Article(id=1153756964430537485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153756963994329869, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.01, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1670428800000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-08, revisedDate=1675612800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753006696088, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753006696088, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753006696088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753006696088, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153756963994329869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='2', pageStart='125', pageEnd='262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753006695984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757654146268, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173249783352410923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153756963994329869, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173249783352410924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153756963994329869, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153756964862550801, articleId=1153756964430537485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Application and Development of Aluminum Alloys in Automobile Lightweighting, columnId=1153756964791247631, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Review and Prospect, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid rise of new energy vehicles under the“dual carbon” goals has shifted the focus of vehicle lightweighting from traditional structural and process innovations to the substitution and optimization of materials. Aluminum alloy materials highly match the requirements for materials used in automotive lightweighting, and are currently the most preferred materials. This paper reviews and discusses the research and development, application and new directions of aluminum alloy materials in automobile lightweighting.Firstly, the paper introduces the main brands and the application status of die casting aluminum, which accounts for more than 70% of the aluminum used in automobile drive systems, chassis systems and body structure parts. The focus is placed on analyzing the research status of integrated die casting technology and its necessary non-heat treatment aluminum alloy. The paper summarizes the use of wrought aluminum alloy in the automotive field, including the stamped parts, profiled components and forgings. It also discusses the research status of traditional automotive forged aluminum and high-strength aluminum, guided by the development trend towards high-strength and ductile aluminum alloys. Finally, the existing bottlenecks of aluminum alloy materials in the automotive field are analyzed and prospected.

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“双碳”目标下新能源汽车迅速崛起,推动了汽车轻量化从传统的结构、工艺创新向材料的更换和优化方面发展。铝合金材料与汽车轻量化用材的要求高度契合,是当前最优选材料。梳理、讨论了铝合金材料在汽车轻量化中的研发、应用及新发展方向。介绍了汽车用铝占比超过70%的压铸铝在驱动系统、底盘系统和车身结构件方面的主要牌号和研发应用现状,着重分析了一体化压铸技术及其必需的免热处理铝合金研究现状;对变形铝合金在汽车领域中应用到的冲压件、型材件以及锻件进行了归纳,讨论了在高强韧铝合金发展方向的引导下传统车用锻铝、高强铝的研究现状;针对铝合金材料在汽车领域中现有的应用瓶颈进行了分析和展望。

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李亨(1984-),男,山东聊城人,副研究员,主要研究方向为有色金属制备及塑性成形理论。 E-mail:
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曹玉凤(1998-),女,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝合金制备和强韧化机理。 E-mail:

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曹玉凤(1998-),女,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝合金制备和强韧化机理。 E-mail:

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articleId=1153756964430537485, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轻量化材料 替代材料 减重率/% 相对成本/元
高强度钢 低碳钢 10 1.0
铝合金 钢或铸铁 40~60 1.3~2.0
镁合金 钢或铸铁 60~75 1.5~2.5
镁合金 铝合金 25~35 1.0~1.5
铝与复合材料 钢或铸铁 50~65 1.5~3.0+
钛合金 合金钢 40~55 1.5~10.0+
不锈钢 碳钢 20~45 1.2~1.7
玻璃纤维 40~60 1.0~1.5
碳纤维 75+ 50.0+
), ArticleFig(id=1175545883753067130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756964430537485, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轻质材料减重比例与成本的关系[8]

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轻量化材料 替代材料 减重率/% 相对成本/元
高强度钢 低碳钢 10 1.0
铝合金 钢或铸铁 40~60 1.3~2.0
镁合金 钢或铸铁 60~75 1.5~2.5
镁合金 铝合金 25~35 1.0~1.5
铝与复合材料 钢或铸铁 50~65 1.5~3.0+
钛合金 合金钢 40~55 1.5~10.0+
不锈钢 碳钢 20~45 1.2~1.7
玻璃纤维 40~60 1.0~1.5
碳纤维 75+ 50.0+
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结构系统 典型部件 成形工艺 合金材料
驱动系统
高压铸造

Al-Si-X-Fe系

AlSi9Cu3

A380, ADC12

底盘
低压铸造

Al-Si-X系

AlSi7Mg

A356

车身
真空压铸和热处理

Al-Si-X-Mn系AlSi10MnMg

AlSi8MnMg

SF36, A365

), ArticleFig(id=1175545883887284860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756964430537485, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

汽车使用的铝合金压铸件[4]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构系统 典型部件 成形工艺 合金材料
驱动系统
高压铸造

Al-Si-X-Fe系

AlSi9Cu3

A380, ADC12

底盘
低压铸造

Al-Si-X系

AlSi7Mg

A356

车身
真空压铸和热处理

Al-Si-X-Mn系AlSi10MnMg

AlSi8MnMg

SF36, A365

), ArticleFig(id=1175545883958588029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756964430537485, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零部件 车型 牌号
车门外板 宝马7系 AC170PX
车门内板 奔驰S级 5182
后背门外板 捷豹路虎发现者4 AC170PX
后背门内板 捷豹路虎发现者4 5182
侧围 凯迪拉克CT6 AC170PX
A柱/B柱/C柱 捷豹路虎 6111
地板、前围板 捷豹路虎 5754
), ArticleFig(id=1175545884021502590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756964430537485, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

部分铝合金冲压件应用案例[32-33]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零部件 车型 牌号
车门外板 宝马7系 AC170PX
车门内板 奔驰S级 5182
后背门外板 捷豹路虎发现者4 AC170PX
后背门内板 捷豹路虎发现者4 5182
侧围 凯迪拉克CT6 AC170PX
A柱/B柱/C柱 捷豹路虎 6111
地板、前围板 捷豹路虎 5754
), ArticleFig(id=1175545884109582975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756964430537485, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零部件 使用车型 牌号
仪表板加强梁支架 凯迪拉克CT6 6063T6A
前纵梁 凯迪拉克CT6 7003T6
地板横梁 凯迪拉克CT6 6063T6A
前端框架 凯迪拉克CT6 6063T6A
副车架 蔚来ES8 7003T6
门槛梁 蔚来ES8 6082T6
防撞梁 蔚来ES8 7003T6
前防撞梁、吸能盒 长安CX55 6082T6
衬套、连杆 大众 6060、6063、6061等
行李架、座椅导轨 奔驰 6082-T6、6063-T66
), ArticleFig(id=1175545884193469056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153756964430537485, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

部分铝合金型材构件应用案例[45]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
零部件 使用车型 牌号
仪表板加强梁支架 凯迪拉克CT6 6063T6A
前纵梁 凯迪拉克CT6 7003T6
地板横梁 凯迪拉克CT6 6063T6A
前端框架 凯迪拉克CT6 6063T6A
副车架 蔚来ES8 7003T6
门槛梁 蔚来ES8 6082T6
防撞梁 蔚来ES8 7003T6
前防撞梁、吸能盒 长安CX55 6082T6
衬套、连杆 大众 6060、6063、6061等
行李架、座椅导轨 奔驰 6082-T6、6063-T66
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铝合金在汽车轻量化中的研发应用及发展
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曹玉凤 1, 2 , 郭望 1, 2 , 李亨 1, 2 , 唐丽 3 , 朱晓勇 1 , 李明 4 , 吴玉程 1
汽车工程学报 | 综述与展望 2025,15(2): 125-136
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汽车工程学报 | 综述与展望 2025, 15(2): 125-136
铝合金在汽车轻量化中的研发应用及发展
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曹玉凤1, 2 , 郭望1, 2, 李亨1, 2 , 唐丽3, 朱晓勇1, 李明4, 吴玉程1
作者信息
  • 1 合肥工业大学 材料科学与工程学院,合肥 230009
  • 2 合肥工业大学 航空结构件成形制造与装备安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009
  • 3 安徽环新集团股份有限公司,安徽,安庆 246001
  • 4 安徽江淮汽车集团股份有限公司,合肥 230022
  • 曹玉凤(1998-),女,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝合金制备和强韧化机理。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

李亨(1984-),男,山东聊城人,副研究员,主要研究方向为有色金属制备及塑性成形理论。 E-mail:
Application and Development of Aluminum Alloys in Automobile Lightweighting
Yufeng CAO1, 2 , Wang GUO1, 2, Heng LI1, 2 , Li TANG3, Xiaoyong ZHU1, Ming LI4, Yucheng WU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Materials Science and Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
  • 2 Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
  • 3 Anhui Huanxin Group Co.,Ltd.,Anqing 246001,Anhui,China
  • 4 Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Co.,Ltd.,Hefei 230022,China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.01
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“双碳”目标下新能源汽车迅速崛起,推动了汽车轻量化从传统的结构、工艺创新向材料的更换和优化方面发展。铝合金材料与汽车轻量化用材的要求高度契合,是当前最优选材料。梳理、讨论了铝合金材料在汽车轻量化中的研发、应用及新发展方向。介绍了汽车用铝占比超过70%的压铸铝在驱动系统、底盘系统和车身结构件方面的主要牌号和研发应用现状,着重分析了一体化压铸技术及其必需的免热处理铝合金研究现状;对变形铝合金在汽车领域中应用到的冲压件、型材件以及锻件进行了归纳,讨论了在高强韧铝合金发展方向的引导下传统车用锻铝、高强铝的研究现状;针对铝合金材料在汽车领域中现有的应用瓶颈进行了分析和展望。

汽车轻量化  /  铝合金  /  新能源  /  一体压铸  /  免热处理

The rapid rise of new energy vehicles under the“dual carbon” goals has shifted the focus of vehicle lightweighting from traditional structural and process innovations to the substitution and optimization of materials. Aluminum alloy materials highly match the requirements for materials used in automotive lightweighting, and are currently the most preferred materials. This paper reviews and discusses the research and development, application and new directions of aluminum alloy materials in automobile lightweighting.Firstly, the paper introduces the main brands and the application status of die casting aluminum, which accounts for more than 70% of the aluminum used in automobile drive systems, chassis systems and body structure parts. The focus is placed on analyzing the research status of integrated die casting technology and its necessary non-heat treatment aluminum alloy. The paper summarizes the use of wrought aluminum alloy in the automotive field, including the stamped parts, profiled components and forgings. It also discusses the research status of traditional automotive forged aluminum and high-strength aluminum, guided by the development trend towards high-strength and ductile aluminum alloys. Finally, the existing bottlenecks of aluminum alloy materials in the automotive field are analyzed and prospected.

automobile lightweighting  /  aluminium alloy  /  new energy  /  integrated die casting  /  non-heat treatment
曹玉凤, 郭望, 李亨, 唐丽, 朱晓勇, 李明, 吴玉程. 铝合金在汽车轻量化中的研发应用及发展. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (2) : 125 -136 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.01
Yufeng CAO, Wang GUO, Heng LI, Li TANG, Xiaoyong ZHU, Ming LI, Yucheng WU. Application and Development of Aluminum Alloys in Automobile Lightweighting[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (2) : 125 -136 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.01
当前,世界汽车的产量和保有量在持续增长,同时,引发的能源消耗和环境污染问题也日益严重。如何在兼顾汽车安全性和强度的同时,最大程度地减少汽车的整备质量和燃料消耗量,以及降低排气污染已成为各国政府密切关注的重点。相比于传统燃油乘用车,新能源汽车由于具有集中能源利用率高、使用清洁无污染等优点,更加契合“低碳政策”,成为汽车行业未来的发展趋势。新能源汽车由于搭载了电池、电机、电控系统等智能化设备,存在车身质量大、续驶里程短等缺点,所以较传统燃油车而言,其更加迫切需要采用轻量化技术。可见,在节能减排和性能提升的双重推动下,汽车轻量化已经成为传统汽车和新能源汽车领域的共性技术[1]
汽车轻量化的实现途径包括材料轻量化、结构轻量化和工艺轻量化,其中,轻质材料的应用是实现轻量化发展的基础。目前,汽车领域采用的轻质材料主要包括金属材料(高强钢、镁合金和铝合金等)、碳纤维复合材料等[2]。以上轻质材料投入到汽车上的减重比例与其成本之间的关系,见表1。由表1可知,铝合金相比于镁合金、碳纤维等轻质材料在保证成本较低的同时,减重效果理想,具有极高的性价比。铝合金材料应用于汽车最早的记载是1896年研发的铝制汽车曲轴箱,在这之后相继出现了铝合金零部件,如车轮、悬架、车身等。1994年,全球第1辆全铝车身奥迪A8的问世是铝应用于汽车轻量化的典型成功案例[3],该车型采用全铝空间框架结构(ASF车身结构),覆盖件用铝合金板冲压而成,质量与钢制车身质量相比减轻了大约30%~50%。尽管减重效果明显,但由于当时铝合金材料的成型技术和后续连接工艺尚不成熟,再加上市场需求力度的薄弱,并未改变汽车制造商依赖于钢铁材料的局面。如今,随着汽车工业2.0时代的到来,以电气化为代表的新技术发展方向已经不可动摇[4-5]。在国家轻量化政策和节能减排需求日益提升的背景下,铝合金材料的优势开始被挖掘并得到广泛应用。随着新能源汽车的发展,很多零部件需要重新设计,由于没有了传统零部件成熟的供应体系和市场的干扰,这些零部件在使用铝合金材料方面变得更加容易。国际铝业协会预测,到2025年,新能源汽车的单车用铝量将会达到227 kg,同期的传统燃油汽车和插电式混合动力汽车的单车用铝量为180 kg或238 kg。在绿色发展战略和汽车科技不断发展的大背景下,铝合金材料因其特有的优势成为汽车轻量化发展的最优选材料[6-7],也将是未来汽车发展的主要材料之一。
铝合金材料在乘用车领域的应用主要涉及铝铸件、冲压件以及型材结构件。其中,铝铸件在汽车生产过程中的应用相当广泛,其用量约占汽车总用铝量的70%[9],下文对铝合金材料在乘用车领域的应用进行介绍。
乘用车中铝合金件的主体是铸件,如发动机缸体缸盖、变速器壳体和底盘结构件多数采用铸造铝合金成形。目前,国内外汽车上使用的铝合金压铸件材料牌号及成形工艺见表2
驱动系统承担着将发动机动力按汽车正常行驶需要传送至驱动轮的工作,其主要结构件包括发动机缸体和缸盖、油底壳和变速器壳体等。由于这些部件具有复杂的结构和功能,并且通常伴随着高温高压的工作条件,所以采用铸造工艺来生产最合适。
燃油车发动机是驱动系统的核心组成部分,应用在缸体中品种最多、用途最广的合金系为Al-Si系合金(AlSi9Cu3)。由于受到工作环境的影响(高温环境和机械热疲劳作用),铸铝制发动机缸体存在结构不稳定及强度降低的问题,所以其高温性能一直是学术界和工程界关注的问题[10-12]。国内外学者倾向于在合金中添加高熔点、低热扩散系数的合金化元素(Zr、V、Ti、Mn等)使基体在退火过程中析出强度高、热稳定性优良的弥散强化相[13-16]。有学者发现,Al-Si-Cu-Mg合金在添加Zr元素后析出尺寸为80~200 mm的含Zr纳米沉淀相[17],呈现椭圆形态,并与基体存在共格/半共格关系,如图1所示。相比于未改性合金,Al-Si-Cu-Mg合金在高温环境下具有更好的机械性能,其原因在于基体中的含Zr纳米沉淀相在高温下表现出较小的扩散率。此外,对于发动机中结构相对简单的部件,如发动机的气缸头和缸盖等,还会应用到以牌号ZL205A、ZL207和206为代表的Al-Cu系铸造铝合金[9]
实现底盘系统的轻量化在减少能源消耗的同时可以提高整车的舒适性。从材料类型来看,底盘类零件大都采用Al-Si系列合金,对应于美国牌号A356或德国牌号AlSi7Mg。该类合金铸件受力时,容易产生应力集中从而会出现微裂纹,为了提高强韧性能,此类零部件大都采用低压铸造或重力铸造工艺,采用T6热处理以获得最佳力学性能[18-20]。从材料设计优化方面,学者们就其强度不高的问题做了大量研究,其中,细化和改性技术是应用最广泛、最成功的技术。除了对合金添加单一的稀土元素外,元素的复合添加表现出了更好的增强效果[21-23]。目前,A356铝合金主要通过加入Ti、Sr(0.02%~0.06%)元素来改善合金性能。图2为加入Al-5Ti-1B-1RE和Al-10Sr中间合金对A356铝合金进行复合细化改性的效果,可以看出基体组织更加均匀、致密,共晶硅形态尺寸得到了改善,与铸态合金相比,抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率以及硬度分别提高了33.63%、55.87%、458.97%和11.92%[24]
近年来诸多车企新推出的全铝车身,如特斯拉Model S和X车型,蔚来ES8和ES6车型,以及奇瑞新能源大蚂蚁车型,都体现了铝合金材料对车身轻量化的巨大贡献。从车身零部件来看,采用高真空压铸技术可以有效降低铸件缩孔开裂倾向[25]。例如,针对减振塔,江淮汽车采用高真空压铸铝合金减振器塔替换原钢制材料,实现减重45%,轻量化效果显著[26];蔚来汽车的减振塔、扭力盒、左右纵梁等选择AlSi10MnMg合金,并采用高真空压铸+T7(或T6)热处理工艺替代传统冲压焊接工艺,如图3所示。
在真空高压压铸技术的基础上,一体化压铸技术的出现在乘用车领域掀起了一波热潮。特斯拉公司推出的一体式压铸后地板总成可将下车体总成重量降低30%,制造成本因此下降40%。此外,特斯拉下一步计划将用2~3个大型压铸件替换由370个零部件组成的整个下车体总成,重量将进一步降低10%,对应续驶里程可增加14%。一体化压铸省略了传统的车身焊接和热处理工序,制造时间由传统工艺的1~2 h缩至3~5 min。此后,国内蔚来、小鹏、理想等汽车公司陆续跟进,沃尔沃、奔驰等相关外资汽车公司也陆续推进一体化结构件的研发。该技术实现的基础是免热处理可铆接的压铸铝合金材料,国外主要代表有德国莱茵公司的Magsimal-59合金、Castduct-18合金和美国铝业公司研发的C611合金等。目前,国内尚无建立成熟牌号的免热处理铝合金材料,但是已有高校和企业投入到对免热处理强化铝合金材料的研发中。上海交通大学丁文江院士团队[27]通过对Al-Ce-Mg合金元素含量进行成分设计,得出综合性能最优的合金元素配比,其屈服强度为113 MPa,抗拉强度为225 MPa,断后延伸率为10.13%,如图4所示。相较于T6处理后的Al-12Ce-0.4Mg合金,无需热处理工艺便能实现更高的强度和塑性。合肥工业大学吴玉程教授课题组依托安徽省发改委“新能源汽车用低成本铝合金及成形关键技术开发与产业化应用”项目来推行免热处理强化铝合金材料、工艺的研究。由于无法热处理调控析出相的大小、分布,以及PFZ组织等来实现韧性和强度的提升,笔者认为其主要的研发思路是熔体净化、变质处理、晶粒细化和外场调控方向。
目前,国内免热处理高强韧铝合金研发方面已取得较大进展,但通过合金元素的添加、成形工艺的改善等途径提高合金的强韧性能仍需进一步突破,以争取在满足大型薄壁复杂高强韧铝合金制备的同时,实现免热处理铝合金材料的普及和商业化。
变形铝合金在汽车车身面板、车身覆盖件以及装饰件中得到广泛应用[728],主要的加工工艺有冲压成形、挤压成形、等温模锻以及液态模锻等[29-30]。其中,冲压成形和挤压成形技术在乘用车制造方面获得广泛关注,下文主要阐述铝合金冲压件、型材构件以及锻件在乘用车领域的应用。
变形铝合金板材替代传统钢材可以有效减轻汽车重量。经过长时间发展,目前,用于汽车的铝合金板材主要包括2000系、5000系和6000系。
2000系铝合金具有强度高、焊接性能良好、可热处理强化等特点,其强化相为CuMgAl2和CuAl2。在该系铝合金中,2036合金已应用于生产车身板,如车顶、底板、车身内板等。5000系铝合金拥有良好的冲压成形性能,以汽车的“四门两盖”为例,汽车的车门、发动机盖和后备箱盖都是车身容易受损的部位。“四门两盖”用的铝合金有5182铝材,由于该铝材具有极佳的变形性,在受到外力撞击时能很好地吸收冲击力,所以能较大程度地保护驾驶员和乘客,安全性极高[31]。6000系铝合金可通过热处理强化,其主要强化相是Mg2Si相,强度较高,成形加工后不易产生回弹。与5000系铝合金不同,6000系铝合金在喷漆后的烘烤过程中硬化强度和抗凹陷性增强,主要用于汽车覆盖件的外板,是当前汽车板研发的主要方向。近年来,在国家政策扶持以及大环境发展的驱使下,我国汽车企业关于铝合金车身板的应用报道不断增加,表3为部分铝合金冲压部件在汽车上的应用[32-33]
材料生产方面,东北轻合金有限公司通过对汽车覆盖件内板用5054铝合金板材的合金成分和工艺进行优化开发,实现了我国铝合金在汽车覆盖件上的首次批量应用[34]。通过与多家科研院所针对6000系铝合金板材的联合开发,南山铝业集团跻身于国内第1位乘用车“四门两盖”铝板生产商,实现了向国内外知名新能源汽车厂如奇瑞、德国宝马和上汽通用的批量供货。
随着汽车轻量化对节能减排提出更高要求,铝合金冲压件的优异性能吸引了众多学者的关注。6000系铝合金通过热处理工艺和成分优化来调控微观组织结构可获得良好的综合性能,越来越多地被应用于汽车车身,成为替代钢板的最优选材料。针对6000系铝合金烤漆硬化性能发挥不充分的问题,材料界就此展开了一系列探究。
采用微合金化法是改善6000系铝合金显微结构和性能的一种有效途径。6000系铝合金中除Al元素以外含量最多的是Mg元素和Si元素,其主要强化相是Mg2Si相。对于Mg元素和Si元素含量不同的Al-Mg-Si合金,在时效过程中的析出行为发生了变化。陈保安等[35]指出Mg/Si原子比在1.5附近时,时效析出行为更加充分,析出相含量更高,其强度和电学性能更加优异。当Mg/Si质量比低于1.73时,会有过剩Si存在,当其含量达到一定程度时,铸态组织强化效果减弱但合金的抗拉强度提高;当过剩Si含量超过0.06%的界限时,合金力学性能降低的同时还可能会出现针状第2相,使合金强度、塑性和耐蚀性能下降。研究证实,在合金中加入一些其他化学元素能有效解决该问题,如Mn、Cu、Ti、Sc、Y、La等[36-38]。例如,卢博等[39]研究发现,添加0.35%稀土元素Y的6000系铝合金经模拟烤漆6 h后,抗拉强度和屈服强度相较于预时效合金分别提升68 MPa和116 MPa。HOSSEINIFAR等[40]发现,La元素可以改变Al-Mg-Si合金中的含铁相,形成相对无害的α-Fe相,合金的力学性能和耐蚀性能提高。在Al-Mg-Si合金加入稀土Sc,不仅可以细化组织还可以改善共晶硅的形貌,同时影响析出行为减少含铁相的形成。
由此可见,目前在通过微合金化调控合金组织方面已取得有效进展,然而在实际应用中,零部件的性能由于服役环境等因素的影响,有特殊要求,单一的元素添加有时无法满足要求,添加多种元素使合金微合金化改性对性能提升有显著效果。ELGALLAD等[41]研究表明,Mn元素的添加促进形成热稳定的α-Al(MnFe)Si弥散相,可以提升合金在高温下的机械性能,在此基础上继续加入Cr元素,发现合金在室温下的屈服强度优于仅含Mn的合金。通过对合金中复合添加微合金化元素Sc和Zr,发现Al-Mg-Si合金铸态组织明显细化,如图5所示。对合金做进一步双级时效处理,发现一级时效(350 ℃)过程中析出了弥散分布的Al3(Sc、Zr)沉淀相,有效阻碍了因位错滑移而产生的强烈的亚结构强化和析出强化;与之后在二级时效(150 ℃)中析出的Mg2Si强化相一同强化合金性能[42]
目前,我国已基本掌握6000系铝合金的微合金化技术,亟待继续发掘新型微合金化元素以及更加深入掌握复合微合金化技术作用机制,进而科学调控合金组织结构,克服铝板烤漆硬化性能发挥不充分的难题,实现铝合金板在汽车车身应用方面的进一步突破。
汽车车身铝合金板材的应用是实现汽车轻量化的必经之路。目前,国内通过合金成分调控、轧制工艺参数和热处理制度等途径,对研发高性能铝合金板材展开了大量的基础性研究,但铝板的成形性能较工业发达国家还存在一定的差距。此外,相较于传统钢制板材,铝制车身材料的连接更具复杂性。以奥迪A8为例,其车身制造需要包括MIG焊、远程激光焊等在内的14种连接工艺,工艺复杂度远高于以电阻焊为主的钢制白车身。为使铝合金板材更好地契合汽车轻量化的需求,积极探索铝制车身材料连接新技术是汽车行业研究人员关注的焦点[43]
挤压是铝合金重要的成形方法,铝合金挤压型材由于其质量轻、刚性好、加工性能和焊接性能良好,可用于生产各种形状截面的型材。目前,以电气化为代表的新能源汽车保有量持续上升。与传统燃油车不同,新能源汽车的主要动力来源是“三电系统”,即电机、电控、电池,占新能源汽车总质量的30%~40%。除电芯本体外,电池包壳体的质量占比最大。为了满足轻量化需求,电池包壳体轻质材料的选取发生了转变。例如,目前下壳体多采用铝合金制造。由于铝型材挤出成型实现了模具工艺的低成本化,许多纯电动汽车企业选用6063-T6、6061-T6等6000系铝合金型材,搭配焊接工艺制造电池包下壳体,如蔚来ES8和小鹏G3。
比亚迪“刀片电池”的推出给铝制电池壳提出了新的挑战。与传统电池包相比,“刀片电池”的体积利用率提升了50%以上,使续驶里程增加50%以上[44]。然而,在保证结构创新的同时,需要把厚度仅为0.3 mm的薄壁铝带高频焊接成和“刀片电池”尺寸相配套的壳体,成型后既要保证壳体精度、强度、抗腐蚀性和气密性,还要保证光洁度和清洁度。目前,“刀片电池”的铝制电池壳没有现成的专用生产设备,这是当下新型电池壳生产的难题,因此,急需研发全新的生产线并能尽快投入生产。
蔚来ES8的底盘、悬挂、轮圈、制动系统等均采用铝材,纵梁等核心部分更是引入了航空级7000系铝,在充分保证强度的同时进一步对白车身进行轻量化处理,最终实现减重335 kg。此外,汽车的行李架、座椅导轨、脚踏板等部件也采用铝合金型材,见表4 [45]
在铝合金材料的主要生产工艺中,对于力学性能要求严格的部件(如底盘悬架系统控制臂、转向节、空调压缩机涡旋盘等)通常采用锻造工艺生产[46],如图6所示。
相比于铸铝材料,铝锻件组织性能更加优越,具有高强度、低重量且表面质量好的优点。以轮毂为例,相比于铸造铝合金轮毂,锻造铝合金轮毂具有更高的强度、耐疲劳性能、耐腐蚀性能和高精度等。目前,国内可进行汽车铝锻件生产的企业大都将销售铝锻车轮作为主要盈利手段,然而由于设备投入大、工艺复杂等因素的存在,导致锻件制造成本高,主要应用于高端乘用车。随着汽车轻量化和电动化的兴起,全球汽车厂商面临越来越激烈的竞争和成本压力,这也促进越来越多的铝锻产品在中国本土生产,给国内具备铝锻件生产能力的企业提供了机遇[47]
在应用方面,铝合金材料在汽车轻量化中,尤其在新能源汽车中的应用呈日益增长的趋势。在技术方面,在一体化压铸技术、复合微合金技术以及板材成形技术等层面落后于美国和日本等,部分零部件依靠进口的现状没有改变。因此,我国必须瞄准国际先进水平,在以下几点进行突破和攻关。
(1)在一体化压铸技术的背景下开展免热处理高强韧铝合金的研发工作,同时从熔体净化、变质处理、晶粒细化和外场调控方向实现韧性和强度的提升,形成具有自主知识产权的免热处理铝合金体系。
(2)在汽车车身铝板的应用中需要系统研究铝材的成分组成、微观结构和冲压性能之间的关系,充分利用复合微合金技术,实现铝合金板在汽车车身应用的进一步突破。
(3)在满足使用性能的铝合金零部件用材方面的研发方向应为“材料素化”,即降低合金元素的使用种类,便于回收利用。
(4)扩大铝合金型材在新能源汽车零部件中的应用,研发汽车用新铝合金材料及其配套的高精密装备。
  • 安徽省发改委项目(JZ2022AFKJ0032)
  • 中央基本科研业务费资助项目(JZ2021HGTB0100)
  • 安徽省博士后研究人员科研活动经费资助项目(2020A391)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.02.01
  • 接收时间:2022-12-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-08
  • 修回日期:2023-02-06
基金
安徽省发改委项目(JZ2022AFKJ0032)
中央基本科研业务费资助项目(JZ2021HGTB0100)
安徽省博士后研究人员科研活动经费资助项目(2020A391)
作者信息
    1 合肥工业大学 材料科学与工程学院,合肥 230009
    2 合肥工业大学 航空结构件成形制造与装备安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230009
    3 安徽环新集团股份有限公司,安徽,安庆 246001
    4 安徽江淮汽车集团股份有限公司,合肥 230022

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李亨(1984-),男,山东聊城人,副研究员,主要研究方向为有色金属制备及塑性成形理论。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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