Article(id=1153797766712119558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.06.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706112000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-25, revisedDate=1709222400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753016424110, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753016424110, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753016424110, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753016424110, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153797763918713083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='6', pageStart='921', pageEnd='1090', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753016423444, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481666824, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526352126325142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526352130519447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1002, endPage=1013, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153797767177687305, articleId=1153797766712119558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Bidding Strategy for Electric Vehicles and Wind Power in Real-Time Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets, columnId=1153797766384963844, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green and Low-Carbon Technologies Seetion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of deviations from dayahead plans caused by the uncertainty in output from largescale electric vehicles (EVs) and wind power in the realtime energy and frequency regulation (FR) market, the paper proposes a realtime bidding model. The model incorporates a powercapacity deviation assessment mechanism to enable EVs and wind power to participate effectively in the energyFR market. A dynamic scheduling boundary model and a rapid power allocation model for electric vehicles are established to ensure that EV agents can make timely decisions in the realtime market. A powercapacity deviation penalty mechanism is introduced based on the game dynamics among market participants. A bidding strategy is proposed for EVs and wind power in the realtime energyFR market, and a twolevel optimization model is established. The upperlevel objective minimizes the deviation assessment costs for individual EVs or wind power units, while the lowerlevel objective minimizes the overall system operating cost. An example analysis is conducted to examine the dynamic boundaries and power allocation results for EVs, as well as the impact of the deviation assessment mechanism on the intraday optimization and bidding strategies of EVs and wind power. The results show that the proposed strategy achieves realtime power balance while optimizing returns for both.

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针对大规模电动汽车与风电参与实时能量调频市场中,由于两者出力不确定性导致与日前计划出现偏差的问题,提出了考虑功率容量偏差考核机制的电动汽车与风电参与能量调频市场实时投标模型。建立了电动汽车动态调度边界模型与功率快速分配模型,确保电动汽车代理商在实时市场能及时决策。基于市场主体博弈关系引入功率容量偏差考核惩罚,提出了电动汽车与风电参与实时能量调频市场投标策略,并以电动汽车或风电个体偏差考核成本最低为上层目标,以系统运行成本最低为下层目标,建立了实时能量调频市场双层优化模型。通过算例分析了电动汽车动态边界与功率分配结果,偏差考核机制对电动汽车及风电日内优化运行及投标的影响,并验证了所提策略可满足电量实时平衡,同时确保两者收益最优。

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张谦(1980-),女,四川内江人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车与电网互动、电力市场、综合能源系统。Tel:18523180411, E-mail:
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庞松岭(1978-),男,山东梁山人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能电网新装备新技术、配电设备智能化应用技术与新能源检测技术。Tel:18084645667, E-mail:

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庞松岭(1978-),男,山东梁山人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能电网新装备新技术、配电设备智能化应用技术与新能源检测技术。Tel:18084645667, E-mail:

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庞松岭(1978-),男,山东梁山人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能电网新装备新技术、配电设备智能化应用技术与新能源检测技术。Tel:18084645667, E-mail:

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参数 区间
初始 SOC (p.u.) <0.4 0.4~0.6
0.6
期望 SOC (p.u.) <0.7
0.7
离开充电桩时间/h <8.0
8.0
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参数 区间
初始 SOC (p.u.) <0.4 0.4~0.6
0.6
期望 SOC (p.u.) <0.7
0.7
离开充电桩时间/h <8.0
8.0
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电动汽车与风电参与能量-调频市场的实时投标策略
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庞松岭 1, 2 , 赵雨楠 1, 2 , 李琳玮 1, 2 , 马立红 1, 2 , 范凯迪 1, 2 , 郝睿忆 3 , 张谦 3
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024,14(6): 1002-1013
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024, 14(6): 1002-1013
电动汽车与风电参与能量-调频市场的实时投标策略
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庞松岭1, 2 , 赵雨楠1, 2, 李琳玮1, 2, 马立红1, 2, 范凯迪1, 2, 郝睿忆3, 张谦3
作者信息
  • 1 重庆大学 输变电装备技术全国重点实验室 重庆 400044
  • 2 智能电网与海岛微网联合实验室,海口 570125
  • 3 重庆大学 输变电装备技术全国重点实验室,重庆 400044
  • 庞松岭(1978-),男,山东梁山人,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能电网新装备新技术、配电设备智能化应用技术与新能源检测技术。Tel:18084645667, E-mail:

通讯作者:


张谦(1980-),女,四川内江人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车与电网互动、电力市场、综合能源系统。Tel:18523180411, E-mail:
Bidding Strategy for Electric Vehicles and Wind Power in Real-Time Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets
Songling PANG1, 2 , Yunan ZHAO1, 2, Linwei LI1, 2, Lihong MA1, 2, Kaidi FAN1, 2, Ruiyi HAO3, Qian ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
  • 2 Smart Grid and Island Microgrid Joint Laboratory,Haikou 570125,China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044,China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.06.08
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针对大规模电动汽车与风电参与实时能量调频市场中,由于两者出力不确定性导致与日前计划出现偏差的问题,提出了考虑功率容量偏差考核机制的电动汽车与风电参与能量调频市场实时投标模型。建立了电动汽车动态调度边界模型与功率快速分配模型,确保电动汽车代理商在实时市场能及时决策。基于市场主体博弈关系引入功率容量偏差考核惩罚,提出了电动汽车与风电参与实时能量调频市场投标策略,并以电动汽车或风电个体偏差考核成本最低为上层目标,以系统运行成本最低为下层目标,建立了实时能量调频市场双层优化模型。通过算例分析了电动汽车动态边界与功率分配结果,偏差考核机制对电动汽车及风电日内优化运行及投标的影响,并验证了所提策略可满足电量实时平衡,同时确保两者收益最优。

电动汽车  /  风电  /  能量-调频市场  /  实时投标  /  偏差考核

To address the issue of deviations from dayahead plans caused by the uncertainty in output from largescale electric vehicles (EVs) and wind power in the realtime energy and frequency regulation (FR) market, the paper proposes a realtime bidding model. The model incorporates a powercapacity deviation assessment mechanism to enable EVs and wind power to participate effectively in the energyFR market. A dynamic scheduling boundary model and a rapid power allocation model for electric vehicles are established to ensure that EV agents can make timely decisions in the realtime market. A powercapacity deviation penalty mechanism is introduced based on the game dynamics among market participants. A bidding strategy is proposed for EVs and wind power in the realtime energyFR market, and a twolevel optimization model is established. The upperlevel objective minimizes the deviation assessment costs for individual EVs or wind power units, while the lowerlevel objective minimizes the overall system operating cost. An example analysis is conducted to examine the dynamic boundaries and power allocation results for EVs, as well as the impact of the deviation assessment mechanism on the intraday optimization and bidding strategies of EVs and wind power. The results show that the proposed strategy achieves realtime power balance while optimizing returns for both.

electric vehicles  /  wind power  /  energy-frequency regulation market  /  real-time bidding  /  deviation assessment
庞松岭, 赵雨楠, 李琳玮, 马立红, 范凯迪, 郝睿忆, 张谦. 电动汽车与风电参与能量-调频市场的实时投标策略. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1002 -1013 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.06.08
Songling PANG, Yunan ZHAO, Linwei LI, Lihong MA, Kaidi FAN, Ruiyi HAO, Qian ZHANG. Bidding Strategy for Electric Vehicles and Wind Power in Real-Time Energy and Frequency Regulation Markets[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1002 -1013 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.06.08
随着 “碳达峰, 碳中和” 目标的提出, 我国电动汽车与风电得到了大规模发展。基于车网互动 (Vehicle to Grid, V2G) 技术, 电动汽车 (Electric Vehicle, EV)充放电功率可实现对调节信号的毫秒级响应 [ 1 ] ,从而在经过集群优化管理后参与电网系统频率调节。同时, 通过在风电机组的电气或机械元件中增添附加的控制环节调节俯仰角与转子速度, 可使风机具备参与电力系统频率调节的能力 [ 2 - 3 ] 。未来大规模电动汽车与风电可作为电力系统重要的调节资源参与电力市场服务。因此, 电动汽车与风电在电力市场中的优化调度相关研究备受关注。
针对电动汽车参与电力市场的调度策略, 有学者进行了深入研究。部分学者研究了电动汽车参与能量市场的优化策略。许刚等 [ 4 ] 考虑了风电出力及车辆出行的不确定性, 建立以车群成本最小为目标的鲁棒优化模型, 实现了电动汽车集群对风光等分布式能源的消纳。ZHOU Ming 等 [ 5 ] 考虑了实时市场不平衡电量惩罚,以电动汽车代理商 (Electric Vehicle Aggregator, EVA) 参与微网调度的收益最高为目标, 建立计及风险约束的 EVA 两阶段随机优化模型。陈明强等 [ 6 ] 研究了大规模电动汽车在微电网中的优化充电策略, 基于模糊控制算法建立电动汽车充电优化模型。陈奎 [ 7 ] 、林晓明等 [ 8 ] 考虑配电设备运行安全以及车辆充电负荷特性, 基于分时电价, 建立了以电动汽车代理商收益最大、配网负荷波动最小的多目标双层优化模型。
也有学者对电动汽车参与调频辅助服务市场的优化策略进行了研究。陈文哲等 [ 9 ] 提出基于云边融合的规模化 EV 聚合参与电网调频服务的技术框架, 实现规模化 EV 协同参与电网频率调节。袁桂丽等 [ 10 ] 针对电动汽车出行的不确定性,建立了包含电动汽车、热力机组和储能组成的虚拟电厂参与系统调频容量优化决策模型。相比参与单一市场, 电动汽车参与能量-调频市场可以同时发挥对系统频率的调节作用。高爽等 [ 11 ] 在满足多样化用户充电需求基础上, 提出了一种电动汽车集群参与日前能量市场与调频辅助服务市场的协同充电优化策略。徐湘楚等 [ 12 ] 以大规模电动汽车参与投标市场的净收益最大化为目标函数, 建立了一种考虑多重不确定性的能量-调频市场鲁棒优化模型。崔杨等 [ 13 ] 建立了 EV 参与能量市场及调频市场出清模型,提出在 $\mathrm{{EV}}$ 参与投标过程中考虑替代效应的调频资源报价修正方式。
针对风电参与电力市场中的能量市场, 孙辉等 [ 14 ] 将风电与柔性负荷等多主体聚合为虚拟电厂, 提出了一种对外参与能量市场, 对内协调各主体相互配合的日前协调竞标策略。姜正庭等 [ 15 ] 提出市场第一阶段为日前能量市场出清, 第二阶段考虑风电等新能源出力随机性后, 进行实时电能量市场交易, 以此形成两阶段随机优化市场出清与定价模型。此外, 随着面向风电机组的有功功率控制技术不断发展, 使风电可以参与系统频率调节, 进而在能量-调频市场中获取收益。李军徽等 [ 16 ] 以电网日前调度计划以及调频极限为基础, 提出利用风电储能服务跟踪日前调度计划并参与调频市场策略。孙鑫等 [ 17 ] 为减小由于风电出力不确定性而导致投标失误所带来的经济亏损, 建立了风电与储能系统联合参与能量市场与调频辅助服务市场的成本、收益模型。陈青等 [ 18 ] 基于风电侧爬坡容量灵活性的辅助服务,并将其与能量-调频调峰辅助服务市场相结合, 设计面向高渗透率风电的现货能量-调频服务运营机制。
由此可知, 目前主要研究集中于电动汽车集群参与电力市场的运行优化或市场投标方面, 研究电动汽车参与能量-调频市场下的功率-容量协同优化投标策略的较少, 另一方面, 风电可与电动汽车等合作参与市场投标, 以提高整体收益。风电同时参与能量市场与调频市场存在更大的获利空间, 然而现有研究对风电在能量-调频市场下的出力偏差惩罚考虑较少, 部分研究中的惩罚成本模型计算较复杂。故而亟需研究计及功率-容量偏差惩罚的 EVA 与风电供应商(Wind Power Supplier, WPS)参与能量-调频市场投标策略, 通过市场充分发挥电动汽车与风电在电力系统中的调节作用。
本文针对上述问题, 对于实时市场中由于电动汽车及风电不确定性导致的与日前计划出现偏差的电量及容量, 引入偏差考核机制建立了电动汽车与风电参与能量-调频市场实时投标模型。首先,建立电动汽车动态调度边界模型与功率快速分配模型,确保电动汽车代理商在实时市场能及时决策。 其次, 引入功率一容量偏差考核惩罚, 提出电动汽车与风电参与实时能量-调频市场投标策略。最后, 获得电动汽车与风电实时投标策略, 并对比分析偏差考核对两者的影响。
本文假设电动汽车及风电均为日前调频市场的价格接收者, 其投标结果不会影响调频市场价格, 所以此处忽略调频市场的实时变化, 假设调频市场实时价格与日前价格一致。能量-调频实时市场框架如 图 1 所示。
在日内能量一调频市场每个时段 $l$ 中,电动汽车代理商根据各充放电站实时运行数据对已接入的电动汽车进行快速分类聚合, 形成区域各类电动汽车集群动态可调度边界; 风电供应商短时预测环境风速, 计算风电实时出力边界。
为保证电能平衡并寻求最大市场收益, 电动汽车代理商及风电供应商根据可调度边界改变日前出力计划及容量备用计划, 投标其电量及容量偏差量。在能量市场中, 为确保各主体用电平衡, 且降低各主体决策耗时对市场结算的影响, EVA 及 WPS 需要与电力交易中心进行反复迭代。每次迭代电力交易中心根据市场投标的偏差电量以及发电商的平衡服务费用,出清配电网节点边际价格 (Distribution Locational Marginal Price, DLMP), 直到所有市场主体均不改变自身的电能计划, 否则返回继续优化个体实时市场投标决策。
电动汽车代理商通过集群功率快速分配策略将功率及容量计划下发至每辆电动汽车。电动汽车和风电分别根据自身市场调度计划与系统实时调频指令快速调整功率, 响应系统能量平衡需求及频率稳定需求。
在日内实时运行时, 一方面因电动汽车接入充电站时间与充放电需求具有不确定性, 电动汽车代理商制定的日前功率出力及调频容量备用计划与实际情况存在偏差, 另一方面, 市场实时价格受各参与主体实时出力影响, 各主体可在日内平衡中寻求收益机会。因此, 电动汽车代理商需要实时获取站内电动汽车集群功率及容量的可调度边界, 优化其参与能量-调频实时市场投标计划, 并根据计划实现电动汽车集群功率快速分配, 实现充放电站功率平衡及最大收益。
目前, 为解决由于优化变量过多导致含大规模电动汽车的优化模型求解时间长的问题, 有学者提出了电动汽车能量边界模型 [ 19 ] 、基于闵可夫斯基加和的电动汽车等效聚合模型等 [ 20 ] ,这一类方法的共同思想是通过叠加决策边界进行电动汽车等效,缩减电动汽车优化数量,形成广义储能模型。
在日前阶段, 电动汽车代理商基于大量用户历史充放电行为数据已经制定了电动汽车集群分类聚合标准。值得注意的是, 不同于日前阶段, 电动汽车代理商实时运行时无法获取电动汽车通勤距离信息以及该车下次接入充电桩的时间,故分类指标主要为车辆初始 SOC、期望 SOC 以及离网时间, 认为上报信息的电动汽车对聚合商调度指令完全响应, 聚合商可对其进行直接调度, 未上报信息的电动汽车划分为不可控类别, 不参与优化调度。在实时阶段,每当电动汽车接入充电桩并上传充电相关信息时, 代理商立即根据上传信息, 按照文献[ 22 ] 制定的电动汽车集群分类聚合标准对该汽车进行类别辨识。接入充电桩时,电动汽车 $i$ 快速分类,具体为以下 4 类。
1)电动汽车初始 SOC 类别辨识:
$\exists !{n}_{i}^{{\mathrm{{type}}}_{1}} = {m}_{1} \in \left\lbrack {1,{m}_{\text{soc }}^{\text{ini }, * }}\right\rbrack : {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{{m}_{1}}^{\text{ini },\text{ divi }} < {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i}^{\text{ini }} \leq$
$ {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{{m}_{1} + 1}^{\mathrm{{ini}},\text{ divi }}\text{。} $
式中: 上标*代表日前投标模型的优化结果, 具体可参见文献 [ 22 ] ,下同; ${n}_{i}^{{\mathrm{{type}}}_{i}}$ 为电动汽车 $i$ 在初始 SOC参数指标下的所属类别; ${m}_{\text{soc }}^{\text{ini }, * }$ 为日前分类聚合模型SOC ${}^{\mathrm{{ini}}}$ 参数指标最优分段数; ${m}_{1}$ 为分段区间编号; ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{{m}_{1}}^{\mathrm{{ini}},\text{ divi }}$${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{{m}_{1} + 1}^{\mathrm{{ini}},\text{ divi }}$ 为初始 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 参数划分区间 ${m}_{1}$ 的上下边界。
该式主要用于判断电动汽车 $i$ 的初始 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 所在的SOC ${}^{\mathrm{{ini}}}$ 划分区间编号,辨识其类别。
2)电动汽车期望 SOC 辨识:
$\exists !{n}_{i}^{{\mathrm{{type}}}_{2}} = {m}_{2} \in \left\lbrack {1,{m}_{\text{soc }}^{\mathrm{{exp}}, * }}\right\rbrack : {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{{m}_{2}}^{\mathrm{{exp}},\text{ divi }} < {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i}^{\mathrm{{exp}}} \leq$
$ {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{{m}_{2} + 1}^{\exp ,\text{ divi }}\text{。} $
式中: ${n}_{i}^{{\mathrm{{type}}}_{2}}$ 为电动汽车 $i$ 在期望 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 参数指标下的所属类别; ${m}_{\mathrm{{soc}}}^{\mathrm{{exp}}, * }$ 为日前分类聚合模型SOC ${}^{\mathrm{{exp}}}$ 参数指标最优分段数; ${m}_{2}$ 为分段区间编号; ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{{m}_{2}}^{\exp ,\text{ divi }}$${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{{m}_{2} + 1}^{\text{exp },\text{ divi }}$ 为期望 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 参数划分区间 ${m}_{2}$ 的上下边界。
该式主要用于辨识电动汽车 $i$ 期望 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 所属类别。
3)电动汽车离网时间辨识:
$\exists !{n}_{i}^{{\text{type }}_{3}} = {m}_{3} \in \left\lbrack {1,{m}_{\text{time }}^{{\mathrm{{dep}}}_{1}, * }}\right\rbrack : {t}_{{m}_{3}}^{{\mathrm{{dep}}}_{1},\text{ divi }} < {t}_{i}^{{\mathrm{{dep}}}_{1}} \leq {t}_{{m}_{3} + 1}^{{\mathrm{{dep}}}_{1},\text{ divi }}$ 。(3)
式中: ${n}_{i}^{{\mathrm{{type}}}_{3}}$ 为电动汽车 $i$ 在离网时间参数指标下的所属类别; ${m}_{\text{time }}^{{\mathrm{{dep}}}_{1},{}^{ * }}$ 为日前分类聚合模型参数指标最优分段数; ${m}_{3}$ 为分段区间编号; ${t}_{{m}_{3}}^{{\mathrm{{dep}}}_{1},\text{ divi }}$${t}_{{m}_{3} + 1}^{{\mathrm{{dep}}}_{1},\text{ divi }}$ 为离网时间参数划分区间 ${m}_{3}$ 的上下边界。
该式主要用于辨识电动汽车 $i$ 离网时间所属类别。
4)电动汽车综合类别划分:
$ k = \left\lbrack {{n}_{i}^{{\text{type }}_{1}} - 1,{n}_{i}^{{\text{type }}_{2}} - 1,{n}_{i}^{{\text{type }}_{3}} - 1}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {m}_{\text{soc }}^{\text{ini }, * } \\ {m}_{\text{soc }}^{\text{exp }, * } \\ {m}_{\text{time }}^{{\text{dep }}_{1}, * } \end{matrix}\right\rbrack + 1\text{ 。 } $
式中: $k$ 为电动汽车 $i$ 综合类别编号。
此时,电动汽车 $i$ 归类为第 $k$ 类电动汽车集合 ${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{k}^{\text{type }}$ ,即 $i \in {\mathbf{\Omega }}_{k}^{\text{type }}$
由于电动汽车充放电调度引起的 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 变化可能引发车群集总功率边界变化, 且车辆驶入、驶离充电站将改变车群集总能量边界, 因此, 随着日内市场不断进行, 电动汽车代理商需要实时收集站内电动汽车当前 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 及离网时间信息,滚动计算各类型车群剩余时间段的可调度边界, 以制定日内投标计划。
对于当前时段 $l$ ,电动汽车 $i$ 功率边界及能量边界为:
$ \max /\min \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = l}}^{{T}_{i,\text{ dep }}}{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i, t}\text{。} $
式中: ${T}_{i,\text{ dep }}$ 表示电动汽车 $i$ 的离网时间,以目标函数最大求解可得电动汽车 $i$ 能量上边界,以目标函数最小求解可得电动汽车 $i$ 能量下边界; ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i, t}$ 为电动汽车 $i$ 在时段 $t$ 电池的 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$
1)电动汽车小时充/放电功率约束为:
$ 0 \leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}} \leq {T}_{i, t}{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{c}}{\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}} = {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ub}}}, \\ 0 \leq {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}} \leq {T}_{i, t}{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{d}}{\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}} = - {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{lb}}}, \\ {\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}} + {\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}} \leq 1\text{ 。 } $
式中: ${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}}$${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为电动汽车 $i$$t$ 时段的小时充电功率和小时放电功率,单位 ${\mathrm{{kW}}}_{ \circ };{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{c}}$${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为电动汽车 $t$ 时段最大充电功率和最大放电功率,单位 $\mathrm{{kW}};{\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}}$${\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为电动汽车充放电状态的二进制变量, ${\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}}$ 取 1 表示电动汽车 $i$ 在时段 $t$ 充电, ${\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}}$ 取 1 表示电动汽车 $i$ 在时段 $t$ 放电; ${P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ub}}}\text{、}{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{lb}}}$ 分别为第 $i$ 辆电动汽车在 $t$ 时段功率的上边界和下边界,单位 $\mathrm{{kW}};{T}_{i, t}$ 为电动汽车 $i$ 在时段 $t$ 内接入电网的时间, 由电动汽车出行规律、出行距离及离网时间算出。
2)电动汽车调频容量约束为:
$ 0 \leq {R}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}} \leq {T}_{i, t}{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{d}}{\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}} + {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}} - {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}}, \\ 0 \leq {R}_{i, t}^{\text{down }} \leq {T}_{i, t}{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{c}}{\gamma }_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}} - {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}} + {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}} \circ $
式中: ${R}_{i, t}^{\text{up }}\text{、}{R}_{i, t}^{\text{down }}$ 分别为电动汽车 $i$$t$ 时段的上调频容量和下调频容量,单位 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
3)电动汽车 SOC 约束为:
$ {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i, t + 1} = {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i, t} + \left( {{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{c}} - {l}_{t}^{\text{down }}{R}_{i, t}^{\text{down }}}\right) \eta /{C}_{\mathrm{{ev}}} - \\ \left( {{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{d}} + {l}_{t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}{R}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}}\right) /\left( {\eta {C}_{\mathrm{{ev}}}}\right) , \\ {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min } \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i, t} \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }\text{,} \\ {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i, t} \geq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i}^{\exp }, t = {T}_{i,\text{ dep }} \circ $
式中: $\eta$ 为电动汽车充放电效率; ${C}_{\mathrm{{ev}}}$ 为电池容量, 单位 $\mathrm{{kWh}};{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\min }$${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\max }$ 分别为 $\mathrm{V}2\mathrm{G}$ 中电池的 SOC 下限和 SOC 上限, 用于保护电池安全并满足车主行驶需求; ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{i}^{\exp }$ 为电动汽车 $i$ 申报期望 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ ; ${l}_{t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}$${l}_{t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$ 分别为上、下调频能量系数,用于体现电动汽车在 $t$ 时段内参与系统调频引发的电池能量累积。
随着时段 $l$ 的不断推进,模型求解的时间段减少, 车辆功率边界及能量边界将滚动更新, 所以该式所求边界可称为电动汽车动态调度边界。采用式 (1)~(4)将各电动汽车动态调度边界分类聚合,形成各类电动汽车集群动态可调度边界。
参与日内实时市场后, 电动汽车代理商需根据日内一实时两阶段市场出清结果, 将各类电动汽车集群的调度功率及调频备用容量计划快速分配至每辆电动汽车。
根据文献[ 23 ]建立以分配偏差最小为目标的单辆电动汽车调度功率及调频备用容量分配优化模型:
$ \min {f}_{i}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\text{ bias }} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = l}}^{{T}_{l}}{\left( {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c},\text{ ave }} - {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}}\right) }^{2} + \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = l}}^{{T}_{l}}{\left( {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d},\text{ ave }} - {P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}}\right) }^{2} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = l}}^{{T}_{l}}{\left( {R}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{up}},\text{ ave }} - {R}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}\right) }^{2} + \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = l}}^{{T}_{l}}{\left( {R}_{k, t}^{\text{down, ave }} - {R}_{i, t}^{\text{down }}\right) }^{2} \circ $
式中: $i \in {\mathbf{\Omega }}_{k}^{\text{type }},{P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c},\text{ ave }}\text{、}{P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d},\text{ ave }}\text{、}{R}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{up}},\text{ ave }}$${R}_{k, t}^{\text{down, ave }}$ 分别为第 $k$ 类车群平均充电功率、放电功率、上调频容量及下调频容量,上述变量单位均为 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ ,由 $k$ 类车群总调度计划及车辆数取平均得到。
约束条件同式 (6) $\sim$ (8)。电动汽车代理商处理各类车群总调度计划后,可下发至充放电站或终端充放电设备, 通过边缘计算快速优化求解。
调频时间尺度下,电动汽车 $i$ 在时间窗 $l$ 时刻 $\tau$ 下功率为:
$ {P}_{i,\tau }^{\mathrm{{ev}}} = {P}_{i, l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}, * } + {R}_{i, l}^{\mathrm{{down}}, * }{\delta }_{l,\tau }^{ - } - {P}_{i, l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}, * } - {R}_{i, l}^{\mathrm{{up}}, * }{\delta }_{l,\tau }^{ + } $
式中: ${P}_{i, l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}, * }$${P}_{i, l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}, * }$${R}_{i, l}^{\mathrm{{up}}, * }$${R}_{i, l}^{\mathrm{{down}}, * }$ 分别为时段 $l$ 下分配至电动汽车 $i$ 充电调度功率、放电调度功率、 上调频容量及下调频容量,上述变量单位均为 $\mathrm{{kW}}$${\delta }_{l,\tau }^{ + }$${\delta }_{l,\tau }^{ - }$ 为时刻 $\tau$ 电力系统下发至电动汽车代理商的调频任务。 3
日内能量-调频市场共包括 ${T}_{l}$ 个实时平衡市场, 市场决策主体包括电动汽车代理商、风电供应商、 电力交易中心。本文参考文献[ 21 ]研究了电力市场中风电的偏差惩罚机制, 在能量-调频实时市场中引入电量及容量偏差考核。
对于当前第 $l$ 个实时平衡市场决策阶段,电动汽车代理商以时段 $l$ 至时段 ${T}_{l}$ 的电动汽车集群总偏差惩罚成本最小为目标,决策变量为时段 $l$${T}_{l}$ 偏差电量及偏差容量, 其实时投标模型为:
$ \min {f}_{\mathrm{{EV}}}^{\mathrm{{RT}}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in {\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\text{uppe }}}}\left( \begin{array}{l} {\alpha }^{\left( \cdot \right) }{\lambda }_{l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{rt}}}\left| {\Delta {P}_{k, l}^{\mathrm{{ev}}}}\right| \\ + {\beta }^{\left( \cdot \right) }{\rho }_{t}^{R,\mathrm{{up}}}\left| {\Delta {R}_{k, l}^{\mathrm{{up}}}}\right| \\ + {\beta }^{\left( \cdot \right) }{\rho }_{t}^{R,\mathrm{{down}}}\left| {\Delta {R}_{k, l}^{\mathrm{{down}}}}\right| \end{array}\right) {\Delta l} + \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in {\Omega }_{\text{type }}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = l + 1}}^{{T}_{l}}\left( \begin{array}{l} {\alpha }^{\left( \cdot \right) }{\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{da}}, * }\left| {\Delta {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}}}}\right| \\ + {\beta }^{\left( \cdot \right) }{\rho }_{t}^{R,\mathrm{{up}}}\left| {\Delta {R}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}}\right| \\ + {\beta }^{\left( \cdot \right) }{\rho }_{t}^{R,\mathrm{{down}}}\left| {\Delta {R}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}}\right| \end{array}\right) {\Delta l} + \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in {\Omega }_{\text{type }}}}\left( {{C}_{k}^{\text{loss }} - {C}_{k}^{\text{loss }, * }}\right) 。 $
式中: ${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\text{type }}$ 为电动汽车类别集合; ${\alpha }^{\left( \cdot \right) }$${\beta }^{\left( \cdot \right) }$ 分别为电量与容量偏差考核惩罚系数, 若偏差量为正, 则 ${}^{\left( \cdot \right) }$ 取+,反之则取-。电动汽车及风电实时物理交割与日前中标的偏差电量按实时配网节点边际电价结算, 电动汽车及风电实时物理交割与日前中标的偏差容量按实时调频备用容量价格结算; ${\lambda }_{l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{rt}}}$ 为电动汽车代理商在 $l$ 时段的等效节点边际电价,单位 $\$ /\mathrm{{kWh}};{\rho }_{t}^{R,\text{ up }}$${\rho }_{t}^{R,\text{ down }}$ 分别为 $t$ 时段上调频价格和下调频价格,单位 $\$ /\mathrm{{kW}};{\lambda }_{t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{da}}}$ 为日前能量市场 $t$ 时段配网节点的出清电价,单位 $\$ /\mathrm{{kWh}};{\Delta l}$ 表示时段间隔; $\Delta {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}}}\text{、}\Delta {R}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}$$\Delta {R}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{down}}}$ 分别为第 $k$ 类电动汽车 $t$ 时段的功率偏差、上调频容量偏差及下调频容量偏差,上述变量单位均为 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ 。功率偏差计算如式 (12)所示, 其余偏差参数计算与之类似, 即为实时出力与日前计划出力差值,此处不再赘述。
$ \Delta {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}}} = {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}} - {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}} - \left( {{P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}, * } - {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}, * }}\right) 。 $
式中: ${P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}}\text{、}{P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为第 $k$ 类等效聚合车群在 $t$ 时段的充/放电功率,单位 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
其中,第 $k$ 类电动汽车电池损耗 ${C}_{k}^{\text{loss }}$ 表示为:
$ {C}_{k}^{\text{loss }} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in {\mathbf{\Omega }}_{k}^{\text{type }}}}{n}_{\mathrm{{eq}}, i}^{\mathrm{{V2G}}}/{N}_{0} \cdot {C}_{\text{bat }} \circ $
式中: ${N}_{0}$ 为电池在标准测试条件下的循环寿命; ${C}_{\mathrm{{bat}}}$ 为电池价格; ${n}_{\mathrm{{eq}}, i}^{\mathrm{{V2G}}}$ 为车辆 $i$$\mathrm{V}2\mathrm{G}$ 中的单次等效标准充放电循环次数, 具体求解方法和线性化过程见文献[ 24 ]。
1)投标价格约束为:
$ {\lambda }_{l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{rt}}} = \frac{1}{{N}_{\mathrm{{CDS}}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{{CDS}}}}}{\lambda }_{j, l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{rt}}} \circ $
式中: ${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathrm{{CDS}}}$ 为电动汽车充放电站所在配网节点的集合; ${\lambda }_{j, l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{rt}}}$ 为电动汽车充电站所在配网 $j$ 节点 $l$ 时段的边际电价,单位 $\$ /\mathrm{{kWh}}$
2)能量调度功率约束为:
$ 0 \leq {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}}{\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}} \leq {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{ub}}}, \\ 0 \leq {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}}{\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}} \leq {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{lb}}}, \\ {\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}} + {\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}} \leq 1 $
式中: ${\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}}\text{、}{\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为第 $k$ 类等效聚合电动汽车群在 $t$ 时段充放电状态的二进制变量, ${\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}}$ 取 1 表示当前时段电动汽车充电, ${\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}}$ 取 1 表示当前时段放电; ${P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}}\text{、}{P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为第 $k$ 类等效聚合车群在 $t$ 时段的充/放电功率,单位 $\mathrm{{kW}};{P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{ub}}}\text{、}{P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{lb}}}$ 分别为第 $k$ 类等效聚合电动汽车群在 $t$ 时段的集总上/下功率边界,单位 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
3)调频容量约束为:
$ 0 \leq {R}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{up}}} \leq {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{lb}}}{\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}} + {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}} - {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}}, \\ 0 \leq {R}_{k, t}^{\text{down }} \leq {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\text{ ub }}{\gamma }_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\text{ c }} - {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\text{ c }} + {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\text{ d }} \circ $
式中: ${R}_{k, t}^{\text{up }}\text{、}{R}_{k, t}^{\text{down }}$ 分别为第 $k$ 类电动汽车在 $t$ 时段的上调频容量与下调频容量,单位 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
4)SOC约束为:
$ {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{lb}}} \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{t} \leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{ub}}}, \\ {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t + 1} = {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t} + \left( {{P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}} - {l}_{t}^{\text{down }}{R}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\text{ down }}}\right) \eta /{C}_{\mathrm{{ev}}} - \\ \left( {{P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}} + {l}_{t}^{\mathrm{{up}}}{R}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{up}}}}\right) /\left( {\eta {C}_{\mathrm{{ev}}}}\right) + \Delta {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t}\text{。} $
式中: ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\text{ ub }}$${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\text{ lb }}$ 分别为第 $k$ 类等效聚合电动汽车群在 $t$ 时段的集总能量上/下边界; $\eta$ 为电动汽车充放电效率; ${C}_{\mathrm{{ev}}}$ 为电池容量; ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{t}$$t$ 时刻电动汽车荷电状态; ${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t}$${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t + 1}$ 分别为第 $k$ 类等效聚合电动汽车群在 $t$ 时段与 $t + 1$ 时段的荷电状态; $\Delta {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{k, t}$ 为第 $k$ 类电动汽车在 $t$ 时段的集总 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 变化。
与电动汽车代理商不同, 风电供应商仅需根据当前短时风速预测情况, 以在能量-调频实时市场的偏差惩罚成本最低为目标函数,制定时段 $l$ 下风电机组最优功率基点以及上、下调频备用容量, 其实时投标模型为:
$ \min {f}_{\text{Wind }}^{\mathrm{{RT}}} = {\alpha }^{\left( \cdot \right) }{\lambda }_{j, l}^{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{{rt}}}\left| {\Delta {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{w}}}\right| {\Delta l} + {\beta }^{\left( \cdot \right) }{\rho }_{l}^{R,\mathrm{{up}}}\left| {\Delta {R}_{1}^{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{{up}}}}\right| {\Delta l} + \\ {\beta }^{\left( \cdot \right) }{\rho }_{l}^{R,\text{ down }}\left| {\Delta {R}_{l}^{\mathrm{w},\text{ down }}}\right| {\Delta l}\text{ 。 } $
式中: ${\lambda }_{j, l}^{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{{rt}}}$ 为风电机组所在配网 $j$ 节点 $l$ 时段的边际电价,单位 $\$ /\mathrm{{kWh}};\Delta {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{w}}\text{、}\Delta {R}_{l}^{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{{up}}}$$\Delta {R}_{l}^{\mathrm{w},\text{ down }}$ 分别为风电供应商 $l$ 时段投标的功率偏差、上调频容量偏差及下调频容量偏差,上述变量单位均为 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
1)风电出力约束为:
$ 0 \leq {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{w}} \leq {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{{fa}}}\text{。} $
式中: ${P}_{l}^{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{{fa}}}$ 为风电短时预测出力,单位 $\mathrm{{kW}}$
2)调频容量约束为:
$ 0 \leq {R}_{l}^{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{{up}}} \leq \min \left( {{P}_{l}^{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{{fa}}} - {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{w}},{\delta }_{\mathrm{{ramp}}}^{\mathrm{w}}{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{w}}}\right) , \\ 0 \leq {R}_{l}^{\mathrm{w},\text{ down }} \leq \min \left( {{P}_{l}^{\mathrm{w}},{\delta }_{\text{ramp }}^{\mathrm{w}}{P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{w}}}\right) 。 $
式中: ${\delta }_{\text{ramp }}^{\mathrm{w}}$ 为风电机组爬坡率; ${P}_{\max }^{\mathrm{w}}$ 为风电机组的额定最大输出功率。
实时能量市场中, 电力交易中心以社会成本最小为目标,决策时段 $l$ 下发电商最优出力偏差以及配网实时节点边际电价, 其实时出清模型为:
$ \min {f}_{\text{Market }}^{\mathrm{{RT}}} = \left( {{\lambda }_{l}^{\mathrm{G}, * }\Delta {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{G}} + {\pi }^{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{b}}\left| {\Delta {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{G}}}\right| }\right) {\Delta l} - \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in {\Omega }_{\text{type }}}}{\lambda }_{l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{{rt}}}\Delta {P}_{k, t}^{\mathrm{{ev}}}{\Delta l} + {\lambda }_{j, l}^{\mathrm{w},\mathrm{{rt}}}\Delta {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{w}}{\Delta l}\text{ 。 } $
式中: ${\lambda }_{l}^{\mathrm{G}, * }$ 为目前能量市场时段 $l$ 的出清节点边际电价,单位 $\$ /\mathrm{{kWh}};\Delta {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{G}}$ 为发电商时段 $l$ 的偏差功率, 单位 $\mathrm{{kW}}$ ; ${\pi }^{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{b}}$ 为发电商的单位平衡费用,单位 $\mathrm{S}$ 。 目标函数包含了现货电量的费用和合约偏差的平衡费用。
实时电力市场出清模型的约束条件包括配网节点偏差功率平衡约束、发电商偏差功率平衡约束、 配网支路偏差功率约束以及发电商调峰容量约束。
1)配网节点偏差功率平衡约束为:
$ \Delta {P}_{{ij}, l} - \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{w}j}}}\Delta {P}_{{jk}, l} = \Delta {P}_{j, l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{c}} - \Delta {P}_{j, l}^{\mathrm{{ev}},\mathrm{d}} - \Delta {P}_{j, l}^{\mathrm{w}}, \\ j \in {\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\text{node }}\text{。} $
式中: $\Delta {P}_{{ij}, l}$$l$ 时段系统节点 $i$ 流向节点 $j$ 的有功偏差功率; $\Delta {P}_{{jk}, l}$$l$ 时段系统节点 $i$ 流向节点 $k$ 的有功偏差功率。
2)发电商偏差功率平衡约束为:
$ \Delta {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{G}} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in {\Omega }_{\mathrm{w}0}}}\Delta {P}_{{0j}, l} \circ $
式中: $\Delta {P}_{{0j}, l}$$l$ 时段配网首端节点流向节点 $j$ 的偏差功率。
3)配网支路偏差功率约束为:
$ - {P}_{{ij},\max } \leq {P}_{{ij}, l}^{ * } + \Delta {P}_{{ij}, l} \leq {P}_{{ij},\max },\;\left( {i, j}\right) \in {\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\text{line } \circ } $
式中: ${P}_{{ij}, l}^{ * }$ 为日前 $l$ 时段系统(i, j)支路功率。
4)发电商功率调节上下限约束为:
$ \Delta {P}^{\mathrm{G},\min } \leq \Delta {P}_{l}^{\mathrm{G}} \leq \Delta {P}^{\mathrm{G},\max } \circ $
式中: $\Delta {P}^{\mathrm{G},\max }\text{、}\Delta {P}^{\mathrm{G},\min }$ 分别为发电商功率调节上限和功率调节下限。
在上述实时能量一调频市场中, 上层投标信息以及市场出清价格使电动汽车代理商、风电供应商与电力交易中心三者的最优决策相互影响, 上述含多参与者多目标双层优化的形式描述为:
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \mathop{\min }\limits_{x}{F}_{\mathrm{e/w}}\left( {{x}_{\mathrm{e/w}}, y,{z}_{\mathrm{e/w}}}\right) \\ \text{ s.t. }{G}_{\mathrm{e/w}}\left( {{x}_{\mathrm{e/w}}, y,{z}_{\mathrm{e/w}}}\right) \geq 0 \\ {H}_{\mathrm{e/w}}\left( {{x}_{\mathrm{e/w}}, y,{z}_{\mathrm{e/w}}}\right) = 0 \\ y = \mathop{\operatorname{argmin}}\limits_{y}f\left( {x, y}\right) \\ \text{ s.t. }g\left( {x, y}\right) \geq 0 \\ h\left( {x, y}\right) \geq 0 \end{array}\right. $
式中: ${F}_{\mathrm{e}/\mathrm{w}}\left( \cdot \right)$ 为电动汽车代理商或风电供应商目标函数; ${x}_{\mathrm{e}/\mathrm{w}}$ 为电动汽车代理商或风电供应商偏差功率; $x$ 为电力市场接收的能量报价情况; $y$ 为市场节点边际价格; ${z}_{\mathrm{e}/\mathrm{w}}$ 为电动汽车代理商或风电供应商调频偏差容量; $f\left( \cdot \right)$ 为市场出清目标函数; ${G}_{\mathrm{e}/\mathrm{w}}$${H}_{\mathrm{e}/\mathrm{w}}$ 为上层模型约束条件; $g\left( \cdot \right)$$h\left( \cdot \right)$ 为下层模型约束条件。
实时能量市场各决策主体间关系如 图 2 所示。
电动汽车代理商与风电供应商作为上层, 各自在能量-调频市场中最小化偏差惩罚成本后, 向电力交易中心下发偏差电量投标信息。电力交易中心根据收到的市场价格投标信息后进行市场优化出清, 并将实时市场节点边际价格返回电动汽车代理商与风电供应商。电动汽车代理商与风电供应商收到出清信息后再次优化投标计划, 并再次将计划投标至能量市场。如此进行多轮迭代, 最终形成市场均衡。在实时市场中, 电动汽车代理商与风电供应商为 Nash 博弈关系, 其中一方在其他参与者信息确定情况下制定自身最优决策。而电力交易中心与电动汽车代理商及风电供应商为 Stackelberg 博弈关系, 电动汽车代理商及风电供应商作为领导者, 向电力市场发布自身投标信息, 电力市场作为跟随者, 根据上层信息制定最优市场出清计划。
考虑到迭代法的求解时间较长, 本文选用驻点法将双层模型转换为单层进行求解, 即建立实时能量市场出清问题的 KKT 系统, 并将其作为电动汽车代理商或风电供应商投标问题的约束条件, 将电动汽车代理商与风电供应商参与能量-调频市场的实时投标问题转化为混合整数线性优化问题。
实时能量-调频市场的时间间隔为 ${15}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,时间窗总个数 ${T}_{l}$ 为 96,惩罚系数 ${\alpha }^{ + } = {0.5}\text{、}{\alpha }^{ - } = 2$${\beta }^{ + } = {0.5}\text{、}{\beta }^{ - } = {1.8}$ 。电动汽车实时分类标准见 表 1 。 测试系统与参数设置参照文献[ 22 ], 并随机选取其风电出力场景作为本文日内风电最大出力短时预测情况, 电动汽车集群采用蒙特卡洛法生成。
不同滚动时间窗 $l$ 下,充放电站内的电动汽车能量边界及功率边界如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可知, 电动汽车实时调度边界随着日内时间推进而动态变化。在时间窗 $l = 6$ 时,电动汽车能量边界与功率边界均在时段 40 后变为 0 ,在时间窗 $l = {48}$ 时,其边界均在时段 75 后变为 0,这是因为通勤类电动汽车均在上午离开家、在下午离开办公点, 所有车辆离开电网使后续时段调度边界为 0 。 在时间窗 $l = {35}$ 时,部分电动汽车开始接入充电站, 站内电动汽车调度边界逐渐恢复。
根据 表 1 电动汽车分类标准, 本文选择第 5 类电动汽车集群 (初始 SOC 为 0.4 ~ 0.6 、期望 SOC < 0.7、离网时间 <8:00 前 ), 分析其日内运行结果, 并从该类电动汽车集群中选择典型电动汽车 EV1 分析其SOC变化。
图 4 a 可知, 由于电动汽车经种类划分以及边界聚合后参与电动汽车代理商实时投标策略制定, 故该类电动汽车集群日内优化运行结果中多数时段提供下调频容量获取市场收益且保持电量上升, 同时,充放电循环次数限制在 3 次以内。由 图 4 b 可知, 该类集群调度功率及调频备用容量计划有效分配到了单辆电动汽车 EV1 ,不仅满足了 EV1 在网期间的充电需求, 还保证了 EV1 的调频获益及电能套利。
风电日内优化运行及投标结果如 图 5 所示。
图 5 可知, 为在实时市场中实现收益最大化,在调频容量价格较高时段 (5~24时段),主要通过投标上调频偏差容量处理风电功率波动; 在风电功率基点较高时段 (81~96时段),下调频容量受风电爬坡率限制, 主要通过投标能量偏差功率处理风电功率波动; 而在其余时段, 风电功率基点与下调频容量相同,主要通过投标偏差功率及下调频偏差容量以平衡风电功率实时波动。此外, 大部分时段的风电实时出力大于日前出力计划, 使日内偏差功率多为超发功率。
电动汽车日内优化运行及实时市场投标结果如 图 6 所示。
图 6a可知, 由于考虑了深度放电及放电区间对电池的损耗, 电动汽车日内充放电功率较小, 与功率调度边界存在较大裕度, 较难出现因满足用户充电需求或离网需求而被迫导致的偏差功率。由 图 6b可知,电动汽车功率偏差将导致同等大小的上/下调频容量偏差, 同时, 电动汽车在能量-调频市场中下调频偏差容量较大, 这是因为受电动汽车随机性及时间尺度影响, 在电动汽车集群集中离网和入网时段, 日内调度边界与日前边界存在明显差异。由 图 6c可知,在电价较低时段 (25~35时段), 电动汽车根据风电超发功率进行额外充电, 在电价较高时段 (77~82时段),则根据上午额外的充电电量以及当前风电欠发功率进行额外放电, 通过每个交易时段充分利用风电偏差功率, 将最终配网负荷控制在发电商分段容量内, 使电动汽车超充、超放行为不会导致电价上升、下降, 进而实现在低电价充电和高电价放电的市场最优套利, 将实时市场收益最大化。
本文建立了电动汽车调度边界动态计算模型, 设计了电动汽车个体功率快速分配方法, 实现电动汽车集群快速投标决策。针对实时调度中电动汽车与风电出力的不确定性, 为保证实时电能平衡、调频容量稳定, 基于功率-容量偏差考核研究了电动汽车与风电在能量-调频市场中的实时投标策略。 通过算例仿真, 集群调度功率及调频备用容量可有效分配到单辆EV中,既满足单辆EV充电需求,还保证调频获益及电能套利。在偏差考核下, 风电为实现在实时市场中收益最大化, 可在不同时段选择多样化投标策略, 大部分时段的风电出力大于日前计划, 故日内多为超发功率, 电动汽车能利用每个交易时段的风电偏差功率, 有效调控最终配网负荷, 确保其在发电商的分段容量限制之内。这样一来, 电动汽车的充放电行为便不会引发电价的波动。从而, 电动汽车可以在电价低谷时充电, 电价高峰时放电, 实现市场最优套利, 最大化实时市场的收益。
本文仅考虑了风电与电动汽车在实时市场中的投标策略, 未来可考虑包含分布式储能、光电等更多元的市场主体, 探索各主体间的合作竞争关系。 同时,本文仅考虑了单个电动汽车代理商参与实时市场投标, 后续可进一步研究电动汽车用户参与车网互动的激励机制, 以提高电动汽车用户响应率, 及其在多代理商下的电动汽车选择行为对市场投标策略的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52277081)
  • 中国南方电网有限责任公司科技项目(073000KK52220001)
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2024年第14卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2024.06.08
  • 接收时间:2024-01-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-25
  • 修回日期:2024-03-01
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52277081)
中国南方电网有限责任公司科技项目(073000KK52220001)
作者信息
    1 重庆大学 输变电装备技术全国重点实验室 重庆 400044
    2 智能电网与海岛微网联合实验室,海口 570125
    3 重庆大学 输变电装备技术全国重点实验室,重庆 400044

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张谦(1980-),女,四川内江人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为电动汽车与电网互动、电力市场、综合能源系统。Tel:18523180411, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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