Article(id=1153809127622042296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153809123054440769, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716825600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-28, revisedDate=1721318400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753019132762, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753019132762, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753019132762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753019132762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153809123054440769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='5', pageStart='745', pageEnd='919', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753019131673, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481656846, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526310380417245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153809123054440769, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526310384611550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153809123054440769, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=848, endPage=857, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153809128012112569, articleId=1153809127622042296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Characterization of Waste Heat Recovery in Electric Drive System of Battery Electric Passenger Vehicle, columnId=1153756965466530584, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green and Low-Carbon Technologies Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of how to recover the waste heat of the motor to improve the thermal performance of the passenger cabin, a simulation model of the thermal management system of a battery electric passenger vehicle is constructed by using AMESim software. On this basis, the effects of refrigerant distribution ratio and thermal management system architecture on passenger cabin heating performance are analyzed under the motor waste heat recovery mode. The results show that at a vehicle speed of 60 km/h, the heat generation of the motor can be up to 1 402 W and the heat generation of the motor controller can be up to 427 W. Compared with the nomotor waste heat recovery mode, the total heat absorbed by the thermal management system from the electric drive system and the environment can be increased by 58.69%100.57% and the passenger cabin heating power can be increased by 71.36%100.37% by distributing the refrigerant rationally. In the motor waste heat recovery mode, the passenger cabin heating power with the parallel architecture was 23.42% to 27.23% higher than that with the series architecture.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiawen HE, Xin ZHANG, Xinlin LI, Shuo FENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153809159423255384, articleId=1153809127622042296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=CN, title=纯电动乘用车电驱动系统余热回收特性研究, columnId=1153756965604942618, journalTitle=汽车工程学报, columnName=绿色低碳技术专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对如何回收电机余热以提升乘员舱制热性能的问题,基于AMESim软件搭建了纯电动乘用车热管理系统仿真模型。在此基础上,分析了电机余热回收模式下,制冷剂分配比例和热管理系统架构对乘员舱制热性能的影响。研究结果表明,在车速为60 km/h时,电机的发热量可达1402W,电机控制器的发热量可达427 W。与无电机余热回收模式相比,通过合理分配制冷剂,热管理系统从电驱动系统和环境中吸收的总热量可提升58.69%~100.57%,乘员舱制热功率可提升71.36%~100.37%。在电机余热回收模式下,采用并联架构的乘员舱制热功率比串联架构高出了23.42%~27.23%。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=

张欣(1959-),女,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机械工程、动力机械及工程、内燃机与汽车工程。Tel: 13901082899 E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=UuNJtWZD1arhd5iINUF6IA==, magXml=5lbimEjCubHaWRps9tQIsQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=HbrtWhKZj2yxnp5CAz0k7A==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EiQA7rZbFWWL15MDcjQzgA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

何家文(1997-),男,广西桂林人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车热管理。Tel: 18810396110 E-mail:

, authorsList=何家文, 张欣, 李欣林, 冯硕)}, authors=[Author(id=1153809160383751015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=20121385@bjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1153809160467637097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, authorId=1153809160383751015, language=EN, stringName=Jiawen HE, firstName=Jiawen, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1153809160534745964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, authorId=1153809160383751015, language=CN, stringName=何家文, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044, bio={"img":"Be7hfR5rbC+G2LFAlkkB7g==","content":"

何家文(1997-),男,广西桂林人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车热管理。Tel: 18810396110 E-mail:

"}, bioImg=Be7hfR5rbC+G2LFAlkkB7g==, bioContent=

何家文(1997-),男,广西桂林人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车热管理。Tel: 18810396110 E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1153809160266310498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160270504803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160283087717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044)])]), Author(id=1153809160643797872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=2283823393@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1153809160710906738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, authorId=1153809160643797872, language=EN, stringName=Xin ZHANG, firstName=Xin, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1153809160782209909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, authorId=1153809160643797872, language=CN, stringName=张欣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1153809160266310498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160270504803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160283087717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044)])]), Author(id=1153809160840930167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1153809160920621946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, authorId=1153809160840930167, language=EN, stringName=Xinlin LI, firstName=Xinlin, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1153809161000313725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, authorId=1153809160840930167, language=CN, stringName=李欣林, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1153809160266310498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160270504803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160283087717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044)])]), Author(id=1153809161100977024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1153809161390384009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, authorId=1153809161100977024, language=EN, stringName=Shuo FENG, firstName=Shuo, middleName=null, lastName=FENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1153809161449104270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, authorId=1153809161100977024, language=CN, stringName=冯硕, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1153809160266310498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160270504803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160283087717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1153809161788842903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=motor waste heat recovery), Keyword(id=1153809161860146074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=thermal management), Keyword(id=1153809161923060637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=heating performance), Keyword(id=1153809161973392287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=electric vehicle), Keyword(id=1153809162023723937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=电机余热回收), Keyword(id=1153809162099221413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=热管理), Keyword(id=1153809162191496103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=制热性能), Keyword(id=1153809162283770792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=电动汽车)], refs=[Reference(id=1153809165182034932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=278, pageEnd=298, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=袁紫微, 林楚园, 袁紫嫣, journalName=储能科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=袁紫微, 林楚园, 袁紫嫣, 等. 锌离子电池低温性能研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023,12(1):278-298., articleTitle=锌离子电池低温性能研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165257532406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=278, pageEnd=298, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=YUAN Ziwei, LIN Chuyuan, YUAN Ziyan, journalName=Energy Storage Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YUAN Ziwei, LIN Chuyuan, YUAN Ziyan, et al. Progress of Low Temperature Performance of Zinc Ion Batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023,12(1):278-298. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Progress of Low Temperature Performance of Zinc Ion Batteries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165312058360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=19, issue=19, pageStart=155, pageEnd=157, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=王凯, 龙会游, journalName=汽车测试报告, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王凯, 龙会游. 基于续驶里程试验的纯电动汽车空调能耗降低研究[J]. 汽车测试报告, 2022,19(19):155-157., articleTitle=基于续驶里程试验的纯电动汽车空调能耗降低研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165370778619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=19, issue=19, pageStart=155, pageEnd=157, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=WANG Kai, LONG Huiyou, journalName=Automotive Test Report, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Kai, LONG Huiyou. Research on the Reduction of Air Conditioning Energy Consumption of Pure Electric Vehicles Based on Range Test[J]. Automotive Test Report, 2022,19(19):155-157. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the Reduction of Air Conditioning Energy Consumption of Pure Electric Vehicles Based on Range Test, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165446276094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=66, issue=32, pageStart=4112, pageEnd=4128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=王从飞, 曹锋, 李明佳, journalName=科学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王从飞, 曹锋, 李明佳, 等. 碳中和背景下新能源汽车热管理系统研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 科学通报, 2021,66(32):4112-4128., articleTitle=碳中和背景下新能源汽车热管理系统研究现状及发展趋势, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165504996352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=66, issue=32, pageStart=4112, pageEnd=4128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=WANG Congfei, CAO Feng, LI Mingjia, journalName=Science Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Congfei, CAO Feng, LI Mingjia, et al. Research Status and Development Trend of Thermal Management System for New Energy Vehicles in the Context of Carbon Neutrality[J]. Science Bulletin, 2021,66(32):4112-4128. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research Status and Development Trend of Thermal Management System for New Energy Vehicles in the Context of Carbon Neutrality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165563715586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=37, issue=5, pageStart=39, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=张子琦, 李万勇, 张成全, journalName=制冷学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张子琦, 李万勇, 张成全, 等. 电动汽车冬季负荷特性研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2016,37(5):39-44., articleTitle=电动汽车冬季负荷特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165639213061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=37, issue=5, pageStart=39, pageEnd=44, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=ZHANG Ziqi, LI Wanyong, ZHANG Chengquan, journalName=Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Ziqi, LI Wanyong, ZHANG Chengquan, et al. Research on Winter Load Characteristics of Electric Vehicles[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2016,37(5):39-44. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on Winter Load Characteristics of Electric Vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165689544711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=58, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=包佳倩, 苏林, 刘明康, journalName=制冷学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=包佳倩, 苏林, 刘明康, 等. 电动汽车热泵空调系统室外换热器结霜特性实验研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2020,41(3):58-64., articleTitle=电动汽车热泵空调系统室外换热器结霜特性实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165744070665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=58, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=BAO Jiaqian, SU Lin, LIU Mingkang, journalName=Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAO Jiaqian, SU Lin, LIU Mingkang, et al. Experimental Study on the Frost Characteristics of Outdoor Heat Exchanger of Heat Pump Air-Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2020,41(3):58-64. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Experimental Study on the Frost Characteristics of Outdoor Heat Exchanger of Heat Pump Air-Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165802790923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=16, issue=6, pageStart=923, pageEnd=928, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=LEE D, journalName=International Journal of Automotive Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE D. Experimental Study on the Heat Pump System Using R134a Refrigerant for Zero Emission Vehicles[J]. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2015,16(6):923-928., articleTitle=Experimental Study on the Heat Pump System Using R134a Refrigerant for Zero Emission Vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165869899789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=139, pageEnd=142, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=11, authorNames=郭木生, 程贤福, 李骏, journalName=制造业自动化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭木生, 程贤福, 李骏, 等. 基于AMESim的热泵空调低温制热系统设计及仿真[J]. 制造业自动化, 2022,44(6):139-142., articleTitle=基于AMESim的热泵空调低温制热系统设计及仿真, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165920231439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=6, pageStart=139, pageEnd=142, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=GUO Musheng, CHENG Xianfu, LI Jun, journalName=Manufacturing Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Musheng, CHENG Xianfu, LI Jun, et al. Design and Simulation of Low-Temperature Heating System for Heat Pump Air Conditioner Based on AMESim[J]. Manufacturing Automation, 2022,44(6):139-142. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and Simulation of Low-Temperature Heating System for Heat Pump Air Conditioner Based on AMESim, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809165974757392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=47, issue=3, pageStart=389, pageEnd=396, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=王彦, 王陶, 邹小俊, journalName=南京理工大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=王彦, 王陶, 邹小俊, 等. 基于电机余热回收的电动汽车综合热管理系统分析[J]. 南京理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2023,47(3):389-396., articleTitle=基于电机余热回收的电动汽车综合热管理系统分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166037671954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=47, issue=3, pageStart=389, pageEnd=396, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=WANG Yan, WANG Tao, ZOU Xiaojun, journalName=Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yan, WANG Tao, ZOU Xiaojun, et al. Analysis of Integrated Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles Based on Motor Waste Heat Recovery[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2023,47(3):389-396. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of Integrated Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles Based on Motor Waste Heat Recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166100586514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=8, pageStart=19, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=15, authorNames=王智海, journalName=制冷与空调, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王智海. 电动汽车双热源热泵空调系统设计及研究[J]. 制冷与空调, 2023,23(8):19-23., articleTitle=电动汽车双热源热泵空调系统设计及研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166171889684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=8, pageStart=19, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=16, authorNames=WANG Zhihai, journalName=Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Zhihai. Design and Study of Dual Heat Source Heat Pump Air Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles[J]. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2023,23(8):19-23. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and Study of Dual Heat Source Heat Pump Air Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166238998550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=119, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=17, authorNames=AHN JH, KANG H, LEE HS, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AHN JH, KANG H, LEE HS, et al. Heating Performance Characteristics of a Dual Source Heat Pump Using Air and Waste Heat in Electric Vehicles[J]. Applied Energy, 2014,119:1-9., articleTitle=Heating Performance Characteristics of a Dual Source Heat Pump Using Air and Waste Heat in Electric Vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166314496027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=18, authorNames=黄世佩, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄世佩. 某型纯电动汽车热泵空调集成式热管理系统构建及研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2021., articleTitle=某型纯电动汽车热泵空调集成式热管理系统构建及研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166381604896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=19, authorNames=HUANG Shipei, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Shipei. Construction and Research on Integrated Thermal Management System of Heat Pump Air Conditioning for a Certain Type of Pure Electric Vehicle[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2021. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Construction and Research on Integrated Thermal Management System of Heat Pump Air Conditioning for a Certain Type of Pure Electric Vehicle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166469685283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=39, issue=6, pageStart=129, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=朱波, 赵媛媛, 姚明尧, journalName=陕西科技大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱波, 赵媛媛, 姚明尧, 等. 基于电机余热回收的电动汽车热管理性能分析[J]. 陕西科技大学学报, 2021,39(6):129-133., articleTitle=基于电机余热回收的电动汽车热管理性能分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166532599845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=39, issue=6, pageStart=129, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=21, authorNames=ZHU Bo, ZHAO Yuanyuan, YAO Mingyao, journalName=Journal of Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Bo, ZHAO Yuanyuan, YAO Mingyao, et al. Performance Analysis of Electric Vehicle Thermal Management Based on Motor Waste Heat Recovery[J]. Journal of Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 2021,39(6):129-133. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Performance Analysis of Electric Vehicle Thermal Management Based on Motor Waste Heat Recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166591320105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=2, pageStart=39, pageEnd=45, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=22, authorNames=马小超, journalName=汽车实用技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马小超. 电动汽车余热回收热泵空调系统设计[J]. 汽车实用技术, 2023,48(2):39-45., articleTitle=电动汽车余热回收热泵空调系统设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166654234667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=2, pageStart=39, pageEnd=45, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=23, authorNames=MA Xiaochao, journalName=Automobile Application Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Xiaochao. Design of Waste Heat Recovery Heat Pump Air Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles[J]. Automobile Application Technology, 2023,48(2):39-45. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design of Waste Heat Recovery Heat Pump Air Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166721343533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=48, issue=12, pageStart=36, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=24, authorNames=张海, 张宸瑜, 郭木生, journalName=湖南大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=张海, 张宸瑜, 郭木生. 电动汽车空调制热系统设计及研究[J]. 湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2021,48(12):36-43., articleTitle=电动汽车空调制热系统设计及研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166784258097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=48, issue=12, pageStart=36, pageEnd=43, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=25, authorNames=ZHANG Hai, ZHANG Chenyu, GUO Musheng, journalName=Journal of Hunan University (Natural Science Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Hai, ZHANG Chenyu, GUO Musheng. Design and Study of Electric Vehicle Air Conditioning Heating System[J]. Journal of Hunan University (Natural Science Edition), 2021,48(12):36-43. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and Study of Electric Vehicle Air Conditioning Heating System, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166851366963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=47, issue=8, pageStart=2855, pageEnd=2863, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=26, authorNames=杨小龙, 马自会, 杨林, journalName=中南大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨小龙, 马自会, 杨林, 等. 基于热泵的纯电动轿车热管理集成开发[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2016,47(8):2855-2863., articleTitle=基于热泵的纯电动轿车热管理集成开发, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153809166918475830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=47, issue=8, pageStart=2855, pageEnd=2863, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=27, authorNames=YANG Xiaolong, MA Zihui, YANG Lin, journalName=Journal of Central South University (Natural Science Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Xiaolong, MA Zihui, YANG Lin, et al. Integrated Development of Thermal Management for Pure Electric Sedan Based on Heat Pump[J]. Journal of Central South University (Natural Science Edition), 2016,47(8):2855-2863. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Integrated Development of Thermal Management for Pure Electric Sedan Based on Heat Pump, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1153809165089760239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, awardId=2021YFB2501701, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2501701), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1153809160266310498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160270504803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153809160283087717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, companyId=1153809160266310498, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1153809162975830961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=TYpH70/ZgIYCoRcJv7cong==, figureFileBig=2lv+Gg7z3trZ+2JdjTRebQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163047134130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=热管理系统架构, figureFileSmall=TYpH70/ZgIYCoRcJv7cong==, figureFileBig=2lv+Gg7z3trZ+2JdjTRebQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163114242995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3BGoV353cfwQ3GfXe+gadA==, figureFileBig=hNL8XThZFfC5GaHPkSt4vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163223294900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=整车热管理系统仿真模型, figureFileSmall=3BGoV353cfwQ3GfXe+gadA==, figureFileBig=hNL8XThZFfC5GaHPkSt4vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163353318325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=F6uJKzJdJKmrT1lcYzdqWw==, figureFileBig=4s4NyzmpBEA3SCySxh2FLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163433010102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=电机控制器及电驱动系统台架试验, figureFileSmall=F6uJKzJdJKmrT1lcYzdqWw==, figureFileBig=4s4NyzmpBEA3SCySxh2FLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163521090487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+wOgI1Wg6uun7DqbPrn/Sw==, figureFileBig=Q8CDpcpbCRjFZe4PKywMEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163592393656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=整车热管理系统台架试验, figureFileSmall=+wOgI1Wg6uun7DqbPrn/Sw==, figureFileBig=Q8CDpcpbCRjFZe4PKywMEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163676279737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aKsUJOrMrZCxfJqu4KWiBw==, figureFileBig=fpO7lZa/GD6uhOAbYa0e4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163739194299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=不同电机支路制冷剂分配比下的系统回收热量, figureFileSmall=aKsUJOrMrZCxfJqu4KWiBw==, figureFileBig=fpO7lZa/GD6uhOAbYa0e4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163810497469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=voyq+qNFkKqHXjgYdUb32A==, figureFileBig=yc/W2PwFVes2k9gfky9Xyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163873412032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=不同电机支路制冷剂分配比下的乘员舱制热性能, figureFileSmall=voyq+qNFkKqHXjgYdUb32A==, figureFileBig=yc/W2PwFVes2k9gfky9Xyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163957298115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PaufBeMoz29TiS+U7AuV6g==, figureFileBig=z0Vk2ZQu5fSIAj4e2vrMxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809164028601286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=车外换热器与板式换热器串联的热管理系统架构, figureFileSmall=PaufBeMoz29TiS+U7AuV6g==, figureFileBig=z0Vk2ZQu5fSIAj4e2vrMxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809164083127241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯电动乘用车参数 电机参数
整车满载质量/kg 2540 额定功率/kW 70
前轴到质心的距离/mm 1 460 额定电压/V 550
空气阻力系数 0.23 额定转速/(r/min) 4 456
迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 2.3 额定转矩/Nm 150
滚动阻力系数 7.5 电机质量/kg 53
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164158624716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=电动汽车和电机的基本参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯电动乘用车参数 电机参数
整车满载质量/kg 2540 额定功率/kW 70
前轴到质心的距离/mm 1 460 额定电压/V 550
空气阻力系数 0.23 额定转速/(r/min) 4 456
迎风面积 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 2.3 额定转矩/Nm 150
滚动阻力系数 7.5 电机质量/kg 53
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164229927887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 试验结果 仿真数据 误差/%
电机控制器输出功率/kW 19.42 20.38 4.97
电机输出功率/kW 17.91 18.80 4.96
电机控制器产热量/kW 0.61 0.613 0.49
电机产热量/kW 1.50 1.504 0.27
板式换热器 2 换热量/kW 0.54 0.52 3.70
板式换热器 2 出水温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 65.04 67.46 3.72
板式换热器 1 换热量/kW 1.04 1.067 2.60
板式换热器 1 出油温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 64.09 65.37 2.00
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164351562707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=电驱动系统试验结果与仿真数据对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 试验结果 仿真数据 误差/%
电机控制器输出功率/kW 19.42 20.38 4.97
电机输出功率/kW 17.91 18.80 4.96
电机控制器产热量/kW 0.61 0.613 0.49
电机产热量/kW 1.50 1.504 0.27
板式换热器 2 换热量/kW 0.54 0.52 3.70
板式换热器 2 出水温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 65.04 67.46 3.72
板式换热器 1 换热量/kW 1.04 1.067 2.60
板式换热器 1 出油温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 64.09 65.37 2.00
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164422865879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 试验数据 仿真数据 误差/%
压缩机出口温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 67.00 71.70 7.01
压缩机出口压力/kPa 2 202 2010 0.05
板式换热器出口压力/kPa 314 304 3.18
板式换热器出口温度 ${}^{1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 0.80 0.84 5.00
车内冷凝器送风温度 ${}^{1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 56.00 55.29 1.27
乘员舱温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 24.00 23.80 0.83
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164498363354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=整车热管理系统的试验数据与仿真数据对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 试验数据 仿真数据 误差/%
压缩机出口温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 67.00 71.70 7.01
压缩机出口压力/kPa 2 202 2010 0.05
板式换热器出口压力/kPa 314 304 3.18
板式换热器出口温度 ${}^{1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 0.80 0.84 5.00
车内冷凝器送风温度 ${}^{1}{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 56.00 55.29 1.27
乘员舱温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 24.00 23.80 0.83
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164569666524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
汽车行驶速度/ (km/h) 电机发热量/W 电机控制器发热量/W
20 695 408
40 1029 415
60 1402 427
80 1821 443
100 2 294 461
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164645164000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同车速下的电机和电机控制器发热量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
汽车行驶速度/ (km/h) 电机发热量/W 电机控制器发热量/W
20 695 408
40 1029 415
60 1402 427
80 1821 443
100 2 294 461
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164708078563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 并联架构 串联架构
环境中吸收热量/W 320 246
电驱余热回收量/W 1038 891
压缩机功耗/W 1168 901
乘员舱制热功率/W 2 298 1 862
COP 1.97 2.07
乘员舱温度/℃ 21.72 16.00
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164796158950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=$\;{20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时串并联架构的热管理系统参数对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 并联架构 串联架构
环境中吸收热量/W 320 246
电驱余热回收量/W 1038 891
压缩机功耗/W 1168 901
乘员舱制热功率/W 2 298 1 862
COP 1.97 2.07
乘员舱温度/℃ 21.72 16.00
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164871656425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 并联架构 串联架构
环境中吸收热量/W 0 -389
电驱余热回收量/W 1743 1751
压缩机功耗/W 1173 932
乘员舱制热功率/W 2687 2112
COP 2.29 2.27
乘员舱温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 26.28 19.20
), ArticleFig(id=1153809164947153899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809127622042296, language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 并联架构 串联架构
环境中吸收热量/W 0 -389
电驱余热回收量/W 1743 1751
压缩机功耗/W 1173 932
乘员舱制热功率/W 2687 2112
COP 2.29 2.27
乘员舱温度 $/{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 26.28 19.20
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1149663730306166798, delFlag=0, nameCn=汽车工程学报, nameEn=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2095-1469, eissn=null, cn=50-1206/U, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=jNBfZbtw0oWUAJwGjDXBiw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1752030793026, updatedTime=1761730209297, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=Q, firstLetterEn=Q, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=工程, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=jNBfZbtw0oWUAJwGjDXBiw==, picEn=AzxyR8a1Jh9nr4is1i+eyQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190346030903296709, language=CN, name=汽车工程学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761730209327, updatedTime=1761730209327, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190346030945239750, language=EN, name=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761730209337, updatedTime=1761730209337, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1152916057816748034, websiteList=[Website(id=1153018156433002908, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1152916057816748034, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1752830550535, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1752831104570, updateBy=18614031015, name=汽车工程学报, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=汽车工程学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1154109936599552608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753090851211, updateTime=1753090851211, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109936578581085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753090851206, updateTime=1753090851206, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109936561803868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=AAkd3aJi43D2QHSdjNHtbQ==, createTime=1753090851202, updateTime=1753090851202, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109936591163999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753090851209, updateTime=1753090851209, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109936586969694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753090851208, updateTime=1753090851208, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1153018156516888991, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1152916057816748034, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1752830550556, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1752831098136, updateBy=18614031015, name=汽车工程学报, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=汽车工程学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1154109989737189989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=articleTextType, value=hep, createTime=1753090863880, updateTime=1753090863880, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109989716218466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753090863875, updateTime=1753090863875, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109989695246945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic?fileId=AAkd3aJi43D2QHSdjNHtbQ==, createTime=1753090863870, updateTime=1753090863870, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109989732995684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1753090863879, updateTime=1753090863879, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109989724607075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1753090863877, updateTime=1753090863877, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=汽车工程学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, journalPhotoCn=jNBfZbtw0oWUAJwGjDXBiw==, journalPhotoEn=AzxyR8a1Jh9nr4is1i+eyQ==, journalFirstLetter=Q, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/EN/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN/PDF/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/EN/PDF/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
纯电动乘用车电驱动系统余热回收特性研究
收藏切换
PDF下载
何家文 , 张欣 , 李欣林 , 冯硕
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024,14(5): 848-857
收起
收藏切换
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024, 14(5): 848-857
纯电动乘用车电驱动系统余热回收特性研究
全屏
何家文 , 张欣 , 李欣林, 冯硕
作者信息
  • 北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044
  • 何家文(1997-),男,广西桂林人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车热管理。Tel: 18810396110 E-mail:

通讯作者:


张欣(1959-),女,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机械工程、动力机械及工程、内燃机与汽车工程。Tel: 13901082899 E-mail:
Characterization of Waste Heat Recovery in Electric Drive System of Battery Electric Passenger Vehicle
Jiawen HE , Xin ZHANG , Xinlin LI, Shuo FENG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11
文章导航
收藏切换

针对如何回收电机余热以提升乘员舱制热性能的问题,基于AMESim软件搭建了纯电动乘用车热管理系统仿真模型。在此基础上,分析了电机余热回收模式下,制冷剂分配比例和热管理系统架构对乘员舱制热性能的影响。研究结果表明,在车速为60 km/h时,电机的发热量可达1402W,电机控制器的发热量可达427 W。与无电机余热回收模式相比,通过合理分配制冷剂,热管理系统从电驱动系统和环境中吸收的总热量可提升58.69%~100.57%,乘员舱制热功率可提升71.36%~100.37%。在电机余热回收模式下,采用并联架构的乘员舱制热功率比串联架构高出了23.42%~27.23%。

电机余热回收  /  热管理  /  制热性能  /  电动汽车

Aiming at the problem of how to recover the waste heat of the motor to improve the thermal performance of the passenger cabin, a simulation model of the thermal management system of a battery electric passenger vehicle is constructed by using AMESim software. On this basis, the effects of refrigerant distribution ratio and thermal management system architecture on passenger cabin heating performance are analyzed under the motor waste heat recovery mode. The results show that at a vehicle speed of 60 km/h, the heat generation of the motor can be up to 1 402 W and the heat generation of the motor controller can be up to 427 W. Compared with the nomotor waste heat recovery mode, the total heat absorbed by the thermal management system from the electric drive system and the environment can be increased by 58.69%100.57% and the passenger cabin heating power can be increased by 71.36%100.37% by distributing the refrigerant rationally. In the motor waste heat recovery mode, the passenger cabin heating power with the parallel architecture was 23.42% to 27.23% higher than that with the series architecture.

motor waste heat recovery  /  thermal management  /  heating performance  /  electric vehicle
何家文, 张欣, 李欣林, 冯硕. 纯电动乘用车电驱动系统余热回收特性研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (5) : 848 -857 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11
Jiawen HE, Xin ZHANG, Xinlin LI, Shuo FENG. Characterization of Waste Heat Recovery in Electric Drive System of Battery Electric Passenger Vehicle[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (5) : 848 -857 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11
新能源汽车进入快速发展阶段, 纯电动汽车的低温环境续驶里程成为用户选购车型的重要参考因素。在冬季,汽车续驶里程下降的主要原因是电池容量在低温环境下的衰减 [ 1 ] ,以及车载空调系统能量消耗较大 [ 2 ] 。冬季乘员舱的制热方式可分为利用 PTC制热和利用热泵空调系统制热两种方式 [ 3 ] 。由于PTC加热效率小于 1 , 冬季采用 PTC 对乘员舱制热会造成较大能量损耗,导致汽车续驶里程大幅下降 [ 4 ] 。而传统的热泵空调系统在低温气候条件下的供暖能力和制热能效比严重下降, 在部分寒冷地区甚至无法使用 [ 5 - 6 ] 。为提升热泵空调系统的低温制热性能, 带电机余热回收的热管理系统成为当前重要的研究方向。
郭木生等 [ 7 ] 利用热泵空调系统对电机余热进行回收,使热泵空调系统性能提升 14.5%。王彦等 [ 8 ] 采用PTC与电机废热共同对乘员舱进行加热, 在车辆运行中可以使电池的 SOC 的消耗降低 ${0.2}\% \sim$ 3.89%。王智海 [ 9 ] 设计了一种集成了空气和电机余热双热源的热泵空调系统,该系统回收电机余热后, 可以显著缩短乘员舱温升时间, 提高汽车的整体效能。ANH [ 10 ] 对比了单热源热泵系统和带电机余热回收的双热源热泵系统的制热性能, 结果显示, 在余热回收模式下, 热泵的加热能力提高 15.8%,平均制热系数提高 5.2%。黄世佩 [ 11 ] 的仿真结果显示, 具备电机余热回收的热管理系统比传统热泵系统的压缩机能耗降低了 14.79%,制热能效比提高了 17.89%。朱波等 [ 12 ] 提出了一种基于电机余热回收技术集成式热管理系统, 使在低温环境下的系统综合能耗由 ${9.77}\%$ 降至 ${2.07}\%$ 。马小超 [ 13 ] 研究了电机余热、电池余热以及车外换热器回收空气热量等不同回收方式, 结果表明, 相比于量产的无余热回收热泵空调, 带余热回收功能的热泵空调性能可提升 40% 以上。张海等 [ 14 ] 利用电机余热对热泵空调系统进行辅热,使热泵空调系统 $\mathrm{{COP}}$ 值达到 3.4,制热性能提高 48%。杨小龙等 [ 15 ] 通过两个并联的板式换热器对电机和电池余热进行回收, 使冬季的汽车系统能耗降低 16.4%,汽车续驶里程提升 18.3%。
综上所述, 虽然众多学者对带电机余热回收的热管理系统进行了研究, 但对电驱动系统热量具体利用方式的研究仍不够深入。本文针对如何回收电机余热以提升乘员舱制热性能的问题, 搭建了热泵空调子系统与电机热管理子系统耦合的纯电动汽车热管理系统仿真模型。在此基础上, 从制冷剂质量流量分配和热管理系统架构两个方面, 研究了不同电机余热利用方式对乘员舱制热性能的影响。
本文研究对象为纯电动乘用车, 其纯电动乘用车和电机的基本参数见 表 1 。纯电动乘用车的实车热管理系统架构为并联架构, 如 图 1 所示。由 图 1 可知, 纯电动乘用车的热管理系统主要由热泵空调子系统和电机热管理子系统组成。热泵空调子系统回路使用的制冷剂为 $\mathrm{R}{134}\mathrm{a}$ ,电机控制器采用水冷方式, 冷却剂为 50% 水 +50% 乙二醇溶液, 而电机则采用油冷方式, 冷却剂为绝缘油。热泵空调子系统包括压缩机、车内冷凝器、车外换热器、电子膨胀阀、流量调节阀和气液分离器等部件。电机热管理子系统则由电机、电机控制器、电机冷却回路和电机控制器冷却回路组成。在乘员舱制热时, 热泵空调子系统通过板式换热器对电机和电机控制器产生的热量进行回收。
在永磁同步电机运行过程中, 部分电能会因为电机损耗而转化为电机热量,导致电机温度上升。 电机热量的主要来源包括铁芯损耗、绕组损耗、机械损耗和杂散损耗。铁芯损耗主要由磁滞损耗、涡流损耗和异常损耗组成, 其计算方法主要基于 Bertotti 提出的铁芯损耗模型, 具体计算如式 (1) 所示。
$ {P}_{\mathrm{{Fe}}} = {k}_{\mathrm{h}}f{B}_{\mathrm{m}}^{a} + {k}_{\mathrm{e}}{f}^{2}{B}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2} + {k}_{\mathrm{c}}{f}^{1.5}{B}_{\mathrm{m}}^{1.5} \circ $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{Fe}}}$ 为定子与转子的铁芯总损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};{k}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为磁滞损耗系数; $f$ 为电流频率,单位 $\mathrm{{Hz}};{B}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为磁通密度; $a$ 为常系数; ${k}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为涡流损耗系数; ${k}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为异常损耗系数。
绕组损耗又称为铜损耗, 指的是绕组通电后, 由于绕组电阻产生焦耳热而造成的损耗。其损耗功率计算如式 (2) 所示。
$ {P}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}} = m{I}^{2}R\text{。} $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}$ 为绕组损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};m$ 为电机线圈组数; $I$ 为电流有效值,单位 $\mathrm{A};R$ 为每相绕组的电阻值,单位 $\Omega$
机械损耗主要包括轴承损耗和风磨损耗等,其计算通常采用经验公式。轴承损耗的计算如式 (3) 所示。
$ {P}_{\mathrm{b}} = {k}_{\mathrm{m}}{G}_{\mathrm{R}}n \times {10}^{-3}\text{。} $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为轴承损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};{k}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为摩擦因数; ${G}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为电机转子质量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}};n$ 为电机转子转速, 单位 $\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$
风磨损耗计算如式 (4) 所示。
$ {P}_{\mathrm{w}} = 2{D}_{\mathrm{R}}^{3}{n}^{3}{l}_{\mathrm{R}}{10}^{-6}\text{。} $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为风磨损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};{D}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为电机转子的直径,单位 $\mathrm{m}$${l}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 为电机转子的长度,单位 $\mathrm{m}$
杂散损耗计算如式 (5) 所示。
$ {P}_{\mathrm{S}} = \left( \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{x}}}{{I}_{\mathrm{N}}}\right) {P}_{\mathrm{{SN}}} \circ $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为杂散损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};{P}_{\mathrm{{SN}}}$ 为电机在额定功率下运行时的杂散损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};{I}_{\mathrm{x}}$ 为电机运行时的相电流,单位 $\mathrm{A};{I}_{\mathrm{N}}$ 为电机在额定功率下运行时的相电流, 单位 A。
在电机控制器中, 主要的热量产生部件是逆变器中的绝缘栅双极型晶体管内的快速恢复二极管和续流二极管。这些部件在导通和关断时会产生功率损耗, 进而产生热量。以下是各部件产热的具体计算方法:
续流二极管芯片导通状态产热:
$ \begin{array}{l} {P}_{\mathrm{I},\text{ con }} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {{V}_{\mathrm{I},\text{ con }} \times \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{P}}}{\pi } + {r}_{\mathrm{I},\text{ con }} \times \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{P}}^{2}}{4}}\right) + \\ m \times \cos \varphi \times \left( {{V}_{\mathrm{I},\text{ con }} \times \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{P}}}{8} + {r}_{\mathrm{I},\text{ con }} \times \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{P}}^{2}}{3\pi }}\right) \end{array} $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{I},\text{ con }}$ 为续流二极管导通时产热,单位 $\mathrm{W}$ ; ${V}_{1,\text{ con }}$ 为续流二极管断开后发射极与集电极间的电压值,单位 $\mathrm{V};{I}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为峰值电流,单位 $\mathrm{A};m$ 为调制比; $\cos \varphi$ 为功率因数。
快速恢复二极管导通状态产热:
$ {P}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ con }} = \frac{1}{2}\left( {{V}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ con }} \times \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{P}}}{\pi } + {r}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ con }} \times \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{P}}^{2}}{4}}\right) - $
$ m \times \cos \varphi \times \left( {{V}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ con }} \times \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{P}}}{8} + {r}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ con }} \times \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{P}}^{2}}{3\pi }}\right) $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ con }}$ 为快速恢复二极管导通时产热,单位 W; ${V}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ con }}$ 为快速恢复二极管断态集极与射极间的电压值,单位 $\mathrm{V};{r}_{\mathrm{F},\text{ con }}$ 为快速恢复二极管导通时的等效电阻,单位 $\Omega$
续流二极管的开关损耗为:
$ {P}_{\mathrm{I},\mathrm{{sw}}} = \frac{{f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}}{\pi } \times \left\lbrack {{E}_{\mathrm{{on}}} + {E}_{\mathrm{{off}}}}\right\rbrack \times \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{nom}}}} \times \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{p}}}{{I}_{\mathrm{{nom}}}}。 $
式中: ${P}_{1,\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 为续流二极管的开关损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};{f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 为开关频率; ${E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 为标称电流和标称电压下的开通损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};{E}_{\mathrm{{off}}}$ 为标称电流和标称电压下的关断损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};{I}_{\text{nom }}$ 为标称电流,单位 $\mathrm{A};{V}_{\text{nom }}$ 为标称电压,单位 $\mathrm{V};{V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$ 为直流母线电压,单位 $\mathrm{V}$
快速恢复二极管的关断损耗为:
$ {P}_{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{{sw}}} = \frac{{f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}}{\pi }{E}_{\mathrm{{rr}}} \circ $
式中: ${P}_{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{{sw}}}$ 为快速恢复二极管的关断损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W};{E}_{\mathrm{{rr}}}$ 为续流二极管的关断损耗,单位 $\mathrm{W}$
由于搭建压缩机模型的主要目的是用于热管理系统的仿真, 而非深入研究压缩机部件本身, 所以压缩机选择了基于体积效率、等熵效率和机械效率的等效模型。这 3 种效率通过试验测试数据进行了校准, 主要用于计算压缩机制冷剂质量流量、焓值增量和转矩, 具体计算如下。
压缩机制冷剂质量流量:
$ {\dot{m}}_{\text{com }} = {\eta }_{\mathrm{v}} \times {\rho }_{\mathrm{s}} \times N \times {V}_{\text{disp }} \circ $
式中: ${\dot{m}}_{\mathrm{{com}}}$ 为压缩机质量流量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{\eta }_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为压缩机体积效率; ${\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为压缩机吸气密度,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ; $N$ 为压缩机转速,单位 $\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}};{V}_{\mathrm{{disp}}}$ 为压缩机排量, 单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{r}$
焓值增量:
$ {h}_{\text{inc }}^{\prime } = \frac{{h}_{\text{dis }}^{\prime } - {h}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\prime }}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}}}^{\prime }}。 $
式中: ${h}_{\text{inc }}^{\prime }$ 为焓值增量,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}};{h}_{\text{dis }}^{\prime }$ 为排气比值, 单位 $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${h}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\prime }$ 为吸气比焓,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{{is}}}^{\prime }$ 为等熵效率。
压缩机转矩:
$ \tau = \frac{{\dot{m}}_{\text{com }} \times {h}_{\text{inc }}^{\prime }}{N \times {\eta }_{\text{mech }}}。 $
式中: $\tau$ 为压缩机转矩,单位 $\mathrm{{Nm}};{\eta }_{\text{mech }}$ 为压缩机机械效率。
在热泵系统中, 蒸发器和冷凝器均为换热器。 换热器模型的主要任务是计算换热器内制冷剂的质量流量、焓值,以及制冷剂与空气之间的热量交换, 其主要计算式如下。
制冷剂质量流量如式(13)所示。
$ {R}_{\mathrm{m}} = \rho {C}_{\mathrm{q}}A\sqrt{{2\Delta p}/\rho }\text{。} $
式中: ${R}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为制冷剂质量流量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s};{C}_{\mathrm{q}}$ 为流量系数; $A$ 为流道的截面积,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\Delta p}$ 为通道内压差,单位 $\mathrm{{kPa}}$
换热器中制冷剂侧换热量计算如式(14) 所示。
$ {\phi }_{1} = {h}_{1}S\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{{re}}} - {T}_{\text{wall }}}\right) 。 $
式中: ${\phi }_{1}$ 为制冷剂侧换热量,单位 $\mathrm{J}$ ; ${h}_{1}$ 为换热器内部对流换热系数,单位 $\mathrm{W} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-2} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1};S$ 为内部换热面积,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{3};{T}_{\mathrm{{re}}}$ 为制冷剂温度,单位 $\mathrm{K}$ ; ${T}_{\text{wall }}$ 为壁面温度, 单位K。
换热器中空气侧换热量计算如式(15)所示。
$ {\phi }_{2} = {h}_{2}S\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{a}} - {T}_{\text{wall }}}\right) + {\dot{m}}_{\text{water }} \times {Q}_{\text{vap }}。 $
式中: ${\phi }_{2}$ 为空气侧换热量,单位 $\mathrm{J};{h}_{2}$ 为换热器外部对流换热系数; ${T}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为湿空气温度,单位 $\mathrm{k}$ ; ${\dot{m}}_{\text{water }}$ 为水蒸气质量,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}};{Q}_{\mathrm{{vap}}}$ 为水的气化潜热,单位 $\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{{kg}}$
电子膨胀阀的核心计算是在确定流通截面积的情况下,通过控制内部阀针的运动改变阀口的流通面积, 从而控制制冷剂的质量流量, 进而实现节流降压的作用。模型中采用信号来调节电子膨胀阀的开度, 进而调节膨胀阀的质量流量。质量流量的计算方法如式 (16) 所示。
$ \dot{m} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}}\operatorname{sig}{A}_{\max }\sqrt{2\rho \Delta p}{}_{\max } \circ $
式中: ${A}_{\max }$ 为膨胀阀最大流通横截面积,单位 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ; $k$ 为压降系数; $\operatorname{sig}$ 为信号占比,取值范围为 $0 \sim 1$$\rho$ 为制冷剂密度,单位 $\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\Delta p}$ 为膨胀阀进出口压降,单位 $\mathrm{{kPa}}$
板式换热器的内部结构包括多个流道, 这些流道可以交替通入不同的流体。相邻的流道分别通入温度不同的流体, 通过板间进行流体之间的温差传热。其换热量计算的主要公式如下。
$ {\phi }_{3} = {h}_{3}S\left( {{T}_{\mathrm{{re}}} - {T}_{\text{water }}}\right) 。 $
式中: ${\phi }_{3}$ 为板式换热器换热量,单位 $\mathrm{J};{h}_{3}$ 为换热系数,单位 $\mathrm{W} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-2} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1};{T}_{\text{water }}$ 为冷却剂温度,单位 ${\mathrm{K}}_{ \circ }$
${h}_{3}$ 计算为:
$ {h}_{3} = \frac{\lambda Nu}{{d}_{\mathrm{h}}} \circ $
式中: $\lambda$ 为制冷剂导热系数,单位 $\mathrm{W} \cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1} \cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1};{Nu}$ 为努赛尔系数; ${d}_{h}$ 为板间厚度,单位 $\mathrm{m}$
板式换热器中努赛尔系数计算为:
$ {Nu} = \sqrt{N{u}_{\text{free }}{}^{3} + N{u}_{\text{forced }}{}^{3}}\text{ 。 } $
式中: $N{u}_{\text{free }}$ 为自由流动时的努赛尔系数; $N{u}_{\text{forced }}$ 为强制对流时的努赛尔系数。
本文使用 AMESim 软件搭建了整车热管理系统模型, 如 图 2 所示, 该系统主要由热泵空调子系统、电机热管理子系统和辅助子系统组成。辅助子系统包括车辆模型、VCU模型和驾驶员模型, 可以模拟汽车的行驶工况, 并获取相应的电机和电机控制器输出功率以及发热量等数据。
为了确保电机热管理子系统模型的准确性, 利用电机控制器和电驱动系统的台架试验测试数据对电机热管理子系统模型进行了验证, 台架试验如 图 3 所示。台架测试的试验条件设置如下: 电机转速为 ${2000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,电机转矩为 ${90}\mathrm{{Nm}}$ ,电机控制器板换的冷却剂流量为 ${10.2}\mathrm{\;L}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,电机板换的冷却剂流量为 ${10.55}\mathrm{\;L}/\mathrm{{min}}$
在电驱动系统中, 电机和电机控制器的输出功率、产热量、冷却剂温度以及各板式换热器的换热量的试验结果与仿真数据的对比见 表 2 。可以看出, 各参数的相对误差均未超过 4.97%,这表明电机和电机控制器的产热模型和冷却回路之间的换热模型具备较高精度,满足仿真需求。
为了确保整车热管理系统模型的准确性, 利用整车台架试验的测试数据与热管理系统仿真模型数据进行对比。整车热管理系统的台架试验如 图 4 所示, 试验条件设置如下: 热管理系统运行模式为乘员舱单独制热模式,环境温度为 $- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,车速为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,进风量为 ${0.12}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,空调采用内循环。整车热管理系统的试验数据与仿真数据对比见 表 3 , 结果显示模型的最大误差为 7.01%,表明模型精度满足仿真需求。
在对电机和电机控制器的发热量进行分析时, 仿真条件设置如下: 汽车爬坡角度设置为 ${5}^{ \circ }$ ,汽车处于满载状态下,并保持匀速行驶。不同车速下电机和电机控制器的发热量仿真结果见 表 4 。由表可知,当车速从 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 增加到 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,电机的发热量从 ${695}\mathrm{\;W}$ 增加到 ${1402}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,增加了 ${707}\mathrm{\;W}$ ;而电机控制器的发热量从 ${408}\mathrm{\;W}$ 增加到 ${427}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,增加了 ${19}\mathrm{\;W}$ 。当车速从 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 增加到 ${100}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,电机的发热量从 ${1402}\mathrm{\;W}$ 增加到 ${2294}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,增加了 892 $\mathrm{W}$ ; 电机控制器的发热量从 ${427}\mathrm{\;W}$ 增加到 ${461}\mathrm{\;W}$ , 增加了 ${34}\mathrm{\;W}$ 。这表明,随着车速的提升,电机和电机控制器的发热量也会增加, 且车速越高, 电机的发热量增加幅度越明显。由此可见, 在汽车保持中高速行驶时,电机和电机控制器的发热量较大, 具有较高的利用价值。
本文研究的热管理系统架构如 图 1 所示, 制冷剂从电子膨胀阀流出后分为两条并联支路, 其中一支路经过车外换热器, 由于制冷剂比环境温度更低,该支路的制冷剂可以通过车外换热器以温差换热方式吸收环境热量。另一条支路的制冷剂则通过板式换热器对电机和电机控制器产生的热量进行回收。通过调节流量调节阀 1 和流量调节阀 2 的开度, 可以调节两条支路制冷剂的流量分配比例, 其分配比例会影响热管理系统从电驱动系统和环境中吸收的总热量, 从而对乘员舱制热性能产生影响。为了研究制冷剂流量分配比例对乘员舱制热性能的影响,设置了以下仿真条件: 环境温度为 $- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,车速分别为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,进风量为 ${0.12}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ , 新风比为 0.3,压缩机转速为 ${4000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$
不同电机支路制冷剂分配比下的系统回收热量如 图 5 所示。从 图 5 a 可知,随着电机支路制冷剂分配比例的增加, 热管理系统从环境中吸收的热量逐渐减少,而从电驱动系统中回收的热量逐渐增加。 在车速为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的工况下,当电机支路制冷剂分配比例从 0 增加到 60% 时, 热管理系统从电驱动系统和环境中吸收的热量总和从 ${869}\mathrm{\;W}$ 增加到 ${1379}\mathrm{\;W}$ , 增加了 58.69%。然而,当电机支路制冷剂分配比例从 60% 增加到 100% 时, 热管理系统从电驱动系统和环境中吸收的热量总和从 ${1379}\mathrm{\;W}$ 下降到 ${1040}\mathrm{\;W}$ , 减少了 24.58%。这一趋势是由于在低速行驶工况下, 电驱动系统的发热量较低, 当热管理系统对电驱动系统的余热回收量接近电驱动系统发热量时, 再为电机支路分配过多的制冷剂流量, 将无法进一步提升电驱动系统余热回收量, 反而会使回收的空气热量减少,从而导致热管理系统从电驱动系统和环境中吸收的热量总和下降。
图 5 b 可知,在车速为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的工况下,随着电机支路制冷剂分配比例的增加, 热管理系统从电驱动系统和环境中吸收的热量总和持续增加。当电机支路制冷剂分配比例从 0 增加到 100% 时, 热管理系统吸收的总热量从 869 W 增加到 1 743 W, 增加了 100.57%。这是由于在中高速行驶时,电驱动系统的发热量较大, 增加电机支路的制冷剂分配比例有助于热管理系统对电驱动系统热量的回收, 从而提升热管理系统从电驱动系统和环境中吸收的热量总和。
综合上述分析可知, 针对汽车的不同行驶工况, 对电机支路制冷剂流量进行合理分配将有助于热管理系统最大程度地利用电驱动系统废热和环境中潜在的热量资源。
制热能效比 COP (Coefficient of Performance) 是热管理系统性能的重要参数, COP 计算如下:
$ \text{ COP } = \frac{{Q}_{\text{cabin }}}{{P}_{\text{com }}}。 $
式中: ${Q}_{\text{cabin }}$ 为乘员舱制热功率; ${P}_{\text{com }}$ 为压缩机耗电功率。
不同电机支路制冷剂分配比下的乘员舱制热性能如 图 6 所示。当电机支路制冷剂分配比例为 0 时, 热管理系统不对电驱动系统废热进行回收。由 图 6 a 可知,在车速为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的工况下,当电机支路制冷剂分配比例为 ${80}\%$ 时,乘员舱的制热功率达到最大值。当电机支路制冷剂分配比例由 0 增加到 80% 时,乘员舱制热功率从 ${1341}\mathrm{\;W}$ 提升至 ${2298}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,提升了 71.36%。制热能效比 COP 由 2.28 减小到 2.22 , 减小了 2.23%。由此可见,在低速行驶工况下,对电驱动系统余热进行回收能有效提升乘员舱制热性能,且对系统的制热能效比影响较小。
图 6 b 可知,在车速为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的工况下,当电机支路制冷剂分配比例为 100% 时, 乘员舱的制热功率达到最大值。当电机支路制冷剂分配比例由 0 增加到 100% 时,乘员舱制热功率从 1341 W 提升至 ${2687}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,增幅达到 ${100.37}\% ,\mathrm{{COP}}$ 由 2.28 减小至 2.16,降低了 5.26%。
调整电机支路制冷剂分配比例, 可增加热管理系统对空气和电驱动系统的余热回收总量, 从而提高压缩机入口制冷剂的温度, 进而使压缩机的做功性能增加。余热回收总量和压缩机功率的共同提升导致了乘员舱的制热功率增加。然而,在乘员舱的制热功率增加的同时, 可能会出现压缩机功率的增加速度超过乘员舱制热功率增加速度的现象, 从而使系统的COP值出现小幅下降。
综合上述分析可知, 在不同汽车行驶工况下, 对电机支路制冷剂流量进行合理分配能提升乘员舱的制热性能,同时对系统的制热能效比影响较小。 相较于无电机余热回收模式, 采用电机余热回收模式可有效提升乘员舱的制热性能。
为了从热管理系统架构设计角度研究不同电机余热利用方式对乘员舱制热性能的影响, 本文设计了车外换热器与板式换热器串联的热管理系统架构, 如 图 7 所示。在串联架构下, 制冷剂首先经过车外换热器吸收空气热量,然后通过板式换热器对电驱动系统余热进行回收。为了更好地比较不同架构下的乘员舱制热性能, 仿真条件设置如下:环境温度为 $- {20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,车速分别为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,进风量为 ${0.12}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,新风比为0.3,压缩机转速为 ${4000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$
在车速为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的工况下,串并联架构的热管理系统参数对比见 表 5 。由 表 5 可知, 采用车外换热器与板式换热器并联架构的热管理系统, 其吸收的环境和电驱动系统热量均高于串联架构。原因可分为两方面, 在制冷剂温度方面, 串联架构中, 制冷剂在车外换热器吸收环境热量后, 到达板式换热器入口时, 其温度略有升高。而在并联架构中, 板式换热器入口制冷剂温度保持较低状态, 更有利于吸收电驱动系统的热量。在制冷剂流量方面,由于并联架构吸收了更多的热量, 压缩机入口制冷剂温度上升, 增加了压缩机的做功能力, 所以并联架构下的系统制冷剂质量流量比串联架构更高, 进一步促进了系统对环境和电驱动系统热量的吸收。因此,并联架构的乘员舱制热功率达到 ${2298}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,比串联架构的 ${1862}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,高出 ${23.42}\%$ ,从而使并联架构的乘员舱温度也更高。然而, 由于压缩机的功耗增加, 使并联架构的 COP 值为 1.97, 比串联架构的 COP值2.07低4.83%。
在车速为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的工况下,串并联架构的热管理系统参数对比见 表 6 。由 表 6 可知, 串联架构的热管理系统在与环境交换热量时损失了 ${389}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的热量。这是因为当热泵系统回收的电驱动系统余热较高时, 经过电子膨胀阀后的制冷剂温度也随之升高, 当制冷剂温度高于环境温度时, 通过车外换热器与环境交换热量会导致部分热量损失。与之不同的是并联架构中制冷剂可以绕过车外换热器, 避免热量损失, 使压缩机入口的制冷剂温度更高, 增强了压缩机的做功性能。尽管在并联架构中压缩机功耗有所增加, 但由于并联架构避免了与环境交换热量导致的热量损失, 其 COP 值为 2.29, 与串联架构的 COP 值 2.27 相差不大,仅高出 0.88%。并联架构下的乘员舱制热功率为 ${2687}\mathrm{\;W}$ ,比串联架构的制热功率 ${2112}\mathrm{\;W}$ 高出 ${27.23}\%$ ,因此,并联架构下的乘员舱温度也更高。
${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时串并联架构的热管理系统参数对比
本文建立了纯电动乘用车电机余热回收的热管理系统仿真模型, 分析不同车速下电机和电机控制器的发热量, 研究制冷剂流量分配比例对热管理系统回收热量和乘员舱制热性能的影响, 对比了电机余热回收模式下串联和并联架构的热管理系统的制热性能,得出以下结论。
1)在车速 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,电机发热量可达 1402 $\mathrm{W}$ ,电机控制器发热量可达 ${427}\mathrm{\;W}$ 。汽车保持中高速行驶时, 电机和电机控制器的发热量较大, 具有较高的回收利用价值。
2)与无电机余热回收模式相比,在车速为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,通过对制冷剂流量进行合理分配,可使热管理系统吸收的总热量增加 58.69%,乘员舱制热功率提升 ${71.36}\%$ ;而在车速为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,可使热管理系统吸收的总热量增加 100.57%,乘员舱制热功率提升 100.37%。
3)并联架构能更高效地利用电驱动系统余热以及环境中蕴含的热量, 不同汽车行驶工况下, 并联架构下的乘员舱制热功率比串联架构高出 23.42%~ 27.23%,串并联架构的 COP 值较接近。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2501701)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
袁紫微, 林楚园, 袁紫嫣, 等. 锌离子电池低温性能研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023,12(1):278-298.
YUAN Ziwei, LIN Chuyuan, YUAN Ziyan, et al. Progress of Low Temperature Performance of Zinc Ion Batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023,12(1):278-298. (in Chinese)
[2]
王凯, 龙会游. 基于续驶里程试验的纯电动汽车空调能耗降低研究[J]. 汽车测试报告, 2022,19(19):155-157.
WANG Kai, LONG Huiyou. Research on the Reduction of Air Conditioning Energy Consumption of Pure Electric Vehicles Based on Range Test[J]. Automotive Test Report, 2022,19(19):155-157. (in Chinese)
[3]
王从飞, 曹锋, 李明佳, 等. 碳中和背景下新能源汽车热管理系统研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 科学通报, 2021,66(32):4112-4128.
WANG Congfei, CAO Feng, LI Mingjia, et al. Research Status and Development Trend of Thermal Management System for New Energy Vehicles in the Context of Carbon Neutrality[J]. Science Bulletin, 2021,66(32):4112-4128. (in Chinese)
[4]
张子琦, 李万勇, 张成全, 等. 电动汽车冬季负荷特性研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2016,37(5):39-44.
ZHANG Ziqi, LI Wanyong, ZHANG Chengquan, et al. Research on Winter Load Characteristics of Electric Vehicles[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2016,37(5):39-44. (in Chinese)
[5]
包佳倩, 苏林, 刘明康, 等. 电动汽车热泵空调系统室外换热器结霜特性实验研究[J]. 制冷学报, 2020,41(3):58-64.
BAO Jiaqian, SU Lin, LIU Mingkang, et al. Experimental Study on the Frost Characteristics of Outdoor Heat Exchanger of Heat Pump Air-Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2020,41(3):58-64. (in Chinese)
[6]
LEE D. Experimental Study on the Heat Pump System Using R134a Refrigerant for Zero Emission Vehicles[J]. International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2015,16(6):923-928.
[7]
郭木生, 程贤福, 李骏, 等. 基于AMESim的热泵空调低温制热系统设计及仿真[J]. 制造业自动化, 2022,44(6):139-142.
GUO Musheng, CHENG Xianfu, LI Jun, et al. Design and Simulation of Low-Temperature Heating System for Heat Pump Air Conditioner Based on AMESim[J]. Manufacturing Automation, 2022,44(6):139-142. (in Chinese)
[8]
王彦, 王陶, 邹小俊, 等. 基于电机余热回收的电动汽车综合热管理系统分析[J]. 南京理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2023,47(3):389-396.
WANG Yan, WANG Tao, ZOU Xiaojun, et al. Analysis of Integrated Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles Based on Motor Waste Heat Recovery[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2023,47(3):389-396. (in Chinese)
[9]
王智海. 电动汽车双热源热泵空调系统设计及研究[J]. 制冷与空调, 2023,23(8):19-23.
WANG Zhihai. Design and Study of Dual Heat Source Heat Pump Air Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles[J]. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2023,23(8):19-23. (in Chinese)
[10]
AHN JH, KANG H, LEE HS, et al. Heating Performance Characteristics of a Dual Source Heat Pump Using Air and Waste Heat in Electric Vehicles[J]. Applied Energy, 2014,119:1-9.
[11]
黄世佩. 某型纯电动汽车热泵空调集成式热管理系统构建及研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2021.
HUANG Shipei. Construction and Research on Integrated Thermal Management System of Heat Pump Air Conditioning for a Certain Type of Pure Electric Vehicle[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2021. (in Chinese)
[12]
朱波, 赵媛媛, 姚明尧, 等. 基于电机余热回收的电动汽车热管理性能分析[J]. 陕西科技大学学报, 2021,39(6):129-133.
ZHU Bo, ZHAO Yuanyuan, YAO Mingyao, et al. Performance Analysis of Electric Vehicle Thermal Management Based on Motor Waste Heat Recovery[J]. Journal of Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 2021,39(6):129-133. (in Chinese)
[13]
马小超. 电动汽车余热回收热泵空调系统设计[J]. 汽车实用技术, 2023,48(2):39-45.
MA Xiaochao. Design of Waste Heat Recovery Heat Pump Air Conditioning System for Electric Vehicles[J]. Automobile Application Technology, 2023,48(2):39-45. (in Chinese)
[14]
张海, 张宸瑜, 郭木生. 电动汽车空调制热系统设计及研究[J]. 湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2021,48(12):36-43.
ZHANG Hai, ZHANG Chenyu, GUO Musheng. Design and Study of Electric Vehicle Air Conditioning Heating System[J]. Journal of Hunan University (Natural Science Edition), 2021,48(12):36-43. (in Chinese)
[15]
杨小龙, 马自会, 杨林, 等. 基于热泵的纯电动轿车热管理集成开发[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2016,47(8):2855-2863.
YANG Xiaolong, MA Zihui, YANG Lin, et al. Integrated Development of Thermal Management for Pure Electric Sedan Based on Heat Pump[J]. Journal of Central South University (Natural Science Edition), 2016,47(8):2855-2863. (in Chinese)
2024年第14卷第5期
PDF下载
336
128
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
  • 修回日期:2024-07-19
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2501701)
作者信息
    北京交通大学 机械与电子控制工程学院 北京 100044

通讯作者:


张欣(1959-),女,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机械工程、动力机械及工程、内燃机与汽车工程。Tel: 13901082899 E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.05.11
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏