Article(id=1153756964682195726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153756963994329869, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706544000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-30, revisedDate=1708963200000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753006696148, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753006696148, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753006696148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753006696148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153756963994329869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='2', pageStart='125', pageEnd='262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753006695984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757654146268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173249783352410923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153756963994329869, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173249783352410924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153756963994329869, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=187, endPage=196, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153756965122597652, articleId=1153756964682195726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Performance Analysis and Optimization of ISD Suspension Under Vehicle-Bridge Vertical Coupled Vibration, columnId=1153756965063877395, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=System Dynamics Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve vehicle ride comfort on bridges and reduce its impact on the bridge structure, a parametric optimization method for the inerter-spring-damper (ISD) suspension was developed, taking into account the influence of vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI) on vehicle and bridge responses. A coupled vehicle-bridge system was modeled using a Euler-Bernoulli simply supported beam and a single-/dual-mass vehicle to analyze the impact of the interaction on the inherent characteristics of both the vehicle and the bridge. The advantages of the ISD suspension under coupling effects were examined and the influence of the inertial coefficient on transmissibility characteristics was analyzed. The fixed-point theory was employed to optimally adjust suspension damping, obtaining the optimal frequency and damping ratio for the vehicle. The results show that the ISD suspension improves high-frequency system characteristics, effectively reduces the transmissibility amplitude, enhances ride comfort and significantly suppresses bridge loads. The study is valuable for improving vehicle ride quality and the structural health of bridges.

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为提升车辆在桥上行驶的舒适性并减小其对桥梁的作用,考虑车桥垂向耦合振动对车桥响应的影响,开展惯容器悬架(ISD)系统特性分析与优化研究。建立了欧拉-伯努利简支梁与单/双质量模型的车桥耦合系统模型,分析耦合作用对车桥固有特性的影响;比较耦合作用下ISD悬架较传统悬架的优势,应用不动点理论对悬架阻尼参数进行最优调节,获得车辆最优调谐频率与阻尼比系数。研究表明,ISD悬架有效降低了传递率幅值,改善了系统中高频特性,提升了车辆舒适性并明显抑制了对桥梁的载荷。研究成果可为车辆特性改善提供参考,并有利于桥梁健康。

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张步云(1987-),男,江苏淮安人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为振动测试与控制、车辆随机动力学分析。 E-mail:
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徐杨(1999-),男,安徽阜阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车路耦合振动分析。 E-mail:

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徐杨(1999-),男,安徽阜阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车路耦合振动分析。 E-mail:

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徐杨(1999-),男,安徽阜阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车路耦合振动分析。 E-mail:

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参数 参数
m s/kg 9×103 b s/kg 3 000
k s/(N/m) 9×106 ρ/(kg/m) 1.5×104
c s/(Ns/m) 1.8×106 E/Pa 2×1011
v/(m/s) 10 L/m 20
λ/m 2 A r/m 0.02
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车桥耦合系统参数[15]

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参数 参数
m s/kg 9×103 b s/kg 3 000
k s/(N/m) 9×106 ρ/(kg/m) 1.5×104
c s/(Ns/m) 1.8×106 E/Pa 2×1011
v/(m/s) 10 L/m 20
λ/m 2 A r/m 0.02
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车桥垂向振动耦合下ISD悬架特性分析及优化
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徐杨 , 张步云 , 王勇 , 张孝良 , 徐兴
汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2025,15(2): 187-196
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汽车工程学报 | 系统动力学专栏 2025, 15(2): 187-196
车桥垂向振动耦合下ISD悬架特性分析及优化
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徐杨 , 张步云 , 王勇, 张孝良, 徐兴
作者信息
  • 江苏大学 汽车工程研究院,江苏,镇江 212013
  • 徐杨(1999-),男,安徽阜阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为车路耦合振动分析。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

张步云(1987-),男,江苏淮安人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为振动测试与控制、车辆随机动力学分析。 E-mail:
Performance Analysis and Optimization of ISD Suspension Under Vehicle-Bridge Vertical Coupled Vibration
Yang XU , Buyun ZHANG , Yong WANG, Xiaoliang ZHANG, Xing XU
Affiliations
  • Automotive Engineering Research Institute,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.07
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为提升车辆在桥上行驶的舒适性并减小其对桥梁的作用,考虑车桥垂向耦合振动对车桥响应的影响,开展惯容器悬架(ISD)系统特性分析与优化研究。建立了欧拉-伯努利简支梁与单/双质量模型的车桥耦合系统模型,分析耦合作用对车桥固有特性的影响;比较耦合作用下ISD悬架较传统悬架的优势,应用不动点理论对悬架阻尼参数进行最优调节,获得车辆最优调谐频率与阻尼比系数。研究表明,ISD悬架有效降低了传递率幅值,改善了系统中高频特性,提升了车辆舒适性并明显抑制了对桥梁的载荷。研究成果可为车辆特性改善提供参考,并有利于桥梁健康。

车桥耦合  /  参数优化  /  不动点理论  /  惯容器悬架  /  传递率

To improve vehicle ride comfort on bridges and reduce its impact on the bridge structure, a parametric optimization method for the inerter-spring-damper (ISD) suspension was developed, taking into account the influence of vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI) on vehicle and bridge responses. A coupled vehicle-bridge system was modeled using a Euler-Bernoulli simply supported beam and a single-/dual-mass vehicle to analyze the impact of the interaction on the inherent characteristics of both the vehicle and the bridge. The advantages of the ISD suspension under coupling effects were examined and the influence of the inertial coefficient on transmissibility characteristics was analyzed. The fixed-point theory was employed to optimally adjust suspension damping, obtaining the optimal frequency and damping ratio for the vehicle. The results show that the ISD suspension improves high-frequency system characteristics, effectively reduces the transmissibility amplitude, enhances ride comfort and significantly suppresses bridge loads. The study is valuable for improving vehicle ride quality and the structural health of bridges.

vehicle bridge interaction  /  parametric optimization  /  fixed-point theory  /  ISD suspension  /  transmissibility
徐杨, 张步云, 王勇, 张孝良, 徐兴. 车桥垂向振动耦合下ISD悬架特性分析及优化. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (2) : 187 -196 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.07
Yang XU, Buyun ZHANG, Yong WANG, Xiaoliang ZHANG, Xing XU. Performance Analysis and Optimization of ISD Suspension Under Vehicle-Bridge Vertical Coupled Vibration[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (2) : 187 -196 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.07
桥梁作为一种重要的基础交通设施,常受到车辆[1]、风[2]、地震等带来的载荷作用,会引起其结构件失效、桥面产生裂缝甚至倒塌[3]。在这些载荷中,车辆与桥梁的振动关系最密切,不仅可用于桥梁健康监测[4-5],而且通过优化其悬架系统可减少对桥梁的损坏[6]。另一方面,桥梁的振动也会影响车辆的平顺性和稳定性[7-8]。因此,忽略桥梁振动而仅考虑车辆性能的研究是不合理的,反之亦然,桥梁和车辆在动力学上是相互耦合的。目前,基于车桥耦合动力学系统响应分析、性能优化等问题已受到国内外学者的广泛关注。
抑制桥梁振动以有效降低桥梁的损伤,是车桥耦合问题的重要方向之一[9-10]。通常在桥上安装减振器或吸振器,如调谐质量阻尼器来降低不同载荷作用下桥梁的响应[11-13]。然而,调谐质量阻尼器的维护和修复成本较高,使用寿命有限,不便于在桥上更换。因此,有学者从减少轮胎与桥面接触力的角度出发,在车桥耦合下通过调整车辆参数(通常是悬架系统参数)提出了桥梁友好型车辆设计。通过优化悬架参数(如阻尼比),在提升车辆性能的同时降低对桥梁系统的载荷。MÁCA等[14]提出了半主动悬架系统的最佳参数调节方法,设计了基于车桥耦合的桥梁友好型车辆。LIN Ke等[15]基于耦合作用研究了车桥系统固有频率的变化,并提出了悬架系统最佳阻尼比的优化方法,表明可通过车辆参数调节来减小桥梁损坏。
以往研究多集中于“弹簧-阻尼”型(Spring-Damper,SD)悬架,其性能依赖于刚度和阻尼元件,可调频率带宽小且难以适应载荷的变化[16]。近年来,有学者利用惯容器质量放大效应,提出一种新型“惯容器-弹簧-阻尼”型(Inerter-Spring-Damper,ISD)悬架[17-20],在不增加负载质量的情况下增加系统的惯量,能很好地适应载荷的变化,有效地提高系统的动态性能[21]。但目前关于ISD悬架的研究多考虑其自身振动特性的优化,考虑车桥或车路耦合激励作用下的研究较少。研究表明,要在车桥垂向振动耦合作用下实现ISD悬架系统的优化,厘清其固有频率变化、耦合作用与系统响应的影响等十分重要[22-23]。而通常认为车桥系统是一个时变系统[24],由桥面随机不平度激发的响应难以得到精确的计算,传递率特性对于阐述激励与响应的关系具有较大帮助。文献[15]表明通过对车桥梁耦合系统传递率特性进行分析,可获得最优阻尼比,以桥梁参数为基础进行预调整,以减小其对桥梁的载荷作用。
综上所述,本文在考虑车桥垂向振动耦合作用下,利用系统传递率特性与不动点理论,以提升车辆平顺性并抑制车桥耦合振动为目标,提出一种ISD悬架系统参数优化方法。创新点在于考虑了车桥振动耦合下的ISD悬架阻尼比的优化,将从车桥梁耦合系统建模、动力学方程建立、系统传递率特性分析以及系统最优参数推导等方面展开论述。本研究提供一种监测和减少车辆作用在桥梁上的动态载荷的新方法,以减少其维护成本,延长服务周期。
桥梁由欧拉-伯努利简支梁表示,车辆用单/双质量模型模拟。图1为两种典型的车桥耦合系统模型,图1a中车辆表示为簧上质量(下标s)和簧下质量(下标u),而在图1b中用单质量模型来模拟。两者在耦合机理上无本质区别,而单质量模型更有利于处理两者之间的互相作用关系[16],是本文主要的研究对象。
因此,从车桥振动耦合对系统影响方面考虑,本文的方法具有一定的普适性。图中惯容器与弹簧、阻尼并联,是广泛使用的ISD悬架布置方式[25]。车辆垂向振动激励为桥面不平度 ξ ( x ) = A r s i n ( 2 π x / λ ),其中, A r λ分别为桥面粗糙度和波长。以桥梁自重下位置为平衡位置,当车速为v时,桥在竖直方向的运动微分方程为:
ρ A 2 t 2 w ( x , t ) + E I 4 x 4 w ( x , t ) = F d ( t ) δ ( x - x c )
式中:wxt)为桥的竖向位移; ρ为密度;A为横截面积;EI为抗弯刚度; δ ( x )为狄拉克函数;xc=vt为接触点的位置。
式(1)中, F d ( t ) δ ( x - x c )表示桥在接触处受到的激励,接触力为:
F d ( t ) = b s u ¨ s ( t ) - ξ ¨ ( x c ) - w ¨ ( x c , t ) + c s u ˙ s ( t ) - ξ ˙ ( x c ) - w ˙ ( x c , t ) +
k s u s ( t ) - ξ ˙ ( x c ) - w ( x c , t )
式中:bs为惯质系数;cs为悬架阻尼系数;ks为悬架刚度。
根据牛顿第二定律可得车辆运动方程为:
m s u ¨ s ( t ) + b s u ¨ s ( t ) - ξ ¨ ( x c ) - w ¨ ( x c , t ) + c s u ˙ s ( t ) - ξ ˙ ( x c ) - w ˙ ( x c , t ) +
k s u s ( t ) - ξ ( x c ) - w ( x c , t ) = 0
由模态叠加法,桥的竖向位移可表示为:
w ( x , t ) = i = 1 N ϕ i ( x ) q i ( t )
式中: ϕ i ( x )为振型函数; q i ( t )为相应的广义坐标;N为使用的模态数。
式(4)代入式(1)~(3)可得到系统的运动微分方程为:
$\begin{array}{c} \rho A \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}(x) \ddot{q}_{i}(t)+b_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \delta\left(x-x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \ddot{q}_{i}(t)+ \\ 2 v b_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}^{\prime}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \delta\left(x-x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \dot{q}_{i}(t)+v c_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}^{\prime}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \delta(x- \\ \left.x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) q_{i}(t)+c_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \delta\left(x-x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \dot{q}_{i}(t)+ \\ v^{2} b_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}^{\prime \prime}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \delta\left(x-x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) q_{i}(t)+ \\ k_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \delta\left(x-x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) q_{i}(t)+E I \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}^{\prime \prime \prime}(x) q_{i}(t)- \\ {\left[b_{\mathrm{s}} \ddot{u}_{\mathrm{s}}(t)+c_{\mathrm{s}} \dot{u}_{\mathrm{s}}(t)+k_{\mathrm{s}} u_{\mathrm{s}}(t)\right] \delta\left(x-x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)=} \\ -\left[b_{\mathrm{s}} \ddot{\xi}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+c_{\mathrm{s}} \dot{\xi}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+k_{\mathrm{s}} \xi\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\right] \delta\left(x-x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)。 \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c} \left(m_{\mathrm{s}}+b_{\mathrm{s}}\right) \ddot{u}_{\mathrm{s}}(t)+c_{\mathrm{s}} \dot{u}_{\mathrm{s}}(t)+k_{\mathrm{s}} u_{\mathrm{s}}(t)- \\ b_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \ddot{q}_{i}(t)- \\ {\left[2 v b_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}^{\prime}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+c_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\right] \dot{q}_{i}(t)-} \\ {\left[v^{2} b_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}^{\prime \prime}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+v c_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}^{\prime}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+k_{\mathrm{s}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \phi_{i}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\right] q_{i}(t)=} \\ b_{\mathrm{s}} \ddot{\xi}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+c_{\mathrm{s}} \dot{\xi}\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+k_{\mathrm{s}} \xi\left(x_{\mathrm{c}}\right) 。\end{array}$
根据振型正交特性,将式(5)两端乘以 ϕ j ( x )j =1,2,…,N),并在等式两端对 x在[0,L]进行积分得:
ρ A 0 L ϕ j 2 ( x ) d x q ¨ i ( t ) + b s i = 1 N ϕ j ( x c ) ϕ i ( x c ) q ¨ i ( t ) + 2 v b s i = 1 N ϕ j ( x c ) ϕ i ' ( x c ) q ˙ i ( t ) + c s i = 1 N ϕ j ( x c ) ϕ i ( x c ) q ˙ i ( t ) +
v 2 b s i = 1 N ϕ j ( x c ) ϕ i ( x c ) q i ( t ) + v c s i = 1 N ϕ j ( x c ) ϕ i ' ( x c ) q i ( t ) + k s i = 1 N ϕ j ( x c ) ϕ i ( x c ) q i ( t ) + E I i = 1 N 0 L ϕ j ( x ) ϕ i ' ' ' ' ( x ) d x q i ( t ) - ϕ j x c b s u ¨ s ( t ) + c s u ˙ s ( t ) + k s u s ( t ) = - ϕ j ( x c ) b s ξ ¨ ( x c ) + c s ξ ˙ ( x c ) + k s ξ ( x c ) ,
( j = 1,2 , , N )  
对于简支梁模型,振型函数和固有频率分别为:
                 ϕ i ( x ) = s i n i π x L ,   ω i = i π L 2 E I ρ A ,                           ( i = 1,2 , . . . , N )
整理上式,车桥耦合系统运动方程矩阵形式为:
M x ¨ ( t ) + C ( t ) x ˙ ( t ) + K ( t ) x ( t ) = F ( t )
式中: M为系统的质量矩阵; Ct)为阻尼矩阵; Kt)为刚度矩阵;系统各自由度位移的列向量为 x c ( t ) = [ q 1 ( t )    q 2 ( t )       q N ( t )    u s ( t ) ] TF为系统荷载。
F ( t ) = - b s ϕ 1 ( x c ) ξ ¨ ( x c ) - c s ϕ 1 ( x c ) ξ ˙ ( x c ) - k s ϕ 1 ( x c ) ξ ( x c ) - b s ϕ 2 ( x c ) ξ ¨ ( x c ) - c s ϕ 2 ( x c ) ξ ˙ ( x c ) - k s ϕ 2 ( x c ) ξ ( x c ) - b s ϕ N ( x c ) ξ ¨ ( x c ) - c s ϕ N ( x c ) ξ ˙ ( x c ) - k s ϕ N ( x c ) ξ ( x c ) b s ξ ¨ ( x c ) + c s ξ ˙ ( x c ) + k s ξ ( x c )
式(9)可知,当车辆在桥上行驶时,接触点位置 x c随时间变化,以致系统的阻尼矩阵与刚度矩阵均为时间的变量,所以其为时变系统。
根据前文所述,车桥耦合系统是一个时变系统,在时域中直接求解响应较困难。而对于基础激励下的时变系统而言,使用传递率表示激励与响应之间的关系有助于判断系统参数优化的效果。下文将详细阐述车桥耦合系统传递率的计算过程。
桥梁最大挠度通常发生在其中点,与桥的第一阶固有频率与振型关系密切。一阶模态在响应中占主导作用,若考虑高阶模态则将增加计算量,而对精度的提升有限[1526]。桥梁响应考虑一阶模态,则其在车桥接触点的振型及其相应导数可表示为:
ϕ 1 ( x c ) = s i n i π v t L ,    ϕ 1 ' ( x c ) = π L c o s π v t L
ϕ 1 ( x c ) = - π L 2 s i n π v t L
其第一阶固有频率为:
ω b = π L 2 E I ρ
将式(11)、(12)代入式(9)并令 x c ( t ) = [ q 1 ( t )    u s ( t ) ] T得:
M c x ¨ c ( t ) + C c x ˙ c ( t ) + K c x c ( t )
= b s ξ ¨ ( x c ) + c s ξ ˙ ( x c ) + k s ξ ( x c ) - ϕ 1 ( x c ) 1
式中:
M c = ρ L 2 + b s ϕ 1 2 ( x c ) - b s ϕ 1 ( x c ) - b s ϕ 1 ( x c ) m s + b s
C c = 2 v b s ϕ 1 ( x c ) ϕ 1 ' ( x c ) + c s ϕ 1 2 ( x c ) - c s ϕ 1 ( x c ) - 2 v b s ϕ 1 ' ( x c ) - c s ϕ 1 ( x c ) c s
K c = v 2 b s ϕ 1 ( x c ) ϕ 1 ( x c ) + v c s ϕ 1 ( x c ) ϕ 1 ' ( x c ) + k s ϕ 1 2 ( x c ) + k 1 '                 - k s ϕ 1 ( x c ) - v 2 b s ϕ 1 ( x c ) - v c s ϕ 1 ' ( x c ) - k s ϕ 1 ( x c )                    k s
由上述各式可推导出车桥耦合系统时变传递率Hv(车辆)与Hb(桥梁)分别为:
H v ( ω ) = - A 1 ( ω b 2 - ω 2 ) B 1 m s ω 2 ϕ 1 + B 2 ( ω b 2 - ω 2 )
H b ( ω ) = - A 1 ϕ 1 2 m s ω 2 B 1 m s ω 2 ϕ 1 + B 2 ( ω s 2 - ω 2 )
式中:
$\begin{array}{c} A_{1}=\omega_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}+2 j \zeta_{\mathrm{s}} \omega_{\mathrm{s}}-\frac{b_{\mathrm{s}}}{m_{\mathrm{s}}} \omega^{2}, \\ B_{1}=\omega_{\mathrm{s}}^{2} \phi_{1}+2 \zeta_{\mathrm{s}} \omega_{\mathrm{s}} \phi_{1}^{\prime}+2 j \zeta_{\mathrm{s}} \omega_{\mathrm{s}} \phi_{1} \omega+\frac{b_{\mathrm{s}}}{m_{\mathrm{s}}} \phi_{1}^{\prime \prime}+ \\ \frac{2 b_{\mathrm{s}}}{m_{\mathrm{s}}} \phi_{1}^{\prime} j \omega-\frac{b_{\mathrm{s}}}{m_{\mathrm{s}}} \phi_{1} \omega^{2}, \\ B_{2}=\omega^{2}-\omega_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}-2 j \zeta_{\mathrm{s}} \omega_{\mathrm{s}} \omega+\frac{b_{\mathrm{s}}}{m_{\mathrm{s}}} \omega^{2} 。 \end{array}$
其中, ω s = k s / m s 为车辆固有频率, ζ s = C s / ( 2 m s k s )为悬架系统阻尼比。
式(14)、(15)从频域角度表示了车桥耦合系统下车辆与桥梁的传递率函数,它显示了在不同频率下系统响应相对于激励幅值的放大系数。可以看出其与车桥系统物理参数、固有频率、一阶振型以及车速等因素相关,因此,可用于系统参数优化的研究对象。
不动点理论常应用于系统的性能优化[27],在动力吸振设计中应用广泛,而在车路耦合系统的传递函数中亦存在不动点。车桥系统参数见表1,若惯质系数设为0得到传统SD悬架系统,此时车辆固有频率 ω s为10.0 rad/s。此外,由表1计算得出桥的一阶固有频率 ω b为19.7 rad/s。
图2所示为SD悬架系统在车桥垂向振动耦合作用下的传递函数(图2a),以及桥梁的传递率(图2b)。由图2a可知,车辆在耦合作用下固有频率发生改变,在17.6 rad/s与25.4 rad/s处出现2个共振峰,表明车桥耦合作用影响了车辆的振动特性。进一步研究发现,当悬架系统阻尼比取不同值时,传递率曲线总会经过18.19 rad/s与34.43 rad/s这2个频率点。值得注意的是,车辆传递率在19.7 rad/s处的值为0,表明耦合作用对车辆响应影响较大,在此频率激励下的振动可被抑制。由图2b可知,桥梁的固有特性因为耦合作用而改变,且也存在2个不动点。同时,通过比较两图发现,在车桥耦合作用下,系统的特性分别由车辆与桥梁体现,另一个角度说明了耦合对两者的影响显著。
图3给出了惯质系数为3 000 kg时,ISD悬架不同阻尼比下的车桥耦合系统传递率特性。传递率曲线中也存在3个不动点,但位置与图2不同。图3a显示车辆传递率在高频处的不动点从34.43 rad/s减小到29.32 rad/s,且幅值下降,但前2个不动点基本保持不变。这表明ISD悬架对车桥耦合下较高频率范围内的激励响应具有更好的抑制效果。图3b显示桥梁传递率在高频处的不动点从34.39 rad/s减小到29.38 rad/s,且幅值下降,同样,前2个不动点基本保持不变。因此,ISD悬架在较高频率范围内对于桥梁响应的抑制效果更好。
图4为SD与ISD这两种不同类型的悬架在车辆响应、桥梁载荷等方面的比较。图4a为车辆过桥整个过程中桥梁中点的变形情况。由图可知,SD悬架的挠度最大值为5.5×10-3 m,ISD悬架挠度降至3.1×10-3 m。图4b、c显示了车体的竖向位移和加速度:最大位移从0.033 m减小到0.020 m,最大加速度从0.24 m/s2减小到0.14 m/s2图4d显示作用在桥面上的动载荷,在幅值上得到了有效的抑制。
惯容器对于悬架系统性能的改善是进一步对其参数进行优化的基础,由上节研究可知,惯容器可改变系统的不动点,但不同惯质系数对于传递特性的影响仍待研究。图5所示为车辆到达桥梁中点时,不同惯质系数对车桥系统传递率的影响。当惯质系数为0时(即SD悬架),车辆和桥梁传递率曲线分别在10.0 rad/s和19.7 rad/s处达到峰值。随着惯质系数的增加,系统传递率曲线都呈现出幅值降低、频率迁移的特征,如图5a中,车辆传递率在惯质系数为3 000 kg的情况下峰值由2.6下降到2.4,继而在bs=6 000 kg时降为2.3,同时固有频率呈下降趋势。如图5b中,但由于耦合作用,当激励频率为19.7 rad/s时,传递率随惯质系数改变表明了惯质系数对桥梁传递率的影响,随着惯质系数增大为3 000 kg,其峰值也有降低,但当bs=6 000 kg时,桥梁传递率峰值略有提高。
桥梁第一阶模态中有 ϕ 1 ' ( L / 2 ) = 0Hb中的项 2 ζ s ω ˜ s ϕ 1 '因此被忽略,则式(15)可以简化为:
H b = D 1 + 2 j ζ s D 2 D 3 + 2 j ζ s D 4
由于所有曲线都经过不动点,Hb应与 ζ s无关,即必须满足式(17)
D 1 D 3 = ±   D 2 D 4
D 1 D 4的关系式代入式(17)化简得到不动点相对应的频率的关系为:
( ω s 2 - b s ω 2 ) - φ 1 + ω b 2 - ω 2 m s ω 2 φ 1 =
±   - ω s 2 φ 1 - b s v 2 φ 1 + b s φ 1 ω 2 +   ( ω s 2 - ω 2 - b s ω 2 ) ω b 2 - ω 2 m s ω 2 φ 1
取正号时根为 ω = ω b,取负号时令其解为 ω A ω B,根据Vieta公式,它们的关系可以写成:
ω A 2 ω B 2 = 2 m s ω b 2 ω s 2 m s ( 1 + 2 b s φ 1 2 ) - 2 b s
ω A 2 + ω B 2 =
2 m s 2 ω s 2 φ 1 2 + m s b s v 2 φ 1 φ 1 + 2 b s ω b 2 + m s ω b 2 + 2 m s ω s 2 m s ( 1 + 2 b s φ 1 2 ) - 2 b s
需要注意的是,在一般动力吸振理论中,主结构固有频率周围有2个不动点。对于车桥耦合系统可确定3个有意义的不动点,其中一个与 ω B有关,这些不动点有利于优化车辆参数。首先,频率 ω A ω B处的响应幅度与 ζ s无关,因此,可取0或 +
H b = ± m s ω 2 φ 1 m s ω 2 φ 1 2 - ω b 2 + ω 2
因为Hb> 0,正号对应 ω A< ω B,负号对应 ω A> ω B。求解 ω A ω B使它们的值满足式(19),可得到式(22)
ω b 2 ( ω A 2 + ω B 2 ) - 2 ω A 2 ω B 2 ( m s φ 1 2 + 1 ) = 0
将式(19)、(20)代入式(22)得到车辆最优调节频率为:
ω s , o p t = - 2 ρ L v 2 π L 2 b s + 2 b s m s   ω b 2 + ω b 2 2 ( 2 u + 1 )
式中: u = m s / ρ L为车辆与桥梁的质量比。
尽管对车辆固有频率进行了最优调节,但桥梁传递率也受到了车辆悬架阻尼比的影响。如图6所示,与 ω B相关的不动点须是具有最佳阻尼的传递率曲线的峰值。因此,最优阻尼比须满足式(24)
d H b 2 d ω = 0 ,      ω = ω b
进而求得:
ζ s 2 = ( b s φ 1 ω b 2 - m s ω s 2 φ 1 ) ( b s ω b 2 - m s ω s 2 + m s ω b 2 ) 2 m s 2 ω b φ ( m s ω s φ 1 - 2 ω s 2 ω b )
得到最优阻尼比 ζ s , o p t = 0.32,如图6所示。值得注意的是, ζ s , o p t仅取决于调谐车辆频率和非耦合桥梁固有频率。
基于参数优化策略,本节比较车桥耦合系统优化前后传递率的变化,如图7所示。可以清楚地看出,优化后车辆和桥梁的传递率振幅都显著降低。图7a显示了车辆2个共振频率处的峰值被抑制,提高了车辆的乘坐舒适性。图7b中桥梁传递率幅值峰值也降低了,表明车辆具有良好的桥梁友好性。
图7频域分析不同,图8给出了优化前后系统在时域的响应对比。桥梁在中点响应如图8a所示,图8b~d分别表示车辆的位移、加速度与作用于桥面的动载荷。由图可知,优化后的车桥系统性能均有较显著的提升,说明在耦合作用下ISD悬架系统参数调节可以有效提升车辆的道路友好性,降低对桥梁的冲击力,同时也使车辆的舒适性能有明显的改善。
1)调节车辆悬架参数以提高车辆舒适性并降低其对桥梁的载荷作用,区别于传统安装在桥梁上的动力吸振器,具有灵活、简便、有效的特征,在车桥耦合背景下改善车桥性能,是本文的主要创新点。
2)ISD悬架相较于传统SD悬架对于车辆平顺性与道路友好性提升显著,从建立系统模型运动微分方程入手,推导了车桥耦合系统传递率公式,分析其在不同惯质系数、不同阻尼比下的特性,发现其更有利于中高频系统性能的改善。
3)车桥耦合作用改变了车辆与桥梁的固有特性,利用传递率中不动点进行ISD悬架系统参数的优化,获得最优车辆调节频率和最优ISD悬架阻尼比,时域和频域分析均表明参数优化使车辆具有更好的平顺性与桥梁友好性。
4)本文的研究工作与成果可应用于智能交通、无人驾驶等领域,应用云端大数据获取桥梁信息,预先优化调节车辆参数,保障车辆在桥上行驶更加舒适安全,同时延长桥梁的生命周期。
目前,在车路云数据平台搭建与获取、耦合作用下ISD悬架结构优化以及耦合时变系统分析方面仍有不足,尚需进一步深入研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51705205)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12172153)
  • 中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M711384)
  • 江苏省高等学校基础学科(自然科学)重大项目(21KJA460002)
  • 镇江市基础研究专项(JC2024009)
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2025年第15卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.07
  • 接收时间:2024-01-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-30
  • 修回日期:2024-02-27
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51705205)
国家自然科学基金项目(12172153)
中国博士后科学基金项目(2022M711384)
江苏省高等学校基础学科(自然科学)重大项目(21KJA460002)
镇江市基础研究专项(JC2024009)
作者信息
    江苏大学 汽车工程研究院,江苏,镇江 212013

通讯作者:

张步云(1987-),男,江苏淮安人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为振动测试与控制、车辆随机动力学分析。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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