Article(id=1153813375076258179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.06, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692460800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-20, revisedDate=1695398400000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753020145434, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753020145434, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753020145434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753020145434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153813374610690435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='4', pageStart='553', pageEnd='744', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753020145323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481646291, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526266059206864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526266059206865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153813374610690435, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=622, endPage=630, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153813375508271494, articleId=1153813375076258179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=State of Health Estimation for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Based on Particle Filtering Algorithm, columnId=1153813375445356933, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Technology and Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aging process of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) affects its output performance, and in order to accurately control output power, it is necessary to consider the aging and power degradation trends of the PEMFC. In this paper, the powercurrent curve is used as an indicator of the state of health (SOH). Based on previous studies, improvements have been made by considering changes in opencircuit voltage during the aging process. The number of aging factors in the aging model has been increased and the mapping relationship between the PEMFC power and the aging of the internal components is established. A semimechanical power degradation model is derived based on polarization curves, and an aging rate model has been designed using the particle filter algorithm. Combining the power decay analysis, the paper estimated the fuel cell's SOH. Simulations were carried out on the test dataset and compared with experimental test data. The results show that the method can predict the longterm performance decay model. Furthermore, compared with existing research methods, the proposed method estimates the SOH and performance decay trend of PEMFCs more accurately through the use of aging rate reference values and the power decay model. With reduced training time, there is an improvement in estimation accuracy. Especially when the training time is 100 hours and the estimation time is 250 hours, the error's relative decrease rate reaches 65.69%.

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质子交换膜燃料电池的老化过程影响其输出性能,为了更精确地控制输出功率,需要考虑燃料电池的老化和功率衰退趋势。以功率电流曲线作为健康状态指标,在以往研究的基础上进行改进,考虑开路电压在老化过程中的变化,增加老化模型中老化因子的个数,建立了质子交换膜燃料电池功率和內部部件老化之间的映射关系,基于极化曲线推导了半机理功率衰减模型,并基于正则化粒子滤波算法设计了老化率模型,结合功率衰减实现对燃料电池健康状态的估计。在测试数据集上进行了仿真试验,并和试验测试数据进行对比,结果表明,该方法能对长期性能衰减模型进行预测,相比于已有的研究方法,该方法能通过老化率参考值和功率衰减模型更准确地估计质子交换膜燃料电池的健康状态和性能衰减趋势,随着训练时间的缩短,估计精度较之提升,尤其是在训练时间长度100h,估计时间长度250h,误差相对下降率达65.69%。

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周苏(1961-),男,德国籍,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新型车辆动力系统(包括燃料电池系统、动力电池和电动机)的建模、仿真、控制和诊断。Tel:15901605752 E-mail:
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高建华(1992-),男,山东潍坊人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为氢能与燃料电池、大功率燃料电池系统优化设计与故障诊断。Tel:18610399498 E-mail:

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高建华(1992-),男,山东潍坊人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为氢能与燃料电池、大功率燃料电池系统优化设计与故障诊断。Tel:18610399498 E-mail:

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高建华(1992-),男,山东潍坊人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为氢能与燃料电池、大功率燃料电池系统优化设计与故障诊断。Tel:18610399498 E-mail:

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参数 约束条件 拟合结果
单池开路电压/V 0.9~1.2 0.998 2
常值系数 $a$ $0 \sim 1$ ${1.012}\mathrm{e} - 4$
常值系数 $b$ $0 \sim 1$ ${1.698}\mathrm{e} - 4$
单池交换电流密度/ $\left( {\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ 0~0.01 ${1.010}\mathrm{e} - 3$
单池内阻/ $\left( {\Omega /{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ 0~0.6 0.084
单池极限电流密度/ $\left( {\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ 0~1.5 1.3
), ArticleFig(id=1153824267851518423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813375076258179, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=半机理模型参数拟合结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 约束条件 拟合结果
单池开路电压/V 0.9~1.2 0.998 2
常值系数 $a$ $0 \sim 1$ ${1.012}\mathrm{e} - 4$
常值系数 $b$ $0 \sim 1$ ${1.698}\mathrm{e} - 4$
单池交换电流密度/ $\left( {\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ 0~0.01 ${1.010}\mathrm{e} - 3$
单池内阻/ $\left( {\Omega /{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ 0~0.6 0.084
单池极限电流密度/ $\left( {\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}}\right)$ 0~1.5 1.3
), ArticleFig(id=1153824267906044376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813375076258179, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验 1 试验 2 试验 3 试验 4
训练阶段 已有方法 0.195 0.146 0.143 0.125
本文方法 0.167 0.135 0.118 0.104
误差下降率/% 14.36 7.53 17.48 16.80
估计阶段 已有方法 0.717 0.281 0.455 1.149
本文方法 0.246 0.127 0.247 0.537
误差下降率/% 65.69 54.80 45.71 53.26
), ArticleFig(id=1153824267973153241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813375076258179, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=功率估计结果和测试数据结果的 RMSE, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验 1 试验 2 试验 3 试验 4
训练阶段 已有方法 0.195 0.146 0.143 0.125
本文方法 0.167 0.135 0.118 0.104
误差下降率/% 14.36 7.53 17.48 16.80
估计阶段 已有方法 0.717 0.281 0.455 1.149
本文方法 0.246 0.127 0.247 0.537
误差下降率/% 65.69 54.80 45.71 53.26
), ArticleFig(id=1153824268019290586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813375076258179, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号 50 A 70 A 90 A
试验 1 已有研究方法 0.452 0.088 0.124
本文研究方法 0.068 0.082 0.086
误差下降率/% 84.96 6.82 30.65
试验 2 已有研究方法 1.057 1.340 1.383
本文研究方法 0.063 0.084 0.099
误差下降率/% 94.04 93.73 92.84
试验 3 已有研究方法 1.214 1.551 1.625
本文研究方法 0.092 0.202 0.437
误差下降率/% 92.42 86.98 73.11
试验 4 已有研究方法 0.412 0.502 3.551
本文研究方法 0.366 0.439 1.059
误差下降率/% 11.17 12.55 70.18
), ArticleFig(id=1153824268078010843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153813375076258179, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=功率估计值和参考值的误差, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号 50 A 70 A 90 A
试验 1 已有研究方法 0.452 0.088 0.124
本文研究方法 0.068 0.082 0.086
误差下降率/% 84.96 6.82 30.65
试验 2 已有研究方法 1.057 1.340 1.383
本文研究方法 0.063 0.084 0.099
误差下降率/% 94.04 93.73 92.84
试验 3 已有研究方法 1.214 1.551 1.625
本文研究方法 0.092 0.202 0.437
误差下降率/% 92.42 86.98 73.11
试验 4 已有研究方法 0.412 0.502 3.551
本文研究方法 0.366 0.439 1.059
误差下降率/% 11.17 12.55 70.18
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基于粒子滤波算法的质子交换膜燃料电池健康状态估计
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高建华 1 , 周苏 1, 2 , 孙麒 1 , 赵鹏 1 , 樊磊 2 , 沈伟 1, 2
汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024,14(4): 622-630
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汽车工程学报 | 技术与研究 2024, 14(4): 622-630
基于粒子滤波算法的质子交换膜燃料电池健康状态估计
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高建华1 , 周苏1, 2 , 孙麒1, 赵鹏1, 樊磊2, 沈伟1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 同济大学 汽车学院 上海 201804
  • 2 上海中侨职业技术大学 智能制造学院 上海 201514
  • 高建华(1992-),男,山东潍坊人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为氢能与燃料电池、大功率燃料电池系统优化设计与故障诊断。Tel:18610399498 E-mail:

通讯作者:


周苏(1961-),男,德国籍,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新型车辆动力系统(包括燃料电池系统、动力电池和电动机)的建模、仿真、控制和诊断。Tel:15901605752 E-mail:
State of Health Estimation for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Based on Particle Filtering Algorithm
Jianhua GAO1 , Su ZHOU1, 2 , Qi SUN1, Peng ZHAO1, Lei FAN2, Wei SHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automotive Studies Tongji University Shanghai 201804 China
  • 2 School of Intelligent Manufacturing Shanghai Zhongqiao Vocational and Technical University Shanghai 201514 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.06
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质子交换膜燃料电池的老化过程影响其输出性能,为了更精确地控制输出功率,需要考虑燃料电池的老化和功率衰退趋势。以功率电流曲线作为健康状态指标,在以往研究的基础上进行改进,考虑开路电压在老化过程中的变化,增加老化模型中老化因子的个数,建立了质子交换膜燃料电池功率和內部部件老化之间的映射关系,基于极化曲线推导了半机理功率衰减模型,并基于正则化粒子滤波算法设计了老化率模型,结合功率衰减实现对燃料电池健康状态的估计。在测试数据集上进行了仿真试验,并和试验测试数据进行对比,结果表明,该方法能对长期性能衰减模型进行预测,相比于已有的研究方法,该方法能通过老化率参考值和功率衰减模型更准确地估计质子交换膜燃料电池的健康状态和性能衰减趋势,随着训练时间的缩短,估计精度较之提升,尤其是在训练时间长度100h,估计时间长度250h,误差相对下降率达65.69%。

燃料电池  /  老化  /  健康状态估计  /  粒子滤波

The aging process of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) affects its output performance, and in order to accurately control output power, it is necessary to consider the aging and power degradation trends of the PEMFC. In this paper, the powercurrent curve is used as an indicator of the state of health (SOH). Based on previous studies, improvements have been made by considering changes in opencircuit voltage during the aging process. The number of aging factors in the aging model has been increased and the mapping relationship between the PEMFC power and the aging of the internal components is established. A semimechanical power degradation model is derived based on polarization curves, and an aging rate model has been designed using the particle filter algorithm. Combining the power decay analysis, the paper estimated the fuel cell's SOH. Simulations were carried out on the test dataset and compared with experimental test data. The results show that the method can predict the longterm performance decay model. Furthermore, compared with existing research methods, the proposed method estimates the SOH and performance decay trend of PEMFCs more accurately through the use of aging rate reference values and the power decay model. With reduced training time, there is an improvement in estimation accuracy. Especially when the training time is 100 hours and the estimation time is 250 hours, the error's relative decrease rate reaches 65.69%.

fuel cell  /  aging  /  state of health estimation  /  particle filter
高建华, 周苏, 孙麒, 赵鹏, 樊磊, 沈伟. 基于粒子滤波算法的质子交换膜燃料电池健康状态估计. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (4) : 622 -630 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.06
Jianhua GAO, Su ZHOU, Qi SUN, Peng ZHAO, Lei FAN, Wei SHEN. State of Health Estimation for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Based on Particle Filtering Algorithm[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (4) : 622 -630 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.06
随着化石燃料在满足能源需求方面的迅速枯竭和环境污染的加剧,近年来, 对太阳能、风能、氢能等可持续清洁能源的探索越来越广泛 [ 1 ] ,汽车行业也在由内燃机逐渐向电动化发展, 清洁可再生的车用新能源技术成为当今汽车行业的研究重点。具有高效转化率、高质量能量密度、快速响应、无污染以及无噪声等优点的燃料电池可以满足交通运输等多个领域的要求 [ 2 ]
汽车的应用场景和行驶工况十分复杂, 其特点要求车用燃料电池系统应具有很好的耐久性和可靠性, 耐久性是指燃料电池抵抗性能衰减的能力, 可靠性是指燃料电池能稳定运行的能力。不同的应用场景下,燃料电池系统的耐久性不同,在稳定工况下其寿命可达数万小时, 而在车载动态负载条件下,商用车燃料电池寿命为 1 万小时以上 [ 3 ] 。质子交换膜燃料电池(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, PEMFC) 的耐久性是其大规模商业化过程中面临的一个难题, 预测与健康管理技术被认为是提高燃料电池耐久性的新方法之一。
在对燃料电池剩余使用寿命(Remaining Useful Life, RUL) 进行估计时, 通常会选择一个健康状态(State of Health, SOH)指标进行分析。 根据参数是否可以被观测, $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 指标可以分为宏观和微观两个方面。宏观指标可以反映输出性能的变化趋势, 但不能反映电池内部的老化信息; 而微观指标能更好地反映部件和多尺度的老化信息, 但对其进行估计需要额外的测量设备才能实现。 BRESSEL 等 [ 4 ] 基于半经验的老化模型和扩展卡尔曼滤波技术提出了 PEMFC 的 SOH 估计算法, 该方法使用扩展卡尔曼滤波器估计时变参数, 可以提供动态操作条件下的估计结果。WU Xiaojuan 等 [ 5 ] 提出了基于 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估计的动态优化策略,可以有效延长燃料电池的寿命, 该方法针对缺乏学习样本的情况, 提出基于相空间轨迹相似性的估计方法来估计 SOH。MOHAN 等 [ 6 ] 总结了影响 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 的指标,并采用数据驱动的方法开发了一种 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估计技术以提高燃料电池的耐久性。PAN Rui 等 [ 7 ] 研究了基于电化学阻抗和分析等效电路模型的健康预测, 使用非线性最小二乘法确定模型参数, 试验结果表明所提方法能提供准确的健康预测, 有助于提高电压衰退预测的性能。
PEMFC 的性能衰减涉及多系统、多因素和多部件, 是一个复杂的非线性过程, 不同零部件的老化原因各不相同, 而且会因为操作条件和外界因素等原因而有所不同。PEMFC 老化过程中存在因启停机和运行中轻微故障等不可控的原因造成性能波动,这给精确性能衰减的建模和估计增加了难度。 本文将基于半经验一半机理功率衰减模型(下文简称半机理模型),提出基于粒子滤波(Particle Filter, PF) 算法的 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 模型估计方法,然后进行仿真试验和结果分析, 对比了本文方法和已有研究方法 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估计结果的精确度。
功率一电流曲线是 $\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 进行功率分配时的重要参考信息, 而燃料电池老化过程中相同电流下的功率是不断下降的。若控制器一直参考初始时刻的功率一电流曲线进行功率分配, 则燃料电池的输出功率将无法满足需求, 会降低整车性能; 输出性能的衰减说明内部组件的老化, 根据内部组件的老化调整子系统的控制参数能缓解燃料电池的老化, 同时, 根据性能衰减的趋势制定合理的保养维护方案也有助于减缓老化速率。
不同于以往研究者大多以 RUL 作为最终目的研究选定的 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 指标估计方法,本文从燃料电池系统控制和实际应用的角度出发, 将输出功率-电流曲线这一性能表征作为 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 指标进行研究,目的是在老化过程中能通过更新控制器中的功率-电流曲线实现更精准的控制, 保证功率输出的稳定和准确。
常见的老化衰减模型有机理模型、经验模型和半机理模型 3 种。半机理模型是机理模型和经验模型的结合, 相比于其他 2 种模型, 具有所需数据量小、计算量小、计算精度高以及不需要进行复杂的机理建模等优点。
燃料电池极化曲线的半机理功率衰减模型能通过燃料电池的外在输出特征来表征燃料电池的老化状态。燃料电池堆的输出功率-电流如式(1) 所示。
$ P = N\left\lbrack {{E}_{\text{ocv }} - a\ln \left( \frac{I}{{i}_{0}A}\right) - {iR} + b\ln \left( {1 - \frac{I}{{i}_{\mathrm{L}}A}}\right) }\right\rbrack I。 $
式中: $P$ 为燃料电池电堆的输出功率; $N$ 为燃料电池电堆中单池片数; $I$ 为燃料电池电堆的输出电流; $A$ 为单池的电化学活性面积; $R$ 为单池的内阻。
式(1)中的参数在燃料电池老化过程中无论是在静态负载条件还是在动态负载条件下, 交换电流密度 ${i}_{0}$ 的变化很小,内阻 $R$ 和极限电流密度 ${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 的变化趋势和变化幅度相似 [ 8 ]
已有研究 [ 4 , 8 - 10 ] 中以燃料电池 RUL 为研究目标,采用单一老化因子 $\alpha$ 表征单池内阻和单池极限电流密度的老化率来评定燃料电池的RUL。本文引入老化因子 $\alpha$$\beta$ 表征老化过程中参数的变化趋势, 其中, $\alpha$ 用来表征开路电压的老化率, $\beta$ 用来表征单池内阻和单池极限电流密度的老化率。老化过程中各参数随时间的变化趋势如式(2)~(4) 所示。
$ {E}_{\mathrm{{ocv}}}\left( t\right) = {E}_{\mathrm{{ocv}}}\left( 0\right) \cdot \left( {1 + \alpha \left( t\right) }\right) 。 $
$ R\left( t\right) = R\left( 0\right) \cdot \left( {1 + \beta \left( t\right) }\right) 。 $
$ {i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right) = {i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( 0\right) \cdot \left( {1 - \beta \left( t\right) }\right) 。 $
式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{ocv}}}\left( t\right) \text{、}R\left( t\right)$${i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right)$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻单池开路电压、内阻和极限电流密度; ${E}_{\mathrm{{ocv}}}\left( 0\right) \text{、}R\left( 0\right)$${i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( 0\right)$ 分别为初始时刻单池的开路电压、内阻和极限电流密度, 初始时刻的参数通过拟合初始时刻的极化曲线数据确定。
综合式 (1) $\sim$ (4) 可以得到 $t$ 时刻燃料电池的极化曲线公式和功率-电流表达式为:
$ V\left( t\right) = {E}_{\text{ocv }}\left( t\right) - a\ln \left( \frac{I}{{i}_{0}A}\right) - {iR}\left( t\right) + b\ln \left( {1 - \frac{I}{{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right) A}}\right) $
。(5)
$ P\left( t\right) = N\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} {E}_{\mathrm{{ocv}}}\left( t\right) - a\ln \left( \frac{I}{{i}_{0}A}\right) - \\ {iR}\left( t\right) + b\ln \left( {1 - \frac{I}{{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right) A}}\right) \end{array}\right\rbrack I \circ $
式中: $V\left( t\right)$$P\left( t\right)$ 分别为 $t$ 时刻燃料电池电堆电压和功率。
式(6)是半机理功率衰减模型,在完成对老化率参数 $\alpha$$\beta$ 的估计值之后,通过式 (6) 即可得到功率-电流曲线的估计结果。
PF算法经常被用于基于模型老化参数估计问题的研究中 [ 9 , 11 - 12 ] ,其核心思想是: 通过一组随机分布的离散样本对概率密度函数进行模拟, 用样本的加权均值代替积分运算得到系统状态量的最优估计值。样本是指粒子, 粒子滤波因此得名, 它可以用来处理线性和非线性系统、高斯噪声和非高斯噪声等多种系统的估计问题,估计精度高。
选取基于半机理功率衰减模型和 PF 算法的 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估计方法,基于式 (6) 所示的半机理模型选取老化率 $\alpha$$\beta$ 及其相对应的老化速率 $\gamma$$\delta$ 作为状态变量, 建立状态空间表达式为:
$ {X}_{k + 1} = A{X}_{k} + {W}_{k}, \\ {Y}_{k + 1} = g\left( {{X}_{k},{U}_{k}}\right) + {V}_{k}\text{。} $
式中: ${X}_{k}$ 为包含老化率和老化速率的状态变量; ${X}_{k} = {\left\lbrack {\alpha }_{k},{\beta }_{k},{\gamma }_{k},{\delta }_{k}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};{\gamma }_{k}$${\delta }_{k}$ 分别为 ${\alpha }_{k}$${\beta }_{k}$ 的导数; $\mathbf{A}$ 为状态转移矩阵; ${Y}_{k}$ 为电堆输出功率; ${W}_{k}$${V}_{k}$ 分别为状态变量噪声和观测值噪声; $g\left( {{X}_{k},{U}_{k}}\right)$ 为输出方程, 具体为:
$ A = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 & {\Delta t} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & {\Delta t} \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack 。 $
$ g\left( {{X}_{k},{U}_{k}}\right) = N\left\lbrack {{E}_{\text{ocv }}\left( 0\right) \cdot \left( {1 + \alpha \left( t\right) }\right) - a\ln \left( \frac{I}{{i}_{0}\mathbf{A}}\right) - }\right. \\ {iR}\left( 0\right) \cdot \left( {1 + \beta \left( t\right) }\right) + \left. {b\ln \left( {1 - \frac{I}{{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( 0\right) \cdot \left( {1 - \beta \left( t\right) }\right) \mathbf{A}}}\right) }\right\rbrack I $
。(9)
式中: ${\Delta t}$ 为时间间隔,在本文中为数据预处理后数据中的时间间隔。
基于模型的 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估计方法结构如 图 1 所示,该方法包含训练阶段(左侧部分)和估计阶段(右侧部分)2 个部分。训练阶段的步骤是某一时刻通过 PF算法得到状态变量估计值的步骤, 在训练阶段中试验测试数据作为观测值能对状态变量进行后验估计更新, 根据训练阶段的每一组数据便可以得到已知测试数据中的老化率和老化速率。在估计阶段会利用训练阶段得到的状态变量结果进行老化率的估计, 从而实现对功率随时间变化的估计。
此前已对燃料电池汽车建模和仿真相关问题进行了详细研究并进行验证, 本文结合燃料电池汽车控制结构和参考文献建立了整车仿真模型, 其框架如 图 2 所示, 对比 NEDC 测试工况和燃料电池极化曲线,模型验证如 图 3 所示 [ 13 ] 。该模型主要包含驾驶员模型、整车控制单元[包括车辆控制单元 (Vehicle Control Unit, VCU) 和能量控制单元 (Energy Control Unit, ECU)]、子系统控制器和执行器 3 部分, 每一个子系统均有其各自的执行器和控制器, 且这些子控制器均由整车控制器控制。
燃料电池老化时输出性能衰减会反映在功率- 电流曲线的变化中, 功率-电流曲线的变化会影响整车模型中功率分配时计算出来的燃料电池参考电流。燃料电池发生老化后, 性能衰减会导致相同电流下老化后的燃料电池输出功率变小, 无法满足动力性的需求。如果不更新功率一电流曲线, 当有相同的功率请求到达时, 计算得到的燃料电池参考电流和初始时刻的参考电流完全一致, 燃料电池发电机控制器(Fuel Cell Control Unit, FCU)根据初始的参考电流控制燃料电池的输出功率, 会使其低于目标参考功率。如果更新功率一电流曲线,此时计算的燃料电池参考电流会高于初始时刻的参考电流, FCU 根据此参考电流控制燃料电池的输出功率,使其能满足目标参考功率。
以拟合电压 $\widehat{V}$ 和测量电压 $V$ 误差平方和的最小值为目标选用基于 Levenberg-Marquardt 优化算法的非线性最小二乘算法去拟合半机理模型中式(1) 的参数 [ 14 ] 。参数的约束条件 [ 15 ] 和拟合参数的结果见 表 1 ,其结果中的部分参数与式 (2) $\sim$ (4) 中的 ${E}_{\mathrm{{ocv}}}\left( 0\right) \text{、}R\left( 0\right)$${i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( 0\right)$ 相对应。
$\mathrm{{PF}}$ 算法中,观测量估计值可以表征状态变量估计值的准确程度, 考虑到功率随时间变化的趋势更加直观, 可以使用功率估计结果来表示状态变量估计结果的精确度。在存在观测值的情况下, PF 算法能很准确地估计状态变量, 因此, PF算法能很准确地估计试验中所有时刻的老化率, 试验并未对所有时刻的极化曲线和老化率进行测量, 依照此方法得到的老化率估计结果可以作为老化率参考值, 用来进行误差对照分析和验证本文估计方法的有效性。
基于模型的 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估计方法对老化率进行估计, 使用老化率的估计结果结合式(6)可以得到功率一电流曲线估计结果。PF算法中粒子数量设定为 ${1000},\alpha$ 的噪声方差为 0.001, $\beta$ 的噪声方差为 0.002, $\gamma$$\delta$ 的噪声方差为 0.000 5,观测值的噪声方差为 1.0。均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)通常被用来评价估计结果和试验数据之间的精确度, 如式 (10) 所示。
$ \text{ RMSE } = \sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left( {\widehat{y}}_{i} - {y}_{i}\right) }^{2}}\text{ 。 } $
式中: ${\widehat{y}}_{i}$ 为估计方法的估计值; ${y}_{i}$ 为测试数据结果中的真实值; $n$ 为估计值的数量。
基于极化曲线的半机理模型已被用于老化研究, 但其是从估计 RUL 的角度出发使用了单一老化率, 只考虑了单池内阻和极限电流密度的老化, 而未考虑单池开路电压的老化。本文从估计功率- 电流曲线的角度出发, 同时考虑了单池开路电压、 内阻和极限电流密度的变化。相比于已有方法, 本文方法考虑了老化过程中更多参数的变化, 使功率的估计结果更加准确。
本文进行了 4 组试验来对比已有方法和本文方法在功率估计结果上的差异, 4 组试验中训练时间长度有所不同,估计时间长度均相同,为 ${250}\mathrm{\;h}$ , 试验 1、2、3、4 中训练时间长度分别为 100、150、 ${200}\text{、}{250}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,试验结果分别对应于 图4 $\mathrm{a}\text{、}\mathrm{\;b}\text{、}\mathrm{c}\text{、}\mathrm{\;d}$ 。 每个试验对应的RMSE结果见 表 2
图 4 中分别展示了已有方法的训练结果、估计结果和本文方法的训练结果、估计结果与测试数据结果的对比,由 图 4 可知,4 个试验中本文方法和已有方法在训练阶段对功率的估计结果都比较准确, 在估计阶段都能准确地估计功率衰减的线性趋势, 但本文方法相比于已有方法有更高的估计精度。相比于测试数据结果, 已有方法估计结果存在随着估计时长的增大而逐渐偏离测试数据结果的情况, 该估计结果有可能高于或者低于测试结果; 而本文方法估计结果能更准确地贴合测试结果, 相对误差更小。由于运行时间较长,台架经过了多次重启, 输出功率数据中存在短期可恢复的大幅度波动, 停机再启动后输出功率相比停机前会有一个大幅度提高, 然后再快速下降恢复到停机前的水平, 此过程中可恢复大幅度波动与实际性能衰减变化趋势不吻合, 会对结果造成一定影响。由 表 2 可知, 4 种不同的训练时长下, 相比于已有方法的估计结果, 本文方法估计结果在训练阶段和估计阶段都有更小的误差,训练阶段 RMSE 下降率总体在 7%~ 18%,估计结果 RMSE 下降率总体在 45%~65%。
图 5 展示了 100、300、500、700 h 功率-电流曲线的参考结果, 由图可知, 老化过程中功率-电流曲线随时间呈不断下降的趋势。当电流比较小时, 功率的下降程度不是很明显,而当电流较大时, 功率的下降程度很明显,对比 ${100}\mathrm{\;h}$${700}\mathrm{\;h}$ 的功率- 电流曲线,在 $0 \sim {50}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的区间内,功率的均方根误差为 1.64,而在 ${50} \sim {100}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的区间内,功率的均方根误差为 21.10,即大电流区间内功率下降的程度要远大于小电流区间。这是因为小电流区间内功率的绝对值相对较小, 而大电流区间内功率的绝对值相对较大。因此, 后续为了更直观地展示功率- 电流曲线的估计结果,只展示 ${50} \sim {100}\mathrm{\;A}$ 区间的功率-电流曲线。
将老化率参考值得到的功率一电流曲线估计结果与测试试验中测量的功率一电流曲线结果进行对比,结果如 图 6 所示, 可以看出功率-电流曲线的估计结果和试验结果的趋势完全一致, 准确率高达 99.85%。图中分别对 ${28} \sim {32}\mathrm{\;A}$${68} \sim {72}\mathrm{\;A}$ 的结果进行了放大展示, 分别对应于 2 种不同的电流区间, 放大图所展示的 2 个电流区间内数值误差很小, 为 0.06。仅在电流特别大的电流区间(图中 92~100 A范围)存在较大的差距,其 RMSE 为 0.46。
对比本文方法和已有方法在 4 个试验中的老化率估计结果和参考老化率得到的功率一电流曲线, 如 图 7 所示。图中估计结果 1 代表已有方法使用的老化模型的估计结果,估计结果2代表本文方法使用的老化模型的估计结果。为了更直观地展示试验中不同方法在 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估计中的精确度,选取不同电流区间内不同方法的功率估计值和参考功率值的误差进行分析,以 50、70、90 A 三个固定电流为例, 其RMSE误差结果见 表 3
综合 图 7表 3 ,结果表明,本文方法 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 估计结果的精确度为 99%,高于已有方法估计结果, 其中, 小电流区间内 RMSE 下降率为 90% 左右, 中、高电流区间内不同试验中RMSE下降率有所不同,总体在 10%~90% 之间。相比只考虑内阻和极限电流密度 2 个参数变化的已有方法, 采用的模型考虑了单池开路电压、内阻和极限电流密度 3 个参数在老化过程中的变化, 因此, 本文的半机理功率衰减模型能更准确地估计老化过程中功率的变化趋势和功率-电流曲线。
1)从车辆控制的角度出发,选取功率一电流曲线作为健康状态指标, 基于性能衰减过程中更新的极化曲线, 提出了半机理功率老化模型, 在以往研究的基础上进行改进, 考虑开路电压在老化过程中的变化, 增加老化模型中老化因子的个数, 实现更准确的估计结果。
2)根据燃料电池性能衰减的非线性特性,选择 $\mathrm{{PF}}$ 算法对 $\mathrm{{SOH}}$ 进行估计,并基于 $\mathrm{{PF}}$ 算法设计了老化率估计模型, 结合功率衰减模型实现对功率- 电流曲线的估计。
3)在测试数据集上进行了仿真试验, 并和试验测试数据进行对比, 结果表明, 模型方法能对长期性能衰减趋势进行预测, 相比于已有方法, 本文方法能通过老化率参考值和功率衰减模型更准确地估计老化过程中的功率一电流曲线。随着训练时间的缩短, 估计精度较之提升, 尤其是在训练时间长度 ${100}\mathrm{\;h}$ 、估计时间长度 ${250}\mathrm{\;h}$ 时,误差相对下降率达 65.69%。
  • 扬州市重点研发计划专项基金项目(YZ2020031)
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2024年第14卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.04.06
  • 接收时间:2023-08-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-20
  • 修回日期:2023-09-23
基金
扬州市重点研发计划专项基金项目(YZ2020031)
作者信息
    1 同济大学 汽车学院 上海 201804
    2 上海中侨职业技术大学 智能制造学院 上海 201514

通讯作者:


周苏(1961-),男,德国籍,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新型车辆动力系统(包括燃料电池系统、动力电池和电动机)的建模、仿真、控制和诊断。Tel:15901605752 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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