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To avoid unnecessary interventions by the driver assistance system, this paper combines collision risk and driving maneuverability to introduce the concept of a risk assessment zone in longitudinal following scenarios. The boundary of this zone is determined based on the normal distribution characteristics of the driving data. Subsequently, a new humanmachine codriving longitudinal driving rights allocation strategy is proposed, which takes the inverse time to collision (TTCi) as the basis for judgment. If the TTCi exceeds the threshold value, the upper boundary of the risk assessment zone represents the maximum deviation in driving maneuverability. The control rights of the assistance system are allocated according to the deviation in the driver's maneuverability. By combining Prescan, Matlab/Simulink and the Logitech G29 driving simulator, a driverintheloop simulation platform was constructed. The platform simulated the reduced driver maneuverability due to distracted driving, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the strategy. The results show that the proposed humanmachine codriving strategy can effectively prevent collisions caused by reduced driver maneuverability under highspeed road following conditions.

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为了避免驾驶辅助系统对驾驶员造成不必要的干预,结合碰撞风险与驾驶操纵能力引出了纵向跟车工况下的风险评估区的概念,基于驾驶数据的正态分布特性确定了风险评估区边界,进而提出一种新的人机共驾纵向驾驶权分配策略,该策略以碰撞时间倒数(TTCi)为判断前提,如果TTCi超过其阈值,则以风险评估区上边界代表驾驶操纵能力的最大偏差值,根据驾驶员操纵能力的偏差程度分配辅助驾驶系统的控制权。结合Prescan、Matlab/Simulink与罗技G29驾驶模拟器搭建了驾驶员在环仿真平台,以分心驾驶模拟驾驶员操纵能力下降情况,对策略的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,在高速道路跟车工况下,所提出的人机共驾策略能有效避免由于驾驶员操纵能力下降导致的碰撞事件发生。

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刘平(1969-),男,四川成都人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车及其控制。Tel:13808189106 E-mail:

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刘平(1969-),男,四川成都人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车及其控制。Tel:13808189106 E-mail:

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刘平(1969-),男,四川成都人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车及其控制。Tel:13808189106 E-mail:

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输入参数 相关系数
相对车速 0.5984
跟车距离 0.621 8
TTCi 0.1560
相对车速的对数 0.334 8
跟车距离的对数 0.721 6
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输入参数 相关系数
相对车速 0.5984
跟车距离 0.621 8
TTCi 0.1560
相对车速的对数 0.334 8
跟车距离的对数 0.721 6
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参数
学习率 0.01
最大迭代次数 300
隐含层神经元数 10
输入时延 1 : 3
目标误差 0.001
训练算法 Levengerg-Marquardt
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参数
学习率 0.01
最大迭代次数 300
隐含层神经元数 10
输入时延 1 : 3
目标误差 0.001
训练算法 Levengerg-Marquardt
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跟车工况下基于风险评估的人机共驾策略
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刘平 1, 2 , 沈跃 1, 2 , 杨明亮 1, 2 , 田云鹏 1, 2 , 王硕翰 1, 2
汽车工程学报 | 安全技术专栏/主编:曹立波 2024,14(5): 791-800
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汽车工程学报 | 安全技术专栏/主编:曹立波 2024, 14(5): 791-800
跟车工况下基于风险评估的人机共驾策略
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刘平1, 2 , 沈跃1, 2, 杨明亮1, 2, 田云鹏1, 2, 王硕翰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 西南交通大学 机械工程学院 成都 610031
  • 2 西南交通大学 先进驱动节能技术教育部工程研究中心 成都 610031
  • 刘平(1969-),男,四川成都人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车及其控制。Tel:13808189106 E-mail:

Human Machine Co-driving Strategy Based on Risk Assessment Under Car Following Conditions
Ping LIU1, 2 , Yue SHEN1, 2, Mingliang YANG1, 2, Yunpeng TIAN1, 2, Shuohan WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center of Advanced Drive Energy Saving Technologies, Ministry of Education Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.05
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为了避免驾驶辅助系统对驾驶员造成不必要的干预,结合碰撞风险与驾驶操纵能力引出了纵向跟车工况下的风险评估区的概念,基于驾驶数据的正态分布特性确定了风险评估区边界,进而提出一种新的人机共驾纵向驾驶权分配策略,该策略以碰撞时间倒数(TTCi)为判断前提,如果TTCi超过其阈值,则以风险评估区上边界代表驾驶操纵能力的最大偏差值,根据驾驶员操纵能力的偏差程度分配辅助驾驶系统的控制权。结合Prescan、Matlab/Simulink与罗技G29驾驶模拟器搭建了驾驶员在环仿真平台,以分心驾驶模拟驾驶员操纵能力下降情况,对策略的有效性进行了验证。结果表明,在高速道路跟车工况下,所提出的人机共驾策略能有效避免由于驾驶员操纵能力下降导致的碰撞事件发生。

碰撞风险  /  驾驶操纵能力  /  风险评估区  /  正态分布  /  驾驶权分配

To avoid unnecessary interventions by the driver assistance system, this paper combines collision risk and driving maneuverability to introduce the concept of a risk assessment zone in longitudinal following scenarios. The boundary of this zone is determined based on the normal distribution characteristics of the driving data. Subsequently, a new humanmachine codriving longitudinal driving rights allocation strategy is proposed, which takes the inverse time to collision (TTCi) as the basis for judgment. If the TTCi exceeds the threshold value, the upper boundary of the risk assessment zone represents the maximum deviation in driving maneuverability. The control rights of the assistance system are allocated according to the deviation in the driver's maneuverability. By combining Prescan, Matlab/Simulink and the Logitech G29 driving simulator, a driverintheloop simulation platform was constructed. The platform simulated the reduced driver maneuverability due to distracted driving, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the strategy. The results show that the proposed humanmachine codriving strategy can effectively prevent collisions caused by reduced driver maneuverability under highspeed road following conditions.

collision risk  /  driver's manoeuvring ability  /  risk assessment area  /  normal distribution  /  distribution of driving rights
刘平, 沈跃, 杨明亮, 田云鹏, 王硕翰. 跟车工况下基于风险评估的人机共驾策略. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (5) : 791 -800 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.05
Ping LIU, Yue SHEN, Mingliang YANG, Yunpeng TIAN, Shuohan WANG. Human Machine Co-driving Strategy Based on Risk Assessment Under Car Following Conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (5) : 791 -800 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.05
随着机动车数量的不断增加, 道路安全问题日益凸显,自动驾驶技术的应用是解决这类问题的一种有效方案。目前, 自动驾驶技术虽取得了较大进步,但仍存在较大技术瓶颈。在开放和复杂的路况下,驾驶员仍需对汽车进行必要的控制。因此,构建辅助驾驶系统以协作驾驶员驾驶的人机共驾模式成为当下自动驾驶技术发展的必要途径 [ 1 ]
人机共驾中最核心的部分是驾驶控制权的分配或切换, 为了使控制权的切换逻辑更加合理, 国内外学者提供了众多方案。目前, 一些人机共驾的理论框架是根据驾驶员的状态 [ 2 ] 或驾驶风险 [ 3 ] 在自动驾驶系统和驾驶员之间切换。刘瑞等 [ 4 ] 基于非合作模型预测控制, 提出了一种考虑环境安全裕度的驾驶控制权柔性切换模型。由于在驾驶权切换时驾驶员也处于控制环路中, 所以这种共享性人机共驾策略在一定程度上可以避免因驾驶员的“适应时间”而产生的潜在风险。郭洪艳等 [ 5 ] 指出由于驾驶员操纵能力的限制, 在某些危险情况下驾驶员已无法保证车辆继续安全行驶, 这时就需要自动驾驶控制器接管。
这些基于驾驶员状态的协同驾驶切换策略存在一些不足之处。首先,驾驶员状态监测系统通常需要依赖一些生理测量设备, 而这些设备往往会干扰驾驶员的正常驾驶过程,不利于交通安全。其次, 驾驶员状态并不完全等同于驾驶员保持车辆安全行驶的能力。比如, 在驾驶工况极其简单的情况下, 分心的驾驶员仍然可以安全执行驾驶任务。而交通状况足够复杂时, 细心和熟练的驾驶员也可能无法保证车辆安全行驶 [ 6 ] 。此外,每个驾驶员都有自己的驾驶方式 [ 7 ] ,因此,协同驾驶系统应适用于各种驾驶员。
针对以上问题, 本文基于车辆运行状态表征驾驶员跟车行驶情况下的操纵能力偏差, 并结合碰撞风险对驾驶风险进行综合评估。本着以 “人驾” 为主,当碰撞风险较高且驾驶人操控能力不足时才将驾驶权逐渐移交给驾驶系统的原则, 提出了一种基于正态分布置信区间的纵向驾驶控制权限分配策略,最后进行了试验验证。
本文将风险评估定义为对驾驶时的行车风险 (碰撞风险)与驾驶员行为风险(即驾驶员实时驾驶能力)进行综合评估。如果驾驶过程中碰撞风险不超过最大边界值, 或其即使超过边界值, 但驾驶员仍有足够能力操纵车辆安全行驶,则车辆处于安全驾驶区;若碰撞风险超过边界值,且驾驶员的操纵能力不在其基准范围内,则车辆处于绝对风险区;若碰撞风险超过边界值,但驾驶员操纵能力仍在其基准范围内,则车辆处于风险评估区。
参考文献[8]~[9]的方法,本文设计的由 “人驾” - “机驾” 过程中驾驶权分配的基本原则为:
1)对于人机协同驾驶系统来说, 应保证自动驾驶的干预只在危急情况下提供,否则,驾驶员的驾驶操纵能力往往会下降,同时也会增加对自动驾驶系统的不信任度;
2)即使有潜在的碰撞风险,如果驾驶员有足够的能力将车辆纠正到安全状态, 车辆的控制权仍应授予驾驶员;
3)为保证车辆控制平稳性, 驾驶权不应频繁切换。
基于以上几点原则并结合风险评估区给出人机共驾的实现思路: 如果车辆处于安全驾驶区, 则自动驾驶系统不应对驾驶员的驾驶操作进行干预; 如果车辆状态处于风险评估区, 则应根据驾驶员操纵能力变化来分配驾驶权;此外,当车辆处于绝对风险区时, 自动系统应完全接管驾驶控制权。具体实现框图如 图 1 所示。
虽然有许多间接或直接的方法来检测和评估驾驶员的状态,但驾驶员操纵能力是很难描述的, 因为它衡量的是驾驶员在危险的交通情况下管理车辆的能力。关于操纵能力测量的研究很少。 LEFEVRE 等 [ 9 ] 指出驾驶行为的危险性可以通过 “与基准行为的偏离程度”来进行量化。徐江等 [ 11 ] 提出了驾驶员操纵能力的评价指标, 并进行了以下假设:
1)对于某一特定工况, 驾驶员在正常驾驶 (无分心、疲劳等状况)的情况下,其驾驶输出有一个期望的理论值, 代表该驾驶员的基准驾驶操纵能力;
2)当驾驶员具有足够的操纵能力时,其实际输出值也会与驾驶员期望输出值相近。
因此, 可以选择驾驶员实际输出与驾驶员期望输出值的偏差来表征驾驶员的操纵能力, 如式 (1) 所示。
$ {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{{clo}}} = \left| {{a}_{\mathrm{d}} - {a}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right| 。 $
式中: ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{{clo}}}$ 为加速度偏差,用来表征纵向驾驶操纵能力(后面简称驾驶操纵能力), ${a}_{\mathrm{d}}$${a}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 分别表示加速度期望值与加速度实测值。其中, 加速度期望值由 2.2 节建立的带有外部输入的非线性 (Nonlinear AutoRegressive with eXogenous inputs, NARX) 神经网络驾驶员模型获得。
通常将碰撞时间(Time to Collision, TTC)、 车头时距 (Time Headway, THW) 等作为纵向风险指标用于表征车辆发生交通事故的可能性大小。 TTC表示的是假设同一车道上前后两车维持当前时刻车速不变的情况下自车与前车发生碰撞的时间。 而 THW 是指自车保持当前车速不变, 行驶到达前车当前时刻所在位置的时间。相较于 THW, TTC 考虑了前车的速度, 更能体现实际碰撞的危险状态。由于在纵向跟车行驶时会出现前后车辆车速相同或十分接近的情况, 这样 TTC 就会趋向无穷不收敛,不利于研究 [ 12 ] ,所以本研究采用碰撞时间倒数 (Inverse Time to Collision, TTCi) 来表征纵向驾驶风险。当TTCi $\leq 0$ 表示没有碰撞风险, TTCi $> 0$ 时,碰撞风险随着 $\mathrm{{TTCi}}$ 的增加而增加。本文用碰撞时间倒数 $\mathrm{{TTCi}}$ 表征自车与前车的碰撞风险。碰撞时间倒数的定义如式(2)所示。
$ \mathrm{{TTCi}} = \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}}{{d}_{\mathrm{r}}}\text{。} $
式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为驾驶过程中自车与前车的相对速度; ${d}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为自车到前车之间的相对距离。
为了表征驾驶员在正常行驶情况下(无分心或疲劳等不良因素干扰)的基准操纵能力,搭建了驾驶员在环仿真试验平台, 用于采集驾驶员自然驾驶模拟数据 (需剔除非正常数据), 并结合 NARX 神经网络建立纵向驾驶员模型。
集成无人驾驶的仿真软件Prescan、罗技 G29 驾驶模拟器和 Matlab/Simulink 搭建的驾驶员在环仿真试验平台如 图 2 所示。其中, PreScan 提供搭建的交通场景、可视化驾驶界面与车辆动力学模型; Simulink 提供控制算法以及与罗技 G29 驾驶模拟设备的交互接口部分。
采用驾驶模拟器用于获取驾驶数据的原因: 驾驶操纵能力会因分心而降低,因此,容易发生碰撞。如果采用实车试验, 将导致试验安全性存在隐患;在实际交通环境中,驾驶员会受到许多未知和不可控因素的干扰。这给不同条件下的驾驶操纵能力分析带来了困难。
根据实际高速公路行驶环境下的交通状态, 在 PreScan 中搭建了驾驶场景, 如 图 3 所示, 自车由驾驶模拟器控制, 其动力学模型采用 Prescan 的 2-D 车辆动力学模型, 模拟驾驶任务为: 驾驶员自由跟车行驶。为模拟真实交通情况, 在道路中利用 Prescan 的交通流插件随机放置了若干车辆, 这些车辆的最高车速不超过 ${100}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 并且加速度处于 $- {7.84}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$${5.88}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 之间。道路全长大约为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ , 单次模拟驾驶采集时长为 ${20}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ , Prescan采样频率为 ${25}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,模拟驾驶一次会产生 30000 组数据。并在自车上安装一个 AIR 传感器, 用于探测前车车速和自车到前车的相对距离。
不同驾驶员的驾驶特性往往会有较大区别, 因此, 驾驶员模型的建立也需要因人而异。NARX 网络是带有外部延迟输入的非线性自回归的神经网络, 主要由输入层、隐含层、输出层及输出到输入的延时构成。由于输出层不断将包含历史的输出数据反馈到输入层, 所以 NARX 神经网络具有记忆能力, 相比于传统回归神经网络包含更长时间的网络历史状态和实时状态信息。因此, 用其构建的模型具有可以描述驾驶员反应时间的能力。模型的数学表达式为:
$ y\left( t\right) = f(x\left( {t - d}\right) ,\cdots , x\left( {t - 1}\right) , y(t - \\ d),\cdots , y\left( {t - 1}\right) \text{。} $
式中: $x$$y$ 分别为预测系统输入和输出; $f$ 为系统输入与输出的关系函数; $d$ 为延迟时间。
相关系数是用以反映变量间关系密切程度的统计指标, 为了确定纵向驾驶员模型输入参数, 需计算驾驶者跟车行驶时各参数与加速度的相关系数。 $x$$y$ 的相关系数是用 $x$$y$ 的协方差除以 $x$$y$ 两者标准差的乘积。具体计算式为:
$ r = \frac{\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left( {{x}_{i} - \bar{x}}\right) \left( {{y}_{i} - \overline{\bar{y}}}\right) }{\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left( {x}_{i} - \bar{x}\right) }^{2}}\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left( {y}_{i} - \bar{y}\right) }^{2}}}。 $
SAWADA 等 [ 13 ] 指出驾驶员朝向前车宽度的视角变化符合自然对数规律, 可以跟车距离的对数作为输入数据模拟驾驶员视角变化。 表 1 显示了各输入参数与车辆加速度之间的相关系数。从结果来看, 相对车速、跟车距离与跟车距离的对数这三者与加速度都具有较大相关性 (均大于 0.5 )。
因此, 本文将 NARX 神经网络驾驶员模型的输入设置为前一个采样点的相对速度、相对距离和相对距离的自然对数, 而输出设置为下一时刻的加速度。为表征驾驶员的基准操纵能力, 每个驾驶员在没有其他外界环境的干扰下在驾驶模拟器上完成 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 跟车驾驶。将所有驾驶数据按训练集占 70%, 验证集与测试集均为 15% 来划分, 并进行 5 折交叉训练。
表 2 给出了神经网络的相关参数, 学习率为 0.01, 最大迭代次设为 300, 隐含层神经元数为 10。 模型训练方法采用 Levenberg-Marquardt 法, 该方法能提供非线性最小化的数值解。
通过线性回归验证模型的准确性, 图 4 显示了 NARX 驾驶员模型在训练集、验证集和测试集上的回归结果。
图 4 中的直线表示回归线, 黑点表示模型行为与驾驶员行为之间的差异。如果黑点与回归线匹配度越高,则驾驶员模型越准确。决定系数 $\left( {R\text{值}}\right)$ 采用线性回归法计算, 可评估模型的准确性。如果 $R$ 值为 0.95 或更高,则驾驶员模型是有效的 [ 14 ] 。由 图 5 可知, $R$ 值在训练集、验证集与测试集上均接近 1,表明驾驶员模型训练结果较好。
图 5 为驾驶员模拟驾驶时车辆纵向加速度与驾驶员模型的在线输出值对比。由图可知, 两者加速度非常接近,最大误差不超过 ${0.2}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,说明 NARX 神经网络模型训练出的驾驶员模型能较好地模拟驾驶员的纵向跟车驾驶行为。
根据车辆行驶状态并基于风险评估区对驾驶控制权进行分配的首要前提是确定风险评估区的边界。
图 6图 7 分别为同一驾驶员在模拟驾驶跟车行驶一段时间内的碰撞风险与加速度偏差 ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{{clo}}}$ 的直方图分布以及各自拟合后的正态分布。
从图中可以看出碰撞风险 TTCi 与加速度在一段时间内(图中选取的时间区间长度为 ${60}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,数据量为 1500 )的正态拟合效果较好,可以假定其服从正态分布,这也与前人的研究结果相吻合 [ 15 - 16 ]
基于TTCi数据和加速度偏差呈近似正态分布并结合 ${3\sigma }$ 准则 [ 17 ] ,本文给出安全驾驶区与风险评估区的设计方案。
如果碰撞风险 TTCi 超过其阈值,但纵向加速度偏差不大于 1 倍标准差, 则认为即使车辆存在潜在碰撞风险, 驾驶员也有足够的操纵能力使车辆恢复安全行驶状态。如果加速度偏差位于 $1 \sim 2$ 倍标准差内, 则车辆状态处于风险评估区, 表明当前状况下驾驶员操纵能力已发生退化, 车辆存在潜在的碰撞风险, 此时应将驾驶权部分移交给自动驾驶系统; 当加速度偏差不属于上述两种区间时, 则车辆处于绝对风险区, 表明驾驶员再无足够操纵能力来控制车辆安全行驶, 此时应将驾驶权完全移交给驾驶系统。如果碰撞风险 TTCi 不高于其阈值,则可完全由驾驶员驾驶,驾驶系统不应干涉。具体实现方法如式(5)~(7)所示。
$ {\Omega }_{\sigma } = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \text{ TTCi } < \underline{\text{ TTCi }}\text{ or } \\ {\epsilon }_{\text{clo }} < {\sigma }_{a} \end{matrix}\right\} \circ $
$ {\Omega }_{1 \sim {2\sigma }} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \text{ TTCi } \geq \text{ TTCi and } \\ {\sigma }_{a} \leq {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{{clo}}} \leq 2{\sigma }_{a} \end{matrix}\right\} \circ $
$ {\Omega }_{2{\sigma }^{ + }} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \text{ TTCi } \geq \underline{\text{ TTCi }}\text{ and } \\ {\epsilon }_{\text{clo }} \geq 2{\sigma }_{a} \end{matrix}\right\} \circ $
式中: TTCi 为碰撞风险边界值; ${\sigma }_{a}$ 为动态时间窗口内的加速度偏差值的标准差; ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{{clo}}}$ 为当前时刻加速度偏差值; ${\Omega }_{\sigma }$${\Omega }_{1 - {2\sigma }}$${\Omega }_{2{\sigma }^{ + }}$ 分别为安全驾驶区、风险评估区、绝对风险区。
在统计学中置信度是指总体参数值落在样本统计值某一区内的概率, 而正态分布的累积分布函数代表随机变量小于或等于某个特定值的概率, 利用其逆函数, 给定一个概率值设其为置信度, 则可求出对应的置信边界值。在本研究中, 风险评估区的上下边界值所对应的加速度偏差分别为 1 倍加速度标准差与 2 倍标准差, 所以给定风险评估区上下边界的置信度分别为 $\bar{p} = {0.95}\text{、}\bar{p} = {0.70}$ ,给定碰撞风险 TTCi的置信度 $\bar{p} = {0.95}$ ,求出 TTCi 的最大阈值。
正态分布的累计密度分布函数为:
$ F\left( x\right) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }\sigma }{\int }_{-\infty }^{x}{e}^{\frac{{\left( x - \mu \right) }^{2}}{2{\sigma }^{2}}}/x\mathrm{\;d}x。 $
式中: $F\left( x\right)$ 为累计密度函数 (CDF)。这些累计密度函数的相关参数,均值 $\mu$ ,标准差 $\sigma$ 可以由下式得到。
$ \mu = \frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{x}_{i} \circ $
$ \sigma = \sqrt{\frac{1}{N - 1}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\left( {x}_{i} - \mu \right) }^{2}}\text{。} $
式中: $N$ 为样本容量; ${x}_{i}$ 为样本数据,在本文中代表碰撞风险 TTCi 与加速度偏差 ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{{clo}}}$
有了这些分布函数,碰撞风险 TTCi 的阈值与风险评估区的边界就可以通过给定的置信度值和逆 CDF 获得:
$ x = {\mathrm{e}}^{{F}^{-1}\left( \bar{p}\right) }\text{。} $
前面提出可以根据一段样本数据获得风险区的边界阈值, 而在汽车运行过程中, 样本数据是变化的。 图 8图 9 分别为无分心任务干扰下某驾驶员在跟车行驶过程中加速度偏差的对数值与 TTCi 在某段时间内的变化图。
由图可知,在驾驶过程中,驾驶操纵能力与 TTCi会实时变化。这也会使数据分布特征实时发生改变 (均值与方差时刻发生变化), 这导致碰撞风险阈值与风险评估区的边界值也需要实时更新。 因此, 需设定一个动态时间窗口, 让碰撞风险与驾驶操纵能力能在以当前采样时间为节点实时更新, 实时更新驾驶操纵能力与 TTCi 的均值和方差,计算式为:
$ {\mu }_{t} = \frac{{x}_{t - 1} + {N}_{t - 1}{\mu }_{t - 1}}{1 + {N}_{t - 1}} \circ $
$ {\sigma }_{t}^{2} = {\sigma }_{t - 1}^{2} + \frac{{N}_{t - 1}}{1 + {N}_{t - 1}}{\left( {x}_{t} - {\mu }_{t - 1}\right) }^{2} \circ $
根据式 (12) $\sim$ (13),只需要当前时刻采样数据与前一个动态时间窗口内的均值与方差数据就可以对边界参数值进行实时更新, 不需存储所有历史数据。
结合所提出的评定指标, 建立包含驾驶员操纵能力与碰撞风险的二维评价空间, 对驾驶过程中的驾驶行为风险与行车风险进行实时综合评估。前者用来表征驾驶员将车辆保持在安全驾驶条件下的能力, 后者衡量自车与前车或障碍物发生碰撞的风险。在碰撞风险较高,且驾驶员操纵能力不够的情况下,优先选择自动驾驶。
基于以上原理, 提出了基于风险评估区的驾驶权分配策略:
$ \left\{ \begin{matrix} \alpha \left( t\right) = 0, & s \in {\Omega }_{\sigma }, \\ \alpha \left( t\right) = \frac{{\varepsilon }_{\text{clo }} - {\sigma }_{a}}{{\sigma }_{a}}, & s \in {\Omega }_{1 \sim {2\sigma }}, \\ \alpha \left( t\right) = 1, & s \in {\Omega }_{2{\sigma }^{ + }}。 \end{matrix}\right. $
式中: $\alpha \left( t\right)$ 为驾驶辅助系统的时变驾驶权分配系数,为保证系统平稳, $\alpha$ 为 1 后应保证短时间内不再分配驾驶权,即开启自动驾驶模式一段时间; $s$ 为车辆状态。
文献[ 18 ]指出, 在分心驾驶时, 在纵向操控方面,驾驶员会采取频繁加减速、增加跟车距离等方式来弥补分心期间信息丢失所造成的环境感知力下降, 增加对车辆的把控, 以保证行驶安全, 且加速度标准差会加大,跟车稳定性降低。为了验证所提出的人机共驾策略的有效性与合理性, 本文设计了分心驾驶场景来模拟驾驶员操纵能力下降的情况。 具体设置为: 前车以 ${25}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 车速匀速行驶,驾驶员在模拟跟车行驶 ${120}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后,完成设定时长约为 ${20}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的认知分心任务,任务设为:与他人交流并回答简单数学问题。随后驾驶员继续跟车行驶,并不再受到其他干扰。 图 10 为 3 名志愿驾驶者在存在分心任务驾驶与无分心干扰情况下正常驾驶时的纵向加速度箱线图分布。由图可知, 分心驾驶时, 3 名驾驶员加速度分布更加离散, 证明驾驶时存在猛踩油门或制动踏板的情况。
此外, 将自适应巡航系统 (Adaptive Cruise Control, ACC) 作为纵向跟车工况中的驾驶辅助系统, 其模型可由 Prescan 里的自适应巡航系统的测试样例中获取。 图 11 ~12 显示了存在分心驾驶任务且驾驶员单独驾驶时,加速度偏差的对数与碰撞风险 TTCi 及其阈值的变化。
由图可知,在 ${153}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右,加速度偏差对数第一次内就突破了风险评估区的上边界,且 TTCi 此时也已超过其阈值, 说明驾驶员操纵能力已经下降到不足以维持车辆安全行驶, 应将驾驶控制权过渡到自动驾驶系统以保证车辆安全。值得注意的是, TTCi 在 149 s 处就开始超过阈值,但此时,加速度偏差对数还未超过其下边界, 即驾驶员还有一定操纵能力维持车辆安全行驶, 如果此时过早地将驾驶权转交给辅助系统则会引起不必要干预, 降低驾驶员的驾驶体验。
图 13 为人机共驾模式下,分心驾驶时,跟车过程中纵向驾驶权随时间变化图。
图 11 可知,由于 ${153}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右驾驶操纵能力开始逐渐下降,行车风险慢慢升高,驾驶权 $\alpha$${2.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右从 0 变为 1 ,代表自动驾驶系统从不参与驾驶控制到完全控制车辆。
图 14图 15 分别为存在分心任务情况下驾驶员单独驾驶与加入人机共驾策略后的车速对比和跟车距离对比图。由图可知, 驾驶员独立驾驶时, 当完成了分心任务后,操纵能力受到一定影响,与前车的距离不断减少,并在 ${170}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右与前车发生了碰撞。而在人机共驾模式中, ${156}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后由于驾驶辅助系统(ACC)完全接管车辆的控制权,将跟车车速维持与前车基本一样, 并保持稳定的安全跟车间距,成功避免了碰撞事故发生。
本文基于模拟驾驶跟车数据与 NARX 网络模型, 建立了驾驶员跟车模型用于表征在正常能力情况下的基准输出,并结合碰撞风险 TTCi 与驾驶操纵能力偏差设计了风险评估区, 然后提出了一种人机共驾策略, 旨在当车辆存在潜在碰撞风险且驾驶员操纵能力不足时, 使驾驶辅助系统对驾驶过程予以干预, 以实现由 “人驾” - “机驾” 过程中的驾驶权分配, 保证行车安全。分析试验结果, 得到以下结论:
1)NARX 驾驶员模型可以较好地模拟特定驾驶员正常能力下在跟车行驶过程中的驾驶行为;
2)基于风险评估区的人机共驾策略是有效的, 可以成功识别纵向跟车过程中的由于驾驶操纵能力下降导致的风险驾驶事件并避免其发生。
本文还可对以下几点做进一步研究。
1)本研究基于模拟驾驶平台获得的数据, 与真实驾驶环境存在较大差异, 下一步可进行实车试验并验证策略的合理性。
2)本文试验工况比较单一,在跟车工况基础上可增加自由换道、旁车切入、自由驾驶等工况, 以探索驾驶员多种不良状态对驾驶安全性的影响, 更好地实现人车的友好交互。
3)在本研究中, 驾驶操纵能力的降低是通过给定任务让驾驶员分心来模拟的, 但分心只是驾驶操纵能力降低的因素之一。在评估所设计的人机协同驾驶策略时,最好考虑更多的因素,如疲劳、酒精等。
4)本文只针对由 “人驾” - “机驾” 过程的驾驶权分配策略进行了研究, 但并未对切换完成后, 怎么退出或何时退出 “机驾” 模式这些问题进行探讨。
  • 四川省科技厅重点研发项目(2020YFG0130)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.05
  • 接收时间:2023-02-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
补充材料
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作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-02-26
  • 修回日期:2023-03-27
基金
四川省科技厅重点研发项目(2020YFG0130)
作者信息
    1 西南交通大学 机械工程学院 成都 610031
    2 西南交通大学 先进驱动节能技术教育部工程研究中心 成都 610031
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.05.05
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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