Article(id=1153764465188266946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153764464802390978, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706112000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-25, revisedDate=1709827200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753008484408, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753008484408, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753008484408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753008484408, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153764464802390978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='123', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753008484316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1754446917960, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1159797692844486845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153764464802390978, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1159797692844486846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153764464802390978, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153764465582531523, articleId=1153764465188266946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Analysis of Demand for Critical Metal Materials in Power Batteries for the Electrification of Passenger Vehicles in China, columnId=1153756965466530584, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green and Low-Carbon Technologies Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid development of new energy vehicles has dramatically increased the demand for battery materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese. To assess the supply risks of these resources, the demand for battery materials in China's new energy passenger vehicles from 2023 to 2050 was predicted using the Gompertz curve model and material flow analysis, under two different scenarios of battery technology development. The results indicate that by 2050, under the lithium iron phosphate route (LFPR), the demand for lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese will be 238, 169, 362, 158 kilotons, respectively. Under the nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) lithium battery route, the estimated demands will reach 242, 201, 1 084, 187 kilotons, respectively. Recycled lithium, cobalt and nickel in 2050 are expected to meet at least 86.5%, 93.5% and 65.8% of their annual demand, respectively. Given the current lack of comprehensive laws and regulations for waste battery recycling in China, it is essential to develop relevant standards.

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新能源汽车作为交通运输领域节能减排的重点,近年来的迅速发展导致其对锂、钴、镍、锰等电池材料的需求剧增。为评估相关资源的供应风险,基于Gompertz曲线模型和物质流分析的方法,对两种电池技术发展情景下中国2023—2050年新能源乘用车电池材料的需求进行了预测。结果显示,在磷酸铁锂电池路线(LFPR)下,2050年锂、钴、镍、锰的需求将分别达到238、169、362、158 千吨;在三元锂电池路线(NMCR)下,2050年锂、钴、镍、锰的需求将分别达到242、201、1 084、187 千吨。当前中国锂、钴、镍的产能将难以满足未来新能源汽车发展的需要。2050年的回收锂、回收钴和回收镍将至少能分别满足86.5%、93.5%和65.8%的新增需求。鉴于国内目前还缺乏有关废电池回收的全面法律法规,制定相关标准势在必行。

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谢晓敏(1976-),女,陕西华县人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为“碳中和”相关战略及政策、生命周期分析、能源系统评价、区域可持续发展。 E-mail:
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谢航(2000-),男,湖北荆州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力电池材料需求预测分析。 E-mail:

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谢航(2000-),男,湖北荆州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力电池材料需求预测分析。 E-mail:

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2022年 2030年 2040年 2050年
E ( t )/% 4.1 [27] 35.0 60.0 75.0
ω b e v ( t )/% 79.8[27] 83.2 86.6 90.0
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车队保有结构中的新能源汽车占比

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2022年 2030年 2040年 2050年
E ( t )/% 4.1 [27] 35.0 60.0 75.0
ω b e v ( t )/% 79.8[27] 83.2 86.6 90.0
), ArticleFig(id=1175717504971325985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153764465188266946, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 BEV平均储电量 PHEV平均储电量
2022年 58.8 25.5
2030年 64.6 27.9
2040年 67.9 29.3
2050年 68.0 30.0
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单位车辆平均储电量的设定

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年份 BEV平均储电量 PHEV平均储电量
2022年 58.8 25.5
2030年 64.6 27.9
2040年 67.9 29.3
2050年 68.0 30.0
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Li Co Ni Mn
低镍/中镍材料
NMC111 0.120 0.333 0.333 0.312
NMC532 0.121 0.205 0.512 0.191
NMC622 0.104 0.176 0.525 0.164
高镍材料
NMC811 0.096 0.082 0.650 0.076
磷酸铁锂
LFP 0.086 0 0 0
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关键金属消费强度

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Li Co Ni Mn
低镍/中镍材料
NMC111 0.120 0.333 0.333 0.312
NMC532 0.121 0.205 0.512 0.191
NMC622 0.104 0.176 0.525 0.164
高镍材料
NMC811 0.096 0.082 0.650 0.076
磷酸铁锂
LFP 0.086 0 0 0
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LFPR/% NMCR/%
低镍/中镍阴极材料 27 7
高镍阴极材料 3 63
磷酸铁锂 70 30
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2050年动力电池市场结构假设

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LFPR/% NMCR/%
低镍/中镍阴极材料 27 7
高镍阴极材料 3 63
磷酸铁锂 70 30
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中国乘用车电动化对动力电池关键金属材料的需求研究
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谢航 1, 2 , 张书瑞 2, 3 , 张庭婷 2 , 谢晓敏 2, 4
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2025,15(1): 1-10
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2025, 15(1): 1-10
中国乘用车电动化对动力电池关键金属材料的需求研究
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谢航1, 2 , 张书瑞2, 3, 张庭婷2, 谢晓敏2, 4
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学 智慧能源创新学院,上海 200240
  • 2 上海交通大学 碳中和发展研究院,上海 200030
  • 3 上海交通大学 中英国际低碳学院,上海 201306
  • 4 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院,上海 200240
  • 谢航(2000-),男,湖北荆州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源汽车动力电池材料需求预测分析。 E-mail:

通讯作者:


谢晓敏(1976-),女,陕西华县人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为“碳中和”相关战略及政策、生命周期分析、能源系统评价、区域可持续发展。 E-mail:
Analysis of Demand for Critical Metal Materials in Power Batteries for the Electrification of Passenger Vehicles in China
Hang XIE1, 2 , Shurui ZHANG2, 3, Tingting ZHANG2, Xiaomin XIE2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Smart Energy,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200240,China
  • 2 Research Institute of Carbon Neutrality,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200030,China
  • 3China-UK Low Carbon College,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 201306,China
  • 4 School of Mechanical Engineering,Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200240,China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.01
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新能源汽车作为交通运输领域节能减排的重点,近年来的迅速发展导致其对锂、钴、镍、锰等电池材料的需求剧增。为评估相关资源的供应风险,基于Gompertz曲线模型和物质流分析的方法,对两种电池技术发展情景下中国2023—2050年新能源乘用车电池材料的需求进行了预测。结果显示,在磷酸铁锂电池路线(LFPR)下,2050年锂、钴、镍、锰的需求将分别达到238、169、362、158 千吨;在三元锂电池路线(NMCR)下,2050年锂、钴、镍、锰的需求将分别达到242、201、1 084、187 千吨。当前中国锂、钴、镍的产能将难以满足未来新能源汽车发展的需要。2050年的回收锂、回收钴和回收镍将至少能分别满足86.5%、93.5%和65.8%的新增需求。鉴于国内目前还缺乏有关废电池回收的全面法律法规,制定相关标准势在必行。

新能源汽车  /  动力电池  /  关键金属  /  回收潜力

The rapid development of new energy vehicles has dramatically increased the demand for battery materials such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese. To assess the supply risks of these resources, the demand for battery materials in China's new energy passenger vehicles from 2023 to 2050 was predicted using the Gompertz curve model and material flow analysis, under two different scenarios of battery technology development. The results indicate that by 2050, under the lithium iron phosphate route (LFPR), the demand for lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese will be 238, 169, 362, 158 kilotons, respectively. Under the nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) lithium battery route, the estimated demands will reach 242, 201, 1 084, 187 kilotons, respectively. Recycled lithium, cobalt and nickel in 2050 are expected to meet at least 86.5%, 93.5% and 65.8% of their annual demand, respectively. Given the current lack of comprehensive laws and regulations for waste battery recycling in China, it is essential to develop relevant standards.

new energy vehicle  /  power battery  /  critical metal  /  recycling
谢航, 张书瑞, 张庭婷, 谢晓敏. 中国乘用车电动化对动力电池关键金属材料的需求研究. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.01
Hang XIE, Shurui ZHANG, Tingting ZHANG, Xiaomin XIE. Analysis of Demand for Critical Metal Materials in Power Batteries for the Electrification of Passenger Vehicles in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.01
新能源汽车作为交通运输领域节能减排的重点,近年来在相关政策的激励下,取得了迅速的发展[1]。根据中国汽车工业协会公布的数据,2022年中国新能源汽车销量为688.7万辆,同比增长93.4%,市场渗透率达到了25.6%[2],这已经提前超过了《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)》中提到的2025年市场渗透率达到20%的目标[3]
与传统的燃油汽车相比,新能源汽车动力电池的制造需要关键的金属材料:锂、钴、镍、锰等[4]。我国是关键金属消费大国,但其资源储量和产量有限[5]。2021年,中国锂消费约占全球总产量的72%,对外依存度高达67%[6],钴和镍的对外依存度也分别在90%和80%以上[7-8]。中国关键金属矿产资源的自给能力较弱,存在较大的供给风险。
目前,国内外学者对动力电池关键金属材料需求预测已经开展的一些研究主要是聚焦全球视角[9-13]。MAISEL等[9]的研究显示,锂和钴在2040年的需求将超过目前产量的8倍,回收利用可有效降低对关键金属材料的需求。DUNN等[12]的研究表明,到2040年,全球退役电池回收利用可以满足60%的钴、53%的锂、57%的锰和53%的镍需求。聚焦于中国区域的相关研究还较少,且研究涵盖的关键金属种类也不太全面[14-15]。郑林昌等[14]测算了不同情景下中国新能源汽车的锂回收潜力。ZHANG Hongyan等[15]预测了到2050年中国电动汽车行业对镍的需求。
锂、钴、镍、锰是4种主要的电池金属材料。本文通过结合物质流分析的方法建立了一个自下而上的预测模型,对2023—2050年新能源汽车电池的锂、钴、镍、锰需求及其报废回收潜力展开了综合预测分析,并结合资源供给侧给出了相关建议。研究结果不仅可以为新能源汽车行业未来的发展路线规划提供参考,而且可以为相关政策的制定提供依据。
图1为提出的研究框架。研究的地域边界为中国内地,研究对象为乘用车;研究涵盖的新能源车型包括:纯电动汽车(BEV)、插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)。
基于Gompertz曲线模型对2023—2050年间我国乘用车保有总量进行了预测,并在车队电气化水平假设的基础上,预测新能源汽车的保有情况。通过车辆的平均报废年限计算报废车辆的流出,用物质流分析(MFA)的方法估算新能源汽车的流入(销量)。考虑到电池技术的发展趋势,设置了两种电池技术发展路线,分析不同路线下关键金属需求、报废资源回收潜力等,并结合资源供应端提出相关的政策建议。
估算新能源汽车的销量,首先需要对乘用车总保有量进行预测。美国、日本等发达国家的汽车产业发展历史数据表明,一个国家的乘用车人均保有量随着国民经济水平的提高会出现加速增长、减速增长、趋于饱和3个阶段性特征[16],整体上呈S形的增长规律。Gompertz曲线模型是常用的S形非线性拟合曲线之一,已被很多学者应用于乘用车保有量的预测分析[16-18]。模型的表达式为:
R p v ( t ) = a × e - b e - c x t  
S p v ( t ) =   R p v ( t ) × p ( t )   × 10 - 3   
式中: R p v ( t )为第 t年的千人乘用车保有率,单位辆/千人; S p v ( t )为第 t年的乘用车总保有量,单位百万辆; p ( t )为第 t年的人口数量,单位百万人; a为千人乘用车保有率饱和值,单位辆/千人; x ( t )为第 t年的人均GDP,单位万元/人; b , c为模型参数。
清华大学、中国汽车工程协会等机构预测中国千人乘用车保有率饱和值在300~400辆/千人之间[19-20]。综合考虑本文中饱和值 a取400辆/千人。人口和国内生产总值(GDP)的历史数据来源于《中国统计年鉴》[21]。人口和经济发展水平的未来假设参考中国人民大学陈卫[22]的研究和中国科学院陈锡康等[23]的研究。
基于乘用车总保有量进一步计算新能源汽车的保有量:
S e v ( t ) =   S p v ( t ) × E ( t ) × ω e v t
式中: S e v ( t )为第 t年的BEV或PHEV乘用车保有量,单位百万辆; E ( t )为第 t年的车队保有结构中的新能源汽车占比,单位%; ω e v ( t )为第 t年新能源汽车中BEV或PHEV的占比,单位%; E ( t ) ω b e v ( t )的设置参考《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)》[4]以及国家发展和改革委员会[24]的相关规划以及能源与交通创新中心[19]、中国汽车工程协会[25]、国际能源署[26]等机构对于未来中国的电动车销量和保有量的预测。具体的参数设置见表1
新能源汽车的销量在保有量的基础上用物质流分析的方法计算。车辆的保有量 S e v、销量(流入量) f e v i n、报废量(流出量) f e v o u t三者的关系可以表示为:
f e v i n t = S e v t - S e v t - 1 +   f e v o u t t  
t年的销量(流入量,百万辆) f e v i n t由第 t年与前一年的保有量之差以及第   t  年的报废数量(流出量,百万辆) f e v o u t ( t )计算得到。
乘用车电动化对动力电池关键金属的需求与电动汽车销量、动力电池平均容量、动力电池类型及其市场占有情况以及关键金属消费强度有关[9-11]。电动汽车销量的增加会导致对关键金属需求的上升。关键金属消费强度是指每千瓦时电池容量需要消耗的对应的关键金属质量。此外,动力电池平均容量以及动力电池市场占有情况也会影响关键金属需求的计算。本文对上述参数的具体设置和说明在第2节中给出。关键金属材料的需求可计算为:
W m ( t ) = j C j t × I j , m  
C j t =   C t × M j t  
C t = f b e v i n × c b e v t + f p h e v i n × c p h e v t  
式中: W m ( t )为第 t年对材料 m的需求,单位千吨; C j t为第 t年阴极材料为 j的电池新增装机容量,单位GWh; C ( t )为第 t年的电池新增装机容量,单位GWh; M j ( t )为阴极材料为 j的电池在第 t年的市场占有份额,单位%; I j , m为阴极材料为 j的电池对材料   m  的消费强度,单位kg/kWh; c b e vt)和 c p h e v ( t )分别为BEV和PHEV的动力电池平均容量,单位kWh/辆; f b e v i n ( t ) f p h e v i n ( t )分别为第   t  年BEV和PHEV的销量(流入量),单位百万辆。
汽车使用达到一定年限或达到一定行驶里程后,其零部件的磨损和老化会逐渐加剧,导致故障率逐渐升高[28]。商务部对机动车强制报废年限作出了规定[29]。已有研究结果显示,微型载客汽车和小型载客汽车的报废年限在7~12年之间频率最高[30]。本文设定车辆平均报废年限为10年。
退役动力电池的回收利用具有巨大的经济环境效益[31]。量化报废电池的资源回收潜力需要对电池回收率、电池第二寿命选择、拆卸、预处理、冶炼和精炼过程中的损失等因素进行考虑。本文对关键金属资源报废回收潜力的估算在以下假设的基础上进行:电池与新能源汽车同期报废且不参与梯度利用;估算的最大潜力是报废电池中的金属资源能被完全回收利用。最大资源回收潜力可表示为:
Q m t =   W m t - T  
式中: Q m ( t )为第   t  年对材料 m的最大回收潜力,单位千吨; T为电池的使用寿命,单位年。
动力电池平均容量随着电池技术的发展和汽车续驶里程的提高而上升。2017—2022年工信部发布的《免征车辆购置税的新能源汽车车型目录》[32]中,2 947款新能源车型数据显示:2017—2022年BEV动力电池平均容量提升了73.5%,由34 kWh/辆到59 kWh/辆;PHEV动力电池平均容量提升了92.3%,由13 kWh/辆到25 kWh/辆。随着新能源汽车技术的发展,其搭载的动力电池容量还会进一步上升,对动力电池平均容量的设定见表2
关键金属消费强度是指某种阴极材料的电池储存单位电量对特定金属的质量需求(kg/kWh)。不同阴极材料的电池对关键金属资源的需求不同。MAISEL等[9]和OLIVETTI等[33]的研究中给出了关键金属消费强度的相关参数,本文涉及到的几种电池参数参考上述研究设定,见表3
目前中国动力电池市场以三元锂电池(NMC)和磷酸铁锂电池(LFP)为主。2022年电池总装机量NMC电池占37.5%,LFP电池占62.4%[34],如图2所示。NMC电池按阴极材料的不同组分可进一步划分为高镍阴极材料(NMC811)和低/中镍阴极材料(NMC111\NMC532\NMC622)。提高镍的含量有助于提升电池能量密度,同时由于钴含量降低,电池材料成本也有所下降,一些研究表明,富镍电池可能成为未来的发展方向[35-36]。此外,固态电池、锂硫电池等电池技术也逐渐得到更多的关注[36],但考虑到目前技术尚未成熟,缺少商业化的应用,在本文中暂不对其进行讨论。
本文设置了两种情景分别对应两种电池技术发展路线:一种为NMC电池情景(NMCR),此情景下NMC电池在未来占据市场的主导地位,且富镍电池技术得到发展和应用;另一种为LFP电池路线(LFPR),此情景下LFP电池被更广泛地使用。两种情景下2050年的电池市场结构假设见表4
根据上述方法对中国2023—2050年乘用车保有量进行了预测,预测结果如图3所示。2005—2025年,全国乘用车保有量处于“S”形曲线的加速增长区,预计2025年底乘用车保有量将达到3.51亿辆;2025—2040年,乘用车保有量增长速度开始放缓,预计2040年底乘用车保有量将达到5.18亿辆;2040—2050年,全国乘用车保有量趋于饱和,预计到2050年达到5.21亿辆。
新能源汽车的保有量和销量预测结果如图4所示。保有结构方面,2030年、2040年、2050年新能源汽车保有量分别达到1.51、3.11、3.65亿辆;其中,BEV保有量分别达到1.23、2.67、3.28亿辆,PHEV保有量分别达到0.28、0.44、0.36亿辆,2050年,新能源汽车保有结构中BEV的占比在70%以上。销量方面,2030年、2040年、2050年BEV销量分别达到2.04、3.01、3.60千万辆,PHEV销量分别达到4.13、4.30、2.97百万辆。2040年前,新能源汽车销量增速较快;2040年后,由于保有量趋于饱和,销量逐渐趋于稳定,每年的新增销量主要用于补充因达到使用年限而报废退出的车辆。2050年新能源新车销量以纯电动汽车为主,插电式混合动力汽车逐渐退出市场。
基于新能源汽车的销量计算了2023—2050年的动力电池装机容量。两种电池技术发展情景下,不同阴极材料的动力电池装机容量分布如图5所示。2050年新增动力电池装机容量将达到2 533.68 GWh。LFPR情景下不同阴极材料电池的新增装机容量如下:2030年磷酸铁锂、低/中镍阴极材料、高镍阴极材料3种电池的装机容量分别为928.04、456.84、50.76 GWh;2040年3种材料的电池装机容量分别为1 460.43、638.02、70.89 GWh;2050年分别为1 773.58、684.09、76.01 GWh。NMCR情景下不同阴极材料电池新增装机容量如下:2030年磷酸铁锂、低/中镍阴极材料、高镍阴极材料3种电池的装机容量分别为763.97、470.17、201.50 GWh;2040年分别为902.60、570.03、696.70 GWh;2050年分别为760.10、354.72、1 418.86 GWh。两种不同电池技术发展路线的电池市场结构有较大差异,体现在资源需求上也有所不同。
两种情景下的关键金属资源需求预测结果如图6所示。LFPR情景下,2050年锂、钴、镍、锰的需求分别达到了238、169、362、158千吨,分别约为2022年的9.25、7.68、7.70、7.52倍。4种金属需求增速最快的区间都集中在2022—2030年间。NMCR情景下,2050年锂、钴、镍、锰的需求将分别达到242、201、1 084、187千吨,分别约为2022年的9.68、9.14、23.06、8.90倍。与LFPR情景相同,4种金属需求增速最快的区间也集中在2022—2030年间。两种情景对比来看,NMCR和LFPR对锂的需求相近,但对于钴、镍、锰3种金属,NMCR下的需求要显著高于LFPR,2050年钴、镍、锰的需求量比LFPR要分别高出32、722、29千吨,其中,NMCR镍的需求约为LFPR镍需求的3倍。MAISEL等[9]的预测结果显示,在SSP2关键金属情景(SSP2-Critical Metal Scenario)下,2040年,全球电动汽车对锂、钴、镍、锰的年度需求分别为464、354、2 589、683千吨。结合本文的计算结果来看,在未来中国对上述4种金属的消费在全球总消费中仍占据很大比重。
资源的供应端应包括一次矿产资源的开采和对报废资源的回收二次利用。2022年,全球锂、钴、镍、锰的一次矿产开采的产量分别是:130、190、3 300、20 000千吨,中国的产量分别是19、2.2、110、990千吨[37]。2050年,中国新能源汽车电池对于锂、钴、镍、锰4种金属的需求及其回收潜力如图7所示。
从资源需求量来看,两种电池技术发展路线在2050年对锂的需求量相近,约为240千吨,大约是2022年世界锂产量的1.8倍,中国锂产量的12.6倍。LFPR路线下,2050年的钴需求为169千吨,低于2022年的世界钴产量(190千吨);NMCR路线下的钴需求(201千吨)则略高于2022年的世界钴产量。值得注意的是,中国金属钴的生产能力较弱,仅占全球总产量的1.16%。两种电池路线对镍的需求有较大的差异。LFPR路线下2050年对镍的需求约为2022年中国镍产量的3.29倍,NMCR路线下为9.85倍。金属锰在2050年的需求在两种路线下分别为158千吨和187千吨。锰的世界产量和中国产量较高,供应风险较小。
从资源的产地来看,中国的锂、钴、镍本土产量与需求量存在较大差距,本土一次矿产资源开采供应难以满足新能源汽车发展电池材料的需要。从资源的回收潜力来看,在未来中国本土关键金属资源具有巨大的二次回收利用潜力。假设报废回收的动力电池关键金属材料能完全被二次利用,那么2050年,LFPR和NMCR路线下,回收锂将分别达到206千吨和210千吨,这分别是它们在当年需求的86.5%和86.8%;回收钴将分别达到158千吨和193千吨,分别是当年需求的93.5%和96.0%;回收镍将分别达到338千吨和713千吨,分别是当年需求的93.4%和65.8%。2050年,二次回收利用资源可以满足大部分的新增金属需求。鉴于国内目前还缺乏有关废电池回收的全面法律法规,制定相关标准势在必行[38]
本文基于Gompertz曲线模型、情景分析以及物质流分析的方法对中国2050年新能源乘用车电池材料的需求进行了预测,得出的主要结论如下。
1)新能源汽车的推广降低了汽车行业对传统化石燃料的依赖,减少了交通运输部门的温室气体排放。但制造电池的几种关键金属材料在中国的储量和产量都相对较低,存在一定的供应风险。
2)2022—2050年,新能源汽车电池对关键金属矿产资源的需求量提升显著。LFPR电池路线下,2050年锂、钴、镍、锰的需求分别是2022年需求的9.25、7.68、7.70、7.52倍;NMCR电池路线下,2050年上述4种金属的需求分别是2022年的9.68、9.14、23.06、8.90倍。从时间上来看,4种金属需求增速最快的区间都集中在2022—2030年。
3)当前中国本土锂、钴、镍的一次矿产资源开采水平难以满足新能源汽车发展的需要,但金属锰的储量和产量较高,供应风险较小。中国未来的关键金属资源具有巨大的二次回收利用潜力。在LFPR和NMCR两种情景下,2050年的回收锂、回收钴和回收镍至少能满足86.5%、93.5%和65.8%当年对应金属的需求。
基于上述结论,提出以下建议。
1)新能源汽车对于实现碳中和目标具有重大意义,但其发展过程中遇到的资源供给风险问题较突出。考虑到国内相关资源储量和产量均较低,建议国家层面尽快拓展上游矿产资源供应商,保障进口资源供给。
2)磷酸铁锂电池技术路线比三元锂电池技术路线对锂、钴、镍、锰4种金属的需求更低,但总体来看,两种技术路线在未来都面临着资源供应不足的问题。建议加大对新兴电池技术的开发与应用,如固态电池、氢燃料电池等,以缓解资源压力。
3)预计到2050年,关键金属资源具有巨大的二次回收利用潜力,建议尽快建立新能源汽车动力电池报废回收标准体系,完善废电池回收的法律法规,加强对报废金属资源的二次回收利用。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.01.01
  • 接收时间:2024-01-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-25
  • 修回日期:2024-03-08
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    1 上海交通大学 智慧能源创新学院,上海 200240
    2 上海交通大学 碳中和发展研究院,上海 200030
    3 上海交通大学 中英国际低碳学院,上海 201306
    4 上海交通大学 机械与动力工程学院,上海 200240

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谢晓敏(1976-),女,陕西华县人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为“碳中和”相关战略及政策、生命周期分析、能源系统评价、区域可持续发展。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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