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To effectively reduce the noise of the fuel cell centrifugal air compressor system, a perforated muffler capable of broadband noise reduction was designed. Using the method of computational fluid dynamics coupled with computational aerodynamic acoustics, the noise reduction effect of the perforated muffler was analyzed under different operating conditions of the compressor. Additionally, the thermoacoustic transformation relationship inside the muffler was quantified. The results show that the cavity thickness and perforation rate of the perforated muffler play a decisive role in absorbing highfrequency sound wave components. Compared with the lowfrequency sound waves, the perforated muffler is more effective at attenuating highfrequency sound wave components. As the rotational speed increases, the muffling effect on the highfrequency components gradually enhances, while the effect on the lowfrequency components remains almost unchanged. The thermalacoustic conversion analysis of the perforated muffler shows that under lowspeed operation conditions, the energy of acoustic oscillation before and after muffling is almost completely converted into the exergy of the air. In contrast, under medium and highspeed operating conditions, the proportion of acoustic oscillation energy converted into air exergy is relatively small. To design a muffler that can achieve broadband noise reduction under various operating conditions, the attenuation of lowfrequency sound waves at high rotational speeds should be the primary optimization target. The improvement of thermodynamic performance before and after muffling at low rotational speeds should also be considered. The work presented in this paper provides a new method for reducing the aerodynamic noise of centrifugal air compressors, and offers a theoretical basis for designing highefficiency air compressor mufflers with wide working condition adaptability.

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基于计算流体力学耦合计算气动声学的方法,在不同空压机运行工况下分析了穿孔消声器的降噪效果,量化了消声器内的热声转化关系。结果表明,穿孔消声器的空腔厚度和穿孔率对高频组分声波的吸消声起着决定性作用。与低频声波相比,穿孔消声器对高频组分声波的消声效果更好;随转速的增加,穿孔消声器对高频组分声波的消声效果逐渐增强,而对低频组分声波的消声效果几乎无变化。对穿孔消声器内的热声转化分析表明,低转速运行工况下,消声器消声前后声振荡能量几乎全部转化为工质可用能,而在中高转速运行工况下,声振荡衰减的能量转化为工质可用能的比例较小。为设计出可以在宽运行工况下实现宽频降噪的消声器,高转速运行工况下低频组分声波的消声应该作为重点优化的目标,同时也要考虑低转速运行工况下消声器消声前后的热力学性能的改善。为降低离心式空压机的气动噪声提供了—种新的方法,为设计宽工况适应性的高效空压机消声器提供了理论基础。

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付建勤(1983-),男,湖南攸县人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力系统开发。Tel: 18874287514 E-mail:
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沈瑶瑞(1999-),女,河北赵县人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为氢燃料电池和非平衡热力学。Tel: 18670070037 E-mail:

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沈瑶瑞(1999-),女,河北赵县人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为氢燃料电池和非平衡热力学。Tel: 18670070037 E-mail:

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language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=DOU Meng, WAN Yi, XIA Yan, journalName=Noise and Vibration Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DOU Meng, WAN Yi, XIA Yan. 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参数 值/类型
空压机类型 单级压缩, 离心式, 机械轴承
电机转速/(r/min) 1000~11500
电机额定转速/(r/min) 11000
额定转速/ $\left( {\mathrm{N} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 120
空气流量 $\left( {\mathrm{N} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 7~160
出口压力/kPa 5~105
进气压力/kPa $- 2 \sim 6$
出口温度 ${}^{10}\mathrm{C}$ $3 \sim {130}$
冷却模式 水冷
增速比 12.7
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参数 值/类型
空压机类型 单级压缩, 离心式, 机械轴承
电机转速/(r/min) 1000~11500
电机额定转速/(r/min) 11000
额定转速/ $\left( {\mathrm{N} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 120
空气流量 $\left( {\mathrm{N} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}}\right)$ 7~160
出口压力/kPa 5~105
进气压力/kPa $- 2 \sim 6$
出口温度 ${}^{10}\mathrm{C}$ $3 \sim {130}$
冷却模式 水冷
增速比 12.7
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电机转速/ (r/min) 人口温度/ K 人口压力/ 出口流率/ (kg/s)
3000 293.464 101.239 0.0144
5000 293.042 101.042 0.0278
7000 292.881 100.678 0.044 5
9000 292.864 100.421 0.065 2
10000 292.928 100.220 0.0653
), ArticleFig(id=1153824282376397625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153824232652923192, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=工况设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电机转速/ (r/min) 人口温度/ K 人口压力/ 出口流率/ (kg/s)
3000 293.464 101.239 0.0144
5000 293.042 101.042 0.0278
7000 292.881 100.678 0.044 5
9000 292.864 100.421 0.065 2
10000 292.928 100.220 0.0653
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燃料电池用离心式空压机抗性消声器设计及其消声效果分析
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沈瑶瑞 1 , 鲍欢欢 1, 2 , 刘琦 1, 2 , 付建勤 1
汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024,14(4): 707-714
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汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024, 14(4): 707-714
燃料电池用离心式空压机抗性消声器设计及其消声效果分析
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沈瑶瑞1 , 鲍欢欢1, 2, 刘琦1, 2, 付建勤1
作者信息
  • 1 湖南大学 机械与运载工程学院 长沙 410082
  • 2 汽车噪声振动和安全技术国家重点实验室 重庆 401122
  • 沈瑶瑞(1999-),女,河北赵县人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为氢燃料电池和非平衡热力学。Tel: 18670070037 E-mail:

通讯作者:


付建勤(1983-),男,湖南攸县人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力系统开发。Tel: 18874287514 E-mail:
Design and Noise Reduction Analysis of a Resistant Muffler for Fuel Cell Centrifugal Air Compressors
Yaorui SHEN1 , Huanhuan BAO1, 2, Qi LIU1, 2, Jianqin FU1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology Chongqing 401122 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.14
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基于计算流体力学耦合计算气动声学的方法,在不同空压机运行工况下分析了穿孔消声器的降噪效果,量化了消声器内的热声转化关系。结果表明,穿孔消声器的空腔厚度和穿孔率对高频组分声波的吸消声起着决定性作用。与低频声波相比,穿孔消声器对高频组分声波的消声效果更好;随转速的增加,穿孔消声器对高频组分声波的消声效果逐渐增强,而对低频组分声波的消声效果几乎无变化。对穿孔消声器内的热声转化分析表明,低转速运行工况下,消声器消声前后声振荡能量几乎全部转化为工质可用能,而在中高转速运行工况下,声振荡衰减的能量转化为工质可用能的比例较小。为设计出可以在宽运行工况下实现宽频降噪的消声器,高转速运行工况下低频组分声波的消声应该作为重点优化的目标,同时也要考虑低转速运行工况下消声器消声前后的热力学性能的改善。为降低离心式空压机的气动噪声提供了—种新的方法,为设计宽工况适应性的高效空压机消声器提供了理论基础。

燃料电池  /  空压机  /  抗性消声器  /  不可逆损失

To effectively reduce the noise of the fuel cell centrifugal air compressor system, a perforated muffler capable of broadband noise reduction was designed. Using the method of computational fluid dynamics coupled with computational aerodynamic acoustics, the noise reduction effect of the perforated muffler was analyzed under different operating conditions of the compressor. Additionally, the thermoacoustic transformation relationship inside the muffler was quantified. The results show that the cavity thickness and perforation rate of the perforated muffler play a decisive role in absorbing highfrequency sound wave components. Compared with the lowfrequency sound waves, the perforated muffler is more effective at attenuating highfrequency sound wave components. As the rotational speed increases, the muffling effect on the highfrequency components gradually enhances, while the effect on the lowfrequency components remains almost unchanged. The thermalacoustic conversion analysis of the perforated muffler shows that under lowspeed operation conditions, the energy of acoustic oscillation before and after muffling is almost completely converted into the exergy of the air. In contrast, under medium and highspeed operating conditions, the proportion of acoustic oscillation energy converted into air exergy is relatively small. To design a muffler that can achieve broadband noise reduction under various operating conditions, the attenuation of lowfrequency sound waves at high rotational speeds should be the primary optimization target. The improvement of thermodynamic performance before and after muffling at low rotational speeds should also be considered. The work presented in this paper provides a new method for reducing the aerodynamic noise of centrifugal air compressors, and offers a theoretical basis for designing highefficiency air compressor mufflers with wide working condition adaptability.

fuel cell  /  air compressor  /  resistant muffler  /  available energy loss
沈瑶瑞, 鲍欢欢, 刘琦, 付建勤. 燃料电池用离心式空压机抗性消声器设计及其消声效果分析. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (4) : 707 -714 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.14
Yaorui SHEN, Huanhuan BAO, Qi LIU, Jianqin FU. Design and Noise Reduction Analysis of a Resistant Muffler for Fuel Cell Centrifugal Air Compressors[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (4) : 707 -714 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.14
由于燃料电池空压机体积较小且转速较高, 导致其出口端工质的压力脉动较剧烈, 严重影响了燃料电池汽车整体的噪声水平。研究表明, 使用消声器可以较低成本实现对空压机噪声的控制 [ 1 ]
为满足不同驱动条件下的进气量和压力需求, 空压机的运行速度范围较宽, 导致空压机噪声源特性较为复杂。普通阻性消声器降噪频率带宽相对较窄,不能满足所有转速下的降噪要求。因此,消声效果好、降噪频带宽的穿孔板消声器是降低空压机噪声的理想解决方案 [ 2 ] 。为探究不同设计参数对穿孔消声器消声效果的影响, 许多学者进行了大量的研究。ZUO Shuguang 等 [ 3 ] 通过使用有限元法 (Finite Element Method, FEM) 计算的数据修正传输矩阵中的厚度修正系数, 建立了传输损耗预测的近似模型, 对多腔穿孔消声器进行多目标优化, 获得了可以实现最优降噪效果的消声器相应的最小尺寸。CHIU 等 [ 4 ] 设计了一款穿孔消声器,针对其不同设计参数下的消声效果进行了分析。结果表明, 当穿孔孔径减小且空腔个数增加时, 消声器的消声效果得到显著提高。LIU Panxue 等 [ 5 ] 基于声子晶体的方法设计了一个具有周期性和紧凑型谐振器型消声器的管道, 采用二维传递矩阵法和带隙理论计算了传输损耗和声学带隙。数值和理论证明, 所设计的消声器可以获得从 ${500}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$${3500}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的宽带噪声衰减。SAEID 等 [ 6 ] 研究了平面声波作用下穿孔孔径和穿孔管长度对消声器消声效果的影响, 结果表明, 增加穿孔孔径和穿孔管长度可以显著提高消声器的消声能力。此外,还有大量的研究 [ 7 - 9 ] 是针对关于固定声源作用下消声器的结构设计参数对其消声效果的影响而展开的。不难发现, 目前关于不同结构穿孔消声器的消声效果的评估, 大都是在固定声源作用下针对特定频率组分展开的。然而, 在实际空压机运行过程中, 排气压力和排气温度的变化会导致消声器入口端的声源较复杂, 固定声源作为消声器参数设计优化的激励源会使实际降噪频宽发生偏差, 最终影响消声器的降噪效果。为探究不同空压机运行下排气压力和温度(由转速引起)对消声器消声效果的影响机制, 首先捕捉宽工况空压机运行下出口端的声源, 然后将其作为消声器入口端的激励源, 最后对消声器的宽频消声效果进行评估, 量化运行工况和降噪效果之间的关系。
作为阴极供气系统的关键部件, 空压机的排气温度对燃料电池的性能具有重要影响 [ 10 ] 。空气温度越高, 相应的燃料电池系统的电化学反应速率会提高且水分布也更加均匀。但是, 较高的温度会明显加剧膜和催化剂的降解, 从而降低燃料电池系统的耐久性 [ 11 ] 。在空压机出口端添加消声器,在实现降噪功能的同时, 也改变了工质的热力学性能 (主要表现为温度升高),导致燃料电池电堆的耐久性降低。因此, 在消声器的设计过程中, 也应该考虑其消声前后工质的热力学能的变化, 尽量减少添加消声器对燃料电池电堆性能的影响。不过, 目前很少有关于燃料电池空压机添加消声器前后工质的热力学能变化的研究, 消声器内的热力学能和声能的能量转化机制尚不明晰。
上述分析表明,明确运行工况和降噪效果之间的量化关系,明晰消声器内的热力学能和声能的能量转化机制,是设计开发贴合空压机实际运行工况、宽频降噪效果良好且对工质热力学性能影响较小的穿孔消声器的前提。本文采用计算流体动力学 (Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD) 和 FEM 耦合的计算气动声学(Computational Aeroacoustics, CAA) 方法 [ 12 ] ,以实际空压机运行工况为边界条件, 对空压机-穿孔消声器联合系统的降噪水平及消声器内的声能和热力学能的转化关系进行描述, 讨论宽工况范围内穿孔消声器对工质气动特性和热力学性能的影响, 探索用 CAA 方法预测消声器插入损失的可行性。
空压机的空腔声学特性分析可以为设计安装合适的消声器提供参考。在幅值为 $1\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的端口声源作用下,空压机系统的声压级频域结构如 图 1 所示。 在无流场耦合作用下, 图 1 为纯气动噪声的声压级水平, 在宽频范围内出现了多处尖峰, 表明了空压机系统气动噪声的复杂性和对其进行针对性控制的必要性。在端口声源的作用下, 声压级最值可达 ${110}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ 左右,频率为 ${910}\text{、}{1860}\text{、}{2670}\text{、}{3580}$${4380}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的声波组分峰值相对较高。上述峰值对应的频率即为空压机结构相关的特征频率。这些峰值的衰减幅度是考量消声器消声效果的重要评价指标。 图 1 左下角展示了在频率为 ${910}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的平面声波作用下空压机三维声压级水平, 可以看出除出口喉管处的声压级水平较低外, 其余位置的声压级水平都较高, 进一步表明对尖峰噪声控制的必要性。
穿孔式消声器具有能实现宽频率范围降噪、降噪效果明显、压力损失小等优点, 将其应用于离心式空压机可实现在不影响燃料电池性能的前提下对宽频范围噪声进行吸收控制。穿孔消声器是根据亥姆霍兹原理设计, 穿孔管上的穿孔和穿孔管后面的谐振腔形成一个亥姆霍兹谐振腔, 其结构如 图 2 所示。当气流的脉动频率接近谐振腔的自然频率时, 谐振腔可以吸收声能并降低脉动振幅。消声器采用了多腔串联的方式进行连接, 可以看作是多个亥姆霍兹谐振器串联, 可在较宽的频率范围内实现降噪。根据空压机的几何结构针对性地设计消声器的几何参数, 以获得更好的降噪效果。为了保证结构强度和可靠性, 穿孔壁的厚度要与原结构的厚度一致, 通过计算端口声源作用下各频率组分声波的传递损耗来对空腔的设计参数进行微调优化, 以选取目标降噪效果最好的设计结构。CHEN Zhixiang 等 [ 13 ] 的研究结果表明,穿孔消声器的穿孔率和穿孔板空腔的厚度决定了其消声效果。LAWN [ 14 ] 的研究表明穿孔消声板的孔径大小(孔径越小表示穿孔率越大) 和穿孔板空腔的厚度对宽频组分声波的吸收有重要影响。RAFIQUE 等 [ 15 ] 的研究表明空腔深度越深, 声波的传输损耗越大。因此, 本节以对穿孔消声器消声效果影响较大的孔径大小和空腔深度为优化目标,设计了 3 组空腔半径 $(r = {0.03}$${0.04}\text{、}{0.05}\mathrm{\;m}$ )及 3 组穿孔孔径( $5\text{、}7\text{、}9\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ),评估了端口声源(声压幅值为 $1\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ )下的空压机-消声器系统的消声水平, 并以此选取宽频声波组分吸收效果较好的消声器。
图 3 对添加消声器 $(r = {0.03}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,穿孔孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ )前后空压机出口端的声压级频域结构进行了描述。添加消声器有效降低了原空压机出口端各处尖峰的声压级,特别是尖峰最值处 (频率在 ${3580}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 附近)的声压级降低最明显,高频组分的消声效果比低频组分的消声效果更好。为进一步设计选取宽工况范围内消声效果均较好的消声器, 图 4 展示了不同空腔厚度及穿孔孔径下消声器的消声效果。对于 ${2000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 以下的噪声组分来说,各消声器的消声效果无较大区别, 而对于高频组分的声波来说, 各消声器的消声效果产生了明显的差异。孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,在 ${2000} \sim {3000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的频率范围内,空腔厚度为 ${0.03}\mathrm{\;m}$${0.04}\mathrm{\;m}$ 对应的消声效果较好; 而在 ${3000} \sim {4000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的频率范围内,空腔厚度为 ${0.05}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时对应的消声效果较好。孔径为 $7\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,在 ${2000} \sim$ ${3000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的频率范围内,空腔厚度为 ${0.04}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时对应的消声效果最好,但比孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 且空腔厚度为 ${0.04}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的消声器的消声效果稍差; 而在 ${3000} \sim$ ${4000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频率范围内,消声器空腔厚度为 ${0.05}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时的噪声消声效果比孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 且空腔厚度为 ${0.05}\mathrm{\;m}$ 要好。孔径为 $9\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,消声器对各频率组分噪声的吸声效果与孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时的类似,但整体的消声效果比孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的差。综合来看,孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 且空腔厚度为 ${0.04}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,消声器对 ${2000} \sim {3000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 范围内的噪声信号的吸声效果最好;孔径为 $7\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 且空腔厚度为 ${0.05}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,消声器对 ${3000} \sim {4000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的噪声的吸声效果最好。气动声学仿真结果表明, 频率为 ${3580}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ( ${3000} \sim {4000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 范围内出现峰值声压的频率组分)的声波组分的衰减系数比频率为 ${2790}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ (在 ${2000} \sim {3000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 范围内出现峰值声压的频率组分)时要大,所以消声器设计时应更多地考虑对在 ${2000} \sim {3000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频率范围内的信号的吸收。
为评估工质热力学性能的变化, 图 5 绘制了稳态运行工况下消声器消声前后工质可用能增量的变化(主要体现为温度升高),可用能增量的定义为:
$ \Delta {e}_{x} = \left( {{h}_{2} - {h}_{1}}\right) - {T}_{0}\left( {{s}_{2} - {s}_{1}}\right) 。 $
式中: ${h}_{1}$${h}_{2}$ 分别为消声器入口端和出口端的工质的比焓,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}};{s}_{1}$${s}_{2}$ 分别为消声器入口端和出口端的工质的比熵,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{T}_{0}$ 为环境温度, 单位 K。
不难发现, 与穿孔孔径相比, 空腔厚度对工质可用能增量的变化影响更大。工质可用能增量随空腔厚度的增大呈线性增长的变化趋势, 即消声器的空腔厚度越大对应的工质温升越高。文献[ 16 ]表明电流密度随着温度的升高而降低, 因此, 过高的温升会对质子交换膜燃料电池电化学性能产生不良影响。总体来看,穿孔孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 且空腔厚度为 ${0.04}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,消声器的降噪水平最好且可用能增量适中。因此,选用穿孔孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$$r = {0.04}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的消声器进行后续的工况分析。
上节通过检测端口声源作用下的消声器出口端声压级,对不同空腔厚度和穿孔孔径消声器的消声效果进行了对比分析, 针对性地选取对尖峰频率组分吸收效果最好的设计。在上节的基础上, 将空腔厚度为 ${0.04}\mathrm{\;m}$ 且孔径为 $5\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的消声器添加至空压机出口端, 对其在不同运行工况下的插入性损失进行分析, 挖掘工况的变化 (转速的变化导致排气压力和温度的变化)对消声器消声效果的影响。
基于 COMSOL 软件搭建流声耦合模型, 采用大涡模拟法对不同转速下的流场特性进行计算, 基于 Lighthill 声源类比理论, 从流场中提取相应的时域声源, 通过快速傅里叶变换将源项变换至频域, 并将其应用于声学模块进行求解, 捕捉流致噪声在不同工况下的传输特性, 并对消声器的实际消声效果进行分析。为验证模型的有效性, 将大涡模拟计算所得的不同工况下空压机进出口端的平均压力和平均温度与试验结果进行对比分析。空压机相关试验参数见 表 1 , 对应的仿真模型边界条件设置见 表 2 。 不同转速下(均指电机转速,叶轮实际转速为 12.7 倍)空压机模拟计算结果与试验数据对比, 如 图 6 所示。由图可知, 出口温度和压力的计算误差保持在 5% 以内, 说明该模型具有较好的可靠性和保真性, 可以较好地对空压机流动过程进行预测。
基于校核好的流场模型, 提取相应的声源信号, 在空压机搭载出口消声器的情况下, 计算所得的消声器进出口端的声压级绘制, 如 图 7 所示。由图可知,不同运行工况下,在 $0 \sim {1000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$${3000} \sim$ ${5000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的宽频范围内的声压级保持在较高水平。 随转速的增加, 空压机出口端各频率组分声波的声压级大致以线性趋势增长,空压机转速从 ${3000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 增至 ${10000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的过程中,声压级增长了 ${25}\%$ 左右,低频组分声波在高转速工况下出现了声压级峰值。此外, 低转速工况下声压级曲线褶皱更突出, 而转速越高声压级曲线越光滑, 说明低转速工况下出口端声能分布较为分散, 而高转速工况下出口端声能分布则较集中。需要注意的是, 声压级峰值的与 图 1 所示的空压机结构特征频率相近, 即与空压机特征频率相关的声波信号经空压机传输得到了加强, 这些峰值应该作为考察消声器消声效果的重要指标。消声器的消声效果, 在添加消声器之后, 各频率组分的声波(特别是空压机特征频率对应的声波信号)均有不同程度的下降, 与特征频率 ${2670}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 相对应的声波信号衰减最明显。此外,在 ${3000} \sim {5000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频率范围内的声波组分的声压级下降幅度为 $0 \sim {1000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,即消声器对高频组分声波的吸收效果更好。随着转速的增加,各频率组分声波的声压级逐渐增加, 消声器对高频组分声波的消声效果逐渐增强, 而消声器对低频组分声波的消声效果几乎无变化, 最终导致高转速运行工况下低频组分声波经消声器消声后仍保持着较高的噪声水平。 在实际消声器设计过程中, 高转速低频组分声波的消声效果应作为一项重要的消声器优化指标。此外, 虽然消声器的引入使原始信号的声压级峰值降低,但同时也出现了新的较突出的尖峰值 (1000、 ${2200}\text{、}{4000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 左右),这是由信号与消声器的固有本征模态共振造成的。
不可逆过程和声振荡是导致空压机能量损耗的主要原因, 在研究不同工况下消声器消声前后工质的热声转化关系之前, 本节首先量化了不同转速运行工况下,空压机单位进出口面积内不可逆过程导致的能量损失和维持声振荡导致的能量损失, 并对其归一化能量占比(各项能量损失与介质压缩能之比)进行了描述, 从能量的角度揭示削减声脉动的必要性, 同时为下文的消声器热声转化关系提供边界条件。单位面积内由于工质不可逆过程造成的能量损失和维持声振荡导致的能量损失的定义如式 (2)~(3)所示。
$ q = {c}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( {{T}_{\text{out }} - {T}_{\text{in }}}\right) + {T}_{0}\left\lbrack {{c}_{\mathrm{p}}\ln \left( \frac{{T}_{\text{out }}}{{T}_{\text{in }}}\right) - {R}_{\mathrm{g}}\ln \left( \frac{{P}_{\text{out }}}{{P}_{\text{in }}}\right) }\right\rbrack 。 $
$ {w}_{a} = {0.5}{\rho }_{0}{c}^{2} + \frac{{0.5}{p}^{2}}{{\rho }_{0}{c}_{0}}。 $
式中: $q$${w}_{a}$ 分别为空压机不可逆过程 [ 17 ] 和压力脉动振荡 [ 18 ] 导致的空压机能量损失,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}};{c}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为定压比热容,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right) ;{T}_{\text{in }}$${T}_{\text{out }}$ 分别为空压机入口端温度和出口端温度,单位 $\mathrm{K}$ ; $p$ 为声压脉动幅值,单位 $\mathrm{{Pa}};c$ 为瞬时声速,单位 $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{c}_{0}$ 为初始声速, ${343}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s};{P}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$${P}_{\mathrm{{out}}}$ 分别为空压机进出口端的压力,单位 $\mathrm{{Pa}};{R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为气体常数,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\left( {\mathrm{{kg}} \cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ ; ${\rho }_{0}$ 为工质密度,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
不同转速下空压机不可逆过程和声振荡导致的能量损失, 如 图 8 所示。由图可知, 随着转速的增加, 空压机不可逆过程导致的能量耗散和声振荡能量的归一化能量呈现此消彼长的变化趋势, 转速越高, 空压机不可逆过程导致的能量耗散占比呈指数形式减小, 而声脉动能量呈指数型增长的趋势。由 图 9 可知, 随着转速的增加, 空压机进出口端的温差略微增加,变化幅度维持在 $4\mathrm{\;K}$ 以内。空压机转速越高, 对应的介质压缩能越大, 而系统温度的变化趋势较小, 因此, 空压机各项不可逆过程造成的能量损失占压缩能的比例呈指数下降趋势。此外, 空压机转速越高, 对应的声波振荡越剧烈。由 图 7 可知, 出口端的声压级以较快的速度增长, 与压缩能的增长幅度相当甚至超过了压缩能的增长幅度, 所以振荡的声波带走的能量随空压机转速呈指数型增长的趋势。从定量的角度来分析, 低转速工况下, 各项不可逆过程造成的能量损失可达压缩能的 40%左右;超高转速工况下由于维持声振荡导致的能量损失可达压缩能的 75% 左右。
高转速工况下空压机声振荡造成的能量损耗剧增,从而对整个燃料电池系统的性能产生不良影响, 消声器的加入在降低工质噪声水平的同时对工质热声转化关系的研究也是值得关注和思考的。基于上述分析, 本节从能量转化的角度出发, 对全负荷工况下消声器内的热声转化关系进行量化, 提供理论指导。
不同工况下消声器消声前后空气工质的声衰减能量与工质可用能增量的变化趋势, 如 图 10 所示。 由图可知, 随着转速的增加, 由振荡衰减导致的声能减少量与工质可用能增量均呈指数型增长趋势, 表明消声器中的能量转化在高负荷运行工况下更显著。声振衰减耗散出去的能量一部分转化为工质的热动力能,一部分以热传导的形式耗散至环境中。 为量化不同转速下声转化为可用能的部分, 图 10 还对工质可用能增量与声衰减能量之比进行了描述。可以看出,转速为 ${3000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 时,声衰减能量几乎全部转化为工质可用能;转速增至 ${9000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 时, 只有 15% 左右的声衰减能量转化为工质可用能;转速持续增加,工质可用能增量与声衰减能量之比保持稳定, 这表明热声转化关系存在较强的低负荷依赖性。上述内容是从能量转化的角度对不同负荷下消声器消声前后声衰减能量与工质可用能增量之间的关系进行了定性与定量分析, 为开发具有高降噪水平和良好热力学性能的消声器提供了理论基础。
本文针对性地设计了宽工况适应性的穿孔消声器, 并从降噪水平和能量转化两个角度对其消声效果进行了评估, 主要结论如下。
1)穿孔消声器的空腔厚度和穿孔率对其消声效果, 特别是对高频组分声波的吸收起着决定性作用, 在对特定工况特定组分的噪声消声器进行设计时应给予重点考虑。
2)添加消声器之后,在 ${3000} \sim {5000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频率范围内的声波声压级下降幅度大于 $0 \sim {1000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,即消声器对高频组分声波的吸收效果更好。随着转速的增加, 消声器对高频组分声波的消声效果逐渐增强, 而对低频组分声波的消声效果几乎无影响。
3)低转速运行工况下,消声器消声前后声衰减能量几乎全部转化为工质可用能; 中高转速运行工况下,声衰减能量转化为工质可用能的比例相对较小且保持稳定。
通过本研究, 评估了宽工况运行工况下的穿孔消声器的降噪水平, 量化了消声器内工质热力学能与声能之间的转化关系, 为设计开发具有宽工况适应性、良好的宽频降噪性能和热力学性能的穿孔消声器提供参考。此外, 通过本研究, 拓宽了穿孔消声器热声转化关系的理论研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB1506003)
  • 汽车噪声振动和安全技术国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(NVHSKL-202102)
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2024年第14卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.14
  • 接收时间:2023-09-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-22
  • 修回日期:2024-01-10
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFB1506003)
汽车噪声振动和安全技术国家重点实验室开放基金资助项目(NVHSKL-202102)
作者信息
    1 湖南大学 机械与运载工程学院 长沙 410082
    2 汽车噪声振动和安全技术国家重点实验室 重庆 401122

通讯作者:


付建勤(1983-),男,湖南攸县人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力系统开发。Tel: 18874287514 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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