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To improve the traffic flow efficiency of vehicleroad cooperative adaptive cruise vehicles at signalized intersections, a model predictive control algorithm considering traffic signal status is proposed. When following a vehicle through an intersection, the vehicle first uses V2X to obtain information about the traffic signal, including its position, color and countdown timer. The vehicle's longitudinal kinematics model is used to link the acceleration request from the controller to the vehicle's future state. An objective function considering both the vehiclefollowing state and the traffic signal is designed. Finally, the output acceleration request is calculated through nonlinear optimization, simulating the behavior of human drivers when following other vehicles through signalized intersections. The simulation results show that compared with ACC vehicles, the vehicle using this algorithm achieves higher traffic efficiency while maintaining safety when passing through signalized intersections. This research provides a theoretical basis for prioritizing efficiency in the design of CACC vehicle control algorithms, and offers practical insights for developing an efficiency mode in systems that include both economic and efficiency modes.

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为改善车路协同自适应巡航车辆通行信号灯路口的通行效率,提出一种考虑信号灯状态的模型预测控制算法。在信号灯路口跟随前车通行时,车辆通过V2X获取信号灯状态,包括信号灯位置、颜色、倒计时,利用车辆纵向运动学模型建立控制器输出的加速度请求与未来状态的关联,设计一个同时考虑跟车状态和信号灯通行的目标函数,通过非线性优化计算输出的加速度请求,模拟人类驾驶员在跟车通行信号灯路口的行为状态。仿真结果表明,相比于ACC车辆,使用该算法的车辆在信号灯路口通行时,在保证安全性的前提下有更高的通行效率。研究成果为CACC车辆的控制算法设计提供效率优先的理论基础,在系统同时包含经济模式和效率模式的设计状态下,对后者的设计有应用参考价值。

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何山(1988-),男,广东佛山人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为车路协同功能开发。Tel:0757-63930634, E-mail:

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何山(1988-),男,广东佛山人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为车路协同功能开发。Tel:0757-63930634, E-mail:

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何山(1988-),男,广东佛山人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为车路协同功能开发。Tel:0757-63930634, E-mail:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research and Experimental Verification of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control in Intelligent Networked Environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153801997057777717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797764724019452, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=37, authorNames=龚建伟, journalName=无人驾驶车辆模型预测控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=龚建伟. 无人驾驶车辆模型预测控制[M]. 无人驾驶车辆模型预测控制, 北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2014., articleTitle=无人驾驶车辆模型预测控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1153801997120692279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797764724019452, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=38, authorNames=GONG Jianwei, journalName=Model Predictive Control for Self-Driving Vehicle, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONG Jianwei. 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参数 参数
车间时距 ${t}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathrm{s}$ 1.5 最小加速度请求 ${u}_{\min }/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ -4.9
缓冲余量 ${d}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{m}$ 12 最大加速度请求 ${u}_{\max }/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 4.9
响应时滞 $\tau /\mathrm{s}$ 0.5 仿真时间 ${t}_{\mathrm{{sim}}}/\mathrm{s}$ 10
采样时间 $t/\mathrm{s}$ 0.1 预测步长 100
重力加速度 $g/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 9.8 控制步长 100
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参数 参数
车间时距 ${t}_{\mathrm{h}}/\mathrm{s}$ 1.5 最小加速度请求 ${u}_{\min }/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ -4.9
缓冲余量 ${d}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mathrm{m}$ 12 最大加速度请求 ${u}_{\max }/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 4.9
响应时滞 $\tau /\mathrm{s}$ 0.5 仿真时间 ${t}_{\mathrm{{sim}}}/\mathrm{s}$ 10
采样时间 $t/\mathrm{s}$ 0.1 预测步长 100
重力加速度 $g/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 9.8 控制步长 100
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终端 参数 场景 场景B 场景C
前车 运动状态 均速 先加速后减速 先静止后加速
初始速度/(m/s) 15 15 0
终止速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 15 15 15
加速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 0 幅值为 2 的正弦波 0~3的阶跃函数
自车 初始位移误差 ${e}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ -15 -15 -65
初始速度误差 ${e}_{0}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0 0 15
初始加速度误差 ${e}_{0}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 0 0 0
信号灯 颜色 绿 绿
初始距离 ${d}_{1}\left( 0\right) /\mathrm{m}$ 80 80 100
初始倒计时 ${t}_{1}\left( 0\right) /\mathrm{s}$ 5 5 5
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终端 参数 场景 场景B 场景C
前车 运动状态 均速 先加速后减速 先静止后加速
初始速度/(m/s) 15 15 0
终止速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 15 15 15
加速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 0 幅值为 2 的正弦波 0~3的阶跃函数
自车 初始位移误差 ${e}_{0}/\mathrm{m}$ -15 -15 -65
初始速度误差 ${e}_{0}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0 0 15
初始加速度误差 ${e}_{0}/\left( {\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}\right)$ 0 0 0
信号灯 颜色 绿 绿
初始距离 ${d}_{1}\left( 0\right) /\mathrm{m}$ 80 80 100
初始倒计时 ${t}_{1}\left( 0\right) /\mathrm{s}$ 5 5 5
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终端 参数 场景
前车 运动状态 先加速后匀速
初始速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0
终止速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 8.33
自车 自车到前车距离/m 26
初始速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0
设定速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 11.1
信号灯 颜色 绿
初始距离 ${d}_{1}\left( 0\right) /\mathrm{m}$ 58
初始倒计时 ${t}_{1}\left( 0\right) /\mathrm{s}$ 10
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终端 参数 场景
前车 运动状态 先加速后匀速
初始速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0
终止速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 8.33
自车 自车到前车距离/m 26
初始速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 0
设定速度 $/\left( {\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$ 11.1
信号灯 颜色 绿
初始距离 ${d}_{1}\left( 0\right) /\mathrm{m}$ 58
初始倒计时 ${t}_{1}\left( 0\right) /\mathrm{s}$ 10
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CACC车辆在信号灯路口通行的控制算法研究
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何山 , 袭悦 , 黄锦洲 , 陈子韬 , 黄培辉
汽车工程学报 | 智能网联技术专栏/主编:高镇海 2024,14(6): 981-992
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汽车工程学报 | 智能网联技术专栏/主编:高镇海 2024, 14(6): 981-992
CACC车辆在信号灯路口通行的控制算法研究
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何山 , 袭悦, 黄锦洲, 陈子韬, 黄培辉
作者信息
  • 一汽-大众汽车有限公司 长春 130013
  • 何山(1988-),男,广东佛山人,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为车路协同功能开发。Tel:0757-63930634, E-mail:

Development of a Control Algorithm for CACC Vehicles at Traffic Signal Intersections
Shan HE , Yue XI, Jinzhou HUANG, Zitao CHEN, Peihui HUANG
Affiliations
  • FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Co., Ltd. Changchun 130013 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.06
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为改善车路协同自适应巡航车辆通行信号灯路口的通行效率,提出一种考虑信号灯状态的模型预测控制算法。在信号灯路口跟随前车通行时,车辆通过V2X获取信号灯状态,包括信号灯位置、颜色、倒计时,利用车辆纵向运动学模型建立控制器输出的加速度请求与未来状态的关联,设计一个同时考虑跟车状态和信号灯通行的目标函数,通过非线性优化计算输出的加速度请求,模拟人类驾驶员在跟车通行信号灯路口的行为状态。仿真结果表明,相比于ACC车辆,使用该算法的车辆在信号灯路口通行时,在保证安全性的前提下有更高的通行效率。研究成果为CACC车辆的控制算法设计提供效率优先的理论基础,在系统同时包含经济模式和效率模式的设计状态下,对后者的设计有应用参考价值。

车路协同  /  自适应巡航控制  /  信号控制交叉口  /  模型预测控制  /  非线性优化

To improve the traffic flow efficiency of vehicleroad cooperative adaptive cruise vehicles at signalized intersections, a model predictive control algorithm considering traffic signal status is proposed. When following a vehicle through an intersection, the vehicle first uses V2X to obtain information about the traffic signal, including its position, color and countdown timer. The vehicle's longitudinal kinematics model is used to link the acceleration request from the controller to the vehicle's future state. An objective function considering both the vehiclefollowing state and the traffic signal is designed. Finally, the output acceleration request is calculated through nonlinear optimization, simulating the behavior of human drivers when following other vehicles through signalized intersections. The simulation results show that compared with ACC vehicles, the vehicle using this algorithm achieves higher traffic efficiency while maintaining safety when passing through signalized intersections. This research provides a theoretical basis for prioritizing efficiency in the design of CACC vehicle control algorithms, and offers practical insights for developing an efficiency mode in systems that include both economic and efficiency modes.

vehicle-road coordination  /  adaptive cruise control  /  signal-controlled intersection  /  model predictive control  /  nonlinear optimization
何山, 袭悦, 黄锦洲, 陈子韬, 黄培辉. CACC车辆在信号灯路口通行的控制算法研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (6) : 981 -992 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.06
Shan HE, Yue XI, Jinzhou HUANG, Zitao CHEN, Peihui HUANG. Development of a Control Algorithm for CACC Vehicles at Traffic Signal Intersections[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (6) : 981 -992 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.06
自适应巡航功能(ACC)是一种纯纵向控制的 L1级自动驾驶功能, 该功能一般使用车载摄像头或毫米波雷达对前车进行距离和速度检测, 并自动调整自车速度和跟随距离, 以适应前方车辆状态的变化,实现安全、舒适和高效的行驶 [ 1 ] 。但是,该功能适用范围有限, 仅在高速和结构化道路上有较好的体验, 在城市路况中, 通行有信号灯的路口仍需要驾驶员接管,确保在跟随前车时不违反交规。而随着 V2X (Vehicle to Everything) 技术的发展和成熟, 通过超视距的感知给驾驶辅助功能带来了升级的机会, 因此, 本文重点讨论基于车路协同的自适应巡航功能(CACC)的控制算法。
目前, 针对自适应巡航控制算法的研究比较成熟, 这些算法根据控制器不同主要分为 3 类: 一类是经典控制理论的比例-积分-微分 (PID) 控制算法 [ 2 - 4 ] ,该类型算法不需要建立数学模型,有较好的鲁棒性, 但没办法对未来的状态变化进行预测; 另一类是使用线性二次规划(LQR)控制算法 [ 5 - 6 ] , 该类型通过求解二次型代价函数极小值得到最优控制, 但需要系统的完全状态信息; 还有一类是使用模型预测控制(MPC)算法 [ 7 - 9 ] ,通过建立系统数学模型预测输入序列下系统未来的状态, 将控制问题变成一个最优化问题进行求解, 最后实施控制序列的第一个控制量, 滚动优化, 该算法能预测未来状态, 有更好的动态响应和跟踪性能, 缺点是需要消耗更多算力资源。
近年来, 也有一些学者研究了 V2X 结合 ACC 的CACC控制策略和算法。由于CACC强依赖于通信的稳定性, 对时延有非常高的要求, 有不少在通信时延层面的研究。这些研究主要集中于两个方向: 保证通信的时效性或者对延时进行软件层面的补偿。考虑到控制对时间同步的敏感性,田彬等 [ 10 ] 提出一种基于模型预测控制的 CACC 系统通信延时补偿方法, 利用模型预测控制和长短期记忆预测方法, 对 CACC 车辆通信进行延时补偿。王佳伟 [ 11 ] 对 CACC 的通信时延进行研究,利用参数空间法设计 CACC 的控制策略, 利用算法估计通信时延并将其反馈至系统进行时延补偿。
在控制算法层面, 从通信的传递链路层面可以将控制算法划分为两条技术路线, $\mathrm{V}2\mathrm{\;V}$ 的车辆控制算法和 $\mathrm{V}2\mathrm{I}$ 的车辆控制算法。
针对 $\mathrm{V}2\mathrm{\;V}$ 链路的车辆控制算法,其主要应用是编队行驶, 通过广播每辆车的位姿、速度、加速度等信息, 缩短车辆间的跟车距离。这类控制算法往往以提高安全性、增加道路容量和降低能耗为优化目标。在跟车通行场景下, STANGER 等 [ 12 ] 将线性 MPC 应用于 CACC 系统, 通过分段二次逼近将油耗曲线接入控制设计, 使油耗最小化。FILHO 等 [ 13 ] 提出一种能耗最优的车路协同自适应巡航跟车策略。MA Fangwu 等 [ 14 ] 提出一种生态协同自适应巡航控制, 通过改进的动态规划算法, 降低 CACC 车辆队列的能耗。梁军等 [ 15 ] 针对混行环境下的 CACC 系统, 使用两状态空间模型调整跟车间距和车速, 用代价函数优化 CACC 车队行驶的稳定性和舒适性。MOSHARAFIAN 等 [ 16 ] 提出一种离散的混合随机模型预测控制算法, 用于计算最优的车速轨迹,提升车辆队列的安全性。王启明等 [ 17 ] 提出了一种基于卡尔曼滤波改进的 MPC 算法, 提高车辆燃油经济性和舒适性。在前车紧急制动场景下, ZENG Qingde 等 [ 18 ] 构建的多约束模型预测控制算法在前车紧急制动的工况下有更稳定的加速度标准差和更少的收敛时间。
而针对 V2I 链路的车辆控制算法, 其主要考虑的是车辆获取到交通信号灯、路侧设备的信息后对车辆进行综合决策和控制。在信号灯路口通行场景, TREIBER 等 [ 19 ] 研究了策略间的交互作用,提出一种高效的驾驶策略, 提高了驾驶舒适性。车辆在获取到交通信号灯信息后, BAE 等 [ 20 ] 基于 V2I 接收到的信号灯状态和车辆信息, 提出一种速度跟踪模型预测控制器, 实现在最优能耗下规避前向碰撞和违反交规。JONES 等 [ 21 ] 设计了一种协作式半自动驾驶系统,将交通信号灯状态、速度限制、道路坡度和曲率等约束条件输入模型预测控制器中, 降低车辆的能耗。LIU Qingwu 等 [ 22 ] 假设已知前车轨迹信息和信号灯状态, 设计了一种基于规则的加速度切换策略,用于降低能耗。廖光亮等 [ 23 ] 以最小能耗为目标, 使用分层处理、在线滚动优化的方法研究了在通行红绿灯路口时的最优车速规划。然而, 以上针对信号灯路口通行的研究, 大多是以最小能耗为优化目标, 这仅能满足部分用户的需求, 但还有一部分用户群体希望车辆有更高的通行效率, 能表现出熟练的人类驾驶员行为, 尽可能在信号灯由绿灯切换为红灯前通过路口。因此, 针对 CACC 车辆在信号灯路口场景下, 综合考虑最优通行效率和安全性的车速规划与控制问题仍待进一步研究。
实现基于安全性的 CACC 车辆通行信号灯路口的场景,比较简单的策略是在原 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 的功能上加入一层决策层, 接入信号灯状态后判断当前车速是否能通过路口,能通过则正常调用 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 功能,否则提前进行舒适减速。这种策略逻辑简单, 对原功能改动最小,但由于只考虑当前状态,通行效率不高。
针对以上问题, 本文提出一种基于模型预测控制的 CACC 算法,用于车辆通过 V2I 获取到信号灯状态信息后, 以最优通行效率为目标, 优化车辆的加速度请求值。本文的主要贡献如下:
1)提出一种优化通行效率的信号灯控制路口通行控制算法;
2)设计信号灯通行惩罚函数, 提升车辆在路口的通行效率;
3)基于车辆纵向动力学模型的 MPC 框架, 设计同时考虑跟随状态和信号灯通行的目标函数, 使车辆在保证安全性的前提下有更高的通行效率。
车路协同自适应巡航控制算法的系统模型如 图 1 所示。该系统主要由自车状态采集模块、前车状态估计模块、车载通信模块 (OBU)、安全距离模型、模型预测控制组成。
自车状态采集模块负责采集自车的状态信息, 包括自车速度和自车加速度, 并将采集到的速度和加速度信息输出给需要的模块。前车状态估计模块通过视觉、毫米波雷达或两者组合, 估计自车车道内前车的速度、车间距。车载通信模块接收路侧通信单元发送的信号灯消息(Msg_SPAT)和地图消息(Msg_MAP) [ 24 ] ,计算出自车与停止线距离, 将其和信号灯状态发送至模型预测控制模块。安全距离模型根据自车速度计算与前车的期望间距。模型预测控制模块接收自车加速度、速度误差、距离误差和信号灯状态, 通过算法计算输出加速度请求, 输入给被控车辆的车辆控制单元 VCU 进行底层控制。
安全距离, 指的是自车在开启自适应巡航中, 根据功能和系统需求设计的自车与前车的最小纵向距离。针对安全距离,主流的设计方法有两种。第 1 种是固定值法, 通过系统与驾驶员交互设计一个固定的安全距离值, 此后该值是恒定的, 与车辆状态无关。另一种是车间时距值法, 该方法考虑自车车速与车间时距,安全距离与自车车速成正比 [ 25 ] 。 考虑到第 2 种方法具有通行效率的优势, 本文选择车间时距值法作为安全距离计算模型。其表达式为 [ 7 , 25 ] :
$ {d}_{\mathrm{s}} = {v}_{\mathrm{{ego}}}{t}_{\mathrm{h}} + {d}_{\mathrm{b}} \circ $
式中: ${d}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为自车到前车的纵向安全距离; ${v}_{\mathrm{{ego}}}$ 为自车车速; ${t}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为车间时距; ${d}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为缓冲余量。一般而言, ${t}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 取值为 ${1.4} \sim {3.0}\mathrm{\;s},{d}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 取值 ${10} \sim {15}\mathrm{\;m}$
其几何关系如 图 2 所示。其中, $R$ 为两车相对距离, ${e}_{\mathrm{k}}$ 表示位移误差,设计 ${d}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 缓冲余量的目的是在稳态跟车时控制跟车距离为 ${d}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 安全距离; 而在过渡调整阶段时允许车辆进入缓冲余量区间, 但不允许超出缓冲余量区。
由于 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 功能只涉及到纵向运动学,其离散时间下的状态空间方程表达式为 [ 7 ] :
$ \left( \begin{matrix} x\left( {t + T}\right) \\ \dot{x}\left( {t + T}\right) \\ \ddot{x}\left( {t + T}\right) \end{matrix}\right) = \left( \begin{matrix} 1 & T & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & T \\ 0 & 0 & 1 - \frac{T}{\tau } \end{matrix}\right) \left( \begin{matrix} x\left( t\right) \\ \dot{x}\left( t\right) \\ \ddot{x}\left( t\right) \end{matrix}\right) + \left( \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ \frac{T}{\tau } \end{matrix}\right) u\left( t\right) 。 $
式中: $x\text{、}\dot{x}\text{、}\ddot{x}$ 分别为车辆的位置、速度、加速度; $T$ 为采样时间; $\tau$ 为下层控制器响应时滞常数; $u$ 为加速度输入请求。
设计自车与前车在 $k$ 时刻的误差向量:
$ {\mathbf{E}}_{k} = \left( \begin{matrix} {e}_{k} \\ {\dot{e}}_{k} \\ {\ddot{e}}_{k} \end{matrix}\right) = \left( \begin{matrix} - \left( {R - {d}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right) \\ \dot{R} \\ {\ddot{x}}_{k} \end{matrix}\right) \circ $
式中: ${e}_{k}$ 为位移误差; ${e}_{k}$ 为速度误差; $R\text{、}R$ 为自车与前车的相对距离、相对速度; ${\ddot{x}}_{k}$$k$ 时刻自车的加速度。
该误差向量用于后续优化过程中, 目标是尽量接近 0 。该过程的物理含义是在跟车状态时, 尽量让两车的相对距离保持在安全距离, 相对速度为 0 , 稳定状态下自车加速度为 0 。
由于自车可以通过传感器测量估计前车距离、 速度, 将式 (2) 和式 (3) 写成标准状态空间方程形式:
$ {\mathbf{E}}_{k + 1} = \mathbf{A}{\mathbf{E}}_{k} + \mathbf{B}{u}_{k} \circ $
式中: $\mathbf{A} = \left( \begin{matrix} 1 & T & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & T \\ 0 & 0 & 1 - \frac{T}{\tau } \end{matrix}\right) ;\mathbf{B} = \left( \begin{matrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ \frac{T}{\tau } \end{matrix}\right)$
假设信号灯只考虑红灯和绿灯状态,车辆通过 V2X信号获取信号灯位置、颜色、倒计时信息。则在同一颜色下信号灯的离散时间状态更新表达式为:
$ {t}_{l}\left( {k + 1}\right) = {t}_{l}\left( k\right) - {T}_{ \circ } $
$ {d}_{l}\left( {k + 1}\right) = {d}_{l}\left( k\right) - \left( {x\left( {k + 1}\right) - x\left( k\right) }\right) 。 $
式中: ${t}_{l}$ 为信号灯倒计时信息; ${d}_{l}$ 为自车距离信号灯的纵向距离。
以当前时刻为 0 时刻, 根据式 (4) 可以递推出第 $k$ 时刻的误差向量 ${\mathbf{E}}_{k}$
$ {\mathbf{E}}_{k} = {\mathbf{A}}^{k}{\mathbf{E}}_{0} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 0}}^{{k - 1}}{\mathbf{A}}^{l}\mathbf{B}{u}_{k - 1 - l} \circ $
式中: ${\mathbf{E}}_{0}$ 为第 0 时刻的误差向量。
设预测步长为 $N$ ,将式 (7) 写成紧凑形式,则可得到从 $0 \sim N$ 时刻的所有误差向量。
$ \overline{\mathbf{E}} = \overline{\mathbf{A}}{\mathbf{E}}_{0} + \overline{\mathbf{B}}\mathbf{U}\text{。} $
式中: $\overline{\mathbf{E}} = {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} {\mathbf{E}}_{1} & \cdots & {\mathbf{E}}_{N} \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};\overline{\mathbf{A}} = {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} \mathbf{A} & \cdots & {\mathbf{A}}^{N} \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$ ;
$ \overline{\mathbf{B}} = \left( \begin{matrix} \mathbf{B} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \mathbf{{AB}} & \mathbf{B} & \ddots & \vdots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & 0 \\ {A}^{N - 1}\mathbf{B} & {A}^{N - 2}\mathbf{B} & \cdots & \mathbf{B} \end{matrix}\right) ; \\ \mathbf{U} = {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} {u}_{0} & \cdots & {u}_{N - 1} \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\text{ 。 } $
根据式 (8) 构建了基于车辆纵向运动学模型的未来 $N$ 步的预测误差向量。
跟车的目标函数设计思路主要是在预测的 $N$ 步中, 尽可能减小误差向量, 同时为了控制系统能量, 输入也不应过大。因此, 选择误差向量和输入向量的加权 ${l}_{2}$ 范数平方和进行优化,跟车目标函数设计为:
$ {\mathbf{J}}_{F} = //{\mathbf{E}}_{N}//{}_{\mathbf{S}}^{2} + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{{N - 1}}\left\lbrack {//{\mathbf{E}}_{k}//{}_{\mathbf{Q}}^{2} + //{u}_{k}//{}_{\mathbf{R}}^{2}}\right\rbrack 。 $
式中: $\mathbf{S}\text{、}\mathbf{Q}\text{、}\mathbf{R}$ 分别代表截断误差向量、过程误差向量、输入向量的权重矩阵, 均为对角矩阵。
将式(9)展开后写成紧凑形式:
$ {J}_{F} = {\mathbf{E}}_{0}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{Q}{\mathbf{E}}_{0} + {\overline{\mathbf{E}}}^{\mathrm{T}}\overline{\mathbf{Q}}\overline{\mathbf{E}} + {\mathbf{U}}^{\mathrm{T}}\overline{\mathbf{R}}\mathbf{U}\text{。} $
式中:
$ \overline{\mathbf{Q}} = \left( \begin{matrix} \mathbf{Q} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \ddots & \mathbf{Q} & 0 \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 & \mathbf{S} \end{matrix}\right) ; \\ \overline{\mathbf{R}} = \left( \begin{matrix} \mathbf{R} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \ddots & \mathbf{R} & 0 \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 & \mathbf{R} \end{matrix}\right) 。 $
将式(8)代入式(10)可得:
$ {J}_{F} = {\mathbf{E}}_{0}^{\mathrm{T}}\left( {\mathbf{Q} + {\overline{\mathbf{A}}}^{\mathrm{T}}\overline{\mathbf{Q}}\overline{\mathbf{A}}}\right) {\mathbf{E}}_{0} + {\mathbf{U}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left( {\overline{\mathbf{R}} + {\overline{\mathbf{B}}}^{\mathrm{T}}\overline{\mathbf{Q}}\overline{\mathbf{B}}}\right) \mathbf{U} + \\ 2{\mathbf{E}}_{0}^{\mathrm{T}}{\overline{\mathbf{A}}}^{\mathrm{T}}\overline{\mathbf{Q}}\overline{\mathbf{B}}\mathbf{U}\text{。} $
由式 (11) 可知, 第 1 项为常数项, 第 2 项是关于输入 $U$ 的二次型,第 3 项是关于输入 $U$ 的线性项, 跟车目标函数是标准的二次规划目标函数。
正常人类驾驶员在跟车通行信号灯路口时, 会先预判是否能通过, 如果能通过会有意加速缩短与前车的距离,在通过路口后再减速继续跟车。在本文的算法设计中, 为提高通行效率和安全性, 模拟人类驾驶员通行路口的行为习惯, 将信号灯通行目标函数设计为一个在信号灯切换时刻下, 自车距离停止线位置关系的惩罚函数, 目的是让自车在信号灯切换时刻尽可能远离停止线。惩罚函数的设计思路是通过设计一个自车与停止线距离的反函数来调节函数值的大小, 让车辆距离停止线越近, 函数值越大,惩罚越大,反之则越小 [ 26 ] 。因此,在 $k$ 时刻下的信号灯通行惩罚函数为:
$ {j}_{\mathrm{T}}\left( k\right) = \left\{ \begin{matrix} \infty ,\;{D}_{R} \leq 0 \\ \frac{1}{{D}_{R}},\;{D}_{R} \in \left( {0,{d}_{\mathrm{{th}}}}\right) \\ 0,\;{D}_{R} \geq {d}_{\mathrm{{th}}} \end{matrix}\right. $
式中: ${D}_{R} = {C}_{\mathrm{S}}\left\lbrack {{d}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( k\right) - {d}_{\mathrm{l}}\left( k\right) }\right\rbrack$ ,该值描述了车辆在信号灯切换时刻与停止线的相对距离, ${d}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 是设定的截断阈值,即超出 ${d}_{\mathrm{{th}}}$ 这个阈值,认为已经足够安全地远离了信号灯切换时刻,将惩罚函数置为0。 ${C}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 是用来描述当前信号灯颜色状态的参数, 绿灯为 1, 红灯或黄灯为-1。定义为:
$ {C}_{\mathrm{s}} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} 1,\;\text{ Green } \\ - 1,\;\text{ Red/Yellow } \end{matrix}\right. \text{。 } $
此外, ${d}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( k\right)$ 的物理意义是在第 $k$ 时刻根据倒计时和当前车辆状态及输入预测行驶位移。当 ${C}_{\mathrm{s}} = 1$ 时, ${d}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( k\right) \text{、}{d}_{\mathrm{l}}\left( k\right) \text{、}{d}_{\text{th }}$ 的几何关系如 图 3 所示。
$ {d}_{\mathrm{p}}\left( k\right) = \dot{x}\left( k\right) {t}_{l}\left( k\right) + \frac{1}{2}\ddot{x}\left( k\right) {t}_{l}{\left( k\right) }^{2}。 $
根据式 (2), $\ddot{x}\left( k\right) = \left( {1 - \frac{T}{\tau }}\right) \ddot{x}\left( {k - 1}\right) + \frac{T}{\tau }u\left( {k - 1}\right)$
信号灯通行惩罚函数如 图 4 所示, 当信号灯为绿灯时, ${C}_{\mathrm{s}} = 1$ ,车辆通过停止线的距离越远,惩罚值 ${j}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 越小,这促使系统尽量高效地通过路口,提高通行效率。当信号灯为红色时, ${C}_{\mathrm{s}} = - 1$ ,通过停止线的惩罚值很大, 促使系统提前减速, 避开在信号灯切换时刻通过路口, 提高安全性。
式 (12) 描述了在 $k$ 时刻下的惩罚函数,若考虑所有预测时刻的信号灯通行, 则惩罚函数为:
$ {J}_{T} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{N}{j}_{T}\left( k\right) 。 $
由此便以信号灯状态为模型建立了输入向量与目标函数的关联。
CACC 功能在运行过程中, 需要满足执行器极限、安全性、舒适性的约束, 同时假设在预测终止时刻系统过渡到稳态, 有误差向量为 0 的约束。针对舒适性和执行器极限, 对输入的加速度请求信号进行范围约束,即在任一时刻 $k$ 下:
$ {u}_{\min } \leq {u}_{k} \leq {u}_{\max } \circ $
式中: ${u}_{\min }$ 为最小加速度请求; ${u}_{\max }$ 为最大加速度请求。
假设预测终止时刻过渡到稳态,即在第 $N$ 步, 有:
$ {\mathbf{E}}_{N} = {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} 0 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\text{。} $
由式 (8) 和式 (17) 可推出:
$ {\mathbf{L}}_{EQ}\mathbf{U} = {\mathbf{M}}_{EQ} \circ $
式中: ${\mathbf{L}}_{EQ} = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll} {\mathbf{A}}^{N - 1}\mathbf{B} & {\mathbf{A}}^{N - 2}\mathbf{B} & \cdots & \mathbf{B} \end{array}\right\rbrack$ ;
$ {\mathbf{M}}_{EQ} = {\mathbf{E}}_{N} - {\mathbf{A}}^{N}{\mathbf{E}}_{0}\text{。} $
针对安全性, 约束自车在跟车过程中不能越过安全距离模型的缓冲余量, 则有如下约束:
$ {e}_{k} \leq {d}_{\mathrm{b} \circ } $
由式 (3) 可知:
$ {e}_{k} = C{E}_{k}\text{。} $
式中: $\mathbf{C} = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} 1 & 0 & 0 \end{array}\right\rbrack$
考虑所有时刻下的 ${e}_{k}$ ,将式 (20) 扩展写在一个矩阵表达式中,则可得到所有时刻下 $\overline{\mathbf{E}} =$ ${\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} {E}_{1} & \cdots & {E}_{N} \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$ 的约束关系:
$ \mathbf{Y} = \overline{\mathbf{C}}\overline{\mathbf{E}} \leq \overline{\mathbf{W}}\text{。} $
式 中: $\mathbf{Y} = {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} {e}_{1} & \cdots & {e}_{N} \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}},\overline{\mathbf{C}} = \operatorname{diag}\left( \mathbf{C}\right) ,\overline{\mathbf{W}} =$ ${\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} {d}_{\mathrm{b}} & \cdots & {d}_{\mathrm{b}} \end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}} \circ$
将式(8)代入可消去 $\overline{\mathbf{E}}$ ,得:
$ \overline{\mathbf{C}}\overline{\mathbf{B}}\mathbf{U} \leq \overline{\mathbf{W}} - \overline{\mathbf{C}}\overline{\mathbf{A}}{\mathbf{E}}_{0}\text{。} $
结合式 (16)、(18)、(22),得到关于输入 $U$ 的不等式约束和等式约束。
综上通过目标函数设计和约束条件分析, 当自车未通过信号灯停止线前, 同时考虑跟车目标函数和信号灯通行惩罚函数, 将原问题构建为一个非线性优化问题; 当自车通过信号灯停止线或信号灯颜色切换后, 则只考虑跟车目标函数, 将原问题构建为一个二次规划问题。优化问题的形式如下:
$ \mathop{\min }\limits_{{u}_{k}}{J}_{Z} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix} {\omega }_{F}{J}_{F} + {\omega }_{T}{J}_{T}, & {d}_{l}\left( k\right) > 0 \land {t}_{l}\left( k\right) > 0 \\ {J}_{F}, & \text{ else } \end{matrix},}\right. \\ \text{ s.t. }\left\{ \begin{matrix} {u}_{k} \leq {u}_{\max } \\ - {u}_{k} \leq {u}_{\min } \\ \overline{\mathbf{C}}\overline{\mathbf{B}}\mathbf{U} \leq \overline{\mathbf{W}} - \overline{\mathbf{C}}\overline{\mathbf{A}}{\mathbf{E}}_{0}, \\ {\mathbf{L}}_{FO}\mathbf{U} = {\mathbf{M}}_{FO} \end{matrix}\right. \\ k = 1\cdots N\text{。} $
式中: ${\omega }_{F}$ 为跟车目标函数加权值; ${\omega }_{T}$ 为信号灯通行惩罚函数加权值。
通过求解式 (23) 所示的非线性优化问题, 可以得到最优的输入序列 $U$ ,每一步取第一个值 ${u}_{1}$ 进行输入, 滚动优化。
为验证上述算法在车辆跟车通过信号灯路口的性能, 使用Matlab进行算法仿真验证。
设置仿真场景如 图 5 所示, 自车以一定的初始距离跟随前车通过信号灯路口,信号灯通过 $\mathrm{V}2\mathrm{X}$ 信号发送自身位置、颜色、倒计时状态到车辆, 自车通过地图解算得到当前车辆距离路口停止线的纵向距离, 通过自车传感器感知前车的距离、速度信息。该仿真假设以上信息已知, 通过仿真信号模拟作为算法输入。
在上述逻辑场景下,设置如下 3 个具体场景对算法进行仿真。
1)场景 A,信号灯处于绿灯倒计时阶段,前车匀速行驶, 自车距离前车一定初始距离跟车通行路口。该场景目的是验证自车是否会在惩罚函数的作用下尽量避开绿灯倒计时末期。
2)场景 $\mathrm{B}$ ,信号灯处于绿灯倒计时阶段,前车先加速后减速行驶, 自车在初始状态与前车保持安全距离跟车行驶。该场景模拟大部分前车通行路口前的加速动作并在通行路口后减速, 验证自车在跟车过程中的稳定性。
3)场景C,信号灯处于红灯倒计时阶段,前车在停止线前静止等待, 信号灯切换为绿灯后前车以固定加速度通行, 自车以一定初始距离和一定初始速度驶向前车。该场景验证自车是否在惩罚函数作用下尽量避开绿灯切换初期。
这 3 个场景都是车辆能在信号灯切换时刻正常通行路口的场景, 而无法通过路口需要舒适减速的场景由于只需要在软件层面做出简单的策略判断即可实现,不在本文算法讨论的范围内。
针对上述 3 个场景, 仿真通用参数设置见 表 1
针对每个场景, 具体设置的仿真参数见 表 2
为了分析 CACC 算法的性能, 在各个场景的仿真过程中,与不考虑信号灯状态的 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 算法进行对比。
在场景 $\mathrm{A}$ 中,仿真开始时绿灯倒计时 $5\mathrm{\;s}$ ,距停止线距离 ${80}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,前车匀速行驶。仿真结果如 图 6 所示, 其中, 实线表示 CACC 算法结果, 虚线表示 ACC算法结果。
图 6a显示的是自车的绝对位移, 从中可以看到,使用 $\mathrm{{CACC}}$ 算法的车辆在 ${4.0}\mathrm{\;s}$ 通过信号灯停止线,在绿灯切换红灯时刻已超过停止线 ${19.3}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;使用 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 算法的车辆在 ${4.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 通过信号灯停止线,在绿灯切换红灯时刻超过停止线 ${9.4}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。CACC 车辆相比于 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 车辆在通行信号灯时有更高的通行效率, 同时尽量避开信号灯切换时刻, 有更高的安全性。
图 6b显示的是两车间的位移误差, 可以看到, 在仿真截止时, CACC 车辆和 ACC 车辆都能稳定跟踪到安全距离。控制过程中, CACC车辆会有 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的过冲, 驶入缓冲区间, 而 ACC 车辆则是逐步逼近至收敛。
图 6c显示的是两车间的速度误差, 可以看到, 速度收敛都很稳定, CACC 车辆相比于 ACC 车辆对相对速度的控制更激进, 出现更明显的振荡过程, 先加速最大超出前车 ${9.3}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,而后减速到低于前车 ${4.5}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 。先加速后减速的通行策略更类似人类驾驶员在通行信号灯路口的通行习惯。
图6 $\mathrm{\;d}$图6 $\mathrm{e}$ 分别表示的是自车的加速度和控制算法输出的加速度请求。可以看到, 在信号灯惩罚函数的作用下,在前 $2\mathrm{\;s}$ 内 CACC 车辆加速度请求时间更长, 受限于输出约束, 请求值达到饱和限制,从 $3\mathrm{\;s}$$6\mathrm{\;s}$ ,自车在跟车目标函数的作用下请求减速, 在通过信号灯后振荡收敛至控制目标。
通过场景 $\mathrm{A}$ 可以看出,在 $\mathrm{{CACC}}$ 车辆通行过程中, 针对信号灯通行设计的惩罚函数对控制算法的输出有明显的改变。在惩罚函数的作用下, 车辆会先加速通过路口, 驶入两车的缓冲区间, 尽量避开在信号灯切换时刻通过路口。而后, 在跟车目标函数的作用下减速, 在通过停止线后逐步收敛至控制目标。
在场景 $\mathrm{B}$ 中,信号灯状态不变,前车加速度以正弦信号变化,其表达式为 ${a}_{\mathrm{f}} = {a}_{\mathrm{{amp}}}\sin \frac{2\pi }{{t}_{\mathrm{{sim}}}}t$ ,式中, ${a}_{\mathrm{{amp}}}$ 为加速度幅值; ${t}_{\mathrm{{sim}}}$ 为仿真时间。其仿真结果如 图 7 所示。
图 7a可知, $\mathrm{{CACC}}$ 车辆仍然有更高的通行效率和安全性; 由 图 7 b、 图 7c可知,虽然前车速度出现振荡变化, 在通行路口后自车还是可以平稳收敛至控制目标。在 图 7e中,前 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内,控制算法输出正的加速度请求时间相比于场景 $\mathrm{A}$ 多了 ${0.7}\mathrm{s}$ ,这是由于前车加速, 自车在跟车目标函数作用下计算出更高的加速度需求。
通过场景 $\mathrm{B}$ 可以看出, $\mathrm{{CACC}}$ 控制算法在前车变化的运动状态过程中也有较好的稳定性和抗干扰性。
在场景 $\mathrm{C}$ 中,仿真开始时红灯倒计时 $5\mathrm{\;s}$ ,前车静止,自车距离停止线 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,并以初速度 ${15}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 向前车驶去。在红灯切换绿灯后,前车开始以 $3\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ 的加速度开始加速。仿真结果如 图 8 所示。
图 8a可知, CACC 车辆在红灯切换绿灯的第 $5\mathrm{\;s}$ 时刻距离停止线 ${53}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;而 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 车辆在红灯切换绿灯时刻距离停止线 ${47}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。相比于 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 车辆, CACC 车辆会有意避开红灯切换绿灯时刻。
图 8 b、 图 8 c、 图 8d可知, CACC 车辆和 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 车辆在仿真截止时都收敛至控制目标,有很好的稳定性。
图 8e可知, $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 车辆在仿真的前 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,由于距离前车较远, 自车主动给出饱和的加速度请求,而后从 ${0.5} \sim 2\mathrm{\;s}$ 开始减速靠近前车,由于前车处于停止状态,减速度请求也达到了饱和值。从红灯切换绿灯时刻 $5\mathrm{\;s}$ 开始,前车加速,自车滞后一个采样周期跟随响应。而 CACC 车辆在仿真开始的前 $5\mathrm{\;s}$ ,虽然距离前车较远,但在信号灯通行惩罚函数的作用下, 主动给出了一个减速请求, 有意避开在红灯切换绿灯时刻通过停止线。
因此,通过场景 $\mathrm{C}$ 可以看出, $\mathrm{{CACC}}$ 车辆能主动避让红灯切换绿灯时刻,有更高的安全性。
通过以上 3 个场景的数值仿真, 能初步验证本文提出的算法原理的可行性。从仿真结果分析得出, 该算法使车辆在信号灯路口通行时有更高的通行效率和安全性, 更类似人类驾驶员的行为习惯。
为进一步验证该算法在车辆上的控制效果, 使用Carla仿真器对算法开展验证工作。
在 Carla 内置的 Town02 地图中, 自车选择 Audi e-tron, 在合适的信号灯路口, 将前车置于自车前方, 进行信号灯路口通行仿真, 具体场景参数见 表 3 ,仿真场景如 图 9 所示。
借助仿真器, 仿真结果如 图 10 所示, 其中红色实线为 ACC 结果, 蓝色虚线为 CACC 结果。 图 10a图 10b为自车的速度和加速度, 图 10c为前车的速度, 图 10d为信号灯绿灯的倒计时, 图 10e为自车与前车的相对距离, 图 10 f为自车与停止线的相对距离。可以看出, ACC 和 CACC 车辆在前 6 s 内都给出加速信息,但 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 车辆在 $6 \sim 7\mathrm{\;s}$ 间由于跟车设定会主动减速至 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,而 $\mathrm{{CACC}}$ 车辆则会在信号灯惩罚函数的作用下做出继续加速的选择, 驶入缓冲区间, 这个结果表现和数值仿真中的场景 A比较一致。由 图 10 f可知, ACC 车辆通过停止线的时间是 ${8.45}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,而 $\mathrm{{CACC}}$ 车辆通过停止线的时间是 ${7.9}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,比 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 车辆快了 ${0.55}\mathrm{\;s}$ ; 在绿灯倒计时为 0 时刻(第 10 s)ACC 车辆超出停止线 ${12.9}\mathrm{\;m}$ , CACC 车辆超出停止线 ${16.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,比 $\mathrm{{ACC}}$ 车辆多行驶了 3.3 $\mathrm{m}$ 。因此,通过仿真器的仿真结果表明,该算法比传统 ACC 算法在信号灯路口有更高的通行效率和安全性, 更类似人类驾驶员在信号灯路口通行时的反应。
本文针对现有自适应巡航算法缺少融合 V2X 信号灯信息, 提出一种车路协同的自适应巡航控制算法, 该算法在模型预测控制的基础上, 加入信号灯通行惩罚函数, 使控制算法能在满足跟车行驶的前提下,尽量避开信号灯切换时刻。通过对算法进行数值仿真和仿真器仿真, 结果表明, 本文算法能让车辆在通行路口时根据信号灯状态提前调整自车加速度请求, 主动避让信号灯切换时刻, 相比于传统 ACC 功能, 有更高的通行效率和安全性。然而, 本研究也有一定局限性, 由于信号灯通行惩罚函数为反函数, 在加入该惩罚函数后, 原问题会从一个标准二次规划问题变为非线性优化问题, 这增加了系统的算力需求, 该算法仿真是在英特尔 Xeon 4210 型号 CPU 和 64 GB 内存的工作站上完成, 在工作站中算法能做到实时性, 后续应用到车载硬件中, 算法的迁移和验证有必要进一步评估。同时, 本文研究的控制算法用于 CACC 功能, 仅支持纵向控制, 因此, 只考虑了信号灯控制路口的直行场景, 在路口的左转和右转场景有待在协同领航功能中进一步研究。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.06
  • 接收时间:2023-10-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-19
  • 修回日期:2024-01-05
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    一汽-大众汽车有限公司 长春 130013
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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