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Conducting a thorough driving risk assessment is important for the driving safety of autonomous vehicles. In this paper, the existing driving risk assessment methods are divided into three categories, namely, the single objectoriented methods, the reachability setbased methods, and the potential fieldbased methods. In order to conduct a comprehensive comparison of these methods and reveal their distinct characteristics and applicability, the paper proposes five evaluation dimensions, including realtime capability, the duration of the valid prediction horizon, application feasibility, the inclusion of various risk sources and adaptability in different scenarios. The research gaps and potential future research directions in driving risk assessment for autonomous vehicles are analyzed and prospected.
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行驶风险评估对自动驾驶系统的安全运行至关重要。将现有行驶风险评估方法分为3类,包括面向单一目标物的、基于可达集的和基于势场论的评估方法。提出5个评价维度,包括计算实时性、结果时效性、应用可行性、内容充分性和场景泛用性,对评估方法进行了全面比较,揭示其特点和适用情况。对自动驾驶行驶风险评估面临的问题以及未来发展趋势进行了分析和展望。
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熊璐(1978-),男,江西上饶人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为感知、决策规划、车辆动力学与控制、自动驾驶测试与评价技术。Tel:13761330987 E-mail:xiong_lu@tongji.edu.cn
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熊璐(1978-),男,江西上饶人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为感知、决策规划、车辆动力学与控制、自动驾驶测试与评价技术。Tel:13761330987 E-mail:xiong_lu@tongji.edu.cn
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风险评估方法分类, figureFileSmall=Z4wIHyKFkpoSV7Kqxnxktg==, figureFileBig=FxpK8tB5nRZ8A9BxUFg2cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162287960874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GG7EuAIxFT+DqFrJTbRQoQ==, figureFileBig=zXeML4auntvfeN4CC6c3EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162367652655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=
评估指标 STN、BTN 示意图, figureFileSmall=GG7EuAIxFT+DqFrJTbRQoQ==, figureFileBig=zXeML4auntvfeN4CC6c3EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162434761520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rN8wXDvnWDYeyLWCx8BOjg==, figureFileBig=/TuLbmWL7bRpU1UHe2uHMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162497676084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=
车辆变道行为预测 [48], figureFileSmall=rN8wXDvnWDYeyLWCx8BOjg==, figureFileBig=/TuLbmWL7bRpU1UHe2uHMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162564784949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eXhue0Dcfo0ZbPDjq1Kdvw==, figureFileBig=UOj7Yc48x19MrMrKL9ru7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162657059641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=图 4, caption=
势能场示意图 [75], figureFileSmall=eXhue0Dcfo0ZbPDjq1Kdvw==, figureFileBig=UOj7Yc48x19MrMrKL9ru7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162732557116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZN/RXy48GVHvD6ElPxFtXQ==, figureFileBig=+06QD0lnFdMjummL/dMHhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162787083070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=图 5, caption=
DNDA 构建过程 [78], figureFileSmall=ZN/RXy48GVHvD6ElPxFtXQ==, figureFileBig=+06QD0lnFdMjummL/dMHhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162845803329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5p2axjOC8ymmcIw+w9iI4A==, figureFileBig=47PGPKIU2FJf8UJPpqIgfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162917106500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=图 6, caption=
可达集随障碍物大小变化而变化 [81], figureFileSmall=5p2axjOC8ymmcIw+w9iI4A==, figureFileBig=47PGPKIU2FJf8UJPpqIgfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809162971632455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=///rkMsb+DxxJbaWkJhYyA==, figureFileBig=wvtF2uf+MMALQCDadGLBLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163038741322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=
风险评估方法之间的对比, figureFileSmall=///rkMsb+DxxJbaWkJhYyA==, figureFileBig=wvtF2uf+MMALQCDadGLBLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153809163089072976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | 说明 | 主要应用场景 | 假设 | 计算公式 |
| TTC[34] | TTC表示主车在不采取 避撞措施的情况下,与 前车发生碰撞的时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车匀速行 驶、主车匀速 行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTC}}} = \frac{{x}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) - {x}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) - {l}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) - {v}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) }$ 式中: $x\left( t\right)$ 和 $v\left( t\right)$ 分别为车辆在 $t$ 时刻的位置和速度; 下标 $\mathrm{f}$ 为前车, $\mathrm{r}$ 为主车; ${l}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为前车的长度。 |
| MTTC[19] | MTTC表示主车与前车 以固定加速度行驶时, 发生碰撞的时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{MTTC}}} = \frac{-{\Delta V} \pm \sqrt{{V}^{2} + {2\Delta aD}}}{\Delta a}$ 式中: ${\Delta V}$ 和 ${\Delta a}$ 分别为主车和前车的相对速度和相对加速度; $D$ 为主车 和前车的相对距离; $V$ 为主车的速度。 |
| TTB [ 10 ] | TTB 表示主车以最大减 速度减速至前车相同速 度所需的时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车匀速行 驶、主车以最 大减速度行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTB}}} = \frac{{\Delta p} + {v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{{ego}},\max }}\right) }{{v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}}$ 式中: ${\Delta p}$ 为两车的起始纵向距离; ${V}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}$ 和 ${a}_{\mathrm{{ego}},\max }$ 分别为两车的相对速 度和主车最大减速度。 |
| TM[21] | TM表示主车驾驶员在 前车突然减速时,可利 用的反应时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TM}}} = \frac{D + {v}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right) - {v}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right) }{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: $D$ 为两车的起始距离; $v$ 和 $a$ 分别为车的速度和加速度; 下标 $\mathrm{f}$ 为 前车, $\mathrm{r}$ 为主车。 |
| THW[22] | THW表示主车以当前速 度到达前车当前位置所 需的时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车匀速行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{THW}}} = \frac{{p}_{\mathrm{{HW}}}}{{v}_{0}^{\text{host }}}.$ 式中: ${p}_{\mathrm{{HW}}}$ 为主车与前方障碍物的距离; ${v}_{0}^{\mathrm{{host}}}$ 为主车的速度。 |
| TTO [ 33 ] | TTO 表示前车到达主车 目标位置的时间 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTO}}} = \frac{-{V}_{\mathrm{r}} - \sqrt{{V}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2} - 2 \cdot {A}_{\mathrm{r}} \cdot {D}_{\mathrm{O}}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: ${D}_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为主车和目标位置的距离; ${V}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 和 ${A}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为前车和主车的相对 速度和相对加速度。 |
| PET[23] | PET 表示两车到达潜在 冲突点的时间差。 | 路口场景、 汇入场景 | 冲突涉及的两 辆车均以恒定 加速度行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{PET}}} = {T}_{2} - {T}_{1} = \frac{-2{v}_{\mathrm{B}} + \sqrt{4{v}_{\mathrm{B}}^{2} - 8{a}_{\mathrm{B}}\left( {{v}_{\mathrm{B}}{\Delta t} - {x}_{\mathrm{B}}}\right) }}{2{a}_{\mathrm{B}}} - \frac{2{v}_{\mathrm{A}} + \sqrt{4{v}_{\mathrm{A}}^{2} - 8{a}_{\mathrm{A}}{x}_{\mathrm{A}}}}{2{a}_{\mathrm{A}}} + {\Delta t}$ 式中: ${x}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 和 ${x}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车到冲突点的距离; ${v}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 和 ${v}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车的速度; ${a}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 和 ${a}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车的加速度; ${\Delta t}$ 为由匀加速到匀速的反应时间。 |
| TLC[36] | TLC 表示车辆在穿越任 何车道边界之前可用的 时间。 | 变道场景 | 主车匀速行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TLC}}} = \frac{{y}_{\mathrm{{ll}}}}{v\sin \psi }$ 式中: $v$ 为车速; $\psi$ 为航向角; ${y}_{11}$ 为靠近车道边界一侧的车轮距离该车道 边界的距离。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163227485012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=
时间指标对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | 说明 | 主要应用场景 | 假设 | 计算公式 |
| TTC[34] | TTC表示主车在不采取 避撞措施的情况下,与 前车发生碰撞的时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车匀速行 驶、主车匀速 行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTC}}} = \frac{{x}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) - {x}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) - {l}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( t\right) - {v}_{\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) }$ 式中: $x\left( t\right)$ 和 $v\left( t\right)$ 分别为车辆在 $t$ 时刻的位置和速度; 下标 $\mathrm{f}$ 为前车, $\mathrm{r}$ 为主车; ${l}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为前车的长度。 |
| MTTC[19] | MTTC表示主车与前车 以固定加速度行驶时, 发生碰撞的时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{MTTC}}} = \frac{-{\Delta V} \pm \sqrt{{V}^{2} + {2\Delta aD}}}{\Delta a}$ 式中: ${\Delta V}$ 和 ${\Delta a}$ 分别为主车和前车的相对速度和相对加速度; $D$ 为主车 和前车的相对距离; $V$ 为主车的速度。 |
| TTB [ 10 ] | TTB 表示主车以最大减 速度减速至前车相同速 度所需的时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车匀速行 驶、主车以最 大减速度行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTB}}} = \frac{{\Delta p} + {v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{{ego}},\max }}\right) }{{v}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}}$ 式中: ${\Delta p}$ 为两车的起始纵向距离; ${V}_{\mathrm{{rel}}}$ 和 ${a}_{\mathrm{{ego}},\max }$ 分别为两车的相对速 度和主车最大减速度。 |
| TM[21] | TM表示主车驾驶员在 前车突然减速时,可利 用的反应时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TM}}} = \frac{D + {v}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right) - {v}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}/\left( {2{a}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right) }{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: $D$ 为两车的起始距离; $v$ 和 $a$ 分别为车的速度和加速度; 下标 $\mathrm{f}$ 为 前车, $\mathrm{r}$ 为主车。 |
| THW[22] | THW表示主车以当前速 度到达前车当前位置所 需的时间。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车匀速行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{THW}}} = \frac{{p}_{\mathrm{{HW}}}}{{v}_{0}^{\text{host }}}.$ 式中: ${p}_{\mathrm{{HW}}}$ 为主车与前方障碍物的距离; ${v}_{0}^{\mathrm{{host}}}$ 为主车的速度。 |
| TTO [ 33 ] | TTO 表示前车到达主车 目标位置的时间 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车、主车均 以恒定加速度 行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TTO}}} = \frac{-{V}_{\mathrm{r}} - \sqrt{{V}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2} - 2 \cdot {A}_{\mathrm{r}} \cdot {D}_{\mathrm{O}}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: ${D}_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为主车和目标位置的距离; ${V}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 和 ${A}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 分别为前车和主车的相对 速度和相对加速度。 |
| PET[23] | PET 表示两车到达潜在 冲突点的时间差。 | 路口场景、 汇入场景 | 冲突涉及的两 辆车均以恒定 加速度行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{PET}}} = {T}_{2} - {T}_{1} = \frac{-2{v}_{\mathrm{B}} + \sqrt{4{v}_{\mathrm{B}}^{2} - 8{a}_{\mathrm{B}}\left( {{v}_{\mathrm{B}}{\Delta t} - {x}_{\mathrm{B}}}\right) }}{2{a}_{\mathrm{B}}} - \frac{2{v}_{\mathrm{A}} + \sqrt{4{v}_{\mathrm{A}}^{2} - 8{a}_{\mathrm{A}}{x}_{\mathrm{A}}}}{2{a}_{\mathrm{A}}} + {\Delta t}$ 式中: ${x}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 和 ${x}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车到冲突点的距离; ${v}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 和 ${v}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车的速度; ${a}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 和 ${a}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 分别为两车的加速度; ${\Delta t}$ 为由匀加速到匀速的反应时间。 |
| TLC[36] | TLC 表示车辆在穿越任 何车道边界之前可用的 时间。 | 变道场景 | 主车匀速行驶 | ${T}_{\mathrm{{TLC}}} = \frac{{y}_{\mathrm{{ll}}}}{v\sin \psi }$ 式中: $v$ 为车速; $\psi$ 为航向角; ${y}_{11}$ 为靠近车道边界一侧的车轮距离该车道 边界的距离。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163361702745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | 说明 | 主要应用场景 | 假设 | 计算公式 |
| STN[25] | STN 表示当前状态下 车辆为避免碰撞所需 的横向减速性能和主 车的极限横向减速性 能之比。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车以恒定 加速度行驶 | ${R}_{\mathrm{{STN}}} = \frac{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ req }}^{\prime }}{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ max }}^{\prime }} = \frac{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime } + \ddot{y} + \frac{2}{{t}_{tc}^{2}}\left\lbrack {y \pm \left( {{\omega }_{\mathrm{h}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{O}}}\right) /2 + \dot{y}{t}_{tc}}\right\rbrack }{\pm {a}_{y,\text{ max }}}$ 式中: ${\omega }_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为主车的宽度; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为前车的宽度; ${\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ req }}^{\prime }\text{、}{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime }$ 和 $\ddot{y}$ 分 别为主车避免碰撞所需的横向加速度、主车横向加速度和主 车和前车的相对横向加速度; $y$ 和 $\dot{y}$ 分别为主车和前车的相对 横向距离和相对横向速度; ${\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\max }^{\prime }$ 和 ${a}_{y,\max } > 0$ 为主车可实现 的最大侧向加速度; ${t}_{tc}$ 为前面提到的TTC。 |
| ${\mathrm{{BTN}}}^{\lbrack {25}\rbrack }$ | BTN表示当前状态下 车辆为避免碰撞所需 的纵向减速性能和主 车的极限纵向减速性 能之比。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车以恒定 加速度行驶 | ${R}_{\mathrm{{BTN}}} = \frac{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ rep }}}{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ max }}^{\prime }} = \frac{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime } + \ddot{x} - {\dot{x}}^{2}/{2x}}{-{a}_{x,\text{ max }}}$ 式中: ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ rep }}^{\prime }$ 为主车需要的纵向减速度; ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\max }^{\prime }$ 和 $- {a}_{x,\max } < 0$ 为主车可实现的最大纵向减速度; ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 和 $\ddot{x}$ 分别为主车纵向减 速度以及主车和前车的纵向相对减速度; $x$ 和 $\dot{x}$ 分别为主车和 前车的相对纵向距离和相对纵向速度。 |
| DRAC[24] | DRAC 表示车辆在当 前状态下所需的避撞 减速度。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车匀速行驶、主车匀速行驶 | ${a}_{\mathrm{{DRAC}}} = \frac{{\left( {V}_{i} - {V}_{i - 1}\right) }^{2}}{2\left\lbrack {\left( {{X}_{i - 1} - {X}_{i}}\right) - {L}_{i - 1}}\right\rbrack }$ 式中: $i$ 为主车; $i - 1$ 为前车; $L$ 为指车的长度; $V$ 为速度; $X$ 为位置。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163487531868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=
加速度指标对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | 说明 | 主要应用场景 | 假设 | 计算公式 |
| STN[25] | STN 表示当前状态下 车辆为避免碰撞所需 的横向减速性能和主 车的极限横向减速性 能之比。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车以恒定 加速度行驶 | ${R}_{\mathrm{{STN}}} = \frac{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ req }}^{\prime }}{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ max }}^{\prime }} = \frac{{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime } + \ddot{y} + \frac{2}{{t}_{tc}^{2}}\left\lbrack {y \pm \left( {{\omega }_{\mathrm{h}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{O}}}\right) /2 + \dot{y}{t}_{tc}}\right\rbrack }{\pm {a}_{y,\text{ max }}}$ 式中: ${\omega }_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为主车的宽度; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{O}}$ 为前车的宽度; ${\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ req }}^{\prime }\text{、}{\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime }$ 和 $\ddot{y}$ 分 别为主车避免碰撞所需的横向加速度、主车横向加速度和主 车和前车的相对横向加速度; $y$ 和 $\dot{y}$ 分别为主车和前车的相对 横向距离和相对横向速度; ${\ddot{y}}_{\mathrm{h},\max }^{\prime }$ 和 ${a}_{y,\max } > 0$ 为主车可实现 的最大侧向加速度; ${t}_{tc}$ 为前面提到的TTC。 |
| ${\mathrm{{BTN}}}^{\lbrack {25}\rbrack }$ | BTN表示当前状态下 车辆为避免碰撞所需 的纵向减速性能和主 车的极限纵向减速性 能之比。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车以恒定 加速度行驶 | ${R}_{\mathrm{{BTN}}} = \frac{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ rep }}}{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ max }}^{\prime }} = \frac{{\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\prime } + \ddot{x} - {\dot{x}}^{2}/{2x}}{-{a}_{x,\text{ max }}}$ 式中: ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\text{ rep }}^{\prime }$ 为主车需要的纵向减速度; ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h},\max }^{\prime }$ 和 $- {a}_{x,\max } < 0$ 为主车可实现的最大纵向减速度; ${\ddot{x}}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 和 $\ddot{x}$ 分别为主车纵向减 速度以及主车和前车的纵向相对减速度; $x$ 和 $\dot{x}$ 分别为主车和 前车的相对纵向距离和相对纵向速度。 |
| DRAC[24] | DRAC 表示车辆在当 前状态下所需的避撞 减速度。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车匀速行驶、主车匀速行驶 | ${a}_{\mathrm{{DRAC}}} = \frac{{\left( {V}_{i} - {V}_{i - 1}\right) }^{2}}{2\left\lbrack {\left( {{X}_{i - 1} - {X}_{i}}\right) - {L}_{i - 1}}\right\rbrack }$ 式中: $i$ 为主车; $i - 1$ 为前车; $L$ 为指车的长度; $V$ 为速度; $X$ 为位置。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163584000864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | 说明 | 主要应用场景 | 假设 | 计算公式 |
| ${\text{DTC}}^{\lbrack {38}\rbrack }$ | DTC表示后车减速到与前车相 同速度时所行驶的距离。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车以恒定加速度行驶。 主车以恒定加速度行驶 | ${d}_{\mathrm{{DTC}}} = {v}_{\mathrm{r}}t + \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}}{{a}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为主车和前车的相对速度; ${a}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为主车和前车的相 对加速度; $t$ 为驾驶员感知反应时间。 |
| DSS[39] | DSS 用于计算前车以最大减速度 减速至停车的距离与主车以最大 减速度减速至停车的距离之差。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车以最大减速度减速 主车以最大减速度行驶 | ${d}_{\mathrm{{DSS}}} = \left( {{d}_{2} + \frac{{v}_{1}{}^{2}}{2\mu g}}\right) - \left( {{v}_{2}{\Delta t} + \frac{{v}_{2}{}^{2}}{2\mu g}}\right)$ 式中: ${d}_{2}$ 为主车与前车之间的距离; ${v}_{1}$ 和 ${v}_{2}$ 分别为主车和 前车的速度; $\mu$ 为路面附着系数; $g$ 为重力加速度; ${\Delta t}$ 为驾 驶员反应时间。 |
| PSD [ 40 ] | PSD表示车辆到潜在碰撞点的距 离与可实现的最小停车距离之 比。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车以最大减速度行驶 | ${R}_{\mathrm{{PSD}}} = \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}}{{d}_{\mathrm{{MSD}}}} = \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}}{{v}^{2}/{2a}}$ 式中: ${d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}$ 为主车到潜在碰撞点的距离; ${d}_{\mathrm{{MSD}}}$ 为车辆可实 现的最小停车距离; $v$ 为主车的速度; $a$ 为主车可实现的最 大纵向减速度。 |
| ${d}_{\min }$[37] | ${d}_{\min }$ 表示车辆跟车时能保证安全 的最小距离。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车先以最大加速度行 驶、后以最小减速度行 驶;前车以恒定加速度 行驶 | ${d}_{\min } = \left\lbrack {{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\rho + \frac{1}{2}{a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}{\rho }^{2} + \frac{{\left( {v}_{r} + \rho {a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}\right) }^{2}}{2{a}_{\min ,\text{ brake }}} - \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}}{2{a}_{\max ,\text{ brake }}}}\right\rbrack$ 式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为主车和前车的速度; $\rho$ 为反应时间; ${a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}$ 为前车的最大加速度; ${a}_{\min ,\text{ brake }}$ 为主车最小减速 度; ${a}_{\max ,\text{ brake }}$ 为前车的最大减速度。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163659498338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=
距离指标汇总, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 指标 | 说明 | 主要应用场景 | 假设 | 计算公式 |
| ${\text{DTC}}^{\lbrack {38}\rbrack }$ | DTC表示后车减速到与前车相 同速度时所行驶的距离。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车以恒定加速度行驶。 主车以恒定加速度行驶 | ${d}_{\mathrm{{DTC}}} = {v}_{\mathrm{r}}t + \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}}{{a}_{\mathrm{r}}}$ 式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为主车和前车的相对速度; ${a}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为主车和前车的相 对加速度; $t$ 为驾驶员感知反应时间。 |
| DSS[39] | DSS 用于计算前车以最大减速度 减速至停车的距离与主车以最大 减速度减速至停车的距离之差。 | 直道跟车场景 | 前车以最大减速度减速 主车以最大减速度行驶 | ${d}_{\mathrm{{DSS}}} = \left( {{d}_{2} + \frac{{v}_{1}{}^{2}}{2\mu g}}\right) - \left( {{v}_{2}{\Delta t} + \frac{{v}_{2}{}^{2}}{2\mu g}}\right)$ 式中: ${d}_{2}$ 为主车与前车之间的距离; ${v}_{1}$ 和 ${v}_{2}$ 分别为主车和 前车的速度; $\mu$ 为路面附着系数; $g$ 为重力加速度; ${\Delta t}$ 为驾 驶员反应时间。 |
| PSD [ 40 ] | PSD表示车辆到潜在碰撞点的距 离与可实现的最小停车距离之 比。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车以最大减速度行驶 | ${R}_{\mathrm{{PSD}}} = \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}}{{d}_{\mathrm{{MSD}}}} = \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}}{{v}^{2}/{2a}}$ 式中: ${d}_{\mathrm{{RD}}}$ 为主车到潜在碰撞点的距离; ${d}_{\mathrm{{MSD}}}$ 为车辆可实 现的最小停车距离; $v$ 为主车的速度; $a$ 为主车可实现的最 大纵向减速度。 |
| ${d}_{\min }$[37] | ${d}_{\min }$ 表示车辆跟车时能保证安全 的最小距离。 | 直道跟车场景 | 主车先以最大加速度行 驶、后以最小减速度行 驶;前车以恒定加速度 行驶 | ${d}_{\min } = \left\lbrack {{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\rho + \frac{1}{2}{a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}{\rho }^{2} + \frac{{\left( {v}_{r} + \rho {a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}\right) }^{2}}{2{a}_{\min ,\text{ brake }}} - \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}}{2{a}_{\max ,\text{ brake }}}}\right\rbrack$ 式中: ${v}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为主车和前车的速度; $\rho$ 为反应时间; ${a}_{\max ,\text{ accel }}$ 为前车的最大加速度; ${a}_{\min ,\text{ brake }}$ 为主车最小减速 度; ${a}_{\max ,\text{ brake }}$ 为前车的最大减速度。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163722412900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 评估方法 | 指标 | 说明 | 主要应用场景 | 假设 | 示意图或公式 |
| 面向单一 目标物的 评估方法 | 确定性评估 方法 | TTC、THW 等, 详见 表1 <inline-formula> 3</inline-formula> | 与具体指标有关 | 应用于特定场景 | 主车、周围车辆 以恒定速度或恒 定加速度行驶等 | 与具体指标有关 |
| 概率性评估 方法 | 碰撞可能 性 [ 48 ] | 预测周围车辆的 轨迹, 并结合主 车轨迹进行碰撞 检测来计算碰撞 可能性 | 不限 | 驾驶行为分类能 覆盖所有可能的 驾驶行为;运动 参数分布符合某 种概率分布,包 括均匀分布、混 合高斯分布等 | |
| 基于势场论的评估方法 | 排斥力 [ 71 ] | 将各场景元素在 主车位置产生场 强的矢量和与主 车虚拟质量相乘 来计算排斥力 | 不限 | 场景元素之间的 风险关系可以用 场强表征 | $\left\{ \begin{matrix} {E}_{S} = {E}_{R} + {E}_{V} + {E}_{D} \\ {F}_{j} = {E}_{S}{M}_{j}\left\lbrack {{R}_{j}\exp \left( {-{k}_{3}{v}_{j}\cos {\theta }_{j}}\right) \left( {1 + D{R}_{j}}\right) }\right\rbrack \end{matrix}\right.$ 式中: ${E}_{S}$ 为总场强; ${E}_{R}\text{、}{E}_{V}\text{、}{E}_{D}$ 分别为静止目 标物、运动目标物、驾驶员行为特点相关的场 强; ${M}_{i}$ 为主车虚拟质量; ${R}_{i}$ 为道路条件系数; ${v}_{i}$ 为主车速度; ${\theta }_{i}$ 为主车速度方向与场强方向的 夹角; $D{R}_{i}$ 为主车驾驶员风险系数; ${k}_{3}$ 为校准系 数; ${F}_{i}$ 为作用在车上的斥力,即当前主车风险 值。 |
| 势能 [ 72 ] | 将排斥力按距离 积分来计算势能 | ${E}_{\mathrm{{PFI}}} = {\omega }_{\mathrm{L}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}},\mathrm{L}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{B}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}},\mathrm{B}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{V}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}}, v}$ 式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{PFI}}}$ 为主车上的总势能; ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}}}$ ; ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFF}} - \mathrm{B}}$ 和 ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFF}} - \mathrm{B}}$ 分别为车道标记、道路边界以 及他车产生的安全势能; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{\omega }_{\mathrm{B}}$ 和 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{V}}$ 分别为 车道标记安全势能修正系数、道路边界安全势 能修正系数和车辆安全势能修正系数。 |
| 基于可达集的评估方法 | 可达集 [ 85 ] | 通过计算车辆从 初始状态集开始 随着时间推移能 达到的状态集来 表征风险 | 不限 | 周围车定速、定 加速度等 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163806298982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=
评估方法比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 评估方法 | 指标 | 说明 | 主要应用场景 | 假设 | 示意图或公式 |
| 面向单一 目标物的 评估方法 | 确定性评估 方法 | TTC、THW 等, 详见 表1 <inline-formula> 3</inline-formula> | 与具体指标有关 | 应用于特定场景 | 主车、周围车辆 以恒定速度或恒 定加速度行驶等 | 与具体指标有关 |
| 概率性评估 方法 | 碰撞可能 性 [ 48 ] | 预测周围车辆的 轨迹, 并结合主 车轨迹进行碰撞 检测来计算碰撞 可能性 | 不限 | 驾驶行为分类能 覆盖所有可能的 驾驶行为;运动 参数分布符合某 种概率分布,包 括均匀分布、混 合高斯分布等 | |
| 基于势场论的评估方法 | 排斥力 [ 71 ] | 将各场景元素在 主车位置产生场 强的矢量和与主 车虚拟质量相乘 来计算排斥力 | 不限 | 场景元素之间的 风险关系可以用 场强表征 | $\left\{ \begin{matrix} {E}_{S} = {E}_{R} + {E}_{V} + {E}_{D} \\ {F}_{j} = {E}_{S}{M}_{j}\left\lbrack {{R}_{j}\exp \left( {-{k}_{3}{v}_{j}\cos {\theta }_{j}}\right) \left( {1 + D{R}_{j}}\right) }\right\rbrack \end{matrix}\right.$ 式中: ${E}_{S}$ 为总场强; ${E}_{R}\text{、}{E}_{V}\text{、}{E}_{D}$ 分别为静止目 标物、运动目标物、驾驶员行为特点相关的场 强; ${M}_{i}$ 为主车虚拟质量; ${R}_{i}$ 为道路条件系数; ${v}_{i}$ 为主车速度; ${\theta }_{i}$ 为主车速度方向与场强方向的 夹角; $D{R}_{i}$ 为主车驾驶员风险系数; ${k}_{3}$ 为校准系 数; ${F}_{i}$ 为作用在车上的斥力,即当前主车风险 值。 |
| 势能 [ 72 ] | 将排斥力按距离 积分来计算势能 | ${E}_{\mathrm{{PFI}}} = {\omega }_{\mathrm{L}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}},\mathrm{L}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{B}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}},\mathrm{B}} + {\omega }_{\mathrm{V}} \cdot {E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}}, v}$ 式中: ${E}_{\mathrm{{PFI}}}$ 为主车上的总势能; ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFE}}}$ ; ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFF}} - \mathrm{B}}$ 和 ${E}_{\mathrm{{SPFF}} - \mathrm{B}}$ 分别为车道标记、道路边界以 及他车产生的安全势能; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{\omega }_{\mathrm{B}}$ 和 ${\omega }_{\mathrm{V}}$ 分别为 车道标记安全势能修正系数、道路边界安全势 能修正系数和车辆安全势能修正系数。 |
| 基于可达集的评估方法 | 可达集 [ 85 ] | 通过计算车辆从 初始状态集开始 随着时间推移能 达到的状态集来 表征风险 | 不限 | 周围车定速、定 加速度等 | |
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| 风险评估方法 | 决策规划 | 测试评 价 |
| 决策 | 运动 规划 |
| 紧急 情况 | 非紧急 情况 |
| 面向单一对象的 | 确定性 | ★★★ | ★☆☆ | ★☆☆ | ★★☆ |
| 概率性 | ★☆☆ | ★★★ | ★★☆ | ★☆☆ |
| 基于势场论的 | ★☆☆ | ★★☆ | ★★★ | ★☆☆ |
| 基于可达集的 | ★★☆ | ★★☆ | ★★★ | ★★★ |
), ArticleFig(id=1153809163957293932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153809123884912963, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=
风险评估方法适用情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 风险评估方法 | 决策规划 | 测试评 价 |
| 决策 | 运动 规划 |
| 紧急 情况 | 非紧急 情况 |
| 面向单一对象的 | 确定性 | ★★★ | ★☆☆ | ★☆☆ | ★★☆ |
| 概率性 | ★☆☆ | ★★★ | ★★☆ | ★☆☆ |
| 基于势场论的 | ★☆☆ | ★★☆ | ★★★ | ★☆☆ |
| 基于可达集的 | ★★☆ | ★★☆ | ★★★ | ★★★ |
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