Article(id=1153022349436772455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153022343707353180, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2025.03.13, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702915200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-19, revisedDate=1716739200000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752831550225, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752831550225, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752831550225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752831550225, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153022343707353180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='3', pageStart='263', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752831548859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757654056467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173249406712300330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153022343707353180, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173249406712300331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153022343707353180, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=409, endPage=418, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153022349919117418, articleId=1153022349436772455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Perceptual Analysis of Women's Preferences in Electric Vehicle Styling, columnId=1153756966938731297, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Other Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To understand female consumers' perceptual needs for electric vehicle styling and to solve the problem of matching these needs with electric vehicle designs, a research method based on perceptual analysis for styling electric vehicles for women is proposed. This study analyzes the styling differences between electric vehicles and traditional fuel vehicles to determine the direction of electric vehicle styling. Additionally, morphological analysis is used to deconstruct the design of electric vehicles. Based on the theoretical framework of perceptual engineering, perceptual vocabulary and representative samples for electric vehicles are collected and selected. Factor analysis is used to extract the main factors affecting the styling of electric vehicles for women. The judgment matrices are constructed using the hierarchical analysis to calculate the relative weights of the perceptual terms. Using quality function deployment tools, a mapping model between perceptual imagery and automobile design elements is built to transform users' perceptual imagery into design elements for women's electric vehicle styling. It is concluded that female users prefer EV styling designs with a wheelbase ≤ 60% of the vehicle length, a larger A-pillar tilt angle, a grille-less design, closed wheels, rounded or fused headlights, slim taillights, pop-up door handles, rounded shoulder lines, and floating roof windows. The research framework based on perceptual analysis can effectively extract female consumers' needs for electric vehicle styling. This framework provides some guidance for the design of electric vehicles for women.

, articleAbstract=

To understand female consumers' perceptual needs for electric vehicle styling and to solve the problem of matching these needs with electric vehicle designs, a research method based on perceptual analysis for styling electric vehicles for women is proposed. This study analyzes the styling differences between electric vehicles and traditional fuel vehicles to determine the direction of electric vehicle styling. Additionally, morphological analysis is used to deconstruct the design of electric vehicles. Based on the theoretical framework of perceptual engineering, perceptual vocabulary and representative samples for electric vehicles are collected and selected. Factor analysis is used to extract the main factors affecting the styling of electric vehicles for women. The judgment matrices are constructed using the hierarchical analysis to calculate the relative weights of the perceptual terms. Using quality function deployment tools, a mapping model between perceptual imagery and automobile design elements is built to transform users' perceptual imagery into design elements for women's electric vehicle styling. It is concluded that female users prefer EV styling designs with a wheelbase ≤ 60% of the vehicle length, a larger A-pillar tilt angle, a grille-less design, closed wheels, rounded or fused headlights, slim taillights, pop-up door handles, rounded shoulder lines, and floating roof windows. The research framework based on perceptual analysis can effectively extract female consumers' needs for electric vehicle styling. This framework provides some guidance for the design of electric vehicles for women.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinbo MA, Yan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153022376435507645, articleId=1153022349436772455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=CN, title=基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究, columnId=1153756967081337635, journalTitle=汽车工程学报, columnName=其他, runingTitle=null, highlight=

为了解女性消费者对电动汽车造型的感性需求,解决女性感性需求与电动汽车造型匹配的问题,提出一种基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究方法。分析电动汽车相较于传统内燃机汽车的造型差异,从而明确电动汽车造型设计方向并利用形态分析法对电动汽车进行形态解构;基于感性工学的理论框架,收集并筛选电动汽车感性词汇以及代表样本;采用因子分析法提取影响女性电动汽车造型偏好的主要因子;通过层次分析法构建判断矩阵,计算电动汽车感性词汇的相对权重;运用QFD质量功能展开工具构建感性意象与汽车设计元素之间的映射模型,将用户感性意象转化为女性偏好的电动汽车造型设计元素。得出了女性用户更加偏好轴距占车长比例≤60%、A柱倾斜角较大、无格栅设计、封闭式轮毂、圆润或融合型前照灯、细长型尾灯、弹出式门把手、圆润型肩线、悬浮顶型车窗的电动汽车造型设计。基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究框架能有效提取女性消费者对电动汽车造型的感性需求,对女性电动汽车造型设计有一定的指导意义。

, articleAbstract=

为了解女性消费者对电动汽车造型的感性需求,解决女性感性需求与电动汽车造型匹配的问题,提出一种基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究方法。分析电动汽车相较于传统内燃机汽车的造型差异,从而明确电动汽车造型设计方向并利用形态分析法对电动汽车进行形态解构;基于感性工学的理论框架,收集并筛选电动汽车感性词汇以及代表样本;采用因子分析法提取影响女性电动汽车造型偏好的主要因子;通过层次分析法构建判断矩阵,计算电动汽车感性词汇的相对权重;运用QFD质量功能展开工具构建感性意象与汽车设计元素之间的映射模型,将用户感性意象转化为女性偏好的电动汽车造型设计元素。得出了女性用户更加偏好轴距占车长比例≤60%、A柱倾斜角较大、无格栅设计、封闭式轮毂、圆润或融合型前照灯、细长型尾灯、弹出式门把手、圆润型肩线、悬浮顶型车窗的电动汽车造型设计。基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究框架能有效提取女性消费者对电动汽车造型的感性需求,对女性电动汽车造型设计有一定的指导意义。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李延(1969-),女,河北唐山人,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为美术学。 E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=kbCcEj9oUPZ+HgqWoa9/bw==, magXml=JftGZoNnfbvnYrhqYok+7w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=c58lee1T8Q0uyBl+1bEejA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=BDkSwZCDgSJVkTOSiZ8V1A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

马新博(1998-),男,河北张家口人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为感性工学与汽车造型设计。 E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=kvcLtcOYsCwkci4oD1TbIA==, figureFileBig=vbA0gv8lDoH2QlfxsZBuGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545257249878116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征项 要素水平类目 要素代码
轴距占车长比例A1 >60% A11
≤60% A12
A柱倾斜角A2 较小 A21
常规 A22
较大 A23
格栅B1 无格栅设计 B11
封闭式格栅 B12
平面化格栅 B13
轮毂B2 常规型 B21
封闭型 B22
前照灯B3 常规型 B31
平面型 B32
融合型 B33
圆润型 B34
尾灯B4 常规型 B41
细长型 B42
C型 B43
门把手B5 常规型 B51
隐藏式 B52
弹出式 B53
肩线C1 直线型 C11
圆润型 C12
分段型 C13
车窗C2 悬浮顶型 C21
梯形 C22
橄榄型 C23
), ArticleFig(id=1175545257321181285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电动汽车形态解构

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特征项 要素水平类目 要素代码
轴距占车长比例A1 >60% A11
≤60% A12
A柱倾斜角A2 较小 A21
常规 A22
较大 A23
格栅B1 无格栅设计 B11
封闭式格栅 B12
平面化格栅 B13
轮毂B2 常规型 B21
封闭型 B22
前照灯B3 常规型 B31
平面型 B32
融合型 B33
圆润型 B34
尾灯B4 常规型 B41
细长型 B42
C型 B43
门把手B5 常规型 B51
隐藏式 B52
弹出式 B53
肩线C1 直线型 C11
圆润型 C12
分段型 C13
车窗C2 悬浮顶型 C21
梯形 C22
橄榄型 C23
), ArticleFig(id=1175545257379901542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本号 优雅的 可爱的 时尚的 精致的 前卫的 小资的 亮丽的 轻盈的 娇小的
1 4.69 3.82 4.65 3.35 3.88 3.98 3.65 3.48 3.45
2 4.41 4.06 3.61 4.55 3.54 3.91 3.56 3.74 3.74
3 4.03 3.99 3.70 4.01 3.51 3.84 3.49 3.58 4.31
4 2.91 3.59 2.96 4.16 3.15 4.15 4.02 3.76 3.69
5 3.87 3.68 3.54 4.16 3.85 4.02 4.13 3.49 4.28
6 4.41 3.91 3.72 4.12 3.32 3.69 4.04 3.29 4.48
7 3.78 3.24 3.85 4.16 3.72 3.29 3.62 4.01 3.91
8 3.34 4.79 3.41 4.34 3.43 4.51 4.05 4.83 4.82
9 2.65 4.03 2.75 2.76 2.88 2.31 2.46 4.01 3.91
10 3.17 4.05 3.84 3.39 3.74 2.89 2.97 3.77 3.85
11 3.45 3.35 2.92 3.21 3.52 2.62 3.01 3.49 3.83
12 2.36 2.98 2.44 3.08 2.47 3.09 2.77 2.71 2.46
), ArticleFig(id=1175545257463787623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

感性词汇矩阵数据

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样本号 优雅的 可爱的 时尚的 精致的 前卫的 小资的 亮丽的 轻盈的 娇小的
1 4.69 3.82 4.65 3.35 3.88 3.98 3.65 3.48 3.45
2 4.41 4.06 3.61 4.55 3.54 3.91 3.56 3.74 3.74
3 4.03 3.99 3.70 4.01 3.51 3.84 3.49 3.58 4.31
4 2.91 3.59 2.96 4.16 3.15 4.15 4.02 3.76 3.69
5 3.87 3.68 3.54 4.16 3.85 4.02 4.13 3.49 4.28
6 4.41 3.91 3.72 4.12 3.32 3.69 4.04 3.29 4.48
7 3.78 3.24 3.85 4.16 3.72 3.29 3.62 4.01 3.91
8 3.34 4.79 3.41 4.34 3.43 4.51 4.05 4.83 4.82
9 2.65 4.03 2.75 2.76 2.88 2.31 2.46 4.01 3.91
10 3.17 4.05 3.84 3.39 3.74 2.89 2.97 3.77 3.85
11 3.45 3.35 2.92 3.21 3.52 2.62 3.01 3.49 3.83
12 2.36 2.98 2.44 3.08 2.47 3.09 2.77 2.71 2.46
), ArticleFig(id=1175545257614782568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KMO 取样适切性量数 0.621
巴特利特球形度检验 近似卡方 70.643
自由度 36
显著性 0
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KMO和巴特利特球形度检验

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KMO 取样适切性量数 0.621
巴特利特球形度检验 近似卡方 70.643
自由度 36
显著性 0
), ArticleFig(id=1175545257732223082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和 旋转载荷平方和
总计

方差/

%

累积/

%

总计

方差/

%

累积/

%

总计

方差/

%

累积/

%

1 4.791 53.231 53.231 4.791 53.231 53.231 2.729 30.319 30.319
2 1.723 19.145 72.375 1.723 19.145 72.375 2.634 29.268 59.587
3 1.282 14.247 86.622 1.282 14.247 86.622 2.433 27.036 86.622
4 0.449 4.989 91.611
5 0.363 4.028 95.639
6 0.198 2.198 97.837
7 0.105 1.169 99.006
8 0.068 0.755 99.761
9 0.022 0.239 100.000
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总方差解释

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成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和 旋转载荷平方和
总计

方差/

%

累积/

%

总计

方差/

%

累积/

%

总计

方差/

%

累积/

%

1 4.791 53.231 53.231 4.791 53.231 53.231 2.729 30.319 30.319
2 1.723 19.145 72.375 1.723 19.145 72.375 2.634 29.268 59.587
3 1.282 14.247 86.622 1.282 14.247 86.622 2.433 27.036 86.622
4 0.449 4.989 91.611
5 0.363 4.028 95.639
6 0.198 2.198 97.837
7 0.105 1.169 99.006
8 0.068 0.755 99.761
9 0.022 0.239 100.000
), ArticleFig(id=1175545257858052204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感性词汇 成分
1 2 3
小资的 0.906
亮丽的 0.904
精致的 0.876
时尚的 0.929
前卫的 0.875
优雅的 0.863
轻盈的 0.919
可爱的 0.874
娇小的 0.793
), ArticleFig(id=1175545257979687021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

旋转后的成分矩阵

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感性词汇 成分
1 2 3
小资的 0.906
亮丽的 0.904
精致的 0.876
时尚的 0.929
前卫的 0.875
优雅的 0.863
轻盈的 0.919
可爱的 0.874
娇小的 0.793
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258050990190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
感性词汇 成分
1 2 3
优雅的 -0.001 0.365 -0.120
可爱的 -0.089 -0.027 0.407
时尚的 -0.136 0.433 -0.033
精致的 0.390 -0.113 -0.032
前卫的 -0.151 0.399 0.037
小资的 0.420 -0.121 -0.073
亮丽的 0.395 -0.060 -0.086
轻盈的 -0.092 -0.089 0.448
娇小的 -0.019 0.009 0.331
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258105516143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

成分得分系数矩阵

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感性词汇 成分
1 2 3
优雅的 -0.001 0.365 -0.120
可爱的 -0.089 -0.027 0.407
时尚的 -0.136 0.433 -0.033
精致的 0.390 -0.113 -0.032
前卫的 -0.151 0.399 0.037
小资的 0.420 -0.121 -0.073
亮丽的 0.395 -0.060 -0.086
轻盈的 -0.092 -0.089 0.448
娇小的 -0.019 0.009 0.331
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258164236400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度 重要程度说明
1 同样重要
3 行指标比列指标稍微重要
5 行指标比列指标明显重要
7 行指标比列指标强烈重要
9 行指标比列指标极端重要
2/4/6/8 以上两两判断中间的重要程度
倒数 若A比B明显重要,则在A行B列填5;当分析B对A重要程度时,则填写1/5
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258252316785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

判断矩阵标度

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标度 重要程度说明
1 同样重要
3 行指标比列指标稍微重要
5 行指标比列指标明显重要
7 行指标比列指标强烈重要
9 行指标比列指标极端重要
2/4/6/8 以上两两判断中间的重要程度
倒数 若A比B明显重要,则在A行B列填5;当分析B对A重要程度时,则填写1/5
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258352980082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
X A B C 权重
A 1 1/3 2 0.23
B 3 1 5 0.65
C 1/2 1/5 1 0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258403311731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=CN, label=表 8, caption=

判断矩阵平均权重值

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X A B C 权重
A 1 1/3 2 0.23
B 3 1 5 0.65
C 1/2 1/5 1 0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258495586420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计要素 轴距占车长比例 A柱倾斜角 格栅 轮毂
感性意象 权重 A11 A12 A21 A22 A23 B11 B12 B13 B21 B22
小资 0.23 n c n c s s c
时尚 0.65 c c c s c n c s s c
轻盈 0.12 c c s n c n s c n
设计要素重要度 3.85 5.46 3.61 3.94 5.46 6.54 3.61 3.24 2.64 5.24

重要度的

相对值/%

3.26 4.62 3.05 3.33 4.62 5.53 3.05 2.74 2.23 4.43
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258592055413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

女性电动汽车造型设计质量屋(一)

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设计要素 轴距占车长比例 A柱倾斜角 格栅 轮毂
感性意象 权重 A11 A12 A21 A22 A23 B11 B12 B13 B21 B22
小资 0.23 n c n c s s c
时尚 0.65 c c c s c n c s s c
轻盈 0.12 c c s n c n s c n
设计要素重要度 3.85 5.46 3.61 3.94 5.46 6.54 3.61 3.24 2.64 5.24

重要度的

相对值/%

3.26 4.62 3.05 3.33 4.62 5.53 3.05 2.74 2.23 4.43
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258692718710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计要素 前大灯 尾灯 门把手 腰线 车窗
感性意象 权重 B31 B32 B33 B34 B41 B42 B43 B51 B52 B53 C11 C12 C13 C21 C22 C23
小资 0.23 c c n n n s c n s s n s
时尚 0.65 s n c c c n s s n n s c c n s c
轻盈 0.12 s n c c s c c n c s n c c c
设计要素重要度 3.46 6.54 5.46 5.46 3.61 6.76 3.24 1.95 6.54 6.76 2.31 4.78 4.54 6.76 1.95 4.54
重要度的相对值/% 2.93 5.53 4.62 4.62 3.05 5.72 2.74 1.65 5.53 5.72 1.95 4.04 3.84 5.53 1.65 3.84
), ArticleFig(id=1175545258768216183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022349436772455, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

女性电动汽车造型设计质量屋(二)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计要素 前大灯 尾灯 门把手 腰线 车窗
感性意象 权重 B31 B32 B33 B34 B41 B42 B43 B51 B52 B53 C11 C12 C13 C21 C22 C23
小资 0.23 c c n n n s c n s s n s
时尚 0.65 s n c c c n s s n n s c c n s c
轻盈 0.12 s n c c s c c n c s n c c c
设计要素重要度 3.46 6.54 5.46 5.46 3.61 6.76 3.24 1.95 6.54 6.76 2.31 4.78 4.54 6.76 1.95 4.54
重要度的相对值/% 2.93 5.53 4.62 4.62 3.05 5.72 2.74 1.65 5.53 5.72 1.95 4.04 3.84 5.53 1.65 3.84
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基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究
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马新博 , 李延
汽车工程学报 | 其他 2025,15(3): 409-418
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汽车工程学报 | 其他 2025, 15(3): 409-418
基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究
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马新博 , 李延
作者信息
  • 华北理工大学 机械工程学院,河北,唐山 063210
  • 马新博(1998-),男,河北张家口人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为感性工学与汽车造型设计。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

李延(1969-),女,河北唐山人,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为美术学。 E-mail:
Perceptual Analysis of Women's Preferences in Electric Vehicle Styling
Xinbo MA , Yan LI
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology,Tangshan 063210,Hebei,China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2025.03.13
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为了解女性消费者对电动汽车造型的感性需求,解决女性感性需求与电动汽车造型匹配的问题,提出一种基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究方法。分析电动汽车相较于传统内燃机汽车的造型差异,从而明确电动汽车造型设计方向并利用形态分析法对电动汽车进行形态解构;基于感性工学的理论框架,收集并筛选电动汽车感性词汇以及代表样本;采用因子分析法提取影响女性电动汽车造型偏好的主要因子;通过层次分析法构建判断矩阵,计算电动汽车感性词汇的相对权重;运用QFD质量功能展开工具构建感性意象与汽车设计元素之间的映射模型,将用户感性意象转化为女性偏好的电动汽车造型设计元素。得出了女性用户更加偏好轴距占车长比例≤60%、A柱倾斜角较大、无格栅设计、封闭式轮毂、圆润或融合型前照灯、细长型尾灯、弹出式门把手、圆润型肩线、悬浮顶型车窗的电动汽车造型设计。基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究框架能有效提取女性消费者对电动汽车造型的感性需求,对女性电动汽车造型设计有一定的指导意义。

感性工学  /  AHP层次分析法  /  QFD质量功能展开  /  女性偏好  /  电动汽车造型

To understand female consumers' perceptual needs for electric vehicle styling and to solve the problem of matching these needs with electric vehicle designs, a research method based on perceptual analysis for styling electric vehicles for women is proposed. This study analyzes the styling differences between electric vehicles and traditional fuel vehicles to determine the direction of electric vehicle styling. Additionally, morphological analysis is used to deconstruct the design of electric vehicles. Based on the theoretical framework of perceptual engineering, perceptual vocabulary and representative samples for electric vehicles are collected and selected. Factor analysis is used to extract the main factors affecting the styling of electric vehicles for women. The judgment matrices are constructed using the hierarchical analysis to calculate the relative weights of the perceptual terms. Using quality function deployment tools, a mapping model between perceptual imagery and automobile design elements is built to transform users' perceptual imagery into design elements for women's electric vehicle styling. It is concluded that female users prefer EV styling designs with a wheelbase ≤ 60% of the vehicle length, a larger A-pillar tilt angle, a grille-less design, closed wheels, rounded or fused headlights, slim taillights, pop-up door handles, rounded shoulder lines, and floating roof windows. The research framework based on perceptual analysis can effectively extract female consumers' needs for electric vehicle styling. This framework provides some guidance for the design of electric vehicles for women.

Kansei Engineering  /  analytic hierarchy process  /  quality function deployment  /  female preference  /  electric vehicle styling
马新博, 李延. 基于感性分析的女性电动汽车造型偏好研究. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (3) : 409 -418 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2025.03.13
Xinbo MA, Yan LI. Perceptual Analysis of Women's Preferences in Electric Vehicle Styling[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (3) : 409 -418 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2025.03.13
随着汽车行业的高速发展,各大汽车生产企业正在加快电动汽车产品的研发与创新,而在激烈的市场竞争中,电动汽车外观造型体现出的感性情绪,在很大程度上影响消费者对电动汽车的态度,决定消费者的购车意向。同时,在汽车行业针对不同消费群体进行定制化的电动汽车造型设计已成为汽车产业的重要发展趋势。女性作为电动汽车的重要消费群体,其审美、偏好和使用需求与男性有明显区别。与男性相比女性情感更加细腻、丰富。但是长期以来,汽车设计领域对女性消费者的关注和研究还比较缺乏,大多汽车品牌的设计方案仍然停留在“男性视角”的范畴,这已难以适应女性消费者日益增长的购车需求。如何针对女性消费者特点进行电动汽车的造型设计创新,成为电动汽车企业亟待解决的问题。
感性工学(Kansei Engineering)是一门研究人类感知、情感和体验的学科,它通过深入挖掘用户对产品的主观感受,帮助设计师更好地理解用户需求[1]。近年来,感性工学已被广泛地应用在了汽车造型设计中。鞠清绘等[2]通过层次分析法与熵权法构建了一种主客观相结合的汽车造型评价模型,减小了汽车造型设计中感性意象描述的误差;张言林等[3]采用单一感性因素进行试验设计,验证了性别对感性工学的应用存在影响;刘一赫[4]通过感性工学与GA-BP神经网络算法结合的方式将用户倾向的感性意象与新能源汽车造型设计相联系,为新能源汽车造型设计提供了新思路;WU Qing等[5]对影响汽车艺术设计的关键因素进行了全面系统的分析,从技术和艺术两个方面探讨了新能源汽车造型设计的规律;曾栋等[6]通过对国内外感性工学相关文献的研究,提出了感性工学应用在汽车造型设计中的一般方法流程。总的来说,感性工学在汽车造型设计中的应用已经较完善,将其应用在女性电动汽车研究中能获取女性用户对电动汽车造型的偏好和情感认知,进而掌握用户对电动汽车的感性需求,设计更具吸引力和情感共鸣的车型,同时探索兼顾女性审美与使用需求的电动汽车造型设计新方法。研究结果可为电动汽车企业开发女性定制车型提供重要参考,拓宽电动汽车在女性消费群的市场应用空间。本研究将为广大女性消费者带来更符合自身特点的电动出行体验,推动电动汽车行业的消费升级。
感性工学是一种以“感性”为导向的新产品开发方法,通过定量分析消费者的感性反应来指导产品的设计与开发[7]。其基本思路是利用统计学等量化手段建立产品设计特征与消费者感受之间的内在联系模型,以此来实现消费者需求与产品设计方案之间的匹配[8]
KJ法也被称为亲和图法(Affinity Diagram),主要用于对混乱无序的语言文字资料进行整理和归纳,通过揭示它们之间的内在联系,从而发现解决问题的新方法和途径。通过KJ法能将收集到的各种汽车进行归纳、分类,从而明确目前市场上较受女性用户欢迎的电动汽车设计方向。
层次分析法(Analystic Hierarchy Process,AHP)是一种集系统化、层次化于一体的分析方法[9]。它通过构建判断矩阵,计算各方案在不同判断准则上的相对重要性,从而进行定量化的方案评价与选择。层次分析法能有效处理决策问题中的多目标、多准则与多方案的复杂决策情况。通过层次分析法建立女性电动汽车感性词汇判断矩阵,计算各个感性词汇的权重值,从而得出各感性词汇的重要性。
质量功能展开(Quality Function Deployment,QFD)是一种能将用户的需求转化为设计要求、造型要素特点的系统化的分析方法[10]。采用质量屋的形式,通过将收集到的用户需求进行整理、分析、比较,以此来确定各个需求的重要度,进而转换为产品特性、造型元素特征等。利用QFD建立感性词汇与电动汽车造型特征之间的映射模型,根据其造型特征的权重值,制定符合用户感性需求的电动汽车设计方案。
以此构建的女性电动汽车偏好研究框架能有效实现消费者需求分析与汽车造型设计的有机统一。总的来说,感性分析可以深入挖掘消费者的感性反馈;KJ法能将收集到的电动汽车样本进行分类;层次分析法可以确定感性词汇的相对权重;QFD能将感性需求转化为具体的汽车造型部件设计要求,从而获取产品最佳的设计方案。结合运用,既考虑了消费者的主观感受又兼顾了设计方案的客观评判,实现了方案设计的科学系统化。
电动汽车相较于传统内燃机汽车更符合当前和未来科技的发展趋势。电动汽车摒弃了庞大的内燃机,采用质量与体积都小于内燃机的电动机,使汽车驱动装置的质量与体积大大减小,布局发生了很大的变化,汽车造型设计也迎来了非常大的改变[11]。就像电子元器件的微型化使电子设备的体积缩小,汽车驱动装置的变化给予了设计师更多的发挥空间,形式追随功能的设计规律在电动汽车造型设计上的指导意义减弱,电动汽车的结构和造型设计进入了一个新的阶段。
与传统内燃机汽车不同,电动汽车轴距较长、前后悬的长度较短[12];A柱和C柱倾角更大,整体车型倾向于单厢车,与传统车型在分类、特征线和型面处理上有所区别。如图1所示,同一级车型在车长相同的情况下,内燃机汽车前悬与后悬明显大于电动车的前悬与后悬,电动汽车轴距大于内燃机汽车。这是由于电池布置在前后轮之间增大轴距能提升电动汽车续驶里程;同时,电动汽车更偏向使用更大尺寸的轮胎以保证轮胎轴距视觉上的平衡。与内燃机汽车表现出的机械美感不同,电动汽车的设计更加注重简洁与平衡,因此造型更简单,有效减少了特征线和曲面的变化[13]
总的来说,电动汽车相较于传统内燃机汽车在比例形态上的变化有:
(1)轴距占车长比例增大;
(2)A柱倾斜角增大,一般情况下电动汽车A柱底端会更靠前,增大A柱倾角能起到弱化车头视觉效果的作用,同时可以通过增大倾斜角度来尽量减少车身曲面的转折,从而提供更加流畅的空气动力形态。
电动机不需要通过燃烧产生动能,因而也不需要空气的参与做功,产生的热量也会更少,所以对散热的需求也会更低,不再需要大的通风面积。因此,传统内燃机汽车进气口格栅的设计失去了原本的意义。同时,为了降低空气阻力,增加电动汽车的续驶里程,格栅的设计需改进。
目前,在电动汽车进气口格栅的设计主要分3类:
(1)无格栅设计,删除格栅造型[14]
(2)封闭式格栅设计,依然保留内燃机汽车的格栅造型,在无格栅设计的基础上进行;
(3)汽车前端采用平面化的设计替代内燃机汽车的格栅设计。
这3种电动汽车格栅形式如图2所示。
参数化设计在电动汽车造型设计的过程中应用得越来越广泛,它先将某一元素阵列化,然后将其融合到造型设计中[15],其中在轮毂造型设计中应用最明显。同时为了更大程度地减小电动汽车所受空气阻力提升续驶里程,电动汽车轮毂通常会采用封闭式的设计[16]。目前汽车轮毂的造型设计主要有2种形式:
(1)封闭型轮毂设计,以面的设计为主;
(2)镂空型轮毂设计,以线条的设计为主。
这2种电动汽车轮毂如图3所示。
随着照明技术的进步,LED、OLED以及激光灯源等新兴照明光源逐渐应用在车辆照明系统中[17]。这些光源在能耗、亮度和使用寿命等方面具有明显优势,同时这些光源结构更加简单,形式更加多变,因此,汽车车灯的设计变得更加多样。在造型设计上电动汽车的灯光设计更加简约,从而保证电动汽车整体设计的简洁、流畅和优雅;更注重整体式设计,将车灯与车身融为一体,强调车灯与车辆线条的协调性和美感;更注重流线型设计,以突显车辆的流线型车身和未来感,同时也能提高车辆的辨识度;更加注重细节处理,通过细节表现出车灯的精致感和细腻度。
在车灯的设计上,不同的汽车制造商会根据其独特的设计理念和品牌风格进行独特的设计。目前常见的汽车前照灯造型主要有4种:常规型、圆润型、融合型、平面型。这4种电动汽车前照灯如图4所示。
常见的汽车尾灯造型主要有3种:常规型、细长型、C型。这3种电动汽车尾灯如图5所示。
传统内燃机汽车门把手的设计主要考虑机械结构和功能性,而电动汽车门把手除了考虑机械结构外,还会考虑整体车身的流线型和科技感。因此,电动汽车门把手的设计更加复杂,需要更多的技术和美学考量[18]
常见的电动汽车门把手主要有如下3种。
(1)传统机械式:与普通汽车门把手类似,采用机械结构,开门关门需要手动操作。
(2)隐藏式:造型简洁,与车身融为一体,降低空气阻力,更加美观。
(3)弹出式:采用机械结构,在车门解锁时自动弹出,方便乘客上下车。
电动汽车的车窗外观设计更加简洁、流畅,追求整体美感,与整体车身造型相融合。尺寸相较于传统内燃机汽车通常更大,形状更加多样化,可以提供更好的视野和采光效果。常见的电动汽车车窗形式主要有:悬浮顶型、梯形和橄榄型[19]。这3种电动汽车车窗如图6所示。
肩线在很大程度上影响汽车造型风格,目前肩线的设计主要分为如下3类。
(1)直线型:在汽车的前部和后部相交于一点,给人一种优雅而动态的感觉。
(2)圆润型肩线:这种肩线在车身的前部和后部都采用曲线设计,给人一种更加柔和和流线型的感觉,比较适合造型可爱的电动汽车[20]
(3)折线式肩线:在汽车的前部和后部都有明显的折线,给人一种更加运动和现代的感觉。
根据以上分析,对电动汽车造型进行解构,共9个造型设计要素,26个项目,见表1
在汽车之家、懂车帝等汽车资讯网站以及电动汽车制造企业的官方网站,按照产品典型样本搜集的方式进行搜索,在搜集过程中综合考虑电动汽车品牌、风格、车型等因素。收集了36款较受女性欢迎的电动汽车,这其中涵盖了大多数主流的电动汽车品牌。采用KJ法,将搜集到的电动汽车样本分类,最终得到了12个典型电动汽车样本,为保证变量的确定性,对收集到的汽车样本进行去色处理,如图7所示。
通过检索网站、文献、书籍等,以及对18~50岁女性用户进行问卷调研,合并语义相近的词汇,删掉与女性电动汽车造型相关度过低的词汇,初步得到30个感性词汇。邀请20人(男性6位,女性14位,其中有5位汽车造型设计师、5位工业设计专业教师和10位工业设计专业学生)进行第2次筛选。6位男性调研对象均对汽车设计有所研究,可以更加全面地考虑问题,同时能从男性的角度给出女性电动汽车设计的意见。最终选出了9个代表性的感性词汇,依次是“优雅的”“可爱的”“时尚的”“精致的”“前卫的”“小资的”“亮丽的”“轻盈的”以及“娇小的”。
采用5级里克特量表让调研对象为感性词汇与样本的关联度进行打分,分值设置为:5、4、3、2、1,以“优雅的”为例,5分表示非常优雅、3分表示优雅、1分表示不优雅、2分和4分为中间值。共收集到52份问卷,去除3份无效问卷共得到49份有效问卷。根据49份有效问卷,计算得出样本感性词汇的平均得分,见表2
进行因子分析前,对变量进行巴特利特(Bartlett)球形度检验,判断Sig值与KMO值,结果见表3
表3可知,KMO值为0.621,大于临界值0.6,适合进行因子分析,Bartlett球形度检验结果显示P值为0,小于0.05,表明问卷具有良好的信效,选取的指标适合进行因子分析。通过SPSS软件,运用因子分析法得到解释的总方差(表4)、旋转后的成分矩阵(表5)和成分得分系数矩阵(表6)。由表4可知,有3个主成分的特征值>1且累积方差贡献为86.622%>80%的标准,可确定这3个主成分包含了指标中的大部分信息,数据信息损失较少,可以较好地解释初始数据,予以提取。
表5表6可知,成分1在“小资的”“亮丽的”以及“精致的”上具有较大的载荷,可以归为一类,小资的成分得分系数最大,定义为小资因子;成分2在“时尚的”“前卫的”和“优雅的”上具有较大的载荷,归为一类,时尚的得分系数最大,定义为时尚因子;成分3在“轻盈的”“可爱的”与“娇小的”上具有较大的载荷,归为一类,“轻盈的”得分系数最大,定义为轻盈因子。
根据以上分析构建女性电动汽车造型层次结构模型,如图8所示。
运用AHP层次分析法构造女性电动汽车用户情感需求矩阵,并通过决策评估一致性检验,进一步确定用户需求的权重,达到减少决策偏差的目的。邀请汽车造型设计师5位、工业设计老师5位、工业设计学生10位、女性电动汽车用户10位共30人组成评价小组,其中男性9位、女性21位。9位男性调研对象能从男性的角度给出女性电动汽车设计的建议,同时男性调研用户均对汽车设计有所研究,可以更加综合考虑问题。调研小组通过判断矩阵标度对电动汽车造型层次结构进行两两比较打分,评估准则层“小资”“时尚”“轻盈”对目标层女性电动汽车造型的重要程度并得到各自对应的权重,构建判断矩阵标度方式见表7 [21]。最终得到准则层判断矩阵及权重,见表8。为了保证试验的简洁直观性,主要针对女性电动汽车AHP层次结构模型中的准则层进行打分。
层次分析法的计算结果显示,最大特征根为3.004,根据RI表查到对应的RI值为0.525,CI=0.002,因此,CR=CI/RI=0.004<0.1,通过一次性检验。由表8可知,由“小资的”“亮丽的”“精致的”构成的小资因子所占的权重为0.23;由“时尚的”“前卫的”“优雅的”构成的时尚因子所占权重为0.65;由“轻盈的”“可爱的”“娇小的”构成的轻盈因子所占权重为0.12。
运用QFD工具建立用户感性意象与汽车造型设计元素之间的映射模型。将计算得出的用户感性词汇权重值,导入QFD质量屋的左墙,将经过形态解析后的电动汽车部件形态作为工程特性导入QFD质量屋的天花板中。邀请5位汽车外饰设计师组成焦点小组,通过焦点小组建立QFD质量屋矩阵,采用空格、s、c、n来对质量屋左侧的用户感性意象权重与天花板的部件形态特征进行矩阵判断,其中空格为0分表示无相关关系;s为3分表示弱相关;c为5分表示中度相关;n为7分表示强相关。女性电动汽车造型设计质量屋矩阵见表910
根据QFD质量屋矩阵可以计算得出各个设计要素重要度,根据设计要素重要度值的大小,筛选出每个形态要素中重要度值最高的方案。其中,重要度值占比最大的各个设计要素方案为:轴距占车长比例≤60%、A柱倾斜角较大、无格栅设计、封闭式轮毂、圆润或融合型前照灯、细长型尾灯、弹出式门把手、圆润型肩线设计、悬浮顶型车窗。
以女性电动汽车为研究对象,以满足女性用户对电动汽车造型的感性需求为研究目的,提出了基于感性工学的女性电动汽车造型设计方法。在感性工学的理论框架下,通过层次分析法、QFD质量功能展开工具等方法的组合运用构建了女性电动汽车造型要素偏好预测模型。该模型建立了电动汽车造型要素与感性意象的映射关系,能直观展现女性用户对电动汽车造型各个部位的设计偏好。得出了在电动汽车造型设计上女性更加喜欢的造型设计元素。
同时,这一课题的研究也存在着一些不足之处。本文的研究局限在汽车造型元素上,没有考虑到各个元素间相互协调的效果;文章缺乏对设计合理性的探讨,缺少对研究结果的验证;研究结果可能受到数据样本的局限性影响,无法代表整个研究群体的特征。在今后的研究中,将针对这些问题进一步优化,综合考虑电动汽车造型元素间的协调效果,同时考虑结果的可实行性;加入对研究结果的验证环节以确保试验设计的合理性;增加样本数量,提高试验设计的严谨性。
总的来说,该方法降低了女性电动汽车造型设计中的主观性,能在一定程度上满足女性用户对电动汽车造型的感性需求。此外,该方法也可应用在面向其他用户群体的电动汽车造型设计上,为方案设计提供一定的数据支撑,从而设计出更加贴合用户感性需求的产品。
  • 河北省高等学校人文社会科学研究项目:基于现代化城市公共交通设施环境中无障碍设计的研究(BJ2017071)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1469.2025.03.13
  • 接收时间:2023-12-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-19
  • 修回日期:2024-05-27
基金
河北省高等学校人文社会科学研究项目:基于现代化城市公共交通设施环境中无障碍设计的研究(BJ2017071)
作者信息
    华北理工大学 机械工程学院,河北,唐山 063210

通讯作者:

李延(1969-),女,河北唐山人,硕士,教授,主要研究方向为美术学。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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