Article(id=1153756965617525531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153756963994329869, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.05, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710777600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-19, revisedDate=1715616000000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753006696371, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753006696371, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753006696371, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753006696371, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153756963994329869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='2', pageStart='125', pageEnd='262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753006695984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757654146268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173249783352410923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153756963994329869, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173249783352410924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153756963994329869, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=164, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153756966041150236, articleId=1153756965617525531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Optimized Data-Driven Model for Predicting Commercial Vehicle Energy Consumption, columnId=1153756965466530584, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green and Low-Carbon Technologies Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking a domestic fuel commercial vehicle as an example, an energy consumption optimization prediction model suitable for commercial vehicles was constructed using the Internet of Vehicles big data platform and a neural network model. Firstly, the historical vehicle operation data was preprocessed to analyze the correlation between different vehicle operation characteristic data. Secondly, an adaptive weight attention mechanism was introduced based on Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) and the characteristics of vehicle data. The Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (IWOA) was used to optimize the network hyperparameters of the model, leading to the construction of the IWOA-BilSTM-Attention commercial vehicle energy consumption optimization prediction model. Finally, the prediction performance of multiple models under different driving conditions were compared and analyzed. The results show that under actual driving conditions, the root mean square error and the mean absolute error of the optimized model are reduced by approximately 26.73% and 20.0%, respectively, compared with the original model. This verifies the feasibility of the optimized model for predicting the energy consumption of commercial vehicles.

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以国内某燃油商用车为例,利用车联网大数据平台和神经网络模型构建适用于商用车的能耗优化预测模型。将车辆历史运行数据进行预处理,分析车辆运行特征数据之间的相关性。基于双向长短期记忆网络(BiLSTM),结合车辆数据特征引入自适应权重的注意力机制,使用改进鲸鱼优化算法(IWOA)对模型的网络超参数组合进行优化,构建了IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention商用车能耗优化预测模型。对比分析了多个模型在不同驾驶工况下的预测效果,结果显示,在实际驾驶工况下,优化模型相较于原模型的均方根误差、平均绝对误差分别降低了约26.73%和20.0%,验证了该优化模型在商用车能耗预测上的可行性。

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胡明茂(1980-),男,湖北十堰人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为车辆稳定性控制、车辆人机工程学、制造系统优化、制造信息系统。 E-mail:
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李帅雨(1999-),男,河南许昌人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车辆大数据分析与应用。 E-mail:

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李帅雨(1999-),男,河南许昌人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车辆大数据分析与应用。 E-mail:

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李帅雨(1999-),男,河南许昌人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车辆大数据分析与应用。 E-mail:

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超参数类型 第1组 第2组 第3组
Learning rate [0.001,0.05] [0.001,0.5] [0.001,1]
epochs 10,50] 10,100] 10,200]
hidden_1、hidden_2 110 120 1,40]
FC Layer 1,50] 1,100] 1,200]
Batch size 16,32] 16,64] 8,128]
最优超参数组合 [0.031 680 777,33,4,1,23,29] [0.020 564 115,45,2,12,3,61] [0.059 322 906,110,33,35,35,116]

误差评价指标

(RMSE、MAE、R 2

0.016 0

0.009 7

0.998 7

0.015 3

0.009 2

0.998 8

0.015 9

0.010 8

0.998 7

用时/s 16.30 18.16 34.51
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不同寻优区间内的参数寻优结果对比

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超参数类型 第1组 第2组 第3组
Learning rate [0.001,0.05] [0.001,0.5] [0.001,1]
epochs 10,50] 10,100] 10,200]
hidden_1、hidden_2 110 120 1,40]
FC Layer 1,50] 1,100] 1,200]
Batch size 16,32] 16,64] 8,128]
最优超参数组合 [0.031 680 777,33,4,1,23,29] [0.020 564 115,45,2,12,3,61] [0.059 322 906,110,33,35,35,116]

误差评价指标

(RMSE、MAE、R 2

0.016 0

0.009 7

0.998 7

0.015 3

0.009 2

0.998 8

0.015 9

0.010 8

0.998 7

用时/s 16.30 18.16 34.51
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数据类别 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
燃油消耗率/(L/10 km) 0 0.029 0.294 0.453 0.434
GPS车速/(km/h) 0 0 0 0 0
发动机转矩/Nm 0 6.4 18.2 22 21.2
发动机转速/(r/min) 0 30.6 641 711.1 713.9
变速器转速/(r/min) 0 0 0 0 0
油门开度/% 0 0 0 0 0
机油压力/kPa 0 0 408 416 456
发动机水温/℃ 27 27 27 26.4 26
大气温度/℃ 29.6 30 30 30 30
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商用车实车运行数据

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数据类别 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
燃油消耗率/(L/10 km) 0 0.029 0.294 0.453 0.434
GPS车速/(km/h) 0 0 0 0 0
发动机转矩/Nm 0 6.4 18.2 22 21.2
发动机转速/(r/min) 0 30.6 641 711.1 713.9
变速器转速/(r/min) 0 0 0 0 0
油门开度/% 0 0 0 0 0
机油压力/kPa 0 0 408 416 456
发动机水温/℃ 27 27 27 26.4 26
大气温度/℃ 29.6 30 30 30 30
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函数 函数名 基准测试公式 范围
F1 Rastrigin f 1 ( x ) = i N x i 2 - 10 c o s 2 π x i + 10 [-5.12,5.12]
F2 Rosenbrock f 2 ( x ) = i N - 1 100 x i + 1 - x i 2 2 + x i - 1 2 [-5.12,5.12]
F3 Griewank f 3 ( x ) = 1 4   000 i N x i 2 - i N c o s x i i + 1 [-50,50]
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基准测试函数

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函数 函数名 基准测试公式 范围
F1 Rastrigin f 1 ( x ) = i N x i 2 - 10 c o s 2 π x i + 10 [-5.12,5.12]
F2 Rosenbrock f 2 ( x ) = i N - 1 100 x i + 1 - x i 2 2 + x i - 1 2 [-5.12,5.12]
F3 Griewank f 3 ( x ) = 1 4   000 i N x i 2 - i N c o s x i i + 1 [-50,50]
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迭代次数

全连接层

层数

平均损失值/MSE 训练用时/s 效果排名
500 5 0.002 0 331.83 4
500 10 0.002 9 321.78 9
500 20 0.002 1 308.85 6
1 000 20 0.002 4 813.06 8
1 000 10 0.001 7 706.76 2
1 000 5 0.002 0 781.46 4
2 000 5 0.001 4 1 482.47 1
2 000 10 0.001 7 1 356.06 2
2 000 20 0.002 1 1 338.82 6
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LSTM超参数试错试验

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迭代次数

全连接层

层数

平均损失值/MSE 训练用时/s 效果排名
500 5 0.002 0 331.83 4
500 10 0.002 9 321.78 9
500 20 0.002 1 308.85 6
1 000 20 0.002 4 813.06 8
1 000 10 0.001 7 706.76 2
1 000 5 0.002 0 781.46 4
2 000 5 0.001 4 1 482.47 1
2 000 10 0.001 7 1 356.06 2
2 000 20 0.002 1 1 338.82 6
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预测模型 A类工况 B类工况 实际工况
RMSE MAE R 2 RMSE MAE R 2 RMSE MAE R 2
LSTM 0.037 1 0.028 4 0.993 0 0.330 1 0.212 0 0.441 6 0.034 9 0.027 9 0.993 8
BiLSTM 0.032 4 0.026 1 0.994 6 0.320 3 0.203 8 0.474 3 0.020 2 0.011 6 0.997 9
BiLSTM-Attention 0.018 8 0.011 4 0.998 2 0.332 4 0.204 4 0.433 7 0.019 3 0.011 5 0.998 1
IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention 0.014 5 0.018 7 0.998 9 0.320 8 0.200 2 0.536 4 0.014 8 0.009 3 0.998 8
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A、B类工况及实际工况下各模型评价结果

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预测模型 A类工况 B类工况 实际工况
RMSE MAE R 2 RMSE MAE R 2 RMSE MAE R 2
LSTM 0.037 1 0.028 4 0.993 0 0.330 1 0.212 0 0.441 6 0.034 9 0.027 9 0.993 8
BiLSTM 0.032 4 0.026 1 0.994 6 0.320 3 0.203 8 0.474 3 0.020 2 0.011 6 0.997 9
BiLSTM-Attention 0.018 8 0.011 4 0.998 2 0.332 4 0.204 4 0.433 7 0.019 3 0.011 5 0.998 1
IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention 0.014 5 0.018 7 0.998 9 0.320 8 0.200 2 0.536 4 0.014 8 0.009 3 0.998 8
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基于数据驱动的商用车能耗预测及优化模型研究
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李帅雨 1 , 师国东 1 , 胡明茂 1, 2 , 宫爱红 1 , 龚青山 1 , 方剑 3 , 谭浩 3
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2025,15(2): 164-176
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2025, 15(2): 164-176
基于数据驱动的商用车能耗预测及优化模型研究
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李帅雨1 , 师国东1, 胡明茂1, 2 , 宫爱红1, 龚青山1, 方剑3, 谭浩3
作者信息
  • 1 湖北汽车工业学院 机械工程学院,湖北,十堰 442002
  • 2 汽车动力传动与电子控制湖北省重点实验室,湖北,十堰 442002
  • 3 东风商用车有限公司,湖北,十堰 442002
  • 李帅雨(1999-),男,河南许昌人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车辆大数据分析与应用。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡明茂(1980-),男,湖北十堰人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为车辆稳定性控制、车辆人机工程学、制造系统优化、制造信息系统。 E-mail:
Optimized Data-Driven Model for Predicting Commercial Vehicle Energy Consumption
Shuaiyu LI1 , Guodong SHI1, Mingmao HU1, 2 , Aihong GONG1, Qingshan GONG1, Jian FANG3, Hao TAN3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Hubei University of Automotive Technology,Shiyan 442002,Hubei,China
  • 2 Hubei Key Laboratory of Automotive Power Transmission and Electronic Control,Shiyan 442002,Hubei,China
  • 3 Dongfeng Commercial Vehicle Co.,Ltd.,Shiyan 442002,Hubei,China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.05
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以国内某燃油商用车为例,利用车联网大数据平台和神经网络模型构建适用于商用车的能耗优化预测模型。将车辆历史运行数据进行预处理,分析车辆运行特征数据之间的相关性。基于双向长短期记忆网络(BiLSTM),结合车辆数据特征引入自适应权重的注意力机制,使用改进鲸鱼优化算法(IWOA)对模型的网络超参数组合进行优化,构建了IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention商用车能耗优化预测模型。对比分析了多个模型在不同驾驶工况下的预测效果,结果显示,在实际驾驶工况下,优化模型相较于原模型的均方根误差、平均绝对误差分别降低了约26.73%和20.0%,验证了该优化模型在商用车能耗预测上的可行性。

商用车能耗预测  /  时间序列  /  神经网络  /  改进鲸鱼优化算法

Taking a domestic fuel commercial vehicle as an example, an energy consumption optimization prediction model suitable for commercial vehicles was constructed using the Internet of Vehicles big data platform and a neural network model. Firstly, the historical vehicle operation data was preprocessed to analyze the correlation between different vehicle operation characteristic data. Secondly, an adaptive weight attention mechanism was introduced based on Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) and the characteristics of vehicle data. The Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (IWOA) was used to optimize the network hyperparameters of the model, leading to the construction of the IWOA-BilSTM-Attention commercial vehicle energy consumption optimization prediction model. Finally, the prediction performance of multiple models under different driving conditions were compared and analyzed. The results show that under actual driving conditions, the root mean square error and the mean absolute error of the optimized model are reduced by approximately 26.73% and 20.0%, respectively, compared with the original model. This verifies the feasibility of the optimized model for predicting the energy consumption of commercial vehicles.

commercial vehicle energy consumption prediction  /  time series  /  neural network  /  improved whale optimization algorithm
李帅雨, 师国东, 胡明茂, 宫爱红, 龚青山, 方剑, 谭浩. 基于数据驱动的商用车能耗预测及优化模型研究. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (2) : 164 -176 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.05
Shuaiyu LI, Guodong SHI, Mingmao HU, Aihong GONG, Qingshan GONG, Jian FANG, Hao TAN. Optimized Data-Driven Model for Predicting Commercial Vehicle Energy Consumption[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (2) : 164 -176 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.05
根据新的国家标准计划《重型商用车辆燃料消耗量限值》,我国拟从2025年1月1日开始实施商用车行业的新国家标准[1],商用车的油耗限值将进入第4阶段;工信部发布的《汽车产业中长期发展规划》中也明确说明我国商用车的燃料消耗量要在2025年达到国际领先水平。然而,目前国内传统能源的商用车占据了商用车市场的90%以上,而且商用车的动力需求较大,目前的电源技术无法在短时间内解决商用车的能源问题[2]。准确预测商用车的燃油消耗率对于商用车企业评估车辆节能技术的经济效益和可行性具有至关重要的作用,也可以帮助驾驶员提前预知油耗水平以优化驾驶行为,减少不必要的燃油损失,有助于推动商用车行业的节能减排及可持续发展。
当前技术比较前沿的网联商用车大多具备了行车环境感知、行车参数记录等功能[3]。通过GPS、加速度计、陀螺仪等测量的商用车运行数据经过数据传输实现人、车、路、云等多端信息的交换和共享[4]。由此可以采集到商用车的运行数据,并采用深度学习模型来进行数据分析,从而得到更加精准的燃油消耗率预测结果。商用车本身质量大、加速时间长,其能耗、使用频率、行驶里程均显著高于乘用车[5],但目前缺少商用车实际工况下的能耗预测模型,仅使用数值方法来计算能耗,难以满足技术人员对车辆能耗预估的需求。YAO Ying等[6]收集了手机端能耗数据并使用BP神经网络、SVR、随机森林算法构建了出租车的能耗预测模型,但这些算法比较传统,预测结果的准确度仍可提高。MA Yao等[7]利用高斯过程回归模型高精度、泛化性地预测了车辆燃料消耗率,并分析了不同交通情景下驾驶行为对车辆燃料消耗的影响,但其研究主要基于仿真数据进行,对真实工况下的车辆能耗变化预测存在局限性。杨丽丽等[8]针对谷物联合收割机构建了基于随机森林的能耗预测模型来进行能耗预测,但农机的行驶路线相对单一,不适用于在复杂路况下行驶的商用车。王一婷等[9]基于实测的重型卡车数据,对原LSTM模型进行了改进,提出了能降低模型复杂度、提升预测效率的Shared-LSTM卡车能耗预测模型,该模型虽简化了LSTM模型结构,但可能会限制模型的预测精度。
对此,本文使用国内某商用车的实测数据,针对现有车辆能耗预测模型预测准确度低且不适用于重型商用车的问题,提出了一种用于商用车的能耗优化预测模型。首先,为了训练出相对准确的模型,对商用车运行数据进行预处理、相关性分析和训练集、测试集的划分;其次,在基于双向长短期记忆网络(Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory,BiLSTM)预测模型的基础上进行改进,引入了一种可以单独训练权重的注意力机制(Attention Mechanism),并采用改进的鲸鱼优化算法(Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm,IWOA)自适应地选择、优化模型的超参数组合;最后,通过对比优化预测模型与原预测模型的评价指标和预测效果,验证了该优化预测模型在商用车能耗预测上的有效性。
商用车能耗预测属于一种长时间序列数据预测问题。双向长短期记忆网络模型是在LSTM的基础上加以改进的一种循环神经网络模型,能有效学习较长时间序列数据的特征,其结构原理如图1所示[10]
基于该预测模型,选取了发动机燃油消耗率、GPS车速、发动机转矩、发动机转速、发动机水温、大气温度等车辆状态特征参数作为数据输入。其中,实测的发动机燃油消耗率 f m ( i ),定义为:
f m ( i ) = ( f m ( 1 ) , f m ( 2 ) , , f m ( k ) )
式中:k为该车辆时间序列数据的采样点个数。
预测模型的输出为发动机燃油消耗率的预测值 f p ( i ),定义为:
f p ( i ) = ( f p ( k + 1 ) , f p ( k + 2 ) , , f p ( k + t ) )
式中: f p ( k + 1 )为下一预测采样点的发动机燃油消耗率;t为预测时域。
将这些序列数据输入到一个单向LSTM模型(反馈层),再通过新增的一个反向隐藏层实现输入序列在神经网络中的反向传输,使模型能充分学习车辆的特征数据,从而提高模型的泛化和表达能力[11]。前向LSTM和后向LSTM输出之和为BiLSTM模型的总输出,对应的数学表达式为:
h t ( 1 ) = h t = L S T M ( h t - 1 , x t , c t - 1 )   , h t ( 2 ) = h t = L S T M ( h t + 1 , x t , c t + 1 )   , h t = h t ( 1 ) h t ( 2 )  
式中: h t ( 1 ) h t ( 2 )分别为LSTM输出门中的前向和后向输出; h t - 1 h t + 1分别为前向LSTM输出值和后向LSTM输出值; c t - 1 c t + 1分别为输入门单元前一时刻激活函数TANH的输出和输入门单元后某一时刻激活函数TANH的输出;⊕为向量之间的取和运算[12]
注意力机制是一种对数据特征进行赋权的机制,可以协助BiLSTM模型进行数据特征提取。首先定义了一组可训练的权重向量和偏置,通过动态调整特征权重来改变不同特征对输出的影响,并采用点积和线性变换的方式得到Attention层的输出,用于计算商用车各个运行状态参数之间的相似度以及注意力权重矩阵,对应的结构原理如图2所示。
目前,已有学者将注意力机制与BiLSTM组合用于刀具磨损预测中[13],使用注意力机制来改进后续模型的预测效果和预测速度。本文使用的注意力机制主要对商用车的全部历史状态数据进行全局扫描,给各个特征赋予独立权重,突出相关性较大的信息,并抑制冗余数据信息[14],从而帮助BiLSTM模型更好地利用商用车的重要特征。
对应的各特征的权重值计算式为:
w i = A t t e n t i o n ( Q i , K i , V i ) = S o f t m a x ( Q i K i T d k ) V i
式中: Q i K i V i分别为第i个Query、Key和Value;Softmax函数是对相似度进行归一化,得到归一化的权重矩阵,矩阵中的值越大,则表明权重越高、相似度越高[15-16]
融入注意力机制的BiLSTM-Attention商用车燃油消耗率预测模型的网络结构如图3所示。
该部分所构建的燃油消耗率预测模型包含了输入层、特征相关层、特征提取层和输出层。输入层是车辆各个特征的实际测量时序数据;输出层为预测的车辆燃油消耗率时序数据;预测模型的关键结构是特征相关层和特征提取层,特征提取部分采用注意力机制学习并提取车辆各个特征在不同采样时间点上对车辆燃油消耗率的权重,有效地利用权重较大的车辆特征数据,从而充分挖掘此类长时间序列数据的相关性和数据的时态特征。
鲸鱼优化算法(Whale Optimization Algorithm,WOA)是一种解决约束和无约束优化问题的元启发式优化算法,它在优化效果上优于GA、PSO、ACO和GSA等元启发式优化算法[17]。然而,原始的WOA算法应用于预测模型的超参数寻优问题时,可能存在收敛速度慢、精度低、易陷入局部最优等局限性。文献[18]提出了一种改进思路,即引入鲸鱼再生机制来保证所有鲸鱼都留在猎物周围,使改进的WOA算法可以在合适的参数区间内寻找BiLSTM模型中学习率、隐含层节点数、全连接层节点数、训练次数等超参数的最优值,确保构建的优化预测模型的损失函数最小化、预测精度最大化。
算法优化过程中的包围猎物、气泡网攻击和搜索猎物分别对应了线性收敛、螺旋运动和随机搜索3种位置更新方式[19]。改进的WOA算法的优化流程中增加了鲸鱼再生机制来更新鲸鱼位置,防止参数优化出现局部最优,IWOA优化流程如图4所示。图中N为鲸鱼种群数量,dim为需解决问题的维度(本文dim=6),t为迭代次数,tmax为最大迭代次数, a 为控制鲸鱼搜索范围收缩的参数,p为控制鲸鱼位置调整的参数,l为鲸鱼的跳跃步长。
IWOA算法有以下3种获取最优解的方式。
当最佳鲸鱼个体位置被确定后,其他鲸鱼开始在每次迭代时逐渐向它靠近,这一靠近的过程可以用式(5)式(6)表示,分别用于计算当前鲸鱼的位置、当前鲸鱼与最佳鲸鱼个体之间的距离。
X ( t + 1 ) = X * t - A × D
D = C × X * t - X t
式中: X * ( t )为当前最佳鲸鱼个体位置向量(最优解); X ( t + 1 )为下一次迭代时鲸鱼个体的位置向量; A C为系数向量。
A = 2 a × r - a , C = 2 × r  
式中:r为[0,1]区间内的随机数; a 在迭代过程中线性地从2下降至0。
该方式包含了收缩包围机制和螺旋更新位置两部分,通过使 a 线性地从2减少至0来进行收缩包围并逐步靠近最优解;通过鲸鱼的螺旋运动将当前解更新为最佳解后的新位置为:
X ( t + 1 ) = D ' × e b l × c o s 2 π l + X * t
D ' = X * t - X t
式中:螺旋形状参数b=1;l为[-1,1]区间内的随机数。
气泡网攻击最终的位置更新方式为:
X ( t + 1 ) = X * ( t ) - A × D p < 0.5 , D ' × e b l × c o s 2 π l + X * t p 0.5  
式中: A C为系数向量;p为[0,1]区间内的随机数,选择参数p的阈值为0.5,即有50%的概率选择收缩包围机制或螺旋更新位置方式。
搜索猎物同样是根据 A的变化进行的,当| A|≥1时,使用式(11)全局随机搜索法更新鲸鱼位置。
X t + 1 = X r a n d - A × D
D = C × X r a n d - X
式中: X r a n d为当前种群中选择的随机位置向量; D为当前位置与随机位置之间的距离。
原WOA算法在迭代过程中易出现局部最优问题,影响参数搜索的准确性。为了解决这个问题,可以采用鲸鱼再生机制跳出局部最优解,引入Levy飞行函数、高斯扰动来增加WOA的探索能力,加入精英反向学习策略来加速收敛。
文献[18]中提出的鲸鱼再生机制可以帮助原始WOA跳出局部最优并搜寻到更优解。当WOA在迭代后期出现局部最优,但当前值没有达到最佳状态时,不进行位置更新,鲸鱼进入濒死状态。此时,濒死鲸鱼的位置需要被替换为一个新的位置,以在局部最优解周围寻找更多合适的点。通过这种再生机制来实现该优化算法的精度提升。其再生机制对应的鲸鱼位置更新公式为:
X n e w t + 1 = b u - b l × r a n d + l b
式中:bubl分别为搜索范围的上、下界;rand为[0,1]区间内的随机数。
该部分采用Levy-flight函数生成Levy飞行的步长来替代开发参数l,从而增加WOA的探索能力。Levy飞行计算原理如式(14)式(15)所示[20]
L e v y ( β ) = μ ν 1 / β
式中:本文中 β取值为1; μ ν分别服从正态分布 μ ~ N ( 0 , σ μ 2 ) , ν ~ N ( 0 , σ μ 2 )
σ = Γ ( 1 + β ) s i n ( π β 2 ) Γ ( 1 + β 2 ) × 2 β - 1 2 β 1 β  
式中: Γ ( x ) = ( x - 1 ) !
在引入Levy飞行函数后,如果p<0.5时,则按照原有的方式进行位置更新;如果p≥0.5,则使用Levy飞行进行位置更新,从而获得当前最优解。改进后的鲸鱼位置更新公式为:
X t + 1 = D ' × e b L e v y β × c o s 2 π l + X * t
该部分进一步解决了WOA算法探索容易陷入局部最优解的问题。在鲸鱼位置更新过程中,通过从高斯分布中采样生成扰动项,使算法具有跳出局部最优解的能力[21],扰动项的生成以当前全局最佳位置为中心点进行映射,得到随机调整的新位置。更新位置时采用的高斯扰动公式为:
X * ( t ) = X * ( t ) × n o r m a l ( 0,1 )
式中: n o r m a l ( 0,1 )表示产生服从高斯分布且均值为0,方差为1的随机数。
使用IWOA优化算法对BiLSTM神经网络中的超参数组合进行寻优,其中包含了学习率(Learning rate)、训练次数和批次大小(epochs、Batch size)、两个隐藏层节点数(hidden_1、hidden_2)、全连接层节点数(FC Layer)。为了平衡寻优的时间成本和融合模型的预测准确度,需要确定适宜的模型超参数寻优范围。本文将文献[22]中的相关参数取值作为初步的寻优区间参考,再适当调整其区间大小,对3组不同区间均进行了10轮寻优试验并统计试验结果的平均值。综合考虑算法寻优用时和模型预测效果的评价指标来评估不同寻优区间对模型性能的影响,试验结果见表1
由于第1组试验的参数寻优区间较窄,在迭代过程中出现了多次寻优结果一致的情况,可能陷入了局部最优,其预测结果的误差也相对较大。同时,第3组试验的参数区间选择过宽,导致寻优时间较长。为了获得一个合适的、具有实用价值的参数寻优范围,需要在两者之间进行折中,所以采用第2组试验的参数范围设定作为融合模型的超参数寻优区间。
采用IWOA优化模型超参数组合的流程如下。
1)初始化种群:根据输入参数设置种群大小N、搜索范围上、下界bubl和变量维度dim。生成初始的N个个体作为种群。为每个个体随机初始化位置,并计算其适应度。
2)初始化全局最优解:将全局最优解X*初始化为种群中适应度最好的个体的位置。
3)迭代优化过程:根据p、| A|的数值大小来判断算法选择哪种位置更新方式,当p≥0.5时,采用引入Levy飞行的螺旋位置更新公式(16);当p<0.5且| A|<1时,使用式(5)线性方程更新最优鲸鱼位置;当p< 0.5且| A|≥1时,使用式(11)更新最优位置并判断该最优值是否陷入局部最优,若陷入局部最优需采用式(13)进行位置更新;按照式(17)对当前最优个体进行高斯扰动并更新位置,再与位置更新前的最佳鲸鱼位置(最优解)相比,若优于该位置参数,则用此时的解替换先前的最优解,同时判断当前计算次数是否达到最大迭代次数,若达到则输出该最优解,计算结束,否则进入下一次迭代。
4)输出最优解:返回全局最优解X*作为该超参数的最佳取值。
商用车的燃油消耗率受各种车辆运行状态参数的影响(如GPS车速、发动机转矩、发动机转速、发动机水温、大气温度等),本文燃油消耗率预测所使用的原始数据输入矩阵由时间和车辆运行特征两个维度组成,可表示为:
X = x t - T 1 x t - T 2 x t - T F x t - T + 1 1 x t - T + 1 2 x t - T + 1 F x t - 1 1 x t - 1 2 x t - 1 F ( T × F )
式中: x w = [ x w 1 , x w 2 , , x w F ]为车辆时间序列数据中w时刻的特征向量; x k = [ x t - T k , x t - T + 1 k , , x t - 1 k ]为第k个特征在T个采样点时的时间向量;车辆运行数据的特征数量F为5个,分别为GPS车速、发动机转矩、发动机转速、发动机水温、大气温度。
将这些历史运行数据作为输入序列,并利用自注意力机制映射赋权和学习特征内部的动态变化规律,为BiLSTM隐藏层赋予提取重要数据信息和进行数据增强的能力。采用IWOA优化算法搜索一组最优的网络超参数,以最小化BiLSTM-Attention模型的预测输出与实际输出之间的均方差[23],促进算法的收敛,最终构建的IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention商用车能耗预测流程如图5所示。
本文商用车能耗预测的具体步骤如下。
1)将商用车历史运行数据进行预处理(包含时序数据的工况分类、特征数据的归一化处理和将数据集按7 3划分训练集、测试集)。
2)将各个工况下车辆时序特征数据的训练集输入到BiLSTM-Attention中,自适应地提取车辆运行数据特征并对提取的车辆运行数据特征进行学习,采用全连接层来进行时间序列数据的预测。
3)采用IWOA算法对BiLSTM-Attention模型的超参数组合进行动态优化并达到最佳预测效果。
4)根据预测的车辆发动机燃油消耗率数据与实测数据,计算模型的误差评价指标并输出结果。
本文采用的数据来源于东风商用车的车联网系统导出的在北京市通州区到河北省承德市的区间内行驶的商用车运行状态数据集,系统每隔15 s对车辆的GPS定位信息、发动机燃油消耗率、GPS车速、发动机转矩、发动机转速、发动机水温、大气温度等参数进行采样,共收集了7 753条实时采样数据[22],形成一个时间序列的车辆运行数据集,其数据获取及处理关系如图6所示。
根据商用车的传感器类型和预测研究的需求,在商用车的车联网系统中导出了以下6个数据类别:发动机燃油消耗率、GPS车速、发动机转矩、发动机转速、发动机水温、大气温度。原始的商用车运行数据的前5条具体内容见表2
为了对原始数据进行验证和清洗,采用pandas工具对数据进行了处理,通过设置合理的数据范围,拦截和剔除数据中的无效、异常、错误值,以避免极端值对车辆数据分析的影响。车辆特征数据中各参数之间的量纲不统一,为了利于预测模型进行训练,将训练集和测试集的数据使用式(19)对原始特征数据进行归一化处理。
x ' = ( x i - x m i n ) ( x m a x - x m i n )
式中: x '为归一化后的特征数据;xi为实际特征数据;xmaxxmin为特征数据的最大值、最小值。
在完成商用车运行数据预处理的基础上,计算商用车的行驶加速度、Jerk值,按照这些计算值将商用车的运行状态划分为不同的工况类型。在进行数据验证与清洗后,按照50个采样点为一组的步长对数据进行分组,分为83组。在此引入Jerk公式对每组数据进行计算处理,Jerk公式为:
j = d ( a ) d ( t ) = d 2 ( v ) d ( t ) 2 = d 3 ( d ) d ( t ) 3
式中:j、a、v、d、t分别为商用车的加加速度、加速度、速度、位移、采样时间。
Jerk反映了车辆的突然运动状态,其Jerk曲线为驾驶员驾驶操作的变化情况,可以反映出驾驶员如何通过调节油门和制动踏板开度来改变加速率和减速率[24]。Jerk绝对值小于5 m/s³为A(平稳驾驶),否则为B(激进驾驶)两类,其中的B类(激进驾驶)包含急加速和急制动两种驾驶行为。
为了提升优化模型的预测效果需对车辆特征数据进行筛选,本文通过皮尔逊相关系数公式分别计算出商用车燃油消耗率与各个车辆状态特征参数之间的相关系数,筛选出对预测效果有较大影响的特征数据,其计算式为[25]
ρ X 1 X 2 = C o v ( X 1 , X 2 ) D X 1 , D X 2 = E X 1 X 2 - E X 1 × E X 2 D X 1 × D X 2
式中: ρ X 1 X 2为相关系数;Cov为协方差;E为数学期望值。相关系数值越大,燃油消耗率与该状态特征参数之间的线性相关程度就越高[26]
对应的皮尔逊相关系数热力图如图7所示,右侧刻度尺的颜色对应参数之间的相关系数[27]
根据计算结果选用的车辆特征为:发动机转矩、油门开度、发动机转速、变速器转速、GPS车速。其中,发动机转矩与燃油消耗率的相关性最强,相关系数为0.99;发动机转速、变速器转速、GPS车速与燃油消耗率的相关性相对较弱,相关系数分别为0.63、0.58、0.52。
为了验证所提出的商用车能耗预测模型的预测效果,进行了以下3组试验,这些试验都是在Python 3.7.3环境下使用Tensorflow2.1.0深度学习框架实现的,硬件设备使用了i3-12100F处理器、GeForce RTX 2060s GPU、16 GB内存等配置。
为了验证改进鲸鱼优化算法的优化效果,选取了基准测试函数F1、F2、F3分别对遗传算法(GA)、粒子群优化算法(PSO)、鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)、改进鲸鱼算法(IWOA)进行性能测试,基准测试函数类型见表3,测试结果如图8所示。
图8可知,Rastrigin函数和Griewank函数均为多维函数,它们在多维空间中均具有多个局部最小值;单峰函数Rosenbrock函数存在一个全局极小值,用于评估算法处理复杂问题的能力。
IWOA在4种基准函数的测试过程中,均最快地收敛于稳定值。PSO、WOA在处理Rastrigin函数和Griewank函数这种具有多个最优解的问题时,会导致算法在不同程度上陷入局部最优,IWOA在一定程度上改善了这种情况,可以避免在实际工程应用中出现类似问题,利于后续商用车发动机燃油消耗率预测模型的超参数寻优过程。
为了验证IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention预测模型在实际工况下相对于其他预测模型的准确度优势,需要与LSTM、BiLSTM、BiLSTM-Attention预测模型的预测结果进行对比分析。由于该数据集类型为时间序列类型,所以按照车辆运行数据的记录时间顺序使用train_test_split函数将数据集以7 3的比例划分为训练集和测试集。
对于基准模型LSTM的超参数设置,本文采用经验与试错相结合的方式进行选择。由于LSTM的梯度优化采用的是自适应学习率优化器Adam,所以无须再次调整学习率;添加隐藏层层数可以提高模型精度,但是层数过多会造成梯度消失;训练批次大小影响训练速度,一般设置为2的指数倍[28];由于车辆运行数据总量较小,隐藏层的单元数不宜过多,否则会造成过拟合现象。依据大量文献经验,将学习率、隐藏层层数、训练批次大小、隐藏层的单元数分别预设为0.01、2、16、10,将这些超参数固定后,再对其他超参数进行多轮试错试验,结果见表4
由试验结果可知,第7组数值的预测效果最佳,但其模型训练时长过长,不具备时间经济性。因此,选择兼具用时与精度的第6组数值,即LSTM的迭代次数为1 000,全连接层层数为10。
为了保证试验的公平性,其他对比模型的超参数与LSTM模型设置相同,再分别将各个模型在测试集中进行验证,得到的模型预测效果对比如图9所示,为了便于观察预测效果,设置每30条数据作为一个采样点。
图9c可知,IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention预测模型的百公里油耗绝对误差明显低于其他模型,优化模型的最大绝对误差约为0.5 L/100 km,小于其他模型预测值的绝对误差,结果能较好地拟合商用车发动机燃油消耗率的变化趋势,预测出商用车可能出现的燃油消耗率峰值,可将其反馈给驾驶员以优化驾驶行为。
为了测试能耗预测模型的训练速度,在相同的迭代次数下,对BiLSTM-Attention模型及其优化模型进行了收敛性测试,测试结果如图10所示。
图10b可知,在相同迭代次数下,优化模型的收敛曲线更加平滑,模型的训练过程较稳定,趋于收敛的速度也相对更快。然而,BiLSTM-Attention在迭代过程中出现了振荡现象且难以快速收敛,证明了IWOA算法的优化效果。
本文引入了IWOA优化算法、注意力机制以及BiLSTM神经网络模型来进行商用车发动机燃油消耗率的预测,为了验证各模块的有效性需对优化模型进行模块拆解,按照各融合模块的3种误差评价指标来客观评估预测效果。
R M S E = 1 n i = 1 n ( f p ( i ) - f m ( i ) ) 2
M A E = 1 n i = 1 n f p ( i ) - f m ( i )
式中: f p ( i )为预测的第i个燃油消耗率; f m ( i )为车辆传感器测量的燃油消耗率;n为样本总数。
R 2 = 1 - i = 1 n ( f p ( i ) - f m ( i ) ) 2 i = 1 n ( f m ( i ) ¯ - f m ( i ) ) 2
式中: f p ( i ) ¯ f m ( i ) ¯分别为 f p ( i ) f m ( i )的平均值。
本文通过比较预测值与真实值的均方根误差(Root Mean Squared Error,RMSE)、平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)、决定系数(R-squared,R 2)来判断模型的效果[29]。其中,RMSE、MAE分别为发动机燃油消耗率预测值的离散程度、燃油消耗率预测值和实际值之间的差异,RMSE、MAE越低,说明模型预测精度更佳;R 2为实际燃油消耗率与模型预测的燃油消耗率之间的相关系数的平方,表示它们之间的关系强度,R 2值越接近1,模型的拟合优度越高。
在模型验证与评估环节,分别在A(平稳)类、B(激进)类、实际工况分类下,将车辆运行数据的测试集部分导入各个预测模型中,分别对LSTM、BiLSTM、BiLSTM-Attention、IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention四种预测模型进行测试,对产生的预测结果进行误差分析后,得到的评价结果见表5
表5可知,在实际驾驶工况下,IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention优化预测模型表现出了最佳的预测效果。由于激进驾驶工况的特征数据波动最大,导致了各个模型在B类工况下的预测误差均大幅增加。在3种工况下,共计9个回归模型评价指标,优化预测模型在其中7个评价指标上得到了最佳结果,且在剩余2个评价指标上也能得到效果第2的预测结果,整体误差率低于其他对比模型。在实际驾驶工况下,优化预测模型的均方根误差为0.014 8,平均绝对误差为0.009 3,决定系数R 2为0.998 8,训练速度为62 us/sample。BiLSTM预测模型的均方根误差值为0.020 2,平均绝对误差值为0.011 6,R 2为0.997 9,训练速度为279 us/sample。此时,融合模型与初始模型相比,其在均方根误差、平均绝对误差方面分别降低了约26.73%和20.0%,说明该优化模型在数据预测方面具有更高的准确性。本文所提出的IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention优化预测模型在实际驾驶工况下的预测值具有最小的RMSE、MAE,以及最大的R 2值,说明该模型具有较高的泛化能力和预测精度,可以有效地应用于商用车的燃油能耗预测。
对商用车能耗进行准确预测是商用车企业评估车辆节能技术的重要手段之一,本文针对现有商用车能耗预测模型准确性低的问题,提出了一种基于数据驱动的IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention商用车能耗预测及优化模型,该模型采用了改进的鲸鱼优化算法对加入了注意力机制的BiLSTM-Attention模型的超参数组合进行寻优,从而构建出适用于商用车能耗预测的融合模型,并将实车数据划分为训练集和测试集后分别进行优化预测模型的训练和验证,得出以下结论。
1)改进的鲸鱼优化算法对BiLSTM-Attention预测模型的超参数组合进行了有效的自适应寻优,相较于其他优化算法,其可以避免在参数获取过程中陷入局部最优困境,能进一步增强商用车能耗预测模型的准确性和鲁棒性。
2)IWOA-BiLSTM-Attention能耗预测优化模型能对车辆运行数据进行有效的特征提取和特征学习,在平稳、激进、实际驾驶工况下,优化模型预测结果的整体误差率低于其他对比预测模型,且R 2高于其他对比模型,说明该能耗预测优化模型可以得到较准确的预测结果。
3)该预测模型存在一定的局限性,建立基于数据驱动的商用车能耗预测模型需要大量实车运行数据,但目前仅有极少型号车辆的数据,难以支撑全车型的更深层次车辆节能技术评估。
未来需要继续同商用车企业合作,共同采集不同车型、车况、驾驶员驾驶风格的车辆运行数据,进一步研究考虑驾驶员驾驶风格和车辆普适性的商用车能耗预测模型,以充分挖掘商用车产业的数据价值,促进商用车产业的绿色转型。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52375508)
  • 湖北省教育厅重点项目(D20211803)
  • 湖北汽车工业学院博士基金项目(BK202001)
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2025年第15卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.05
  • 接收时间:2024-03-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-19
  • 修回日期:2024-05-14
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52375508)
湖北省教育厅重点项目(D20211803)
湖北汽车工业学院博士基金项目(BK202001)
作者信息
    1 湖北汽车工业学院 机械工程学院,湖北,十堰 442002
    2 汽车动力传动与电子控制湖北省重点实验室,湖北,十堰 442002
    3 东风商用车有限公司,湖北,十堰 442002

通讯作者:

胡明茂(1980-),男,湖北十堰人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为车辆稳定性控制、车辆人机工程学、制造系统优化、制造信息系统。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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