Article(id=1153764468443042041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153764464802390978, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701792000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-06, revisedDate=1708790400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753008485183, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753008485183, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753008485183, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753008485183, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153764464802390978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='123', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753008484316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754446917960, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1159797692844486845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153764464802390978, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1159797692844486846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153764464802390978, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153764468803752186, articleId=1153764468443042041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Study on the Aerodynamic Characteristics and Lateral Stability of High-Speed Vehicles Under Windy and Rainy Conditions, columnId=1153756965063877395, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=System Dynamics Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the instability of high-speed vehicles in windy and rainy environments, the Euler-Lagrange method was used to numerically simulate the external flow field of automobiles under such conditions. The aerodynamic characteristics was investigated at different side wind speeds and rainfall intensities. The whole vehicle dynamics model was established and subjected to aerodynamic loads. The lateral displacement of the vehicle under the windy and rainy conditions was calculated. The results show that, at a constant side wind speed, rainfall increases the drag vortex and the wake vortex diffusion region on the leeward side. Changes in the vortex structure increase the negative pressure area on the leeward side of the body and reduce the the trailing airflow velocity. As a result, aerodynamic drag and side forces are increased. Additionally, changes in road surface adhesion further reduces the vehicle's lateral stability.

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针对汽车在高速行驶时遇到突发性风雨环境导致车辆侧偏而引发的车辆横向稳定性问题,使用欧拉-拉格朗日方法对风雨环境下汽车外流场与雨滴分布进行数值模拟。研究不同侧风速度和降雨强度下的空气动力学特性,建立整车多体动力学模型并加载气动载荷,计算风雨环境下车辆的侧偏位移。研究结果表明,侧风速度一定时,降雨会导致背风侧拖曳涡及尾涡扩散区域增大,车身背风侧负压区域扩大,尾部气流速度降低,气动阻力及气动侧力也随之增大,路面附着条件的改变也会进一步降低车辆横向稳定性能。

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汪怡平(1984-),男,湖南衡阳人,教授,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。 E-mail:
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陈禹(1999-),男,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学及多体动力学。 E-mail:

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陈禹(1999-),男,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学及多体动力学。 E-mail:

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计算域边界 边界类型 边界条件
入口 Velocity Inlet 合成速度矢量和
出口 Pressure Outlet 大气压强
侧风入口 Velocity Inlet 合成速度矢量和
侧风出口 Pressure Outlet 大气压强
顶面 Symmetry 对称壁面
地面 Wall 滑移壁面
车身表面 Wall 壁面
降雨平面 Injector 部件喷射器
), ArticleFig(id=1175717782042853544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764468443042041, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

边界条件设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算域边界 边界类型 边界条件
入口 Velocity Inlet 合成速度矢量和
出口 Pressure Outlet 大气压强
侧风入口 Velocity Inlet 合成速度矢量和
侧风出口 Pressure Outlet 大气压强
顶面 Symmetry 对称壁面
地面 Wall 滑移壁面
车身表面 Wall 壁面
降雨平面 Injector 部件喷射器
), ArticleFig(id=1175717782097379497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764468443042041, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案1 方案2 方案3 方案4 方案5 试验值
网格数量 6,803,421 8,708,379 10,550,458 14,422,476 22,075,962
Cd 0.266 4 0.263 6 0.262 8 0.262 7 0.262 7 0.260 8
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不同网格数量的Cd值及试验结果

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方案1 方案2 方案3 方案4 方案5 试验值
网格数量 6,803,421 8,708,379 10,550,458 14,422,476 22,075,962
Cd 0.266 4 0.263 6 0.262 8 0.262 7 0.262 7 0.260 8
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侧风速度/

(m/s)

降雨强度/(mm/h) 气动阻力/N 气动侧力/N
0 0 357.48
100 363.96
200 367.47
300 374.48
10 0 439.51 722.89
100 446.58 738.73
200 456.57 746.80
300 463.57 758.73
20 0 727.03 1 432.70
100 734.46 1 452.67
200 745.79 1 467.63
300 756.86 1 474.61
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不同工况下的气动阻力与气动侧力

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侧风速度/

(m/s)

降雨强度/(mm/h) 气动阻力/N 气动侧力/N
0 0 357.48
100 363.96
200 367.47
300 374.48
10 0 439.51 722.89
100 446.58 738.73
200 456.57 746.80
300 463.57 758.73
20 0 727.03 1 432.70
100 734.46 1 452.67
200 745.79 1 467.63
300 756.86 1 474.61
), ArticleFig(id=1175717782349037741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764468443042041, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
整车整备质量/kg 1 792
整车轴距/m 1.562
前轮轮距/m 1.525
后轮轮距/m 1.530
整车轴距/m 2.822
质心到前轴距离/m 1.228
x轴转动惯量/(kg·m2 901
y轴转动惯量/(kg·m2 5 910
z轴转动惯量/(kg·m2 5 584
), ArticleFig(id=1175717782403563694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764468443042041, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

整车参数表

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参数
整车整备质量/kg 1 792
整车轴距/m 1.562
前轮轮距/m 1.525
后轮轮距/m 1.530
整车轴距/m 2.822
质心到前轴距离/m 1.228
x轴转动惯量/(kg·m2 901
y轴转动惯量/(kg·m2 5 910
z轴转动惯量/(kg·m2 5 584
), ArticleFig(id=1175717782470672559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764468443042041, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
侧风速度/(m/s) 降雨强度/(mm/h) 侧偏位移/mm 横摆角变化量/(°) 最大横摆角速度/[(°)/s]
10 0 165.5 3.856 1.246 5
100 169.1 4.156 1.283 5
200 170.9 4.419 1.309 9
300 173.4 4.755 1.306 7
20 0 307.5 10.22 1.753 4
100 321.7 12.68 1.901 7
200 324.6 13.16 1.898 6
300 325.8 14.49 1.894 8
), ArticleFig(id=1175717782529392816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764468443042041, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同工况下车辆的动力学响应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
侧风速度/(m/s) 降雨强度/(mm/h) 侧偏位移/mm 横摆角变化量/(°) 最大横摆角速度/[(°)/s]
10 0 165.5 3.856 1.246 5
100 169.1 4.156 1.283 5
200 170.9 4.419 1.309 9
300 173.4 4.755 1.306 7
20 0 307.5 10.22 1.753 4
100 321.7 12.68 1.901 7
200 324.6 13.16 1.898 6
300 325.8 14.49 1.894 8
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风雨环境下高速车辆的气动特性和横向稳定性研究
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陈禹 , 汪怡平 , 马瑞 , 胡松源
汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2025,15(1): 59-68
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汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2025, 15(1): 59-68
风雨环境下高速车辆的气动特性和横向稳定性研究
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陈禹 , 汪怡平 , 马瑞, 胡松源
作者信息
  • 武汉理工大学 现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 陈禹(1999-),男,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学及多体动力学。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

汪怡平(1984-),男,湖南衡阳人,教授,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。 E-mail:
Study on the Aerodynamic Characteristics and Lateral Stability of High-Speed Vehicles Under Windy and Rainy Conditions
Yu CHEN , Yiping WANG , Rui MA, Songyuan HU
Affiliations
  • Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan 430070,China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.07
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针对汽车在高速行驶时遇到突发性风雨环境导致车辆侧偏而引发的车辆横向稳定性问题,使用欧拉-拉格朗日方法对风雨环境下汽车外流场与雨滴分布进行数值模拟。研究不同侧风速度和降雨强度下的空气动力学特性,建立整车多体动力学模型并加载气动载荷,计算风雨环境下车辆的侧偏位移。研究结果表明,侧风速度一定时,降雨会导致背风侧拖曳涡及尾涡扩散区域增大,车身背风侧负压区域扩大,尾部气流速度降低,气动阻力及气动侧力也随之增大,路面附着条件的改变也会进一步降低车辆横向稳定性能。

风雨环境  /  欧拉-拉格朗日方法  /  气动特性  /  横向稳定性

Aiming at the instability of high-speed vehicles in windy and rainy environments, the Euler-Lagrange method was used to numerically simulate the external flow field of automobiles under such conditions. The aerodynamic characteristics was investigated at different side wind speeds and rainfall intensities. The whole vehicle dynamics model was established and subjected to aerodynamic loads. The lateral displacement of the vehicle under the windy and rainy conditions was calculated. The results show that, at a constant side wind speed, rainfall increases the drag vortex and the wake vortex diffusion region on the leeward side. Changes in the vortex structure increase the negative pressure area on the leeward side of the body and reduce the the trailing airflow velocity. As a result, aerodynamic drag and side forces are increased. Additionally, changes in road surface adhesion further reduces the vehicle's lateral stability.

wind and rainfall environment  /  Euler-Lagrange method  /  aerodynamic characteristics  /  lateral stability
陈禹, 汪怡平, 马瑞, 胡松源. 风雨环境下高速车辆的气动特性和横向稳定性研究. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (1) : 59 -68 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.07
Yu CHEN, Yiping WANG, Rui MA, Songyuan HU. Study on the Aerodynamic Characteristics and Lateral Stability of High-Speed Vehicles Under Windy and Rainy Conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (1) : 59 -68 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.07
沿海城市常出现伴随着强降雨和大风的强对流天气,其破坏性强、持续时间短。强对流天气发生时会在短时间内出现降水强度变大、风力增强等现象,同时,其局地性强,水平影响范围小到甚至只有几十米[1]。汽车在高速行驶时突遇此种天气极易发生侧偏进而引起严重的安全事故。据美国交通部联邦公路管理局的统计,每年有23%的交通事故与恶劣天气相关,其中46%发生在降雨期间[2]。2019年,因为突发的强风雨天气,在英国德比郡的一条高速公路上一小时内发生了两起严重的交通事故[3]。由此可见,强对流天气及其引发的强风雨环境会给公众行车安全与公路运营管理带来很大的挑战。研究恶劣天气对汽车安全性能的影响可以优化智能交通系统,以便在主要道路上进行更好的主动安全管理。
在风雨环境下,强风会严重破坏流场对称性,使气动力和气动力矩瞬间发生变化,改变车辆的行驶轨迹[4],而空气中存在的大量离散相雨滴与高速行驶车辆周围的复杂气流相耦合,汽车周围的流场会驱使雨滴的流动,而雨滴的存在也会对汽车流场带来影响。降雨也会在道路表面形成一层水膜,降低轮胎与路面的附着系数,影响车辆行驶安全。
风雨环境对运动物体的影响一直受到国内外学者的关注,但大多数研究都集中在高速载具。如THOMPSON等[5]在风洞中模拟雨天条件下,翼型的表面特性和空气动力系数;SHAO Xueming等[6]研究了强风雨环境下的高速列车的气动特性,采用基于力矩平衡的准静态稳定性分析方法,确定了列车在不同雨风等级下的极限安全速度;YU Mengge等[7]基于非球形雨滴假设研究了暴雨环境下高速列车的绕流、压力系数分布等参数,建立了与列车速度和降雨强度相关的气动力系数的显式预测方程。目前,国内外对汽车在风雨环境下的气动特性研究较少,冯伟等[8]研究了风雨环境下车辆气动特性与车速、风速及降雨强度的关系;KOGBARA等[9]基于坡面流的总流量公式和紊流理论研究了降雨对路面抗滑性能和行车安全的影响。
强风雨环境下汽车外流场本质上属于气-液两相流问题,常用的数值计算方法主要有欧拉-拉格朗日方法和欧拉-欧拉方法。二者对空气的建模均采用欧拉方法,将空气视为连续流体,用Navier-Stokes方程描述空气随时间及空间的变化,对雨滴的建模前者采用拉格朗日方法,将雨滴视为相互离散的颗粒,后者采用欧拉方法,将雨滴视为与空气相互贯穿的连续流体[10-11]。目前,对于风雨环境下车辆气动特性的研究较少,以往研究对实际降雨环境的建模较简略,车辆行驶工况不够明确,关于恶劣天气下高速车辆横向稳定性的研究也极少考虑降雨的影响。
本文采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法,建立风雨环境下高速车辆空气动力学模型,分析车辆流场特性及气动力特性;建立湿滑路面模型与整车多体动力学模型,实现汽车多体动力学(Multi-Body Dynamics,MBD)和计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)的耦合仿真,分析不同风雨环境下的车辆动力学响应,揭示侧风速度与降雨强度对车辆横向稳定性的影响规律。
汽车外流场的求解满足质量和能量守恒,其中,空气流速较低可视为不可压缩流动[12]。采用雷诺时均模拟法对流场进行求解,引入Navier-Stokes方程后的控制方程如下。
连续性方程为:
u i ¯ x i = 0
动量方程为:
ρ u i ¯ u j ¯ x i = - p ¯ x i + τ i , j ¯ x j + x i - ρ u i ' u j ' ¯ - M i
式中: ρ为空气密度; u ¯ j u ¯ i为雷诺平均速度; p ¯为雷诺平均压力; τ i , j为湍流平均后附加应力张量; M i为相间动量交换分量。
由于 τ i , j的引入,整个系统不封闭,无法对方程组直接进行求解。因此,对于汽车外流场这一雷诺数高达106的充分发展湍流流场,本文选用Realizable k-ε模型,它能更好地模拟剪切旋转流,适用于复杂的风雨两相流动模拟[13]
湍流动能 k方程为:
ρ k t + ρ k u i x i = x j μ + μ t σ k k x j + G k - ρ ε
湍流耗散率 ε方程为:
ρ ε t + ρ ε u i x i = x j μ + μ t σ ε ε x j +
ρ C 1 E ε - ρ C 2 ε 2 k + v ε
C 1 = m a x 0.43 , S S + 5
C 2 = C 2 ' + C α S 3 ( 1 - S / S 0 ) 1 + β S 3
S = 2 S i , j × S i , j 1 / 2 k ε
S i , j = 1 2 u i x j + u j x i
式中: δ k = δ ε = 1.2,分别为 k ε在式中的湍流普朗特数; C 2 ' = 1.68 C α = 0.084   5 S 0 = 4.38 β = 0.012 G k为来自层流速度梯度的湍流能量。
采用拉格朗日法对离散相进行数值模拟,假设雨滴是不变形的粒子,雨滴动量的变化由作用于雨滴的表面力和体积力来平衡。
m p d v p d t = 1 2 C d ρ A p u s u s - V p P s + m p g
式中: v p为瞬时雨滴速度; C d为雨滴的曳力系数; ρ为连续相密度; A p为雨滴投影面积; u s为雨滴滑移速度; V p为雨滴体积; P s为连续相中静压梯度。
描述降雨环境特征的主要参数包括降雨强度、雨滴粒径分布、雨滴终速和雨滴体积分数。一般用降雨强度来描述降雨的宏观特征量,用雨滴谱来描述降雨的微观特征量。Gamma雨滴谱适用于各种降雨强度条件下的降雨事件,可以准确描述各种降雨强度下的雨滴直径大小分布情况[14]。Gamma分布函数的具体表达式为:
N ( D ) = N 0 D μ e - λ D
式中: N ( D )为单位体积中直径为 D的雨滴数量; N 0为浓度参数,取值为8 000; λ为尺度参数, λ = 7.09 Ι - 0.27   m m - 1,其中, Ι为降雨强度; μ为雨滴形状参数,根据经验取 μ = 2
雨滴在受到车辆周围流场影响之前会达到一个恒定的速度,它由雨滴直径决定,MARKOWITZ[15]得出的雨滴最终速度计算式为:
V P = 9.58 1 - e x p - 10 3 D p 1.77 1.147
式中: V P为雨滴最终速度; D p为雨滴直径。
由于计算中所采用的瞬态降雨强度为100~300 mm/h,雨滴体积分数为3.3×10-6~9.9×10-6,颗粒运动轨迹对流场有较大影响。考虑连续相与离散相之间的相互作用,采用双向耦合模型[16]。根据雨滴运动的拉格朗日方程,相间动量交换可以表示为:
M e x = 3 μ C D R e p   4 ρ p D p 2 u s m ˙ p Δ t
式中: M e x为颗粒的动量变化; C D为颗粒阻力系数; R e p为颗粒雷诺数; m ˙ p为单位体积的颗粒质量流率; Δ t为相互作用时间。
本文以某全尺寸轿车作为研究对象,其几何模型如图1所示。车长4.95 m,车宽1.88 m,车高1.47 m,正投影面积为2.334 m2,在120 km/h的速度下的雷诺数为1.13×107。为提升计算效率,对模型的几何细节进行了适当简化,去除了模型中的进气栅、门把手、刮雨器等对流场影响较小的附件,同时对底盘进行了光顺处理。
计算域大小根据汽车尺寸以及风雨耦合场的形成与发展确定,以减少边界对流动的影响,阻塞比为0.93%。计算区域如图2所示,长度为16L,宽度为14W,高度为7H
边界条件的设置见表1,采用合成速度法模拟不同的侧风工况,在入口和侧风入口处施加合成风速,合成风速为汽车移动速度与侧向风速的矢量和。拉格朗日离散相的计算需要通过喷射器完成粒子的初始条件设定,综合考虑雨滴受流场影响达到最终速度的形成时间以及计算效率,在车顶上方3 m处设置降雨平面。
基于Gamma雨滴谱模型,本文共建立60种不同直径的球形颗粒代表实际降雨环境中直径为0~6 mm的雨滴,不同降雨强度下的粒径分布如图3所示。通过场函数实现对不同粒径雨滴最终速度的控制,雨滴最终速度由式(11)计算得出。
计算域网格如图4所示。车身周围网格尺寸为15 mm,背景网格尺寸为100~150 mm,边界层网格总厚度为8 mm,层数为5层,增长率为1.2,满足y+在30~120间。为提高离散相的求解精度,加密域重点设置在降雨平面及来流方向,3层加密尺寸为30、50、80 mm。
通过调整车身网格尺寸与加密域尺寸得到表2中的网格方案。以气动阻力系数(Cd)作为评价指标验证模型的网格无关性。随着网格数的增加,Cd值逐步降低,也更接近试验值。在网格数达到1 055万后,Cd值趋于稳定,且方案3的计算误差仅为0.77%。综合考虑仿真精度与计算效率,选择方案3。
由于试验条件的限制,进行强风雨环境下车辆的横向稳定性试验比较困难。本研究在湖南大学HD-2风洞中进行了1∶3的轿车模型风洞试验,如图5所示。对比风洞试验和数值计算在侧风工况下得到的气动力系数,评估气动计算中湍流模型选择和计算设置的可靠性。
汽车外流场的稳态数值计算与风洞试验应满足几何相似、运动相似及动力相似。数值计算和风洞中的几何形状及气流相对位置均保持相似。汽车车速远低于音速,动力相似仅考虑雷诺数相似原则。风洞来流速度为30 m/s,模型长度为1 650 mm,试验雷诺数为3.39×106,因此,数值计算雷诺数与试验雷诺数均大于5×105,雷诺数对气动力系数的影响可以忽略不计。
通过在风洞中测量不同偏航角下的气动力对仿真结果进行验证。不同偏航角下的气动阻力和侧向力使用专门的六分力浮框式应变天平进行测量,汽车偏航角从-15°~15°变化,每隔3°测量一次。不同偏航角下计算得到的气动阻力系数和侧向力系数以及风洞测量值对比表明,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,仿真误差均在5%以内,说明数值计算方案具有较高精度,如图6所示。
为研究高速汽车在突遇强降雨天气的动力学响应,分析不同侧风和降雨条件对车辆行驶稳定性的影响。综合考虑常见的侧风事故风速和强降雨天气下的瞬时降雨强度,选择车速为120 km/h,侧风速度分别为0、10、20 m/s,降雨强度分别为0、100、200、300 mm/h的条件进行数值计算。
不同降雨强度及侧风速度下的整车气动阻力及气动侧力见表3。侧风速度是影响气动力的主要因素。在侧风速度相同的工况下,降雨强度增大导致单位时间内落至车身的雨滴质量增大,雨滴载荷的增大会导致气动阻力与气动侧力增大,但增加幅度相对较小。在10、20 m/s的侧风速度下,气动阻力最多增加5.4%、4.1%,气动侧力最多增加4.9%、2.9%。
图7为车速120 km/h时不同降雨强度下的气动阻力曲线,气动阻力分为压力阻力和摩擦阻力。前者由空气作用在汽车表面上的法向压力引起,后者由平行于汽车表面的剪切粘性力引起。由图可知,雨滴对压力阻力和摩擦阻力都有影响。当降雨强度增大时,压力阻力和摩擦阻力同时增大,而降雨对两种阻力的占比影响不大,其中,压力阻力约占86%,摩擦阻力约占14%。
图8为无侧风与侧风速度为10 m/s的工况下,距离地面0.8 m处流场界面的速度分布图。由图可知,在无侧风时,车身左右两侧的流场基本呈对称分布,并在车身尾部形成了对称分布的纵向涡流。侧风导致汽车尾涡被破坏并分离形成小的涡旋,汽车尾流负压区的面积增加且向背风侧偏移,尾涡分离发展形成的小型涡旋速度较低,增大了气动阻力。车后端迎风侧流场速度增大,出现了明显的气流分离现象,增大了横摆力矩。
图9为汽车纵向对称平面处的雨滴体积分数分布,表示雨滴在汽车近场的分布状况。由图可知,雨滴撞击在车身表面破碎成小水滴,在车头、发动机盖和挡风玻璃等区域出现明显的飞溅现象。雨滴体积分数随降雨强度的升高而增大,挡风玻璃处的液相分布更明显,雨滴在此处大量汇聚并随气流向后移动,汽车周围最大雨滴体积分数分布也在此处。
图10为10 m/s的侧风工况下尾部速度矢量分布对比图。由图可知,侧风破坏了尾涡的对称结构,在尾部形成了两个较大的顺时针旋转和一个逆时针旋转的纵向涡,同时,汽车尾部拖曳涡分离发展形成了一个顺时针旋转的纵向涡。雨滴的加入改变了流场结构,汽车尾部涡核位置整体向右移动,右后方纵向涡的扩散区也明显增大。
图11为汽车背风侧在10 m/s的侧风工况下附加上湍动能函数的等压零值面,可以用来分析车身外流场气流分离状态并监测湍流耗散情况。为与风洞试验工况相对应,仿真计算中未考虑车轮旋转的情况,因此,云图中轮腔处的气流分离状况会与实际情况存在一定差异,此处主要分析环境因素对汽车流场结构的影响。可以看到,侧风使后视镜及前轮的气流分离与车身发生了明显的撞击,增大了气动侧力。随着降雨强度的增大,汽车背风侧拖曳涡扩散区域逐渐增大,同时涡旋能量增大,耗散减慢,导致了汽车气动侧力逐渐增大;降雨增加了汽车尾部纵向脱落涡的扩散区域,使涡核位置向后移动,增大了气动阻力。
图12为在不同风雨环境下车身表面的压力分布。随着侧风风速的增大,车身表面压力分布逐渐不对称,气流分别在轿车迎风侧和背风侧的C柱和A柱处分离,汽车的迎风侧与背风侧的压力差导致侧向力和横摆力矩增大。降雨导致车顶背风侧负压区域增加,背风侧车门压力分布发生改变,负压区向尾部偏移。而车头和迎风侧车门区域压力变化较小,其压力受风场影响较大,降雨强度的改变对该区域的表面压力影响较小。
基于CarSim建立了包括车体、轮胎、转向系、悬架、制动系和传动系等七大子系统,共27自由度。采用魔术公式模型以精准计算轮胎的力与力矩。流场计算所得结果以气动六分力的形式加载至整车质心,完成多体动力学与空气动力学的耦合。关键动力学参数,见表4
降雨会使路面附上一层水膜,水膜会在轮胎与路面之间起到润滑作用,阻碍轮胎与路面的接触,降低轮胎与地面间的附着系数。沥青路面的水膜厚度计算式为[17]
h w = 0.125   8 × l 0.671   5 × i - 0.314   7 × R 0.778   6 × T D 0.726   1
式中: h w为水膜厚度,单位mm;l为坡面长度,取5 m;i为坡面坡度,取2%;R为根据瞬时降雨强度估计的平均降雨强度,单位 mm/min;TD为表面构造深度,取1 mm。
降雨对轮胎与路面间的接触影响较多,将车轮转动定义为稳态滚动,子午线轮胎与路面的附着系数由车速及水膜厚度决定,其计算式为[18]
φ = 0.945   8 - 0.005   7 V - 0.001   18 h w
式中: φ为轮胎与路面的附着系数;V为车辆行驶速度,单位km/h。
采用CFD-MBD单向耦合方式,忽略车辆行驶过程中横摆角导致的气动力变化,将外流场计算结果作为动力学仿真的输入,分析环境恒定扰动作用下车辆的动力学响应。仿真采取开环控制以模拟驾驶员突遇强风雨环境未做出任何反应的情况,车辆转向盘保持锁死状态。通过Matlab/Simulink将CFD仿真中得到的气动六分力加载至车辆车身质心处,通过多体动力学计算模拟车辆在受到风雨环境影响2 s时的行驶状况。由于驾驶员及车辆的ESP系统会对车辆的失控现象做出应对,因此,重点通过风雨环境作用0.5 s内,车辆的侧偏位移、横摆角速度及最大横摆角加速度评价车辆行驶稳定性。
车辆在风雨环境下受到侧向扰动产生的侧偏距离称为侧偏位移,是评价汽车横向稳定性能的主要参数,如图13所示。横摆角变化量和横摆角速度则代表了车辆发生侧偏过程中的车身姿态变化量与剧烈程度,也是车辆横向稳定性能的主要客观评价指标。车辆经过动力学仿真求解后得到的动力学响应,见表5。可以发现,车辆的侧偏位移随降雨强度的增大而增大,在20 m/s的强侧风条件下,降雨强度为100、200、300 mm/h的侧偏位移较无雨时增加了8.13%、9.11%、9.51%,相较于侧向力与横摆力矩的增加幅度明显增大。这是因为降雨环境下道路附着的一层水膜显著降低了路面附着系数,加剧了侧向扰动对于车辆的动力学响应。但在强降雨环境下,路面附着系数的改变并不明显,降雨强度的提升对车辆侧偏位移的影响较小。
在120 km/h车速下,随着侧风速度的提升,该车辆在0.5 s内的侧偏位移、横摆角速度变化量及最大横摆角速度都显著增大,这主要是由随侧风速度提升而增大的侧向力与横摆力矩导致的。车辆的侧偏位移和横摆角变化量均与降雨强度呈正相关,在有雨环境下,最大横摆角速度相较于无雨工况有所提升,但随着降雨强度的提升未呈现明显的变化趋势。在突遇强风雨环境,驾驶员未做出反应的0.5 s内,车辆在最极端工况下,即侧风速度为20 m/s,降雨强度为300 mm/h时的侧偏位移为325.8 mm,横摆角变化量为14.49°,已经接近发生侧滑事故的极限位移0.5 m[19]
针对高速车辆遭遇强风雨环境的横向稳定性问题,本文基于球形雨滴假设,采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法研究风雨环境下高速车辆的气动特性,通过进行CFD与MBD的耦合仿真,对车辆进行了多工况的流场与动力学仿真,主要结论如下。
1)降雨会影响汽车外流场结构,影响车辆侧风气动特性。在10 m/s的侧风速度下,300 mm/h的降雨强度相比于无雨工况,汽车受到的气动阻力和气动侧力最大增加5.4%和4.9%。
2)降雨导致背风侧拖曳涡扩散区域增大,涡旋能量增大,耗散减慢,尾部涡核位置向右移动,增大了汽车气动侧力。也增加了汽车后轮区域及尾部纵向脱落涡的扩散区域,尾部气流速度降低,并使涡核位置向后移动,增大了气动阻力。
3)降雨会改变整车气动特性和路面附着状况,在降雨强度较小时,路面附着系数降低使车辆横向稳定性能明显下降,在降雨强度较大时,气动特性的变化是横向稳定性能改变的主要因素。
1)研究采用单向耦合方法,将CFD稳态计算结果作为动力学输入,研究车辆动力学响应。未考虑非稳定侧风及车身姿态改变对气动六分力的影响。后续研究可以考虑采用双向耦合方法,减小仿真与实际情况的差异。
2)由于试验设备的原因,未能通过环境风洞模拟风雨环境中的汽车外流场,今后将改进试验设备,进一步研究降雨对车辆气动特性的影响。
  • 湖北省支持企业科技创新发展专项(2021BA015)
  • 湖北省科技重大专项(2021AAA006)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.07
  • 接收时间:2023-12-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-06
  • 修回日期:2024-02-25
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湖北省支持企业科技创新发展专项(2021BA015)
湖北省科技重大专项(2021AAA006)
作者信息
    武汉理工大学 现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070

通讯作者:

汪怡平(1984-),男,湖南衡阳人,教授,主要研究方向为汽车空气动力学。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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