Article(id=1153797765239923214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683216000000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-05, revisedDate=1698076800000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753016423758, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753016423758, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753016423758, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753016423758, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153797763918713083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='6', pageStart='921', pageEnd='1090', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753016423444, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481666824, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526352126325142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526352130519447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1061, endPage=1071, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153797765709685264, articleId=1153797765239923214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Comparative Study on Heuristic Optimization Algorithms and Their Application in Automobile Parts Optimization Design, columnId=1153756966938731297, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Other Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of designing automobile structures and components, a series of optimization is required to achieve optimal performance, the lightest weight, and the highest efficiency. Due to the complexity of optimization problems, the heuristic intelligent optimization algorithms are typically used to solve them. However, the mechanisms of the heuristic optimization algorithms are not well understood, and their effectiveness in optimization design of automobile parts have not been fully studied. Therefore, selecting appropriate algorithms for different problems is challenging. In this paper, representative algorithms were derived and expressed uniformly. Fiftytwo sets of mathematical benchmark functions and five automobile parts optimization design cases were tested. The results show that the two types of hybrid improved algorithms perform well in the optimization design of automobile parts. Recommendations for engineering

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在汽车结构和零部件设计过程中会产生一系列的优化问题,以实现最佳的性能、最轻的质量和最高的效益。由于优化问题的复杂性,通常利用启发式智能优化算法进行求解。针对启发式优化算法的机理不清晰和其在汽车零部件优化设计过程中效果不明确的问题,对具有代表性的算法进行了统一的推导和表示,利用52组数学测试函数和5个汽车零部件优化案例进行测试分析。结果表明,两类混合改进的优化算法在汽车零部件优化设计问题上的效果较好,同时还给出了工程应用建议和算法研究方向。

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刘钊(1982-),男,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为机器学习与智能设计、数据驱动的企业智能化设计、智慧系统设计。Tel: 18801971294, E-mail:
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邱荣英(1972-),女,江苏吴江人,学士,主要研究方向为整车虚拟性能集成、零部件设计仿真分析及优化。Tel: 021-50161437, E-mail:

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邱荣英(1972-),女,江苏吴江人,学士,主要研究方向为整车虚拟性能集成、零部件设计仿真分析及优化。Tel: 021-50161437, E-mail:

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Piscataway NJ: IEEE, 2003:80-87., articleTitle=Bare Bones Particle Swarms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153801996306993797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=33, issue=null, pageStart=695, pageEnd=709, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=LIU Zhao, LI Han, ZHU Ping, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Zhao, LI Han, ZHU Ping. Diversity Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and Its Application in Vehicle Lightweight Design[J]. 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Problem Definition and Evaluation Criteria for the CEC 2017 Competition on Constrained Real-Parameter Optimization[R]. 2023., articleTitle=Problem Definition and Evaluation Criteria for the CEC 2017 Competition on Constrained Real-Parameter Optimization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153801996541874828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=204, issue=null, pageStart=239, pageEnd=255, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=19, authorNames=LIU Zhao, ZHU Chao, ZHU Ping, journalName=Composite Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Zhao, ZHU Chao, ZHU Ping, et al. Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Composite Battery Box Based on Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm[J]. Composite Structures, 2018,204:239-255., articleTitle=Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Composite Battery Box Based on Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153801996629955212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=140, issue=null, pageStart=630, pageEnd=643, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=20, authorNames=LIU Zhao, LU Jiahai, ZHU Ping, journalName=Composite Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Zhao, LU Jiahai, ZHU Ping. Lightweight Design of Automotive Composite Bumper System Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimizer[J]. Composite Structures, 2016,140:630-643., articleTitle=Lightweight Design of Automotive Composite Bumper System Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimizer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153801996701258381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=181, issue=null, pageStart=73, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=TAO Wei, LIU Zhao, ZHU Ping, journalName=Composite Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAO Wei, LIU Zhao, ZHU Ping, et al. Multi-Scale Design of Three Dimensional Woven Composite Automobile Fender Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm[J]. Composite Structures, 2017,181:73-83., articleTitle=Multi-Scale Design of Three Dimensional Woven Composite Automobile Fender Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153801996764172943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=22, authorNames=TAO Wei, ZHU Ping, LIU Zhao, journalName=Proceedings of the ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Aug. 26-29, 2018, Quebec City, Canada. New York: ASME, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAO Wei, ZHU Ping, LIU Zhao, et al. Lightweight Design of Three-Dimensional Woven Composite Automobile Shock Tower[C]// Proceedings of the ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Aug. 26-29, 2018, Quebec City, Canada. New York: ASME, 2018., articleTitle=Lightweight Design of Three-Dimensional Woven Composite Automobile Shock Tower, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153801996839670417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=23, authorNames=刘钊, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘钊. 改进粒子群算法及其在轿车车身优化设计中的应用研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2016., articleTitle=改进粒子群算法及其在轿车车身优化设计中的应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153801996906779285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=24, authorNames=LIU Zhao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Zhao. Modified Particle Swarm Optimization for Structure Design of Autobody[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2016. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Modified Particle Swarm Optimization for Structure Design of Autobody, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1153801994876736095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, awardId=21ZR1431500, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市自然科学基金项目(21ZR1431500), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1153801984487444842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153801984504222059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, companyId=1153801984487444842, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center Co., Ltd. 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载荷工况 性能指标 约束 设计变量
NVH 模态 一阶频率/Hz ≥35 8
稳态振动 最大应力/MPa $\leq {100}$
落物冲击 位置 1 最大变形/mm $\leq {31}$ 8
强度因子 $\leq {2.5}$
位置 2 最大变形/mm $\leq {35}$ 8
强度因子 $\leq {3.5}$
跌落 强度因子 $\leq {0.8}$ 8
), ArticleFig(id=1153801993706525231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=电池箱设计算例工况与性能指标约束描述, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷工况 性能指标 约束 设计变量
NVH 模态 一阶频率/Hz ≥35 8
稳态振动 最大应力/MPa $\leq {100}$
落物冲击 位置 1 最大变形/mm $\leq {31}$ 8
强度因子 $\leq {2.5}$
位置 2 最大变形/mm $\leq {35}$ 8
强度因子 $\leq {3.5}$
跌落 强度因子 $\leq {0.8}$ 8
), ArticleFig(id=1153801993840742963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷工况 性能指标 约束 设计变量
强度 强度因子 $\leq {0.50}$ 9
RCAR 前纵梁塑性应变 $\leq {0.07}$ 9
碰撞力 $/\mathrm{{kN}}$ $\leq {80}$
ECE R42 侵入量/mm $\leq {25}$ 9
碰撞力 $/\mathrm{{kN}}$ $\leq {30}$
NVH 一阶模态频率/Hz ≥25 9
), ArticleFig(id=1153801993920434743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=前防撞梁设计算例工况与性能指标约束描述, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷工况 性能指标 约束 设计变量
强度 强度因子 $\leq {0.50}$ 9
RCAR 前纵梁塑性应变 $\leq {0.07}$ 9
碰撞力 $/\mathrm{{kN}}$ $\leq {80}$
ECE R42 侵入量/mm $\leq {25}$ 9
碰撞力 $/\mathrm{{kN}}$ $\leq {30}$
NVH 一阶模态频率/Hz ≥25 9
), ArticleFig(id=1153801993991737914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷工况 性能指标 约束
安装点 安装点刚度/ $\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ ≥50
外板 外板刚度/(N/mm) $\geq {100}$
翼尖 一阶模态频率/Hz ≥300
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994063041085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=翼子板设计算例工况与性能指标约束描述, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷工况 性能指标 约束
安装点 安装点刚度/ $\left( {\mathrm{N}/\mathrm{{mm}}}\right)$ ≥50
外板 外板刚度/(N/mm) $\geq {100}$
翼尖 一阶模态频率/Hz ≥300
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994130149951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标 约束 可靠度/%
经向拉伸强度因子 $\leq {0.75}$ ≥95
经向压缩强度因子 $\leq {0.75}$ ≥95
纬向拉伸强度因子 $\leq {0.75}$ ≥95
纬向压缩强度因子 $\leq {0.75}$ ≥95
$Z$ 轴最大位移/mm $\leq {7.50}$ ≥95
$Y$ 轴最大位移/mm $\leq 3$ ≥95
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994201453124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=避震塔设计性能指标约束描述, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标 约束 可靠度/%
经向拉伸强度因子 $\leq {0.75}$ ≥95
经向压缩强度因子 $\leq {0.75}$ ≥95
纬向拉伸强度因子 $\leq {0.75}$ ≥95
纬向压缩强度因子 $\leq {0.75}$ ≥95
$Z$ 轴最大位移/mm $\leq {7.50}$ ≥95
$Y$ 轴最大位移/mm $\leq 3$ ≥95
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994281144903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷工况 性能指标 约束 设计变量
侧面碰撞 假人下肋骨最大变形/mm $\leq {32}$ 15
B 柱最大变形速度/(m/s) $\leq 9$
车门最大变形速度/kN $\leq 9$
假人腹部作用力/kN $\leq {1.5}$
假人盆骨作用力/kN $\leq 4$
白车身刚度 弯曲刚度/(N/mm) $\geq {11000}$ 20
扭转刚度/(N/mm) $\geq {12000}$
白车身模态 一阶扭转模态频率/Hz $\geq {34}$
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994348253770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=车身轻量化设计算例工况与性能指标约束描述, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷工况 性能指标 约束 设计变量
侧面碰撞 假人下肋骨最大变形/mm $\leq {32}$ 15
B 柱最大变形速度/(m/s) $\leq 9$
车门最大变形速度/kN $\leq 9$
假人腹部作用力/kN $\leq {1.5}$
假人盆骨作用力/kN $\leq 4$
白车身刚度 弯曲刚度/(N/mm) $\geq {11000}$ 20
扭转刚度/(N/mm) $\geq {12000}$
白车身模态 一阶扭转模态频率/Hz $\geq {34}$
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994411168335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试案例 初始质量/ 优化质量/ 减重比 率/% 计算时间/s
电池箱 6.3 4.3 32.2 3.49
前防撞梁 2.7 1.5 44.4 1.69
翼子板 2.1 1.9 6.6 7.98
避震塔 2.4 1.7 27.7 2.29
正碰工况 55.9 25.5 54.3 3.40
偏置碰工况 69.5 38.9 44.1 9.02
侧碰工况 33.9 17.9 47.0 3.44
追尾工况 32.5 12.8 60.5 0.68
顶压溃工况 21.9 12.6 42.3 1.71
振动噪声 57.8 39.4 31.9 0.68
刚度 (降维) 92.5 54.2 41.4 8.26
结构刚度 256.4 141.9 44.7 11.92
平均性能 39.8 4.55
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994486665809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=OLAR-PSO-DE算法初始优化结果 $\left( {t = {100}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试案例 初始质量/ 优化质量/ 减重比 率/% 计算时间/s
电池箱 6.3 4.3 32.2 3.49
前防撞梁 2.7 1.5 44.4 1.69
翼子板 2.1 1.9 6.6 7.98
避震塔 2.4 1.7 27.7 2.29
正碰工况 55.9 25.5 54.3 3.40
偏置碰工况 69.5 38.9 44.1 9.02
侧碰工况 33.9 17.9 47.0 3.44
追尾工况 32.5 12.8 60.5 0.68
顶压溃工况 21.9 12.6 42.3 1.71
振动噪声 57.8 39.4 31.9 0.68
刚度 (降维) 92.5 54.2 41.4 8.26
结构刚度 256.4 141.9 44.7 11.92
平均性能 39.8 4.55
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994629272149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试案例 初始质量/ 优化质量/ 减重比 率/% 计算时间/s
电池箱 6.3 4.3 32.6 0.60
前防撞梁 2.7 1.5 44.5 0.42
翼子板 2.1 2.0 5.0 1.93
避震塔 2.4 1.7 28.7 0.41
正碰工况 55.9 25.7 54.1 2.92
偏置碰工况 69.5 39.1 43.8 8.40
侧碰工况 33.9 18.2 46.2 2.97
追尾工况 32.5 12.8 60.4 0.48
顶压溃工况 21.9 12.7 42.0 1.42
振动噪声 57.8 39.4 31.9 0.45
刚度 (降维) 92.5 54.7 40.8 7.63
结构刚度 256.4 144.9 43.5 10.89
平均性能 39.5 3.21
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994704769625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797765239923214, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=SSI-PSO算法初始优化结果 $\left( {t = {100}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试案例 初始质量/ 优化质量/ 减重比 率/% 计算时间/s
电池箱 6.3 4.3 32.6 0.60
前防撞梁 2.7 1.5 44.5 0.42
翼子板 2.1 2.0 5.0 1.93
避震塔 2.4 1.7 28.7 0.41
正碰工况 55.9 25.7 54.1 2.92
偏置碰工况 69.5 39.1 43.8 8.40
侧碰工况 33.9 18.2 46.2 2.97
追尾工况 32.5 12.8 60.4 0.48
顶压溃工况 21.9 12.7 42.0 1.42
振动噪声 57.8 39.4 31.9 0.45
刚度 (降维) 92.5 54.7 40.8 7.63
结构刚度 256.4 144.9 43.5 10.89
平均性能 39.5 3.21
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启发式优化算法及其在汽车零部件优化设计中的应用对比研究
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邱荣英 1 , 张博钦 2 , 刘钊 3
汽车工程学报 | 其他 2024,14(6): 1061-1071
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汽车工程学报 | 其他 2024, 14(6): 1061-1071
启发式优化算法及其在汽车零部件优化设计中的应用对比研究
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邱荣英1 , 张博钦2, 刘钊3
作者信息
  • 1 泛亚汽车技术中心有限公司 上海 201201
  • 2 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
  • 3 上海交通大学 设计学院 上海 200240
  • 邱荣英(1972-),女,江苏吴江人,学士,主要研究方向为整车虚拟性能集成、零部件设计仿真分析及优化。Tel: 021-50161437, E-mail:

通讯作者:


刘钊(1982-),男,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为机器学习与智能设计、数据驱动的企业智能化设计、智慧系统设计。Tel: 18801971294, E-mail:
Comparative Study on Heuristic Optimization Algorithms and Their Application in Automobile Parts Optimization Design
Rongying QIU1 , Boqin ZHANG2, Zhao LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center Co., Ltd. Shanghai 201201 China
  • 2 School of Mechanical and Power Engineering Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 China
  • 3 School of Design Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.13
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在汽车结构和零部件设计过程中会产生一系列的优化问题,以实现最佳的性能、最轻的质量和最高的效益。由于优化问题的复杂性,通常利用启发式智能优化算法进行求解。针对启发式优化算法的机理不清晰和其在汽车零部件优化设计过程中效果不明确的问题,对具有代表性的算法进行了统一的推导和表示,利用52组数学测试函数和5个汽车零部件优化案例进行测试分析。结果表明,两类混合改进的优化算法在汽车零部件优化设计问题上的效果较好,同时还给出了工程应用建议和算法研究方向。

启发式智能优化算法  /  轻量化设计  /  算法适用性度量  /  对比研究

In the process of designing automobile structures and components, a series of optimization is required to achieve optimal performance, the lightest weight, and the highest efficiency. Due to the complexity of optimization problems, the heuristic intelligent optimization algorithms are typically used to solve them. However, the mechanisms of the heuristic optimization algorithms are not well understood, and their effectiveness in optimization design of automobile parts have not been fully studied. Therefore, selecting appropriate algorithms for different problems is challenging. In this paper, representative algorithms were derived and expressed uniformly. Fiftytwo sets of mathematical benchmark functions and five automobile parts optimization design cases were tested. The results show that the two types of hybrid improved algorithms perform well in the optimization design of automobile parts. Recommendations for engineering

heuristic intelligence optimization algorithm  /  lightweight design  /  algorithm applicability measurement  /  comparative Study
邱荣英, 张博钦, 刘钊. 启发式优化算法及其在汽车零部件优化设计中的应用对比研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1061 -1071 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.13
Rongying QIU, Boqin ZHANG, Zhao LIU. Comparative Study on Heuristic Optimization Algorithms and Their Application in Automobile Parts Optimization Design[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1061 -1071 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.13
汽车车身结构设计是一个集汽车碰撞安全性、 振动、噪声和舒适性为一体的复杂系统优化设计问题 [ 1 ] 。随着问题逐渐复杂,如黑箱问题的产生,传统的基于梯度的算法越来越难以有效处理。因此, 大量学者通过模拟物理准则和自然界法则, 致力于进化计算的研究。进化计算也被称为演化学习、启发式优化算法、启发式搜索等,但习惯性地被称为智能优化算法。
根据启发式智能优化算法比喻义来源的不同, 习惯上可以将其分为 4 类。
1)生物遗传类算法, 该类算法通过模拟生物基因遗传过程中染色体的交叉、变异、选择等现象, 进而进行算法设计, 如遗传算法 (Genetic Algorithm, GA) [ 2 ] 、差分进化算法(Differential Evolution, DE) [ 3 ] 等。
2)物理法则类算法, 此类算法基于物理法则或物理公式进行算法设计, 如中心力优化算法 (Central Force Optimization, CFO) [ 4 ] 、引力搜索算法(Gravitational Search Algorithm, GSA) [ 5 ] 等。
3)群智能(Swarm Intelligence, SI)类算法, 此类算法通过模拟群居生物的个体行为和个体间的相互作用进行算法设计, 如粒子群优化算法 (Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO)、人工蜂群算法(Artificial Bee Colony Optimization, ABC)、蜻蜓算法 (Dragonfly Algorithm, DA)、社会蜘蛛算法(Social Spider Optimization, SSO)等 [ 6 - 13 ]
4)直接启发类算法(或称为人类活动启发的算法),如和声搜索算法(Harmony Search, HS) [ 14 ] 等。
启发式算法因其设计动机源自自然界, 所以算法描述上过多地涉及比喻义来源的描述, 同时, 基于比喻义的分类法不能反映算法的本质特征, 分类合理性不足。面对多种多样的实际工程问题, 相关学者提出了大量不同的优化算法及改进策略, 且均在各自的对比范围内取得较好的效果, 而这些算法针对汽车零部件优化设计问题的适用性仍然不明确、不具体,有待进一步研究。
为对比分析不同优化算法, 本研究首先对代表性算法的核心算式进行统一的梳理和推导, 并用统一的符号进行表示。文中 $\mathbf{x}$ 为候选解集, $x$ 为候选解的分量, $i$ 为候选解编号, $d$ 为维度编号, $t$ 为迭代次数, ${N}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为粒子的数量, $D$ 为总维度, $T$ 为最大迭代次数, ${\mathbf{x}}^{\mathrm{U}}$${\mathbf{x}}^{\mathrm{L}}$ 分别为设计域的上下界, $r$ 为随机数; $f\left( \cdot \right)$ 为适应度 (Fitness),通常为优化问题的目标函数。
1995 年, KENNEDY 等 [ 6 ] 通过模拟鸟类捕食过程设计了粒子群优化算法, 是最具代表性的启发式优化算法之一, 算法的迭代格式如下。
1)随机初始化候选解集 (粒子):
$ {x}_{d, i}^{\left( 0\right) } = {x}_{d}^{\mathrm{L}} + {r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{x}_{d}^{\mathrm{U}} - {x}_{d}^{\mathrm{L}}}\right) 。 $
2)更新粒子速度:
$ {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = {v}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {c}_{1}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{p}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) + \\ {c}_{2}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{g}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) \text{。} $
式中: $p$ 为个体最优粒子,即每个个体在迭代过程中达到的最优解; $g$ 为全局最优粒子,即全部个体在迭代过程中发现的最优解。
3)更新粒子位置:
$ {x}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } \circ $
4)基于贪心策略更新 $p$$g$
5)继续迭代过程。
粒子群算法设计相对简洁和明确。此外, KENNEDY [ 15 ] 给出了最简形式,即最简粒子群优化算法 (BBPSO),利用正态分布 $N$ 进行迭代,则:
$ {x}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = N\left( {\frac{{p}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {g}^{\left( t\right) }}{2},\left| {{p}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } - {g}^{\left( t\right) }}\right| }\right) 。 $
2016 年, MIRJALILI 等。 [ 12 ] 受蜻蜓群落启发, 提出了蜻蜓算法, 其过程如下。
1)随机初始化候选解集:
$ {x}_{d, i}^{\left( 0\right) } = {x}_{d}^{\mathrm{L}} + {r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{x}_{d}^{\mathrm{U}} - {x}_{d}^{\mathrm{L}}}\right) 。 $
2)基于仿生思想计算种群间不同的行为如下。
分离:
$ {S}_{i} = - \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}\left( {{x}_{i} - {x}_{j}}\right) 。 $
排列:
$ {A}_{i} = \frac{1}{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}\left( {\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}{v}_{j}}\right) 。 $
聚合:
$ {C}_{i} = \frac{1}{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}{x}_{j} - {x}_{i} \circ $
吸引:
$ {F}_{i} = {X}^{ + } - {X}_{i}\text{ 。 } $
排斥:
$ {E}_{i} = {X}^{ - } - {X}_{i} \circ $
3)更新速度和位置。
$ {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = \left( {s{S}_{i} + a{A}_{i} + c{C}_{i} + f{F}_{i} + e{E}_{i}}\right) + w{v}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } \circ $
$ {x}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } \\ {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + \operatorname{Levy}\left( d\right) {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) },\text{ alone } \end{array}\right. $
式中: alone 为当前候选解邻域内无其他候选解; Levy 为模拟昆虫运动的莱维搜索过程, 如式 (13) 所示。
$ \operatorname{Levy}\left( x\right) = \frac{{0.01}{r}_{1}}{{\left| {r}_{2}\right| }^{1/\beta }}{\left( \frac{\Gamma \left( {1 + \beta }\right) \sin \left( \frac{\pi \beta }{2}\right) }{{2}^{\frac{\beta - 1}{2}}{\beta \Gamma }\left( \frac{1 + \beta }{2}\right) }\right) }^{\frac{1}{\beta }}。 $
式中: $\beta = {1.5};\Gamma = \left( {x - 1}\right) !$
4)基于贪心策略更新候选解集。
5)继续迭代过程。
2019 年, LIU Zhao 等 [ 16 ] 提出基于速度重置和扰动粒子的粒子群优化算法(Optimal Latin hypercube design sampling and Adaptive Reset operator enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization with disturbance particles, OLAR-PSO-d)。该算法是一种串行的改进, 通过初始化采样、速度重置和粒子扰动等操作扩展粒子群算法的流程, 进而改进算法针对一般问题的优化性能,其过程如下。
1)随机初始化候选解 (种群):
$ {x}_{d, i}^{\left( 0\right) } = {x}_{d}^{\mathrm{L}} + {r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{x}_{d}^{\mathrm{U}} - {x}_{d}^{\mathrm{L}}}\right) 。 $
2)更新种群速度:
$ {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = {w}_{t}{v}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {c}_{1}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{p}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {d}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) + \\ {c}_{2}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{g}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {d}_{g}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) \text{。} $
式中: ${c}_{1}$${c}_{2}$ 为学习因子; $d$ 为该算法提出的扰动粒子,则:
$ {d}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } = {s}^{\left( t\right) }{r}_{\pm {0.5}}{p}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } \circ $
$ {d}_{g}^{\left( t\right) } = {s}^{\left( t\right) }{r}_{\pm {0.5}}{g}^{\left( t\right) } \circ $
式中: ${s}^{\left( t\right) }$ 为优化过程中从 1 到 0 线性递减的比例因子。
3)更新种群位置:
$ {x}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = \left\{ {\begin{array}{l} {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } \\ {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {v}_{\text{reset }}\text{ if stagnation } \end{array} \circ }\right. $
式中: stagnation 为发生停滞(候选解所对应的优化目标值连续迭代多次不改变), 此时对速度进行重置, 则:
$ {v}_{\text{reset }} = {\mu \eta }{v}_{\text{rand } \circ } $
式中: $\mu$ 为迭代相关系数,如式 (20) 所示。
$ \mu = {\left( 1 - t/T\right) }^{0.5}\text{。} $
$ \eta = \left( {{\eta }_{\max } - {\eta }_{\min }}\right) \mu + {\eta }_{\min } \circ $
4)基于贪心策略更新候选解集。
5)继续迭代过程。
2020 年, LIU Zhao 等 [ 17 ] 提出多子种群的社会蜘蛛粒子群优化算法(Social Spider Inspired Particle Swarm Optimization, SSI-PSO)。该算法将社会蜘蛛种群中不同蜘蛛的行为引入到粒子群算法的控制中, 是一种并行改进, 基于混合的、差异化的多子种群策略改进算法的优化性能, 其核心是对标准粒子群的速度更新算式进行改变, 具体如下。
1)随机选择 PF 粒子, 基于 PSO 策略正常迭代, 则:
$ {v}_{d, i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = {\omega }^{\left( t\right) }{v}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } + {c}_{1}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{p}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) + \\ {c}_{2}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{g}_{d}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) \text{。} $
2)随机选择 NF 粒子进行消极迭代, 提高种群多样性, 则:
$ {v}_{d, i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = - {\omega }^{\left( t\right) }{v}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {c}_{1}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{p}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) - \\ {c}_{2}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{g}_{d}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) 。 $
3)基于适应度排序,选择较高适应度的粒子定义为 $\mathrm{{DM}}$ 粒子,赋予局部搜索策略,则:
$ {v}_{d, i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = {\omega }^{\left( t\right) }{v}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } + {c}_{1}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{p}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) + \\ {c}_{2}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{l}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) \text{。} $
式中: $l$ 为邻域最优解,如式 (25) 所示。
$ {l}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } = \underset{j \neq k}{\arg \max }\text{ fit }\left( {g}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }\right) 。 $
${\omega }^{\left( t\right) }$ 为惯性因子,如式 (26) 所示。
$ {\omega }^{\left( t\right) } = \left( {{\omega }_{\max } - {\omega }_{\min }}\right) \left( {{t}_{\max } - {t}_{\min }}\right) /{t}_{\max } + {\omega }_{\min } \circ $
${d}_{i, j}^{\left( t\right) }$ 为邻域范围,如式 (27) 所示。
$ {d}_{i, j}^{\left( t\right) } = \frac{1}{D}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{d = 1}}^{D}\left| {{x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {p}_{d, j}^{\left( t\right) }}\right| , i \neq j\text{ 。 } $
4)基于适应度排序,将 DM 以外的粒子定义为NM粒子, 在低适应度下正常迭代, 则:
$ {v}_{d, i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = {\omega }^{\left( t\right) }{v}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } + {c}_{1}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{p}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) + \\ {c}_{2}{r}_{\left\lbrack 0,1\right\rbrack }\left( {{g}_{d}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) 。 $
1.1 节与 1.2 节中分析的算法在设计过程中, 为模拟其比喻义来源的机制, 引入了一定量的中间算子,均可进行进一步的推导和简化。
1)PSO推导:
$ {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = {v}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } - \left( {{c}_{1}{r}_{1} + {c}_{2}{r}_{2}}\right) {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + \\ {c}_{1}{r}_{1}{p}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {c}_{2}{r}_{2}{g}^{\left( t\right) } \circ $
式中: ${x}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) }$ 为候选解集 (粒子),如式 (30) 所示。
$ {x}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } \circ $
2)DA推导:
$ {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = w{v}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + \left( {s{N}_{\mathrm{P}} - e - f - \frac{c}{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}}\right) {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + \\ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}\left( {\frac{c - s}{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}{x}_{j}^{\left( t\right) } + \frac{a}{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}{v}_{j}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) + f{x}^{ + } + e{x}^{ - }。 \\ {x}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } \\ {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {0.007}{r}_{1}{\left| {r}_{2}\right| }^{-{0.667}}{x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }\text{ alone } \end{array}\right. \text{ 。 } $
3)OLAR-PSO-d推导:
$ {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = {w}_{t}{v}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } - \left( {{c}_{1}{r}_{1} + {c}_{2}{r}_{2}}\right) {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + \\ {c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left( {1 + {s}^{\left( t\right) }{r}_{0.5}}\right) {p}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left( {1 + {s}^{\left( t\right) }{r}_{0.5}}\right) {g}^{\left( t\right) } \circ \\ {v}_{\text{reset }} = \left( {\left( {{\eta }_{\max } - {\eta }_{\min }}\right) {\left( t/T\right) }^{0.5} + {\eta }_{\min }}\right) \times \\ {\left( 1 - t/T\right) }^{0.5}{v}_{\text{rand }}\text{。} \\ {x}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {v}_{i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } \\ {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } + {v}_{\text{reset }}\text{ if stagnation } \end{array}\right. \circ $
4)SSI-PSO推导:
$ {\mathbf{v}}_{d, i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = \left\{ \begin{matrix} {\mathbf{\omega }}^{\left( t\right) }{\mathbf{v}}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } + {c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left( {{p}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) + \\ {c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left( {{l}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }}\right) , \end{matrix}\right. \begin{array}{l} {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } \in \mathrm{{DM}} \\ {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } \in \mathrm{{DM}} \end{array} $
$ {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t + 1\right) } = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } - {v}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }, & {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } \in \mathrm{{NF}} \\ {x}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) } + {v}_{d, i}^{\left( t\right) }, & {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } \notin \mathrm{{NF}} \end{array}\right. \text{ 。 } $
根据算法核心迭代公式进行推导, 可重新分为两类。
这类算法通常含有速度的概念, 具有连续的搜索轨迹, 算法的并行性一般较好, 迭代格式通常可以表示为:
$ {x}_{\text{new }} = {x}_{\text{old }} + {\Delta x} \circ $
如中心力优化算法、引力搜索算法、粒子群优化算法、灰狼群算法、蜻蜓算法等。
这类算法基于优胜劣汰的进化思想, 在每步迭代后会对新产生的候选解进行比较和选择。实际上通常在当前解附近扰动,迭代格式通常可以表示为:
$ {x}_{\text{new }} = \operatorname{better}\left\{ {{x}_{\text{old }},{x}_{\text{temp }}}\right\} 。 $
如遗传算法、差分进化算法、人工蜂群算法和声搜索算法等。
为更好地比较启发式优化算法在工程问题的适用性, 本研究设置优化算法性能的评价指标。
本研究基于算法的寻优结果进行优劣评价, 评价流程如下:
步骤 1, 将不同算法对同一最小化问题的优化结果进行自高到低的排序, 当结果一致时, 先收敛的算法排序靠后;
步骤 2, 将步骤 1 的序号作为算法的得分, 并将算法在同类问题上的得分相加;
步骤 3 , 将步骤 2 得到的算法总分依次除以对比算法数量和同类问题数量得到得分率, 当某一算法在全部问题上均最优时, 得分率为 100%。
个体即优化问题的候选解, 本研究提出 4 种基于个体分布的指标用于优化问题的特征度量, 即基于当前个体位置 (标记为 $X$ ) 和当前个体最优位置 (标记为 $P$ ),计算个体间两两距离的无量纲化均值 ${D}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 和标准差 ${D}_{\mathrm{s}}$ :
$ {D}_{\mathrm{M}}^{\left( t\right) } = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{\substack{{i = 1} \\ {i \neq j} }}^{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{\substack{{j = 1} \\ {i \neq j} }}^{{N}_{\mathrm{P}}}\frac{\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{j}^{\left( t\right) }\end{Vmatrix}}{\begin{Vmatrix}{x}^{\mathrm{U}} - {x}^{\mathrm{L}}\end{Vmatrix}}{N}_{\mathrm{P}}\left( {{N}_{\mathrm{P}} - 1}\right) 。 $
$ {D}_{\mathrm{s}}^{\left( t\right) } = \sqrt{\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = {1j}}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}{\left( \frac{\begin{Vmatrix}{x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) } - {x}_{j}^{\left( t\right) }\end{Vmatrix}}{\begin{Vmatrix}{x}^{\mathrm{U}} - {x}^{\mathrm{L}}\end{Vmatrix}} - {D}_{\text{mean }}^{\left( t\right) }\right) }^{2}}{{N}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( {{N}_{\mathrm{p}} - 1}\right) }} \circ $
式中: $\begin{Vmatrix}{{x}^{\mathrm{U}} - {x}^{\mathrm{L}}}\end{Vmatrix}$ 用于无量纲转化,以适用于不同问题的比较。
分别对 3 类个体适应度进行度量。对 3 种指标进行无量纲变化以适用于不同问题间的比较, 3 种度量指标计算方法如下。
基于当前个体的适应度分布计算波动量 (Fluctuation) 为:
$ {X}_{F}^{\left( t\right) } = \frac{\mathop{\min }\limits_{{t = 1,\cdots , T}}\left( {\mathop{\max }\limits_{{i = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}}f\left( {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }\right) - \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}}f\left( {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }\right) }\right) }{\mathop{\max }\limits_{{t = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}}\left( {\mathop{\max }\limits_{{i = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}}f\left( {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }\right) - \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}}f\left( {x}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }\right) }\right) } \circ $
基于个体最优个体的适应度计算收缩量 (Shrinkage) 为:
$ {P}_{S}^{\left( t\right) } = \frac{\mathop{\max }\limits_{{i = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}}f\left( {p}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }\right) - \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}}f\left( {p}_{i}^{\left( t\right) }\right) }{\mathop{\max }\limits_{{i = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}}f\left( {p}_{i}^{\left( 0\right) }\right) - \mathop{\min }\limits_{{i = 1,\cdots ,{N}_{\mathrm{p}}}}f\left( {p}_{i}^{\left( 0\right) }\right) } \circ $
基于全局最优个体的适应度计算下降量 (Declining) 为:
$ {G}_{D}^{\left( t\right) } = \left( {f\left( {g}^{\left( 0\right) }\right) - f\left( {g}^{\left( t\right) }\right) }\right) /f\left( {g}^{\left( 0\right) }\right) 。 $
为充分研究典型启发式优化算法在工程问题的适用性,本研究利用经典测试函数 [ 16 - 17 ] 、CEC 2017 复杂测试函数 [ 18 ] 、汽车复合材料零部件多尺度优化设计问题 [ 19 - 22 ] 、耐撞性约束的汽车车身轻量化设计问题 [ 23 ] 进行对比测试。
数学测试函数是评估优化算法寻优性能最常用的工具。本文为将算法进行比较, 选取 52 个测试函数, 包括 22 个经典测试函数和 30 个 CEC 2017 复杂测试函数。
22 个经典测试函数可以分为 3 类:
1)单峰函数具有一个最优解, 可以测试算法的开发能力;
2)具有多个最优解的多模态函数, 其局部最优解可以检验算法的探索能力;
3)固定维函数, 类似于多模态函数, 但具有固定和低维。
演化计算与计算智能领域的国际会议——2017 IEEE 进化计算大会 (CEC 2017), 提出了 30 个可扩展基准函数。这些基准函数都是约束优化问题, 包括等式约束和不等式约束、可分约束和不可分约束、旋转约束、任意维约束和宽搜索范围约束。
汽车复合材料零部件多尺度优化设计问题包括电池箱、前防撞梁、翼子板和避震塔 4 个不同的碳纤维增强复合材料零件仿真和通过采样获得的数据建立多尺度优化设计问题, 零件的样式如 图 1 所示。
在汽车结构轻量化测试算例中, 优化结果的质量往往受到优化问题构建方式的影响。构建优化问题通常涉及选择合适的设计变量、约束条件和目标函数。同时, 设计变量初始值决定了优化算法开始搜索的起点, 不同的初始值可能会导致算法找到不同的局部最优解或全局最优解。合理选择构建方式和初始值能提高优化结果的质量, 帮助实现更轻量化、高性能的汽车结构设计。本文中优化的目标均为最小化质量,优化的变量和约束信息如下。
1)电池箱问题的设计变量是碳纤维纱线的宽度、间距、层厚,以及 5 个不同位置的板厚。设计约束是零件的一阶频率, 以及碰撞和跌落工况下的变形量和强度因子。算例工况和性能指标约束见 表 1
2) 前防撞梁问题的设计变量是 5 个不同位置的板厚、前后板的间距以及内板的长度。设计约束是一阶扭转模态, 以及不同工况下的塑性形变、侵入量、碰撞力以及强度因子。算例工况和性能指标约束见 表 2
3)翼子板问题的设计变量是碳纤维经纱和纬纱的间距、夹角、层数, 以及安装点的位置。设计约束是不同工况下零件中心、尖端和安装点的变形量。算例工况和性能指标约束见 表 3
4)避震塔问题的设计变量是碳纤维经纱和纬纱的间距、层数以及中心孔的直径。设计约束是不同工况下的强度因子和变形量。具体设计约束和性能指标见 表 4
为了能准确地预测零件的性能响应, 选择多尺度方法作为建模技术。多尺度建模方法将零件划分为微观、介观、宏观 3 个尺度, 对应纤维丝、 纤维束和零件结构, 能有效地从微观尺度逐级向上传递机械性能。据此完成性能仿真分析后, 可提取响应数据并建立代理模型, 进而采用启发式优化算法进行寻优计算。具体技术细节可参考文献[ 19 ]〜 [ 23 ]
耐撞性约束的汽车车身轻量化设计问题利用车身结构在各个工况下进行有限元仿真和采样获得的数据建立优化设计问题, 各设计工况包括 100% 正面碰撞、40% 偏置碰撞、侧面碰撞、顶压溃、追尾碰撞、车身振动噪声性能以及车身刚度模态,车身结构如 图 2 所示。
各工况下设计问题的目标均为最小化结构质量。各设计问题中, 设计变量为各工况涉及的主要结构板厚,变量维度依次为: ${15}\text{、}{21}\text{、}{15}\text{、}{10}\text{、}8$ 、 8、90。例如侧面碰撞、白车身刚度和白车身模态工况的约束进而设计变量, 见 表 5 。对于高维工程优化问题, 通过敏感性分析筛选关键变量进行设计问题降维是常用的技术手段, 本研究中同样在车身刚度模态问题的 90 维设计变量中选取了 20 维变量, 将降维后的优化设计问题作为对比。各优化设计问题的约束为结构耐撞性和安全性, 包括车身结构性能(刚度、模态等)、车身耐撞性(A柱和B柱变形量、左右侧踏板入侵量等)、假人损伤(头部损伤指标、胸部变形量、盆骨作用力等)等约束指标。可参考文献[ 19 ] $\sim$ [ 23 ]
构造优化目标函数时, 采用惩罚函数法处理约束。同时定义规则:在对比和挑选候选解时,违反约束少的候选解始终优于违反约束多的候选解。此外, 代理模型即机器学习中的回归模型, 其选用可能对优化设计结果有一定的影响。因为本文不针对具体的代理模型构建技术, 所以对零件的建模过程与来源文献保持一致。
本节对代表性的智能优化算法进行对比测试, 各算法中个体数 ${N}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 设置为 $4 \times D$ ,当问题维度过低或过高时,限制 ${10} \leq D \leq {100}$ ; 目标函数最大评估次数限制为 ${1000} \times D$ ,其余参数按其文献中推荐设置各组测试重复 20 次以提取平均值用于比较和分析。
为方便绘图, 将 BBPSO、OLAR-PSO-DE、 OLAR-PSO-d、SSI-PSO 分别标记为 BBP、OPD、 OAP、SSIP。
本文依次对每个测试函数下各个算法 50 次求解的最小目标值的均值和标准差进行递减排序, 将序号作为对应方法的得分, 即排名越靠后、数值越小、结果越好。 图 3 展示了对比算法在数学测试函数上的得分, 包括 22 个经典测试函数和 30 个 CEC 2017 复杂测试函数,各个测试函数的维度 $D$ 均被设置为 10 和 30 两种。
可以看出, 在经典测试函数和复杂测试函数上表现均比较出色的算法, 按照排名依次是 SSI-PSO、 DE、OLAR-PSO-DE 和 BBPSO算法。OLAR-PSO-d 和 PSO 算法分别在经典测试函数和复杂测试函数上表现较好。结果表明, PSO 和 DE 两类基本型算法在广泛的数学案例中有良好的适用性, 能适应多维、不同约束条件的数学问题。两类算法也获得持续的研究和关注。GSA 和 OLAR-PSO-d 在两类数学问题上的性能差异也体现出了问题适用性的不同。
图 4 展示了测试算法在电池箱、前防撞梁、翼子板、避震塔 4 个汽车零部件和车身结构优化设计问题上的得分, 其中, 表现均比较出色的算法按排名依次是 OLAR-PSO-DE、SSI-PSO、OLAR-PSO-d 和PSO。对比 图 3 ~4 的得分率,算法在不同问题上的适用性差异更明显。可以看出 $\mathrm{{PSO}}$ 基本型算法在汽车零部件优化和车身结构优化问题上都能取得较好的结果, 所以两种问题适应性均良好。而 DE 算法在汽车零部件优化上的结果明显优于车身结构优化问题, 表明 DE 算法更适用于车身零部件优化问题。
相对而言, 本研究中的工程问题相对数学问题非线性程度更强、问题的平局维度较低,因此,算法设计机制更加复杂的 OLAR-PSO-DE 算法和采用逐维搜索策略的 ABC 算法的表现均得到提升。此外, 数学问题中全局最优解位置通常更容易被发现。例如, 经典测试函数的最优解通常为 0 向量, 而 $\mathrm{{CFO}}$ 算法的迭代格式较直接,其中,较少引入随机变量, 在应对更加复杂的工程问题时也陷入局部解, 因此, 性能表现下降。
综合结果表明, OLAR-PSO-DE、SSI-PSO 和 OLAR-PSO-d算法在测试函数和工程算例中综合表现较好。这也反映出, 改进的优化算法相对于基本型算法性能得到很大提升, 在解决汽车零部件优化为背景的具体工程问题时具有一定的价值。
为研究计算成本对寻优效果的影响, 将前述对比中效果较好的 OLAR-PSO-DE 与 SSI-PSO 算法在汽车零部件优化设计问题上的性能表现做进一步分析,将最大目标函数评估次数依次设置为 ${400} \times D$${1000} \times D\text{、}{4000} \times D\text{、}{10000} \times D\text{、}{40000} \times D$ ,对应的最大迭代次数 $t$ 为 100、250、1000、2500、10000。
在 100 次迭代后, 测试算法即能在各问题上平均取得 40% 的减重效果,见 表 6~7。可以看出, OLAR-PSO-DE 与 SSI-PSO 算法减重性能相似。由于 OLAR-PSO-DE 混合了 2 类算子, 其寻优过程更加复杂, 所以在面对复杂的工程优化问题时优化结果略高于 SSI-PSO 算法; 另一方面, SSI-PSO 的混合子种群策略是在 PSO 框架内完成的, 并行性能较好, 因此, 计算成本相较 OLAR-PSO-DE 更低。需要说明的是, 由于未做进一步的工程试验验证, 通常直接的优化效果更加激进。
图 5~6将迭代 100 次后的优化结果作为基准, 绘制了继续迭代后相对于第 100 次迭代的继续减重量。需要说明的是, 由于算法中存在着随迭代进程变化的控制参数, 因此, 不同迭代次数的结果是经独立测试获取的; 由于算法的随机性, 继续减重量并非总是依次增加。
图 5 ~6 可知,增加计算成本并不是总能获得显著提升的寻优效果, 通常目标函数的继续减重量较小。同时对比车身刚度约束的轻量化问题降维前后的结果可以看出, 减少设计变量维度后必然限制了整车结构的轻量化潜力。尽管大规模增加迭代次数成比例增加了计算成本, 但相对于有限元分析等工程分析过程的计算成本, 优化计算过程的计算成本通常较小, 因此, 在实际工程应用中仍可以采用较大的迭代次数, 同时通过独立重复测试的方法获取优化设计结果。
图 7 展示了本研究所有测试算法、工程算例和不同迭代次数下的寻优效果与基于 2.2.2 节所提出的特征的相关性。其中, XDA 和 XDS 分别为基于当前个体位置计算的个体间两两距离的无量纲化均值 ${D}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 和标准差 ${D}_{\mathrm{s}}$ ;PDA 和 PDS 分别为当前个体最优位置计算的个体间两两距离的无量纲化均值 ${D}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 和标准差 ${D}_{\mathrm{s}}$ ; XF、PS 和 GD 分别是当前个体的适应度分布计算波动量、基于个体最优个体的适应度计算收缩量和基于全局最优个体的适应度计算下降量。XDA 可以看出最优个体的轨迹和适应度信息与寻优结果优劣的相关性最大, 而随迭代次数的增加, 当前个体和最优个体指标的相关性减弱, 这是因为算法逐渐收敛而指标本身的差异性随之减弱。 而算法迭代初期的指标则可用于问题特征度量和算法控制。
本研究针对代表性的智能优化算法进行了统一的推导和表示。通过理论推导, 本研究提出 2 类概括性的迭代格式, 将典型群智能优化算法根据其迭代格式可重新划分为直接迭代类和选择迭代类, 其核心差异主要在候选解的产生上。
面向汽车零部件优化设计, 本研究进行算法性能对比研究。所对比的 13 种测试算法均能在满足设计约束的前提下实现一定的减重效果, 其中, 基于并行混合思想改进的 OLAR-PSO-DE 与 SSI-PSO 算法综合性能最好, 在汽车零部件优化问题中有较好的适用性, 在实际工程应用中可通过多次独立重复计算的方式获得一定的可行解。
启发式优化算法的研究从提出算法、改进算法, 向着集成和应用算法发展。本研究所提出的特征评价指标可反映优化过程的信息, 可用于进一步的优化问题特征度量和自适应的算法寻优控制, 从而基于已有的优化问题知识更好地服务于新的汽车零部件优化设计问题, 以减少先验知识的介入和提高问题的求解效率。
  • 上海市自然科学基金项目(21ZR1431500)
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2024年第14卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.13
  • 接收时间:2023-05-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-05
  • 修回日期:2023-10-24
基金
上海市自然科学基金项目(21ZR1431500)
作者信息
    1 泛亚汽车技术中心有限公司 上海 201201
    2 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院 上海 200240
    3 上海交通大学 设计学院 上海 200240

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刘钊(1982-),男,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为机器学习与智能设计、数据驱动的企业智能化设计、智慧系统设计。Tel: 18801971294, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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