 使总分出现差异; 总体来说, 这些电动汽车的总分较高,其电磁辐射均低于GB 8702-2014 限值。
本文介绍了车内电磁辐射暴露剂量评估的相关标准, 对比了国际与国内已颁布标准的异同, 从电磁辐射暴露安全的角度出发, 对电动汽车和人体进行建模, 利用电磁场数值模拟计算方法, 分别对普通人群和身体存在金属植入物人群进行电磁辐射暴露剂量评估。结果表明, 驾驶电动汽车时, 存在金属植入物人群暴露磁场剂量高于一般人群, 但均低于 ICNIRP 基本电场限值。同时, 根据中国汽车健康指数 (C-AHI) 车辆电磁辐射测试及评价规程 V2.0, 对最近两年 10 辆电动汽车进行了电磁辐射测试和评价。结果表明, 以上电动汽车的总分较高, 其电磁辐射水平较低, 均低于国家标准 GB 8702- 2014 限值, 总分出现差异的主要原因是通信工况下得分变化较大。
随着电动汽车市场需求的扩大和通信技术的发展,新型电动汽车已经出现车内终端无线充电系统、车联网通信系统以及形式功能多样化的车机系统等新型电磁辐射暴露源, 这些电子源的引入使车内电磁环境更加复杂。此外, 未来智能电动汽车逐步应用在大容量信息交互场景, 其采用频率会渐渐向 $5\mathrm{G}/6\mathrm{G}$ 的较高频段发展,这会促使车内出现更复杂的射频频段电磁暴露场景, 从而导致了高频段车内人体电磁辐射危害, 其对人体健康的具体影响需进一步持续研究。电动汽车内的电磁辐射与人体健康息息相关, 应引起足够的重视, 因此, 研究使用高效电磁模拟计算方法和制定有效的评估评价方法是至关重要的。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.03.14
  • 接收时间:2023-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-12
  • 修回日期:2024-02-06
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    1 中国信息通信研究院 北京 100191
    2 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司 重庆 401122

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李从胜(1987-),男,安徽六安人,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为终端电磁辐射、电磁辐射人体健康效应和电磁学计算方法。Tel:13488717674 E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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