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Neural networks lack interpretability and the D-S theory is prone to paradoxes in high-conflict scenarios of multimodal fusion. In response, this paper proposes a result-level multimodal fusion method that integrates a confidence estimation network with an improved D-S theory. The method consist of two key components. First, a confidence estimation network reframes the classification problem in target detection as a confidence estimation task, providing confidence scores for the detection results of individual unimodal networks. Second, a fusion method with improved D-S theory uses confidence scores and class information to construct evidence, achieving final fusion of detection data from different modalities. Evaluation experiments on the KITTI dataset show that the proposed fusion method improves mAP by up to 6.64% compared to image-based detection and up to 15.43% compared to point cloud-based detection. In the comparison of fusion methods, the proposed fusion method achieves an mAP improvement 0.81% higher than the classical D-S fusion. It effectively reduces classification conflicts and addresses the limitations of the classical D-S theory.
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针对神经网络可解释性较低,且多模态融合中D-S理论易在高冲突场景出现悖论的问题,提出了一种基于置信估计网络和改进D-S理论的结果级多模态融合方法,该方法包括一种置信估计网络,将目标检测中的分类问题表述为置信估计问题,输出单模态网络检测结果的置信估计分数;一种改进D-S理论的融合方法,用检测结果的置信度分数和类别信息合成证据,最终融合不同模态检测数据。在KITTI数据集上进行的评估试验表明,该融合方法的mAP值较图像单模态检测最高提升6.64%,较点云单模态检测最高提升15.43%,对比结果表明,该融合方法的mAP提升值高于经典D-S融合0.81%,能有效减少分类冲突,克服经典D-S的局限性。
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 |
| 程腾(1983-),男,重庆梁平人,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为新一代车联网与车辆信息安全,包括密码学、量子密码、区块链,自动驾驶环境下的多模融合,以及智驾感知和智能座舱交互。 E-mail:cht616@hfut.edu.cn |
, authorsList=程腾, 郭利港, 张强, 王文冲, 石琴, 侯登超)}, authors=[Author(id=1175545606668959775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=cht616@hfut.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545606815760419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, authorId=1175545606668959775, language=EN, stringName=Teng CHENG, firstName=Teng, middleName=null, lastName=CHENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1 Key Laboratory for Automated Vehicle Safety Technology of Anhui Province,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
2 Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Transportation and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure of Anhui Province,Hefei 230009,China
3 School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545606882869284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, authorId=1175545606668959775, language=CN, stringName=程腾, firstName=腾, middleName=null, lastName=程, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1 合肥工业大学 自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009
2 安徽省智慧交通车路协同工程研究中心,合肥 230009
3 合肥工业大学 汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230009, bio={"img":"oCFRvv/D/37nhWKkTL8umA==","content":"
程腾(1983-),男,重庆梁平人,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为新一代车联网与车辆信息安全,包括密码学、量子密码、区块链,自动驾驶环境下的多模融合,以及智驾感知和智能座舱交互。 E-mail:cht616@hfut.edu.cn
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程腾(1983-),男,重庆梁平人,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为新一代车联网与车辆信息安全,包括密码学、量子密码、区块链,自动驾驶环境下的多模融合,以及智驾感知和智能座舱交互。 E-mail:cht616@hfut.edu.cn
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1, 2, 3, address=
1 Key Laboratory for Automated Vehicle Safety Technology of Anhui Province,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
2 Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Transportation and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure of Anhui Province,Hefei 230009,China
3 School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545607520403499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, authorId=1175545607004504102, language=CN, stringName=郭利港, firstName=利港, middleName=null, lastName=郭, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 合肥工业大学 自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009
2 安徽省智慧交通车路协同工程研究中心,合肥 230009
3 合肥工业大学 汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230009, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545606375358482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545606379552787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, companyId=1175545606375358482, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 Key Laboratory for Automated Vehicle Safety Technology of Anhui Province,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545606387941396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, companyId=1175545606375358482, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 合肥工业大学 自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175545606446661653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545606459244566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, companyId=1175545606446661653, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3 合肥工业大学 汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230009)])]), Author(id=1175545607574929453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545607671398450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, authorId=1175545607574929453, language=EN, stringName=Qiang ZHANG, firstName=Qiang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, 4, address=
1 Key Laboratory for Automated Vehicle Safety Technology of Anhui Province,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
2 Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Transportation and Cooperative Vehicle-Infrastructure of Anhui Province,Hefei 230009,China
3 School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
4 Chery Automobile Co.,Ltd.,Wuhu 241007,Anhui,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545607746895923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, authorId=1175545607574929453, language=CN, stringName=张强, firstName=强, middleName=null, lastName=张, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, 4, address=
1 合肥工业大学 自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009
2 安徽省智慧交通车路协同工程研究中心,合肥 230009
3 合肥工业大学 汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230009
4 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司,安徽,芜湖 241007, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545606375358482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545606379552787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, companyId=1175545606375358482, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1 合肥工业大学 自动驾驶汽车安全技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175545606446661653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545606459244566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, companyId=1175545606446661653, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3 合肥工业大学 汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175545606601850907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545606606045212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, companyId=1175545606601850907, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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4 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司,安徽,芜湖 241007)])]), Author(id=1175545607818199093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545607902085175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756966833868919, authorId=1175545607818199093, language=EN, stringName=Wenchong WANG, firstName=Wenchong, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
4, address=
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| 检测目标 | 检测器 | 车 | 人 | 非机动车 | 置信估计分数 |
| 非机动车 | 相机 | 3.83 | 2.94 | 59.85 | 59.84 |
| 激光雷达 | 0.23 | 37.64 | 0.22 | 2.99 |
| 经典D-S | 0.78 | 98.74 | 1.18 | |
| 本文方法 | 1.72 | 2.81 | 26.89 | |
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证据源高冲突场景下的置信度重分配
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| 检测目标 | 检测器 | 车 | 人 | 非机动车 | 置信估计分数 |
| 非机动车 | 相机 | 3.83 | 2.94 | 59.85 | 59.84 |
| 激光雷达 | 0.23 | 37.64 | 0.22 | 2.99 |
| 经典D-S | 0.78 | 98.74 | 1.18 | |
| 本文方法 | 1.72 | 2.81 | 26.89 | |
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| 检测器 | mAP @0.5/% |
| 单模态检测 | 经典D-S融合 (较图像提升) | 本文方法 (较图像提升) | 本文方法较 经典D-S提升 |
| FasterRCNN | 74.58 | | | |
| FasterRCNN+PVRCNN | 69.14 | 75.97(+1.39) | 76.58(+2.00) | +0.61 |
| FasterRCNN+PointPillar | 62.25 | 74.23(-0.35) | 74.51(-0.07) | +0.28 |
| FasterRCNN+SECOND | 67.01 | 75.16(+0.58) | 75.17(+0.59) | +0.01 |
| CenterNet | 75.29 | | | |
| CenterNet+PVRCNN | 69.14 | 75.55(+0.26) | 75.91(+0.62) | +0.36 |
| CenterNet+PointPillar | 62.25 | 75.88(+0.59) | 76.69(+1.40) | +0.81 |
| CenterNet+SECOND | 67.01 | 76.14(+0.85) | 76.86(+1.57) | +0.72 |
| YOLO V8 | 72.71 | | | |
| YOLO V8 + PVRCNN | 69.14 | 78.89(+6.18) | 79.35(+6.64) | +0.46 |
| YOLO V8 + PointPillar | 62.25 | 77.59(+4.88) | 77.68(+4.97) | +0.09 |
| YOLO V8 + SECOND | 67.01 | 77.60(+4.89) | 77.79(+5.08) | +0.19 |
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融合试验结果数据对比
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| 检测器 | mAP @0.5/% |
| 单模态检测 | 经典D-S融合 (较图像提升) | 本文方法 (较图像提升) | 本文方法较 经典D-S提升 |
| FasterRCNN | 74.58 | | | |
| FasterRCNN+PVRCNN | 69.14 | 75.97(+1.39) | 76.58(+2.00) | +0.61 |
| FasterRCNN+PointPillar | 62.25 | 74.23(-0.35) | 74.51(-0.07) | +0.28 |
| FasterRCNN+SECOND | 67.01 | 75.16(+0.58) | 75.17(+0.59) | +0.01 |
| CenterNet | 75.29 | | | |
| CenterNet+PVRCNN | 69.14 | 75.55(+0.26) | 75.91(+0.62) | +0.36 |
| CenterNet+PointPillar | 62.25 | 75.88(+0.59) | 76.69(+1.40) | +0.81 |
| CenterNet+SECOND | 67.01 | 76.14(+0.85) | 76.86(+1.57) | +0.72 |
| YOLO V8 | 72.71 | | | |
| YOLO V8 + PVRCNN | 69.14 | 78.89(+6.18) | 79.35(+6.64) | +0.46 |
| YOLO V8 + PointPillar | 62.25 | 77.59(+4.88) | 77.68(+4.97) | +0.09 |
| YOLO V8 + SECOND | 67.01 | 77.60(+4.89) | 77.79(+5.08) | +0.19 |
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