Article(id=1153813380042318839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.03, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697644800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-19, revisedDate=1699977600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753020146618, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753020146618, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753020146618, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753020146618, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153813374610690435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='4', pageStart='553', pageEnd='744', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753020145323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481646291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526266059206864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526266059206865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=586, endPage=598, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153813380587578361, articleId=1153813380042318839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Development Trends of Plug-in Fuel Cell Vehicles, columnId=1153813376129028490, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Review and Rrospect, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The capacity of power batteries is an important factor affecting the structural composition of fuel cell vehicles. By comparing the durability and lowtemperature environmental adaptability of power batteries and fuel cells, it is concluded that equipping largecapacity power batteries can reduce the operating time of fuel cells under adverse working conditions and improve lowtemperature cold start performance. Research on the braking energy recovery of fuel cell vehicles has found that increasing the power battery capacity can improve the regenerative braking recovery ability of the vehicle during longdistance slow braking. The analysis of the full lifecycle cost of fuel cell systems indicates that a reasonable match between power batteries and fuel cells can reduce system costs. Furthermore, it is pointed out that one of the important future development directions for fuel cell vehicles is plugin electrification, which provides some guidance for the commercial development of fuel cell vehicles.

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动力电池容量是影响燃料电池汽车结构组成的重要因素。对动力电池和燃料电池耐久性、低温环境适应性进行对比,结果表明,配备大容量动力电池可减少燃料电池在不利工况下的运行时间,提高低温冷启动性能。对燃料电池汽车实现制动能量回收进行研究,发现增加动力电池容量可提高汽车长距离缓速制动时再生制动回收能力。对燃料电池系统全生命周期成本的分析,表明合理匹配动力电池、燃料电池可降低系统成本。进而指出燃料电池汽车未来的重要发展方向之一是插电化,对燃料电池汽车商业化发展有一定指导作用。

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高志彬(1969-),男,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为车辆悬挂系统动力学、振动噪声智能控制、故障诊断及信号处理与模块化设计制造。Tel: 18561853287 E-mail:
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宋子平(1995-),男,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车。Tel: 13173378306 E-mail:

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工况 开路电压衰减率/%
长启/停 12.42
短启/停 2.21
怠速 1.45
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工况 开路电压衰减率/%
长启/停 12.42
短启/停 2.21
怠速 1.45
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环境温度 有效续驶里程
25 278
0 211
-25 166
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环境温度 有效续驶里程
25 278
0 211
-25 166
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冷启动温度/℃ 升温至 0 ℃时间/s 冷启动时间/s
-10 20 19
-15 32 23
-20 40 30
-25 57 57
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冷启动温度/℃ 升温至 0 ℃时间/s 冷启动时间/s
-10 20 19
-15 32 23
-20 40 30
-25 57 57
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加热功率/kW 目标温度 能耗/kWh
3 -20 0.05
4 -20 0.06
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加热功率/kW 目标温度 能耗/kWh
3 -20 0.05
4 -20 0.06
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燃料电池汽车插电化发展趋势
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宋子平 , 高志彬
汽车工程学报 | 综述与展望 2024,14(4): 586-598
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汽车工程学报 | 综述与展望 2024, 14(4): 586-598
燃料电池汽车插电化发展趋势
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宋子平 , 高志彬
作者信息
  • 青岛理工大学 机械与汽车工程学院 青岛 266000
  • 宋子平(1995-),男,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车。Tel: 13173378306 E-mail:

通讯作者:


高志彬(1969-),男,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为车辆悬挂系统动力学、振动噪声智能控制、故障诊断及信号处理与模块化设计制造。Tel: 18561853287 E-mail:
Development Trends of Plug-in Fuel Cell Vehicles
Ziping SONG , Zhibin GAO
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology Qingdao 266000 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.03
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动力电池容量是影响燃料电池汽车结构组成的重要因素。对动力电池和燃料电池耐久性、低温环境适应性进行对比,结果表明,配备大容量动力电池可减少燃料电池在不利工况下的运行时间,提高低温冷启动性能。对燃料电池汽车实现制动能量回收进行研究,发现增加动力电池容量可提高汽车长距离缓速制动时再生制动回收能力。对燃料电池系统全生命周期成本的分析,表明合理匹配动力电池、燃料电池可降低系统成本。进而指出燃料电池汽车未来的重要发展方向之一是插电化,对燃料电池汽车商业化发展有一定指导作用。

新能源汽车  /  插电化  /  动力电池  /  燃料电池

The capacity of power batteries is an important factor affecting the structural composition of fuel cell vehicles. By comparing the durability and lowtemperature environmental adaptability of power batteries and fuel cells, it is concluded that equipping largecapacity power batteries can reduce the operating time of fuel cells under adverse working conditions and improve lowtemperature cold start performance. Research on the braking energy recovery of fuel cell vehicles has found that increasing the power battery capacity can improve the regenerative braking recovery ability of the vehicle during longdistance slow braking. The analysis of the full lifecycle cost of fuel cell systems indicates that a reasonable match between power batteries and fuel cells can reduce system costs. Furthermore, it is pointed out that one of the important future development directions for fuel cell vehicles is plugin electrification, which provides some guidance for the commercial development of fuel cell vehicles.

new energy vehicles  /  insertion electrification  /  power battery  /  fuel cell
宋子平, 高志彬. 燃料电池汽车插电化发展趋势. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (4) : 586 -598 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.03
Ziping SONG, Zhibin GAO. Development Trends of Plug-in Fuel Cell Vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (4) : 586 -598 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.03
自从 2009 年经合组织提出绿色增长宣言, 绿色增长就已成为全球共识。中国、北美、欧盟、日本分别推出了各自的电动汽车发展策略。2022 年, 中国、北美新能源汽车产量大幅增加,欧盟、日本 2035 年全面停产汽油车,发展新能源汽车已成为全球共识 [ 1 - 4 ] 。新能源汽车未来发展方向也成为汽车行业关注的热点问题。中国新能源汽车产业发展规划提出, 到 2025 年, 新能源汽车新车销售量达到汽车新车销售总量的 20% 左右,到 2035 年,纯电动汽车成为新销售车辆的主流, 燃料电池汽车实现商业化应用。规划还进一步理顺了“三纵”——混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车和燃料电池汽车发展路线 [ 5 ] 。混合动力汽车的推出是为降低传统内燃机汽车油耗, 其本质上是排量变小的传统汽车, 碳排放高、结构复杂等问题依然突出, 无法从根本上解决碳排放问题 [ 6 - 15 ] 。纯电动汽车无尾气排放、结构简单, 但动力电池容量有限, 受环境温度影响明显, 存在里程焦虑问题 [ 16 - 18 ] 。氢燃料电池汽车的运行过程清洁无污染, 加氢方便, 不存在 “里程焦虑” 问题 [ 19 - 22 ] 。当前制约燃料电池汽车发展和应用的主要问题表现在:燃料电池耐久性、低温环境冷启动、 能量转换单向性和使用成本等方面 [ 23 - 25 ] 。安装动力电池可有效解决燃料电池汽车现存的一些问题, 但如何配置动力电池容量和工作模式仍有待进一步研究 [ 26 ] 。为探寻未来燃料电池汽车插电化发展趋势, 对影响动力电池和燃料电池发展和应用的主要因素进行分析具有现实意义。
动力电池可用容量受环境温度影响大, 但在能量转换过程、低温环境使用方面存在优势 [ 27 ] 。燃料电池加氢方便, 运行时受环境温度影响小, 但在低温冷启动、动态响应等方面存在不足 [ 28 ] 。如何利用两种电池的优点, 取长补短, 提升燃料电池汽车动力源的可靠性, 是燃料电池汽车研究的热点。
汽车运行工况复杂, 动力系统需具备足够的耐久性才能适应汽车的工作环境 [ 29 ] 。动力电池、燃料电池因使用时清洁无污染成为新能源汽车最佳动力源。研究两种电池的耐久性有利于提高新能源汽车动力系统的使用寿命。
动力电池在过度充放电时会造成电极活性物质沉积、正负电极溶解等不可逆衰减,增加动力电池内阻, 甚至造成电池内短路, 从而引起安全事故 [ 30 - 32 ] 。电池内阻变化,可反映动力电池健康状态 (State of Health, SOH) 的变化情况。
动力电池采用不同放电深度(Depth of Discharge, DOD) 进行循环测试, 电池直流内阻增长率与电池充放电循环次数的关系, 如 图 1 所示。
动力电池循环充放电深度为 100% 时, 电池内阻增长率最高,循环 100 次后内阻增加接近 1.3 倍。 放电深度在 70%~90% 之间时,内阻增比降低,但随着循环次数的增加, 内阻仍急剧上升。循环充放电深度为 60% 时内阻增比最小,循环 900 次后电池内阻仅增加 1.27 倍,且循环 600 次后电池内阻变化很小。因此, 减少动力电池放电深度有利于降低动力电池内阻增长率。
假设动力电池初始内阻为 1 , 放电深度相同时, 在不同荷电状态 (State of Charge, SOC) 区间进行 400 次充放电循环, 电池内阻变化情况如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可知,充放电电池内阻增比,沿 25%~ 45% SOC、45%~65% SOC、65%~85% SOC区间依次增大,且 65%~85% SOC区间充放电电池内阻增比,远大于 45%~65% SOC、25%~45% SOC 区间充放电内阻增比。这说明动力电池充放电 SOC 区间越高,动力电池内阻增比越大,动力电池性能衰减越快。
因此,动力电池更适合在较低、较窄 SOC 区间充放电。在现有技术条件下, 实现浅充浅放是提高动力电池使用寿命的关键。
燃料电池停/启、怠速工况时, 阳极形成氢/空界面, 过高阴极电位导致催化剂载体氧化反应, 造成质子交换膜机械损伤, 严重影响燃料电池耐久性 [ 35 ] 。变载影响燃料电池排水改变电池内阻,电位变化造成金属 $\mathrm{{Pt}}$ 催化剂团聚,影响燃料电池性能 [ 36 ] 。对质子交换膜、电极等结构的损伤,内在表现是燃料电池内阻增大, 外在表现是燃料电池工作时电池开路电压下降。
燃料电池输出电压、电流密度和输出功率的关系曲线,如 图 3 所示。当电流密度低于 ${0.2}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 时, 电压升高明显, 提高电流密度输出功率上升。 电流密度高于 ${1.1}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 时,由于输出电压下降,继续增加电流密度输出功率反而降低。燃料电池最佳工作电压区间为 ${0.8} \sim {0.6}\mathrm{\;V}$ ,电流密度区间为 ${0.2} \sim$ ${1.0}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ 时输出电压稳定,输出功率随电流密度提高而增加。
燃料电池不同工况下开路电压衰减率见 表 1 。 长停/启、短停/启、怠速工况开路电压均有不同程度衰减,以长停/启时开路电压衰减率为最大,达 12%。
减少燃料电池在启/停或怠速等不利工况下的运行时间,可提高燃料电池耐久性。
实践中,根据汽车需求功率,利用 DP (Dynamic Programming) 控制、模糊控制等控制策略,通过控制微小变量和状态变量,采用算法进行优化, 成功减少燃料电池功率振荡, 以及在不利工况下的运行时间,延长燃料电池使用寿命 [ 40 - 42 ] 。大多数是基于动力电池与燃料电池结合形成的混合动力系统实现。
燃料电池汽车通过对动力电池和燃料电池采用合理的功率分配和能量管理控制策略, 可有效提高燃料电池功率稳定性, 减少停/启、大功率、变载、 怠速工况运行时间,缓解燃料电池快速响应能力不足的问题。同时, 可降低动力电池放电深度和电池充放电 SOC 区间, 降低动力电池内阻增比。这有利于同时延长燃料电池和动力电池的使用寿命和耐久性。
动力电池可用容量, 燃料电池冷启动过程均与环境温度密切相关 [ 43 - 45 ] 。研究燃料电池、动力电池低温性能, 根据两种电池的低温性能特点, 可做出提高动力系统环境适应性的最佳选择。
锂电池可用容量受环境温度变化影响明显, 环境温度降至 $- {10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,可用容量为额定容量的 ${80}\%$ 左右,温度降至 $- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,可用容量减至额定容量的 70% 左右 [ 46 ] 。原因是低温阻碍离子迁移,降低穿过 CEI(Cathode Electrolyte Interphase)膜效率和减缓电极表面电子迁移速率 [ 47 ]
为增加可用容量, 可采用轻量化外壳、新型电极材料、结构电池、大容量单体电池、增加动力电池数量等方法, 但不能根本解决电池低温容量衰减的问题 [ 48 - 49 ]
搭载动力电池热管理系统可提高电池低温环境下的工作温度, 增加电池可用容量。环境温度为 $- {25} \sim {25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,某一配备热管理系统的纯电动汽车, NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) 工况有效续驶里程 [ 50 ] ,见 表 2
表 2 可知,环境温度为 $- {25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时有效续驶里程仅为 ${25}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时的 ${60}\%$ ,与动力电池可用容量变化趋势基本一致。此外, 低温环境还会增加电动汽车启动、运行时维持动力电池工作温度的能耗, 降低动力电池可用容量, 进一步减少纯电动汽车有效续驶里程 [ 51 - 52 ]
有文献表明,三元锂电池在环境温度为 $- {30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以下时,可用容量低于 ${50}\% {}^{\lbrack {53}\rbrack }$ 。目前,对动力电池在环境温度为 $- {30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以下的放电研究,多集中于磷酸铁锂电池。
额定容量为 ${140}\mathrm{{Ah}}$ 的磷酸铁锂电池,在 $- {10} \sim$ -40 ℃环境下以 3 A 电流放电时, 可用容量和放电电压的变化 [ 54 ] ,如 图 4 所示。
由图可知,温度在 $- {40}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,电池可用容量降至额定容量的 40%,但电池仍能以 3 A 电流正常放电。因此, 尽管动力电池在低温环境下可用容量严重降低,却可在 $- {30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 以下低温环境以小电流正常放电。
低温环境下动力电池可用容量减少使纯电动汽车的里程焦虑问题无法根除。但动力电池在低温环境下可小电流正常放电, 这一显著优势可为燃料电池汽车的设计带来方便。
氢燃料电池低温冷启动时, 反应产物水首先在质子交换膜和催化层形成膜态水, 饱和后继续产生过冷水 [ 55 - 56 ] 。过冷水结冰堵塞管路,产生“水淹” 现象导致燃料电池自启动困难 [ 57 - 58 ] 。研究表明,通过燃料电池恒流、恒压自启动和启动前停机后电池吹扫可实现 $- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 自启动,但 $- {30}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 自启动时,燃料电池端部温度低, 出现低电压和反极现象难以成功启动 [ 59 ] 。催化氢/氧反应法可实现-40 ${}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 自启动, 但启动时氢氧比例需精准控制且燃料电池单体温度一致性低 [ 60 ]
图 5表 3图 6表 4 为低温环境下,分别采用自启动和辅助加热法,启动额定功率为 $7\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的燃料电池的启动时间与启动时电池单体电压的一致性方差 [ 61 ]
图 5 可知, 冷启动环境温度越高, 启动中后期单体间电压一致性越高, 但在冷启动初始阶段单体电压一致性与中后期相反。因此, 单靠提高冷启动温度对燃料电池冷启动单体电压一致性的提升有限。
表 3 为不同环境温度下燃料电池自启动时间。 冷启动温度越高,燃料电池升温至 ${0}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的时间越短, 冷启动时间也越短。因此, 尽管提高冷启动温度对启动电压一致性的提升有限, 但有利于缩短冷启动时间,提高冷启动效率。
图 6$- {40}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时分别采用 $3\mathrm{\;{kW}}$$4\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 功率辅助加热燃料电池, 冷启动时燃料电池单体间电压一致性方差 [ 61 ] 。可明显看出,提高加热功率可有效提高冷启动时燃料电池单体间电压一致性, 进而提高燃料电池寿命。
$- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 为加热目标温度,采用不同加热功率辅助加热法的燃料电池 $- {40}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 低温冷启动能耗, 见 表 4
${47}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 燃料电池 $- {40}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 低温冷启动能耗 [ 61 ]
提高加热功率可提高启动电压一致性, 保证动力电池低温环境下有足够可用容量加热燃料电池至关重要。因此, 增大燃料电池汽车动力电池容量, 可有效提高燃料电池低温冷启动性能。
利用动力电池放电供能, 采用电阻丝或 PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) 材料直接或间接加热辅助燃料电池冷启动时, 提高加热功率可进一步减少燃料电池系统低温冷启动时间, 降低燃料电池启动温度下限,提高启动电压一致性 [ 62 - 65 ] 。相关研究进一步证明了增加动力电池容量对提高燃料电池低温启动能力的重要作用。
动力电池在低温环境下可用容量大幅降低,但可正常放电。燃料电池系统运行受环境温度影响小, 但低温环境自启动困难, 需外部加热辅助启动, 且燃料电池启动前辅助加热、停机后保温和吹扫需依靠动力电池放电实现, 需大容量动力电池支持。燃料电池汽车插电化发展可为动力电池放电加热燃料电池, 提高燃料电池低温启动电压一致性, 降低启动温度下限提供电能, 有效提高燃料电池汽车低温环境适应性。
机械制动器通过摩擦消耗汽车动能实现汽车制动, 但频繁制动或长距离制动将导致制动器热衰退,带来安全隐患 [ 66 ] 。再生制动通过回收制动能量实现制动,可有效减小机械制动系统的工作压力,增加汽车续驶里程,提高制动安全性 [ 67 ] 。再生制动系统经过长时间发展应用, 已有成熟的制动意图识别、制动力分配和制动轮缸压力分配策略 [ 68 ] 。纯电动汽车可通过动力电池系统实现再生能量回收, 而燃料电池汽车受限于燃料电池系统能量转换单向性, 实现制动能量回收必须增加动力电池等储能装置。
汽车进行行车制动时, 尤其是在短距离紧急制动工况下,利用再生制动系统可回收汽车动能并再次利用。纯电动汽车动力电池可充当储能装置, 储存回收能量。燃料电池能量转换是单向且不可逆, 为实现再生制动燃料电池汽车需增加储能装置。
实现再生能量回收可采用超级电容、飞轮、电池等储能装置, 储存制动时电机反转产生的电能, 辅助制动、回收能量,可有效降低机械制动系统的使用维护成本 [ 69 ] 。如 图 7 所示,采用再生制动后某燃料电池汽车氢耗显著降低, 且增加再生制动比例可进一步减少汽车氢耗。
相比超级电容、飞轮储能, 动力电池可控性更好 [ 71 ] 。燃料电池汽车配备小型动力电池,可通过回收制动能量并在下一次制动前释放电能, 实现短距离制动工况下制动能量回收, 增加燃料电池汽车有效续驶里程 [ 72 ] 。但小容量动力电池存在不足以回收制动能量的问题。
缓速制动, 特别是汽车长距离下坡缓速制动时 (如盘山公路下坡),有沿斜面向下的加速度,制动系统需长时间制动控制车速以保证汽车安全运行。 此时仅靠机械制动器制动, 可能会导致制动器摩擦生热严重,增加制动器热失效风险 [ 73 ] 。此时再生制动需提供制动力来控制车速, 以减轻机械制动器的工作强度, 并依靠车载动力电池长距离回收制动能量 [ 74 ] 。因此,动力电池的容量对缓速制动时再生制动能量回收至关重要。
纯电动汽车有足够的动力电池容量储存电能, 能实现再生能量回收。燃料电池汽车如仅配备小容量动力电池, 就会缺少足够的电池容量储存再生制动系统回收的电能。纯电动汽车动力电池容量充足时,下坡缓速制动再生制动回收效率基本保持在 70%~80% 之间 [ 75 ] 。但混合动力汽车下坡距离增加至 $3\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 后,受动力电池剩余 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 不足和电池长时间充电后温度上升两方面影响, 再生制动回收效率下降至 50% 以下 [ 76 ] ,如 图 8 所示。增加动力电池容量, 提供充足的储存空间, 同时采取合理的再生制动控制策略, 可减缓电池长时间回收制动能量的温升,提高再生制动效率 [ 77 ]
根据制动强度将 CLTC (China Light Vehicle Test Cycle) 工况一个完整循环划分为 11 段, 并将每段放大为 ${100}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 长距离制动,得出每段的平均制动加速度与制动回收总能量 [ 78 ] ,如 图 9 所示。
图中结果并未考虑动力电池长距离能量回收时温升、剩余 SOC 以及坡度对再生制动回收的影响。 不同制动加速度下,长距离制动能量回收可回收 ${15} \sim {25}\mathrm{{kWh}}$ 电能。根据制动能量回收需求,合理增加燃料电池汽车动力电池容量, 可有效提高再生制动在长距离缓速制动时的回收总能量, 供燃料电池汽车使用。
纯电动汽车电池容量充足,可实现再生制动。 燃料电池汽车为实现紧急制动情况下再生制动, 配备小容量动力电池回收制动能量, 但长距离缓速制动情况下能量回收面临动力电池容量不足的问题。 而插电化发展的插电式燃料电池汽车, 动力电池容量大, 有充足的存储空间, 可在保证汽车缓速制动安全性的前提下回收更多电能。
目前,燃料电池制造、使用成本过高,不利于实现燃料电池汽车大规模商业化应用。降低燃料电池动力系统的运行氢耗、全生命周期成本可为燃料电池汽车商业化扫清障碍, 有利于新能源汽车产业化发展。
氢能在制备、碳捕集、储存和运输等方面成本较高,导致氢气目前价格过高 [ 79 ] 。燃料电池汽车运行成本受氢气价格影响明显, 如何降低燃料电池汽车氢耗,是推动燃料电池汽车商业化的关键步骤。
相关研究基于插电式燃料电池动力系统, 根据动力电池剩余 SOC、燃料电池功率、整车需求功率与目标车速, 利用等效氢耗最小策略, 采用控制与算法进行优化, 并与汽车智能化背景下的车联网技术结合,实现对燃料电池和动力电池的功率分配 [ 80 - 84 ] 。相比传统燃料电池动力系统进一步降低了氢耗,大幅度提高了燃料电池汽车的经济性。
对动力电池、燃料电池的控制、功率分配进行优化, 可显著降低燃料电池汽车运行过程中的氢耗, 从而降低燃料电池汽车运行成本, 加快燃料电池汽车商业化进程。
新能源汽车通用化汽车平台的大规模应用进一步减少了各种新能源汽车硬件成本差异, 主要差别在于动力系统方案选择 [ 85 ] 。燃料电池汽车插电化不仅可降低氢耗, 还能通过调整动力系统安装的燃料电池功率, 进一步降低燃料电池汽车动力系统成本,有利于推动燃料电池汽车商业化应用进度。
研究采用直驱式、增程式两种动力系统方案的插电式燃料电池汽车全生命周期成本, 并与纯电动汽车进行比较, 可得出插电式燃料电池汽车在经济性方面的优势。
根据 2025 年、2035 年 2~10 t燃料电池汽车燃料电池系统、动力电池、能耗和维护成本变化, 得出燃料电池动力系统全生命周期成本 [ 86 ] ,如 图 10 ~11 所示。其中插电式燃料电池汽车(直驱式)采用动力电池续驶 ${50}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 方案,插电式燃料电池汽车(增程式) 采用动力电池续驶 ${50}\mathrm{\;{km}}$${100}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 两种方案。
图 10 可知, 2025 年动力电池系统全生命周期经济性优于燃料电池系统。但采用插电式燃料电池动力系统的燃料电池汽车可通过采用增程式方案并选择合理电池容量, 降低动力系统全生命周期成本,有利于燃料电池汽车推广应用。
图 11 所示, 虽然 2035 年动力电池制造技术、 电池新材料的发展和应用降低了动力电池价格 [ 87 ] , 但动力电池系统在重载、长续驶里程情况下全生命周期成本高于插电式燃料电池系统。同时, 2035 年燃料电池制造技术进步、模块化产量增加、电极新材料应用、氢气价格下降,也降低了燃料电池制造成本 [ 88 - 89 ] 。插电式燃料电池系统直驱式、增程式两种方案在长续驶里程和重载情况下, 经济性均优于动力电池系统。根据续驶里程、整车质量匹配动力电池容量, 调整燃料电池功率, 仍有进一步降低插电式燃料电池系统成本的潜力。
燃料电池汽车插电化可通过减少燃料电池功率, 进一步降低燃料电池汽车动力系统成本, 有利于燃料电池汽车的商业化推广应用。未来燃料电池成本下降, 插电式燃料电池汽车在重载、长续驶里程情况下,全生命周期经济成本低于纯电动汽车。 同时, 根据整车质量、行驶里程选择合适的动力电池容量与燃料电池功率可进一步降低插电式燃料电池动力系统成本。因此, 插电式燃料电池汽车未来全生命周期经济成本优势明显。
使用寿命长、低温适应性强、能量回收效率高和经济性好的动力系统是燃料电池汽车的关键需求。尽管目前燃料电池性能已有明显提高, 但耐久性、低温启动能力和经济性仍难以满足燃料电池汽车商用化需求。本文对动力电池和燃料电池的耐久性与低温性能, 如何提高燃料电池汽车再生制动效率, 以及全生命周期经济性进行了分析研究, 得出以下结论。
(1)动力电池与燃料电池在特性上具有互补性, 配合使用可同时提高动力电池与燃料电池的耐久性以及燃料电池低温启动能力。
(2)动力电池是燃料电池汽车能量回收利用的首选,加大动力电池的容量可提升燃料电池汽车的能量利用效率。
(3)动力电池与燃料电池的合理容量配比可有效降低燃料电池汽车的成本。
(4)插电化可提高燃料电池系统耐久性和低温适应性, 提升能量回收能力, 降低燃料电池动力系统成本, 是燃料电池汽车未来的发展方向。
(5)为实现低碳环保目标,根据新能源汽车动力系统使用寿命、低温环境适应性和再生制动需要并结合整车功率需求匹配两种电池功率, 调整燃料电池与动力电池功率配比, 优化燃料电池汽车插电化结构是未来的研究方向。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.04.03
  • 接收时间:2023-10-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-19
  • 修回日期:2023-11-15
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    青岛理工大学 机械与汽车工程学院 青岛 266000

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高志彬(1969-),男,山东青岛人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为车辆悬挂系统动力学、振动噪声智能控制、故障诊断及信号处理与模块化设计制造。Tel: 18561853287 E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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