Article(id=1153022346114879647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153022343707353180, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1716652800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752831549432, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752831549432, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752831549432, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752831549432, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153022343707353180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='3', pageStart='263', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752831548859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757654056467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173249406712300330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153022343707353180, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173249406712300331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153022343707353180, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=395, endPage=408, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153022346408480928, articleId=1153022346114879647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Mesh Independence Analysis and Validation for Wheel Fatigue Life Simulations, columnId=1153756966938731297, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Other Technologies, runingTitle=null, highlight=

This paper investigates the mesh independence of wheel fatigue life simulations. To address issues such as long fatigue assessment cycles, high testing costs, and the strong influence of mesh size on the finite element simulation accuracy, fatigue life predictions were carried out using both the nominal stress method and the local stress-strain method. The mesh independence of the simulation results was verified based on the grid convergence index (GCI) theory, leading to the recommendation of an optimal mesh configuration for fatigue life simulation. A fatigue life simulation method is proposed with high-quality meshing and low error range, which provides a theoretical foundation for establishing mesh independence in fatigue life prediction. Taking an aluminum alloy wheel as the research object, the wheel was meshed with different grid sizes according to the GCI theory. Radial and bending static simulations of the wheel, as well as fatigue life prediction simulations, were then conducted. The simulation results under different grid sizes were analyzed and a criterion was proposed to assess the rationality of tetrahedral meshing for aluminum alloy passenger car wheel hubs. Corresponding verification analysis was conducted. The results show that the GCI can effectively supports the mesh independence analysis and validation in wheel fatigue life simulations. The results in this paper provide a reliable basis for evaluating the suitability of tetrahedral mesh sizes in such applications.

, articleAbstract=

This paper investigates the mesh independence of wheel fatigue life simulations. To address issues such as long fatigue assessment cycles, high testing costs, and the strong influence of mesh size on the finite element simulation accuracy, fatigue life predictions were carried out using both the nominal stress method and the local stress-strain method. The mesh independence of the simulation results was verified based on the grid convergence index (GCI) theory, leading to the recommendation of an optimal mesh configuration for fatigue life simulation. A fatigue life simulation method is proposed with high-quality meshing and low error range, which provides a theoretical foundation for establishing mesh independence in fatigue life prediction. Taking an aluminum alloy wheel as the research object, the wheel was meshed with different grid sizes according to the GCI theory. Radial and bending static simulations of the wheel, as well as fatigue life prediction simulations, were then conducted. The simulation results under different grid sizes were analyzed and a criterion was proposed to assess the rationality of tetrahedral meshing for aluminum alloy passenger car wheel hubs. Corresponding verification analysis was conducted. The results show that the GCI can effectively supports the mesh independence analysis and validation in wheel fatigue life simulations. The results in this paper provide a reliable basis for evaluating the suitability of tetrahedral mesh sizes in such applications.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shihao WANG, Zhongyao LI, Xuelong WU, Yisheng MIAO, Qinghuai HOU, Yuling LANG, Decai KONG, Xiaoying MA, Haibo QIAO, Junsheng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153022383670678074, articleId=1153022346114879647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=CN, title=车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性分析与验证, columnId=1153756967081337635, journalTitle=汽车工程学报, columnName=其他, runingTitle=null, highlight=

开展了车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性研究。针对疲劳评估试验周期长、成本高,且有限元仿真精度受网格尺寸影响较大等问题,基于名义应力法和局部应力-应变法进行了疲劳寿命预测,基于网格收敛指数(GCI)理论对疲劳寿命仿真结果进行了网格无关性验证,从而提出疲劳寿命仿真的最佳网格匹配。通过对比精确解的推导值,发现高质量网格、低误差范围的疲劳寿命模拟方法,从而为疲劳寿命预测的网格无关性理论构建奠定基础。以铝合金车轮为研究对象,根据GCI理论按照不同的网格尺寸对车轮进行了网格划分,开展了车轮的径向、弯曲静力仿真和疲劳寿命预测仿真,分析了不同网格尺寸下的仿真结果,提出了采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂网格尺寸合理性的判据,并进行了相应的验证分析,结果表明,GCI可以有效指导车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性分析与验证,提出的判据可以有效判断采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂网格尺寸的合理性。

, articleAbstract=

开展了车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性研究。针对疲劳评估试验周期长、成本高,且有限元仿真精度受网格尺寸影响较大等问题,基于名义应力法和局部应力-应变法进行了疲劳寿命预测,基于网格收敛指数(GCI)理论对疲劳寿命仿真结果进行了网格无关性验证,从而提出疲劳寿命仿真的最佳网格匹配。通过对比精确解的推导值,发现高质量网格、低误差范围的疲劳寿命模拟方法,从而为疲劳寿命预测的网格无关性理论构建奠定基础。以铝合金车轮为研究对象,根据GCI理论按照不同的网格尺寸对车轮进行了网格划分,开展了车轮的径向、弯曲静力仿真和疲劳寿命预测仿真,分析了不同网格尺寸下的仿真结果,提出了采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂网格尺寸合理性的判据,并进行了相应的验证分析,结果表明,GCI可以有效指导车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性分析与验证,提出的判据可以有效判断采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂网格尺寸的合理性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王俊升(1979-),男,河南舞钢人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为集成计算材料工程,铝合金、镁合金设计、表征与应用基础。 E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tXU54an72qFyBockK1LHBQ==, magXml=L5FuYSdZNH4mG2C/BKiT6A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=l/R0eSNH1yuq6XCNklFz1A==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yUvCYmEsej7zijiwrt1Q1A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王诗豪(2001-),男,山东临沂人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为乘用车车轮仿真分析。 E-mail:

, authorsList=王诗豪, 李钟尧, 吴雪龙, 苗以升, 侯清怀, 郎玉玲, 孔德才, 马小英, 乔海波, 王俊升)}, authors=[Author(id=1175545671127020331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangshihao0322@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545671185740589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671127020331, language=EN, stringName=Shihao WANG, firstName=Shihao, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545671252849454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671127020331, language=CN, stringName=王诗豪, firstName=诗豪, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081, bio={"img":"e4+ZRG3KiDWtT82/EnOm2Q==","content":"

王诗豪(2001-),男,山东临沂人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为乘用车车轮仿真分析。 E-mail:

"}, bioImg=e4+ZRG3KiDWtT82/EnOm2Q==, bioContent=

王诗豪(2001-),男,山东临沂人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为乘用车车轮仿真分析。 E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670615315229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670644675358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670699201311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1175545671328346928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545671458370354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671328346928, language=EN, stringName=Zhongyao LI, firstName=Zhongyao, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545671529673523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671328346928, language=CN, stringName=李钟尧, firstName=钟尧, middleName=null, lastName=李, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670615315229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670644675358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670699201311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1175545671596782389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545671663891255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671596782389, language=EN, stringName=Xuelong WU, firstName=Xuelong, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545671768748856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671596782389, language=CN, stringName=吴雪龙, firstName=雪龙, middleName=null, lastName=吴, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670615315229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670644675358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670699201311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1175545671835857722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545671902966588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671835857722, language=EN, stringName=Yisheng MIAO, firstName=Yisheng, middleName=null, lastName=MIAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 School of Materials Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545671957492541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671835857722, language=CN, stringName=苗以升, firstName=以升, middleName=null, lastName=苗, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 北京理工大学 材料学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670825030432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670833419041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670825030432, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Materials Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670837613346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670825030432, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学 材料学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1175545671999435583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672100098881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671999435583, language=EN, stringName=Qinghuai HOU, firstName=Qinghuai, middleName=null, lastName=HOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 School of Materials Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672154624834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545671999435583, language=CN, stringName=侯清怀, firstName=清怀, middleName=null, lastName=侯, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2 北京理工大学 材料学院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670825030432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670833419041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670825030432, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Materials Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670837613346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670825030432, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学 材料学院,北京 100081)])]), Author(id=1175545672213345092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672272065350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545672213345092, language=EN, stringName=Yuling LANG, firstName=Yuling, middleName=null, lastName=LANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672330785607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545672213345092, language=CN, stringName=郎玉玲, firstName=玉玲, middleName=null, lastName=郎, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670988608291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670996996900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545671001191205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010)])]), Author(id=1175545672381117257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672444031819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545672381117257, language=EN, stringName=Decai KONG, firstName=Decai, middleName=null, lastName=KONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672536306508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545672381117257, language=CN, stringName=孔德才, firstName=德才, middleName=null, lastName=孔, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670988608291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670996996900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545671001191205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010)])]), Author(id=1175545672586638158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=7, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672699884368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545672586638158, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoying MA, firstName=Xiaoying, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672758604625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545672586638158, language=CN, stringName=马小英, firstName=小英, middleName=null, lastName=马, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670988608291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670996996900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545671001191205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010)])]), Author(id=1175545672804741971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=8, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672863462229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545672804741971, language=EN, stringName=Haibo QIAO, firstName=Haibo, middleName=null, lastName=QIAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545672959931222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545672804741971, language=CN, stringName=乔海波, firstName=海波, middleName=null, lastName=乔, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670988608291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670996996900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545671001191205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010)])]), Author(id=1175545673018651480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, orderNo=9, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=junsheng.wang@bit.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1175545673131897692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545673018651480, language=EN, stringName=Junsheng WANG, firstName=Junsheng, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 4, address=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
2 School of Materials Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
4 Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1175545673203200861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, authorId=1175545673018651480, language=CN, stringName=王俊升, firstName=俊升, middleName=null, lastName=王, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 4, address=1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
2 北京理工大学 材料学院,北京 100081
4 北京理工大学 前沿交叉科学研究院,北京 100081, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670615315229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670644675358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670699201311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175545670825030432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670833419041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670825030432, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Materials Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670837613346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670825030432, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学 材料学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175545671051522855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545671059911464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545671051522855, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545671064105769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545671051522855, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 北京理工大学 前沿交叉科学研究院,北京 100081)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1175545673329029982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=automobile wheel), Keyword(id=1175545673396138847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=FEM), Keyword(id=1175545673500996448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=fatigue), Keyword(id=1175545673601659745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=grid convergence index), Keyword(id=1175545673710711650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=mesh size), Keyword(id=1175545673819763555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=aluminum alloy), Keyword(id=1175545673891066724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=汽车车轮), Keyword(id=1175545673958175589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=有限元计算), Keyword(id=1175545674008507238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=疲劳), Keyword(id=1175545674058838887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=网格收敛指数), Keyword(id=1175545674113364840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=网格尺寸), Keyword(id=1175545674163696489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=铝合金)], refs=[Reference(id=1175545677074543505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=193, issue=36/38, pageStart=4057, pageEnd=4066, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=BABUSKA I, ODEN J T, journalName=Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference= BABUSKA I ODEN J T.Verification and Validation in Computational Engineering and Science:Basic Concepts[J].Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering2004193(36/38):4057-4066., articleTitle=Verification and Validation in Computational Engineering and Science:Basic Concepts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545677133263762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=23, issue=3, pageStart=311, pageEnd=320, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=OLIVEIRA R A F, JUSTI G H, LOPES G C, journalName=Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, refType=null, unstructuredReference= OLIVEIRA R A F JUSTI G H LOPES G C.Grid Convergence Study of a Cyclone Separator Using Different Mesh Structures[J].Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly201723(3):311-320., articleTitle=Grid Convergence Study of a Cyclone Separator Using Different Mesh Structures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545677200372627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=359, pageEnd=376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=MEANA-FERNÁNDEZ A, ORO J M F, DIAZ K M A, journalName=Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= MEANA-FERNÁNDEZ A ORO J M F DIAZ K M A,et al.Application of Richardson Extrapolation Method to the CFD Simulation of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines and Analysis of the Flow Field [J].Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics2019(1):359-376., articleTitle=Application of Richardson Extrapolation Method to the CFD Simulation of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines and Analysis of the Flow Field, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545677317813140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=19, issue=1/4, pageStart=300, pageEnd=314, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=BAKER N, KELLY G, O'SULLIVAN P D, journalName=International Journal of Ventilation, refType=null, unstructuredReference= BAKER N KELLY G O'SULLIVAN P D.A Grid Con-vergence Index Study of Mesh Style Effect on the Accuracy of the Numerical Results for an Indoor Airflow Profile[J].International Journal of Ventilation202019(1/4):300-314., articleTitle=A Grid Con-vergence Index Study of Mesh Style Effect on the Accuracy of the Numerical Results for an Indoor Airflow Profile, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545677418476437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=null, pageStart=125, pageEnd=137, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=RODRIGUES A L B, MEDEIROS J, BENTA E S, journalName=JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference= RODRIGUES A L B MEDEIROS J BENTA E S.Grid Convergence Test for a Bi-Dimensional Hypersonic Flow Simulation[J].JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer202335:125-137., articleTitle=Grid Convergence Test for a Bi-Dimensional Hypersonic Flow Simulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545677473002390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=133, issue=null, pageStart=104188.1, pageEnd=104188.5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=AYCAN O, TOPUZ A, KADEM L, journalName=Mechanics Research Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= AYCAN O TOPUZ A KADEM L.Evaluating Uncertainties in CFD Simulations of Patient-Specific Aorta Models Using Grid Convergence Index Method[J].Mechanics Research Communications2023133:104188.1-104188.5., articleTitle=Evaluating Uncertainties in CFD Simulations of Patient-Specific Aorta Models Using Grid Convergence Index Method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545677544305559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=20, issue=3, pageStart=199, pageEnd=222, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=ZAINUDDIN N A M, JERAI F, RAZAK A A, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZAINUDDIN N A M JERAI F RAZAK A A,et al.Accuracy of CFD Simulations on Indoor Air Ventilation: Application of Grid Convergence Index on Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) System Design[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering202320(3):199-222., articleTitle=Accuracy of CFD Simulations on Indoor Air Ventilation: Application of Grid Convergence Index on Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) System Design, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545677665940376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=45, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=SCHWER L E, journalName=7th LS-DYNA Anwenderforum, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SCHWER L E.Is Your Mesh Refined Enough?Estimating Discretization Error Using GCI[J].7th LS-DYNA Anwenderforum20081(1):45-54., articleTitle=Is Your Mesh Refined Enough?Estimating Discretization Error Using GCI, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545677741437849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=61, issue=1, pageStart=123, pageEnd=128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=KWAŚNIEWSKI L, journalName=Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences.Technical Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KWAŚNIEWSKI L.Application of Grid Convergence Index in FE Computation[J].Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences.Technical Sciences201361(1):123-128., articleTitle=Application of Grid Convergence Index in FE Computation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545677800158106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=中国国家标准化管理委员会, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国国家标准化管理委员会. 乘用车车轮弯曲和径向疲劳性能要求及试验方法:GB/T 5334—2021[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678026650523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Passenger Car—Wheels—Performance Require-ments and Test Methods for Cornering and Radial Fatigue:GB/T 5334—2021[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2021.(in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678127313820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=29, issue=1-4, pageStart=293, pageEnd=311, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=GUTKOWSKI W, DEMS K, journalName=Engineering Optimization, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GUTKOWSKI W DEMS K.Shape Optimization of a 2D Body Subjected to Several Loading Conditions[J].Engineering Optimization199729(1-4):293-311., articleTitle=Shape Optimization of a 2D Body Subjected to Several Loading Conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678219588509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=262, pageEnd=268, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=STEARNS J, SRIVATSAN T S, PRAKASH A, journalName=Materials Science & Engi-neering, refType=null, unstructuredReference= STEARNS J SRIVATSAN T S PRAKASH A,et al.Modeling the Mechanical Response of an Aluminum Alloy Automotive Rim[J].Materials Science & Engi-neering,A. Structural Materials:Properties,Misrostructure and Processing,2004(2):262-268., articleTitle=Modeling the Mechanical Response of an Aluminum Alloy Automotive Rim, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678290891678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=123, pageEnd=160, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=13, authorNames=ROACHE P J, journalName=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ROACHE P J.Quantification of Uncertainty in Computational Fluid Dynamics[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics1997(1):123-160., articleTitle=Quantification of Uncertainty in Computational Fluid Dynamics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678358000543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1927, volume=null, issue=266, pageStart=299, pageEnd=361, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=RICHARDSON L F, GAUNT J A, journalName=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character, refType=null, unstructuredReference= RICHARDSON L F GAUNT J A.VIII.The Deferred Approach to the Limit[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character1927(266):299-361., articleTitle=VIII.The Deferred Approach to the Limit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678420915104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=15, authorNames=ALI M S M, DOOLAN C J, WHEATLEY V, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ALI M S M DOOLAN C J WHEATLEY V.Grid Convergence Study for a Two-Dimensional Simulation of Flow Around a Square Cylinder at Low Reynolds Number[C]//The 7th International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries,Dec.9-11,2009,Melbourne,Australia.2009:1-6., articleTitle=Grid Convergence Study for a Two-Dimensional Simulation of Flow Around a Square Cylinder at Low Reynolds Number, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678496412577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=410, pageEnd=416, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=郑松林, 周亚捷, 冯金芝, journalName=机械强度, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑松林,周亚捷,冯金芝,等.一种新的考虑伪损伤保留的道路载荷模拟试验加速方法[J].机械强度201739(2):410-416., articleTitle=一种新的考虑伪损伤保留的道路载荷模拟试验加速方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678559327138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=410, pageEnd=416, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=17, authorNames=ZHENG Songlin, ZHOU Yajie, FENG Jinzhi, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Strength, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHENG Songlin ZHOU Yajie FENG Jinzhi,et al.A New Spectrum Development Methodology Based on Pseudo Damage Reserving for Road Load Simulation Test [J],Journal of Mechanical Strength201739(2):410-416.(in Chinese), articleTitle=A New Spectrum Development Methodology Based on Pseudo Damage Reserving for Road Load Simulation Test, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678639018915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=4, pageStart=57, pageEnd=61, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=18, authorNames=刘娜, 刘鹏, 高媛媛, journalName=小型内燃机与车辆技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘娜,刘鹏,高媛媛.铝合金轮毂弯曲疲劳寿命预测[J].小型内燃机与车辆技术202352(4):57-61., articleTitle=铝合金轮毂弯曲疲劳寿命预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678697739172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=4, pageStart=57, pageEnd=61, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=19, authorNames=LIU Na, LIU Peng, GAO Yuanyuan, journalName=Small Internal Combustion Engine and Vehicle Technique, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LIU Na LIU Peng GAO Yuanyuan.Bending Fatigue Life Prediction of Aluminum Alloy Wheel Hub[J].Small Internal Combustion Engine and Vehicle Technique202352(4):57-61.(in Chinese), articleTitle=Bending Fatigue Life Prediction of Aluminum Alloy Wheel Hub, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678794208165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=55, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=20, authorNames=朱文婧, 王永林, 章孟军, journalName=内燃机与配件, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱文婧,王永林,章孟军.铝合金车轮有限元仿真分析研究[J].内燃机与配件2021(12):55-56., articleTitle=铝合金车轮有限元仿真分析研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678857122726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=55, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=21, authorNames=ZHU Wenjing, WANG Yonglin, ZHANG Mengjun, journalName=Internal Combustion Engine & Parts, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHU Wenjing WANG Yonglin ZHANG Mengjun.Researches on Finite Element Analysis for Aluminum Alloy Wheel[J].Internal Combustion Engine & Parts2021(12):55-56.(in Chinese), articleTitle=Researches on Finite Element Analysis for Aluminum Alloy Wheel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678915842983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=49, issue=8, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=22, authorNames=吕磊, 何钢, journalName=机械设计与制造工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吕磊,何钢.基于6 σ方法的铝合金车轮径向疲劳寿命可靠性分析[J].机械设计与制造工程202049(8):1-6., articleTitle=基于6 σ方法的铝合金车轮径向疲劳寿命可靠性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545678966174632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=49, issue=8, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Lei LYU, HE Gang, journalName=Machine Design and Manufacturing Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference= Lei LYU HE Gang.Reliability Analysis of Radial Fatigue Life of Aluminum Alloy Wheels Based on 6 σ Methods [J].Machine Design and Manufacturing Engineering202049(8):1-6.(in Chinese), articleTitle=Reliability Analysis of Radial Fatigue Life of Aluminum Alloy Wheels Based on 6 σ Methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545679012311977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=24, authorNames=张荣鑫, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张荣鑫.铝合金汽车轮毂优化设计与性能分析[D]. 沈阳:沈阳建筑大学,2017., articleTitle=铝合金汽车轮毂优化设计与性能分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175545679092003754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=25, authorNames=ZHANG Rongxin, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHANG Rongxin.Optimal Design and Property Analysis of Aluminum Alloy Automobile Wheel Hub[D]. Shenyang:Shenyang Jianzhu University,2017.(in Chinese), articleTitle=Optimal Design and Property Analysis of Aluminum Alloy Automobile Wheel Hub, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175545676894188432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, awardId=52073030, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52073030), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175545670615315229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670644675358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670699201311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670615315229, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175545670825030432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670833419041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670825030432, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Materials Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670837613346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670825030432, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京理工大学 材料学院,北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175545670988608291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545670996996900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545671001191205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545670988608291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175545671051522855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545671059911464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545671051522855, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175545671064105769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, companyId=1175545671051522855, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 北京理工大学 前沿交叉科学研究院,北京 100081)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175545674327274346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=E1xAF4sA8i1dTPMPPtCOqQ==, figureFileBig=cmTiMpSTbfWjaaPxdxS64g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674423743339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图1, caption=铝合金轮毂三维模型, figureFileSmall=E1xAF4sA8i1dTPMPPtCOqQ==, figureFileBig=cmTiMpSTbfWjaaPxdxS64g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674474074988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=D/E2CLyfLlRjHT6urPjcXw==, figureFileBig=QBx7Z/BzJw3qP/Qfo/5WnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674516018029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图2, caption=径向仿真网格模型, figureFileSmall=D/E2CLyfLlRjHT6urPjcXw==, figureFileBig=QBx7Z/BzJw3qP/Qfo/5WnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674583126894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7gpQSbq2+qb+cgbq1+j5gQ==, figureFileBig=PgCi35M9u0RUnZkya2J+Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674633458543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图3, caption=车轮径向疲劳试验装置, figureFileSmall=7gpQSbq2+qb+cgbq1+j5gQ==, figureFileBig=PgCi35M9u0RUnZkya2J+Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674683790192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NqtgSWZAWp669lhj0IOuRA==, figureFileBig=tMVWVPC6DvF4knVyu69iiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674738316145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图4, caption=余弦载荷施加, figureFileSmall=NqtgSWZAWp669lhj0IOuRA==, figureFileBig=tMVWVPC6DvF4knVyu69iiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674788647794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=igxsN4IQ2zR3cjzw9TmuIg==, figureFileBig=HwgDmc30TFG/L0FNKsePtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674847368051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图5, caption=径向载荷施加, figureFileSmall=igxsN4IQ2zR3cjzw9TmuIg==, figureFileBig=HwgDmc30TFG/L0FNKsePtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674901894004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=txXvnQRR36DdjKpyS7zyrA==, figureFileBig=nVXWamqUk7Q/pAp4CY62Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545674956419957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图6, caption=两种静力模型仿真时长, figureFileSmall=txXvnQRR36DdjKpyS7zyrA==, figureFileBig=nVXWamqUk7Q/pAp4CY62Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675019334518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VY1hvOxSlrf4FQ2SK5G9bg==, figureFileBig=bT9yKr3I2hSBkloEy2ItZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675078054775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图7, caption=最大Mises应力变化, figureFileSmall=VY1hvOxSlrf4FQ2SK5G9bg==, figureFileBig=bT9yKr3I2hSBkloEy2ItZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675132580728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AliDfjfSIs/7pML3yv4hJQ==, figureFileBig=Y/5yE15/0lOCieo0QWH46w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675195495289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图8, caption=网格尺寸为2.5 mm(a-1,b-1,c-1)、3.0 mm(a-2,b-2,c-2)时的径向仿真结果, figureFileSmall=AliDfjfSIs/7pML3yv4hJQ==, figureFileBig=Y/5yE15/0lOCieo0QWH46w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675241632634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=P9IYNvSTAdhmgXgbJf6x3Q==, figureFileBig=BHGwGPoEhWW7iXrhQdd/1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675291964283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图9, caption=网格尺寸为2.5 mm(a-1,b-1,c-1)、3.0 mm(a-2,b-2,c-2)时的弯曲仿真结果, figureFileSmall=P9IYNvSTAdhmgXgbJf6x3Q==, figureFileBig=BHGwGPoEhWW7iXrhQdd/1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675359073148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sDD+A6AA4yLFo1Ft8pnCKA==, figureFileBig=kxpcqhAKRCco5rnEwbHjkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675442959229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图10, caption=轮毂各部位应力随试验周期增量步(转动角度)变化, figureFileSmall=sDD+A6AA4yLFo1Ft8pnCKA==, figureFileBig=kxpcqhAKRCco5rnEwbHjkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675497485182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NgB+LPKj4gxt4OpiB8TECA==, figureFileBig=2q+DVBnL3mDhfnJ39Um5vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675585565567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图11, caption=径向仿真所得网格尺寸对应力、应变、寿命影响规律, figureFileSmall=NgB+LPKj4gxt4OpiB8TECA==, figureFileBig=2q+DVBnL3mDhfnJ39Um5vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675635897216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qD1jp+84Edxt3TB3HRSjeA==, figureFileBig=1evXj9xsNAPfSZHusHqWiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675761726337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图12, caption=网格尺寸为7 mm时,气门孔应力分布, figureFileSmall=qD1jp+84Edxt3TB3HRSjeA==, figureFileBig=1evXj9xsNAPfSZHusHqWiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675816252290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XHaHpj0uXb8xgwx8N/xq4Q==, figureFileBig=ZUgNrABlRKX61Y9jDSEpkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675921109891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=图13, caption=弯曲仿真所得网格尺寸对应力、应变、寿命影响规律, figureFileSmall=XHaHpj0uXb8xgwx8N/xq4Q==, figureFileBig=ZUgNrABlRKX61Y9jDSEpkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175545675996607364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称 密度/(kg/m3 杨氏模量/GPa 泊松比 屈服强度/ MPa 抗拉强度/MPa
A356 2 700 71 0.3 165 240
45钢 7 850 206 0.3 355 600
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676063716229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

A356铝合金和45钢的力学性能属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称 密度/(kg/m3 杨氏模量/GPa 泊松比 屈服强度/ MPa 抗拉强度/MPa
A356 2 700 71 0.3 165 240
45钢 7 850 206 0.3 355 600
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676181156742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
使用载荷下的充气压力/kPa 试验充气压力/kPa
≤160 280
161~280 450
281~450 550
≥450 ≥使用气压的1.2倍
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676239876999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验规定的充气压力[10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
使用载荷下的充气压力/kPa 试验充气压力/kPa
≤160 280
161~280 450
281~450 550
≥450 ≥使用气压的1.2倍
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676315374472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真模型 编号 网格尺寸/mm 网格数/万个 节点数/万个 应力/MPa 位移/mm 寿命/万次
径向仿真模型 1 2.5 284.88 420.36 97.2 1.347 165.40
2 3.0 181.45 271.28 97.0 1.347 167.09
3 4.0 88.40 134.89 95.5 1.344 174.43
4 5.0 50.40 86.30 89.6 1.344 183.72
5 7.0 27.41 44.05 102.9 1.341 124.77
弯曲仿真模型 1 2.5 272.05 400.49 160.2 0.423 12.00
2 3.0 175.04 261.69 159.9 0.423 12.40
3 4.0 88.34 134.25 153.9 0.423 16.20
4 5.0 52.08 81.34 140.4 0.422 20.10
5 7.0 23.14 37.46 136.9 0.421 23.30
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676378289033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

仿真数据汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真模型 编号 网格尺寸/mm 网格数/万个 节点数/万个 应力/MPa 位移/mm 寿命/万次
径向仿真模型 1 2.5 284.88 420.36 97.2 1.347 165.40
2 3.0 181.45 271.28 97.0 1.347 167.09
3 4.0 88.40 134.89 95.5 1.344 174.43
4 5.0 50.40 86.30 89.6 1.344 183.72
5 7.0 27.41 44.05 102.9 1.341 124.77
弯曲仿真模型 1 2.5 272.05 400.49 160.2 0.423 12.00
2 3.0 175.04 261.69 159.9 0.423 12.40
3 4.0 88.34 134.25 153.9 0.423 16.20
4 5.0 52.08 81.34 140.4 0.422 20.10
5 7.0 23.14 37.46 136.9 0.421 23.30
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676449592202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格收敛指标 组号 e 21 e 32 r 21 r 32 p G C I 21/% G C I 32/% R
径向仿真应力 1,2,3 0.002 0.015 1.16 1.26 7.87 0.116 0.374 0.13
2,3,4 0.015 0.062 1.26 1.19 8.49 0.316 2.285 0.25
3,4,5 0.062 0.148 1.19 1.25 3.91 7.940 13.260 -0.44
径向仿真疲劳寿命 1,2,3 0.013 0.044 1.16 1.26 5.22 1.091 2.344 0.28
2,3,4 0.044 0.056 1.26 1.19 2.60 6.673 12.164 0.79
3,4,5 0.056 0.321 1.19 1.25 8.57 2.030 6.950 -0.16
弯曲仿真应力 1,2,3 0.002 0.039 1.24 1.40 8.56 0.044 0.290 0.05
2,3,4 0.039 0.088 1.40 1.28 3.96 1.684 6.634 0.44
3,4,5 0.088 0.025 1.28 1.47 12.77 0.490 0.023 3.86
弯曲仿真疲劳寿命 1,2,3 0.033 0.306 1.24 1.40 1.503 1.620 5.479 0.11
2,3,4 0.306 0.241 1.40 1.28 1.16 80.158 118.464 0.97
3,4,5 0.241 0.159 1.28 1.47 3.93 18.389 5.614 1.22
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676516701067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于应力、疲劳寿命的GCI分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格收敛指标 组号 e 21 e 32 r 21 r 32 p G C I 21/% G C I 32/% R
径向仿真应力 1,2,3 0.002 0.015 1.16 1.26 7.87 0.116 0.374 0.13
2,3,4 0.015 0.062 1.26 1.19 8.49 0.316 2.285 0.25
3,4,5 0.062 0.148 1.19 1.25 3.91 7.940 13.260 -0.44
径向仿真疲劳寿命 1,2,3 0.013 0.044 1.16 1.26 5.22 1.091 2.344 0.28
2,3,4 0.044 0.056 1.26 1.19 2.60 6.673 12.164 0.79
3,4,5 0.056 0.321 1.19 1.25 8.57 2.030 6.950 -0.16
弯曲仿真应力 1,2,3 0.002 0.039 1.24 1.40 8.56 0.044 0.290 0.05
2,3,4 0.039 0.088 1.40 1.28 3.96 1.684 6.634 0.44
3,4,5 0.088 0.025 1.28 1.47 12.77 0.490 0.023 3.86
弯曲仿真疲劳寿命 1,2,3 0.033 0.306 1.24 1.40 1.503 1.620 5.479 0.11
2,3,4 0.306 0.241 1.40 1.28 1.16 80.158 118.464 0.97
3,4,5 0.241 0.159 1.28 1.47 3.93 18.389 5.614 1.22
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676588004236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 φ e x t 21 收敛解范围 R G C I 32 r 21 p G C I 21 相对误差/%
径向静力仿真 97.29 97.09~97.31 0.13 1.003 1.84
径向疲劳仿真 163.96 163.60~167.20 0.28 0.990 1.91
弯曲静力仿真 160.26 160.13~160.27 0.05 1.046 3.97
弯曲疲劳仿真 11.85 11.82~12.18 0.11 0.966 4.64
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676646724493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

解的外推值及相对误差结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 φ e x t 21 收敛解范围 R G C I 32 r 21 p G C I 21 相对误差/%
径向静力仿真 97.29 97.09~97.31 0.13 1.003 1.84
径向疲劳仿真 163.96 163.60~167.20 0.28 0.990 1.91
弯曲静力仿真 160.26 160.13~160.27 0.05 1.046 3.97
弯曲疲劳仿真 11.85 11.82~12.18 0.11 0.966 4.64
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676709639054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 名义直径/mm 径向疲劳仿真模型最小网格尺寸/mm 弯曲疲劳仿真模型最小网格尺寸/mm 径向疲劳仿真模型 M d 弯曲疲劳仿真模型 M d
轮毂1 508.0 3 3 0.005 9 0.005 9
轮毂2 457.2 10 0.021 9
轮毂3 482.6 8 0.016 6
轮毂4 508.0 6 0.011 8
轮毂5 406.4 4 4 0.009 8 0.009 8
), ArticleFig(id=1175545676759970703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022346114879647, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同轮毂模型仿真数据汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 名义直径/mm 径向疲劳仿真模型最小网格尺寸/mm 弯曲疲劳仿真模型最小网格尺寸/mm 径向疲劳仿真模型 M d 弯曲疲劳仿真模型 M d
轮毂1 508.0 3 3 0.005 9 0.005 9
轮毂2 457.2 10 0.021 9
轮毂3 482.6 8 0.016 6
轮毂4 508.0 6 0.011 8
轮毂5 406.4 4 4 0.009 8 0.009 8
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1149663730306166798, delFlag=0, nameCn=汽车工程学报, nameEn=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2095-1469, eissn=null, cn=50-1206/U, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=jNBfZbtw0oWUAJwGjDXBiw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1752030793026, updatedTime=1761730209297, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=Q, firstLetterEn=Q, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=工程, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=jNBfZbtw0oWUAJwGjDXBiw==, picEn=AzxyR8a1Jh9nr4is1i+eyQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190346030903296709, language=CN, name=汽车工程学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761730209327, updatedTime=1761730209327, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190346030945239750, language=EN, name=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761730209337, updatedTime=1761730209337, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://tougao.ijournals.cn/ch/index.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1152916057816748034, websiteList=[Website(id=1153018156433002908, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1152916057816748034, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1752830550535, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1752831104570, updateBy=18614031015, name=汽车工程学报, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=汽车工程学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1154109936599552608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753090851211, updateTime=1753090851211, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109936578581085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753090851206, updateTime=1753090851206, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109936561803868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=AAkd3aJi43D2QHSdjNHtbQ==, createTime=1753090851202, updateTime=1753090851202, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109936591163999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753090851209, updateTime=1753090851209, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109936586969694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156433002908, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753090851208, updateTime=1753090851208, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1153018156516888991, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1152916057816748034, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1752830550556, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1752831098136, updateBy=18614031015, name=汽车工程学报, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=汽车工程学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1154109989737189989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=articleTextType, value=hep, createTime=1753090863880, updateTime=1753090863880, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109989716218466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753090863875, updateTime=1753090863875, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109989695246945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic?fileId=AAkd3aJi43D2QHSdjNHtbQ==, createTime=1753090863870, updateTime=1753090863870, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109989732995684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1753090863879, updateTime=1753090863879, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1154109989724607075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1153018156516888991, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1753090863877, updateTime=1753090863877, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=汽车工程学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, journalPhotoCn=jNBfZbtw0oWUAJwGjDXBiw==, journalPhotoEn=AzxyR8a1Jh9nr4is1i+eyQ==, journalFirstLetter=Q, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/EN/10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN/PDF/10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/EN/PDF/10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性分析与验证
收藏切换
PDF下载
王诗豪 1 , 李钟尧 1 , 吴雪龙 1 , 苗以升 2 , 侯清怀 2 , 郎玉玲 3 , 孔德才 3 , 马小英 3 , 乔海波 3 , 王俊升 1, 2, 4
汽车工程学报 | 其他 2025,15(3): 395-408
收起
收藏切换
汽车工程学报 | 其他 2025, 15(3): 395-408
车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性分析与验证
全屏
王诗豪1 , 李钟尧1, 吴雪龙1, 苗以升2, 侯清怀2, 郎玉玲3, 孔德才3, 马小英3, 乔海波3, 王俊升1, 2, 4
作者信息
  • 1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 2 北京理工大学 材料学院,北京 100081
  • 3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010
  • 4 北京理工大学 前沿交叉科学研究院,北京 100081
  • 王诗豪(2001-),男,山东临沂人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为乘用车车轮仿真分析。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

王俊升(1979-),男,河南舞钢人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为集成计算材料工程,铝合金、镁合金设计、表征与应用基础。 E-mail:
Mesh Independence Analysis and Validation for Wheel Fatigue Life Simulations
Shihao WANG1 , Zhongyao LI1, Xuelong WU1, Yisheng MIAO2, Qinghuai HOU2, Yuling LANG3, Decai KONG3, Xiaoying MA3, Haibo QIAO3, Junsheng WANG1, 2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
  • 2 School of Materials Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
  • 3 CITIC Dicastal Co.,Ltd.,Qinhuangdao 066010,Hebei,China
  • 4 Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12
文章导航
收藏切换

开展了车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性研究。针对疲劳评估试验周期长、成本高,且有限元仿真精度受网格尺寸影响较大等问题,基于名义应力法和局部应力-应变法进行了疲劳寿命预测,基于网格收敛指数(GCI)理论对疲劳寿命仿真结果进行了网格无关性验证,从而提出疲劳寿命仿真的最佳网格匹配。通过对比精确解的推导值,发现高质量网格、低误差范围的疲劳寿命模拟方法,从而为疲劳寿命预测的网格无关性理论构建奠定基础。以铝合金车轮为研究对象,根据GCI理论按照不同的网格尺寸对车轮进行了网格划分,开展了车轮的径向、弯曲静力仿真和疲劳寿命预测仿真,分析了不同网格尺寸下的仿真结果,提出了采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂网格尺寸合理性的判据,并进行了相应的验证分析,结果表明,GCI可以有效指导车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性分析与验证,提出的判据可以有效判断采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂网格尺寸的合理性。

汽车车轮  /  有限元计算  /  疲劳  /  网格收敛指数  /  网格尺寸  /  铝合金

This paper investigates the mesh independence of wheel fatigue life simulations. To address issues such as long fatigue assessment cycles, high testing costs, and the strong influence of mesh size on the finite element simulation accuracy, fatigue life predictions were carried out using both the nominal stress method and the local stress-strain method. The mesh independence of the simulation results was verified based on the grid convergence index (GCI) theory, leading to the recommendation of an optimal mesh configuration for fatigue life simulation. A fatigue life simulation method is proposed with high-quality meshing and low error range, which provides a theoretical foundation for establishing mesh independence in fatigue life prediction. Taking an aluminum alloy wheel as the research object, the wheel was meshed with different grid sizes according to the GCI theory. Radial and bending static simulations of the wheel, as well as fatigue life prediction simulations, were then conducted. The simulation results under different grid sizes were analyzed and a criterion was proposed to assess the rationality of tetrahedral meshing for aluminum alloy passenger car wheel hubs. Corresponding verification analysis was conducted. The results show that the GCI can effectively supports the mesh independence analysis and validation in wheel fatigue life simulations. The results in this paper provide a reliable basis for evaluating the suitability of tetrahedral mesh sizes in such applications.

automobile wheel  /  FEM  /  fatigue  /  grid convergence index  /  mesh size  /  aluminum alloy
王诗豪, 李钟尧, 吴雪龙, 苗以升, 侯清怀, 郎玉玲, 孔德才, 马小英, 乔海波, 王俊升. 车轮疲劳寿命仿真的网格无关性分析与验证. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (3) : 395 -408 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12
Shihao WANG, Zhongyao LI, Xuelong WU, Yisheng MIAO, Qinghuai HOU, Yuling LANG, Decai KONG, Xiaoying MA, Haibo QIAO, Junsheng WANG. Mesh Independence Analysis and Validation for Wheel Fatigue Life Simulations[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (3) : 395 -408 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12
车轮有限元技术已在企业广泛应用,加速了新产品的开发和质量的提升。在疲劳寿命预测领域,开展离散化误差系统研究的工作还未见报道,但是在另外一个处理动态力学性能的领域,计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)领域,离散化误差的研究与计算,已经较成熟。比如,网格收敛指数(Grid Convergence Index,GCI)通常被用于离散化误差估计[1]。OLIVEIRA等[2]将GCI应用在旋风分离器的设计和分析中,通过对比12组网格分析的结果,发现在满足压降要求的前提下,壁面精细化网格比常规单元网格所需的单元数更少。MEANA-FERNÁNDEZ等[3]将GCI应用在垂直轴风力机CFD模拟和流场分析中,发现3组不同数量网格,只有GCI<2%时,才能得到有效的结果。BAKER等[4]使用GCI评估了网格类型及网格数量对室内气流剖面数值模拟结果精度的影响,发现在网格单元数相近的情况下,六面体结构网格与试验数据的一致性最好。RODRIGUES等[5]将GCI应用在二维高超声速流动模拟中,发现网格最精细,即网格数量为51.13万个时,可以得到速度、温度和比质量的收敛解,但压力模拟值的变化仍超出GCI的收敛极限值。AYCAN等[6]使用GCI评估了主动脉CFD模拟的不确定性,发现多面体网格的不确定性最小,对壁面切应力求解最准确。ZAINUDDIN等[7]通过GCI分析,发现网格数量高达566.86万个时,才能精确模拟地板下空气分配系统。
经过多年的发展,GCI理论也开始应用于计算固体力学领域。SCHWER[8]将GCI分析引入了固体力学领域,使用六面体网格对悬臂梁模型进行离散化处理,对网格数为2、4、6、8时所得出的结果进行了分析,提出了在没有试验验证的情况下的网格无关性验证方法,将GCI分析应用于最粗糙的网格组,求出了该组的GCI值、精确解的估计值以及置信度为95%的数值解的范围。AŚNIEWSKI[9]将GCI应用于悬臂梁尖端受垂直力问题,使用C3D8等4种不同的网格,发现网格收敛的特性取决于研究变量以及网格类型的选择。
综上所述,国内外学者从各个方面开展了对数值模拟中离散化误差的研究与计算,特别是GCI理论的提出与应用,为网格收敛性分析与离散化误差范围的界定奠定了基础,其应用范围也从计算流体力学领域逐步向计算固体力学领域扩展。一系列研究表明,它可以有效指导CFD以及一些简单固体力学问题模拟中网格的收敛问题。
但以上基于GCI的网格收敛性研究均未涉及更复杂的固体力学问题,且应用于固体力学分析的模型较简单,难以明确该理论在复杂模型网格收敛性问题中的表现,同时也没有相关的对于车轮疲劳寿命预测的网格收敛性分析研究。本文以乘用车轮为研究对象,在三维建模软件中完成了模型建立,利用有限元软件对车轮进行静力分析和疲劳寿命分析,基于GCI理论对该模型的两种分析结果进行网格收敛性分析,得出了达到收敛条件所需要的网格尺寸,并具体探究了网格尺寸对一些仿真结果的影响,验证了GCI理论在车轮疲劳寿命预测领域的有效性,同时,也为一些其他机械结构疲劳寿命预测的网格收敛性分析提供了一个可行的案例。
本文针对乘用车的低压铸造铝合金车轮建立有限元模型,如图1所示。轮毂结构主要包括轮辋、气门孔、轮辐和轮缘,其几何尺寸为轮毂直径508 mm(20 inches),宽216 mm。
车轮模型特征繁多、造型复杂,为了提高网格质量,利用Abaqus虚拟拓扑功能,在不影响轮毂实际几何外形的情况下,优化边缘和面。
由于模型较复杂,所以采用四面体网格(如图2所示)对轮毂进行离散化处理。Abaqus中的二次四面体元素(C3D10和C3D10HS)可用于一般情况,但当用于接触仿真时,应仅限于表面和表面接触离散化。线性四面体元素(C3D4)与网格数量相关性大,计算结果不准确,因此不应被采用。
本文进行接触分析时,均采用面面接触形式,综合考虑计算精度、时间成本等问题,轮毂模型采用C3D10四面体元素。
通过改变网格尺寸大小,可以获得具有不同网格数量的5个模型。由于径向仿真分析和弯曲仿真分析中简化模型不同,即便在采用相同网格尺寸情况下,网格数量也略有不同。径向仿真分析网格划分模型如图2所示。
车轮的径向与弯曲疲劳性能试验是为了模拟和评估车轮在真实行驶条件下可能遭受的载荷和应力。这些试验旨在确保车轮能在其预期使用寿命内承受各种应力,从而保证安全和可靠性。径向疲劳试验主要模拟车轮在行驶过程中因路面不平而产生的垂直载荷,主要评估车轮对持续垂直载荷的耐受能力;弯曲疲劳试验主要模拟车轮在转向或车辆行驶中遇到侧向力(如转弯、侧风等)时的情况。尽管试验条件应尽可能地模拟真实情况,但总有一些实际变量难以完全在试验中复现。真实的服役条件总会更加复杂,但可以根据径向和弯曲疲劳性能试验初步评估车轮的强度和寿命是否符合设计要求。以下仿真边界条件的设置对标GB/T 5334—2005《乘用车车轮性能要求和试验方法》[10]
铝合金轮毂采用商用A356合金,在轮毂弯曲仿真分析中,需固定加载轴,并加载转动动量,因此选取45钢为螺栓和加载轴的材料,商用A356合金和45钢的力学性能参数见表1
按照GB/T 5334—2005《乘用车车轮性能要求和试验方法》的要求进行模拟,具体试验如图3所示。转毂驱动车轮旋转,同时加载垂直于接触表面的恒定径向载荷,记录循环次数,直到车轮超出承受载荷或轮胎压力,并且原始裂纹由于应力而扩展或新裂纹侵入车轮截面[10]
为了简化模型,分离轮毂进行受力分析。作用在轮毂上的力包括重力、轮胎充气压力、测试所需的径向载荷以及旋转过程中的离心力。其中,轮毂采用低密度铝合金材料,因此可忽略重力影响。根据文献[11],当车轮转速不高时,车轮旋转过程中产生的离心力可忽略不计。
综上所述,需考虑车轮上所受的力包括以下2种。
1)轮胎的充气压力,根据试验标准表2,取值为0.450 MPa。
2)试验要求的径向载荷,根据STEARNS等[12]的研究成果,可按照余弦的形式施加载荷, θ 0大约为30°~40°。具体施加方式如图4所示。
车轮径向载荷 F的大小可由车轮额定负荷 F v与强化试验系数 K K值取2)由以下数学式计算得到:
F = F v × K  
其中,径向试验载荷 F 径向合力 W相等。
W = F  
径向合力是 偏转 角度 θ 的径 向力 W r,或最大径向分布力 W 0的积分,三者的关系为:
W r = W 0 × c o s   π 2 × θ θ 0  
因此,径向合力可通过式(3)的积分得到:
W = b × - θ 0 θ 0 W r × r b d θ
= b × - θ 0 θ 0 W 0 × c o s   ( π 2 × θ θ 0 ) × r b d θ  
式中: r b为胎圈座半径; θ为车轮的圆心角; b为胎圈座受力宽度总和。
上述积分可简化为:
W 0 = W π 4 b r b θ 0  
通过对上述数学式的求解,可得出不同偏转角度下车轮载荷分布,最终求解出最大径向分布力 W 0为3.906 MPa。
轮毂的边界条件包括:固定螺栓孔内表面及径向载荷沿轮辋周向均匀分布。分为36个加载步,完成1个车轮循环周期,每1个加载步载荷沿顺时针旋转10°。径向载荷的施加如图5所示。
根据GB/T 5334—2005《乘用车车轮性能要求和试验方法》的要求,车轮在静止时承受旋转弯矩。这个弯曲力矩可通过在加载轴的端部施加旋转力实现。用螺栓将车轮固定在测试设备上,夹紧车轮法兰,确保车轮固定在检测设备上[10]
弯矩载荷的大小如式(6)所示。
M = μ × R + d × F v × S  
式中: F v为车轮的额定负荷;R为设计车轮所配套轮胎的最大静负载半径; μ为路面与轮胎之间的摩擦因数; d为车轮内偏距; S为强化试验系数。
试验载荷的大小如式(7)所示。
F = M L  
式中: M为试验弯矩; L为加载力臂; F为试验加载。最终计算可得到试验载荷大小为4 867.8 N。
车轮弯曲静力仿真分析主要包括2个步骤,一是施加螺栓预紧力并固定螺栓,二是加载弯矩载荷。
为了提高仿真过程收敛性,将施加螺栓预紧力并固定螺栓分成3个分析步,即首先施加一个较小的约束力,然后施加约束力,最后固定螺栓长度。
由于车轮弯曲试验过程中载荷会进行旋转,为了模拟车轮的加载过程,将施加在加载轴上的试验载荷F分解为XZ方向的力,如式(8)所示。
F = F X 2 + F Z 2  
式中:F为试验载荷; F X为试验载荷在X方向上的分力; F Z为试验载荷在Z方向上的分力。
由于仿真模拟采用静力分析的方式,时间尺度没有意义,所以 F X F Z可以由式(9)、(10)表示,其中t的取值为0~1。
                    F X = 4   867.8 × c o s   2 π t  
F z = 4   867.8 × s i n   2 π t  
疲劳寿命的确定方法主要有试验法和疲劳寿命分析法。其中,试验方法成本高、周期长,而且在许多情况下,由于模型的复杂性,很难进行有效的试验。疲劳寿命分析方法主要有名义应力法、局部应力-应变法和能量法。本文采用名义应力法和局部应力-应变法,结合有限元分析的结果,进行疲劳寿命分析。
名义应力法基于名义应力来评估材料和结构组件在重复载荷下的疲劳寿命。依据材料的S-N曲线,找到对应名义应力下的疲劳寿命。
局部应力-应变法主要考虑构件承受的荷载较大,其应力应变水平较高。即使构件处于弹性变形范围内,在循环载荷作用下,某些应力集中点的应力也会超过材料的屈服强度,最终导致疲劳失效。
ε-N曲线的表达如式(11)所示。
ε 2 = σ f ' E 2 N f b + ε f ' 2 N f c  
式中: ε为应变振幅; σ f '为疲劳强度系数; E为杨氏模量; N f为疲劳寿命; ε f '为疲劳延性系数; b为疲劳强度指数(Basquin指数); c为疲劳延性指数(Coffin-Manson指数)。
本文使用Fe-Safe软件进行疲劳分析,具体的分析流程包括以下8个步骤。
1)读取弹性计算的有限元节点应力张量。
2)将应力张量的6个分量中的每一个乘以施加载荷的时程,得到应力张量的6个分量中的每一个时程。
3)计算面内主应力的时程。(面外应力检查可能的接触载荷,以下步骤假设没有接触)。
4)由应力计算出3种主应变的时程。
5)对于应变寿命分析,使用多轴循环塑性模型将弹性应力-应变历史转换为弹塑性应力-应变历史。对于S-N曲线分析,这一步可以省略。
6)计算每个平面的疲劳损伤。对于每个平面,使用“Rain flow”循环算法识别单个疲劳循环,计算每个循环的疲劳损伤,并对总损伤求和。将寿命最短的平面定义为裂纹萌生平面,并将此平面的寿命写入输出文件中。
7)在此计算过程中,Fe-Safe可能会修改耐久极限振幅。如果所有的循环(在一个平面上)都低于耐力极限振幅,则不计算该平面的疲劳损伤。如果有任何循环发生损伤,则将损伤极限的幅值降至原幅值的25%,并将损伤曲线扩展到新的损伤极限。
8)每个节点重复步骤1~8。
根据静力仿真分析的结果,对于径向疲劳分析采用S-N法,并使用Goodman平均应力修正公式;对于弯曲疲劳分析采用 ε-N法,并使用Morrow平均应力修正公式。
大多数误差分析都是从假设精确解 f e x a c t和近似数值解 f h之间的关系开始,如ROACHE[13]所述,对于二阶方法,通过组合来自间距为h2(粗)和h1(细)的两个不同网格的结果 f 2 f 1,并忽略高阶项,可以获得 f e x a c t的估计值,从而得到RICHARDSON等[14]对于h 2外推的原始陈述,具体如式(12)所示。
f e x a c t f 1 + h 2 2 f 1 - h 1 2 f 2 h 2 2 - h 1 2  
式中:h为模拟的网格间距; f为数值模拟产生的量。
定义网格的细化比r如式(13)所示。
r = h c o a r s e h f i n e  
又因模型保持一致,模型的总体积不变,所以r可如式(14)所示。
r = h c o a r s e h f i n e = N f i n e N c o a r s e 3  
式中: N f i n e N c o a r s e为模型网格节点数。
式(12)可以重写为式(15)。
f e x a c t f 1 + f 1 - f 2 r 2 - 1  
式(15)可以推广到p阶方法,如式(16)所示。
f e x a c t f 1 + f 1 - f 2 r p - 1  
在本研究中,假设变量 φ值作为网格收敛性判据。h1h2h3为由细到粗的3组网格的网格间距,所得网格细化比为: r 21 = h 2 / h 1 r 32 = h 3 / h 2
然后,该方法的阶数计算如式(17)所示。
p = 1 l n   r 21 l n ε 32 ε 21 + q ( p )  
式中: ε 32 = φ 3 - φ 2 ε 21 = φ 2 - φ 1,是用3个不同网格获得的变量值的绝对误差; q p是一个取决于网格细化比以及解的结果的函数,可由式(18)求得。
q p = l n   r 21 p - s r 32 p - s  
其中,s为与网格细化时解的单调或振荡行为相关的参数,如式(19)所示。
s = ε 32 ε 21 ε 32 ε 21  
s的负值表示振荡收敛。可以观察到,式(17)和式(18)必须迭代求解。
然后,相对误差可由式(20)获得。
e 21 = φ 1 - φ 2 φ 1  
最后,网格收敛指数(GCI)被用作网格收敛水平的指标,由式(21)求解。
G C I 21 = F S e 21 r 21 p - 1  
F S是用于计算该指数的安全系数,当具有3个不同的网格时,该指数可以设置为1.25[13]。GCI以百分比的方式给出,可以被认为是一个相对误差界,它预测了随着网格进一步地细化,解决方案会发生多大变化。安全系数表示估计误差范围的95%的置信度,该假设可以表示为以下陈述[8]:收敛解在范围[ φ 1(1- G C I 21), φ 1(1+ G C I 21)]内的置信度为95%。
获得了p q ps的精确值之后,就可以用类似于式(16)的方式计算解的外推值(精确解的估计值),如式(22)所示。
φ e x t 21 = r 21 p φ 1 - φ 2 r 21 p - 1  
这种方法仅适用于所有网格都在渐近范围内的情况,通过比较3个网格的两个GCI值,可以确定收敛的渐近范围。具体如式(23)所示。
G C I 32 r 21 p G C I 21 1  
最后,注意广义Richardson外推方法必须在单调收敛的范围内运用。收敛比R [15]可以由式(24)定义。
R = φ 2 - φ 1 φ 3 - φ 2  
式中:R>1表示结果发散;1>R>0表示结果单调收敛;R<0表示结果振荡收敛。
研究发现网格数量直接影响模拟所需的CPU总时长,且随着网格数量增加,模拟所需的时长呈爆炸式增长。本文使用36核Intel Xeon Gold 5 218 R的CPU进行并行运算。车轮径向静力仿真中,由于只有单一的轮毂模型,模型较简单,不存在非线性问题,模拟所需的CPU总时长较少且增长较缓慢。车轮弯曲静力仿真中,模型较复杂,且存在大量接触,非线性问题严重,模拟所需的CPU总时长较长且增长较快。两个模型在相同网格大小下所需的时间如图6所示。
由于网格越细,所得出的结果与真实值更加接近,所以选取网格尺寸较小的情况下所得出的模拟结果进行以下讨论。
轮毂强度判定方面,根据第四强度理论确定轮毂是否屈服。
图7显示了径向静力仿真中1个载荷循环内最大Mises应力的变化,可以看出,在1个试验周期内,在第26载荷步时Mises应力达到最大值,为97.2 MPa;在第12载荷步时Mises应力达到最小值,为70.9 MPa。图8显示了网格尺寸为2.5 mm(a-1,b-1,c-1)、3.0 mm(a-2,b-2,c-2)时的径向仿真结果。
综合分析图7图8,当加载方向远离气门孔时,轮毂的应力值较小;当加载方向靠近气门孔时,应力值逐渐增大,当加载方向与气门孔成一定角度时应力达到最大值。应力最大点出现在气门孔上,与加载方向夹角大约为40°。当加载方向离气门孔较近时,应力值反而下降;当加载方向正对气门孔时,应力值出现局部极小值。
如图8a-1所示,最大应力出现在车轮气门孔处,最大应力值为97.2 MPa,其次是轮辐中部和内轮缘等处。参考前人报道[16],应力较大的区域与本文的仿真结果一致。车轮的最大应力远小于A356的屈服强度,表明车轮的设计满足强度要求。车轮的最大变形如图8b-1所示,发生在车轮的内轮缘、内胎圈座等处,最大值为1.347 mm。
根据车轮径向静力仿真的结果可知,其所受的最大Mises应力远远小于屈服强度,故疲劳分析决定采用名义应力法进行,获取轮毂材料的S-N曲线后并进行相应地修正。选用von Mises算法进行疲劳寿命分析,并采用Goodman法对平均应力进行修正,以2.5 mm网格得到的疲劳寿命为例,如图8c-1所示。
由图8c-1可知,车轮寿命最小处为气门孔附近,最小寿命约为106.2次,由于其他部位的疲劳寿命超过了108.0次,所以认为在加载期间不发生破坏。因此,车轮整体满足设计要求。
如图9a-1所示,以最后1个增量步的结果为例,最大应力出现在轮毂螺栓孔处,最大应力值为160.2 MPa,其次是轮辐中部和其他区域,轮毂的最大应力小于A356的屈服强度。车轮的最大变形如图9b-1所示,出现在两轮辐中部,最大值为0.423 mm。
根据轮毂弯曲静力仿真的结果可知,其所受的最大Mises应力并没有远远小于屈服强度,所以疲劳分析应采用局部应力-应变法,获取轮毂材料的 ε-N曲线后并进行相应地修正。选用Brown-Miller算法进行疲劳寿命分析,并采用Morrow法对平均应力进行修正,以2.5 mm网格得到的疲劳寿命为例,如图9c-1所示。
由图9c-1可知,寿命最小值约为105.0,满足设计要求。由云图可知,最先破坏的位置在轮辐转角以及轮辐中部等处,这些位置也是静力分析中应力较大的部位。
在静力分析中,最大应力的位置在螺栓孔附近,均不构成疲劳寿命的危险区域。为了探究这种现象的原因,选择螺栓孔附近的1个点、轮辐周围的1个危险区域和1个安全区域来观察相应节点的应力变化,如图10所示。对比应力变化图,发现安全区域节点的应力明显较低,且保持稳定;螺栓孔附近的应力相对较高,但与轮辐的危险区域相比,其变化幅度较小且平缓。解释了应力较大,但并不危险的原因。进一步证明了结构疲劳断裂的主要原因是交变载荷,仅通过静力分析获得应力集中区来识别疲劳损伤是不准确的。
本文采用控制网格尺寸的方法控制网格数量,重点关注网格尺寸对Mises应力、位移和疲劳寿命的影响。
汇总径向仿真分析中应力、位移最大值和危险部位寿命最大值的相关信息后,见表3。可得不同网格尺寸下的应力、位移以及寿命的曲线如图11所示。
图11可知,在7 mm左右网格尺寸时,应力出现最大值,疲劳寿命出现最小值,与之后应力和疲劳寿命的变化趋势不同。如图12所示,由于此时模型网格尺寸过大,对于气门孔圆形轮廓的离散化程度较差,将圆形轮廓离散化为八边形的结构,造成气门孔处出现较大的应力集中,造成疲劳寿命显著降低。
图12可知,位移对网格尺寸变化最不敏感,应力次之,疲劳寿命对网格尺寸变化最敏感。初步估算,在本模型中,7 mm左右的网格尺寸就可以得到可接受的位移解,要想得出较精确的应力解需要4 mm左右的网格,而要得出较精确的疲劳寿命则需要3 mm左右的网格。
轮毂弯曲静力仿真中,由于模型的复杂性,其应力、寿命的结果也较径向静力仿真更难收敛。在进行网格收敛性分析时,以最后一步的结果作为模型在不同网格数量下应力、位移的代表值,按照气门孔对应轮辐转角处的寿命作为模型在不同网格数量下的寿命值。汇总相关仿真数据,见表3。不同网格数量下的应力、位移以及寿命的曲线如图13所示。
图13可知,初步估算,在本模型中,7 mm左右的网格尺寸就可以得到可接受的位移解,要想得出较精确的应力解需要4 mm左右的网格,而要得出较精确的疲劳寿命则需要3 mm左右的网格。
为更加精确地分析网格收敛性,基于表3得到的结果进行GCI分析。通过之前的分析可知,位移对网格尺寸敏感性较差,即使在网格尺寸很糟糕的情况下也能得到较准确的解,因此,不对位移解作GCI分析。由于采用四面体网格划分模型,所以很难保证网格间距比值r为常数,因此,与之相关的收敛率p需要在每一组单独计算。将2组模型按编号分为(1,2,3)、(2,3,4)、(3,4,5)3个对比组。将2组模型的应力、疲劳寿命结果进行GCI分析和总结,见表4
当进行径向静力仿真模拟时,通过对比3个对比组的数据可知,模型第3组网格,R值为负,因此,不可采用RICHARDSON外推法估算误差。综合考虑,网格尺寸为4、3、2.5 mm时,网格收敛指数的值小于2%,表明当网格尺寸小于4 mm以后,数值模拟的解与网格尺寸无关[3];同理,径向疲劳仿真模拟时,网格尺寸为3、2.5 mm时,网格收敛指数小于2%,表明当网格尺寸小于3 mm以后,数值模拟的解与网格尺寸无关。
当进行弯曲静力仿真模拟时,模型存在接触等一系列非线性行为,因此,收敛难度较大,通过对比3个对比组数据可知,模型第3组网格,R值大于1,因此,不可采用RICHARDSON外推法估算误差。综合考虑,网格尺寸为4、3、2.5 mm时,网格收敛指数小于2%,表明当网格尺寸小于4 mm以后,数值模拟的解与网格尺寸无关;同理,弯曲疲劳仿真模拟时,网格尺寸为3、2.5 mm时,网格收敛指数小于2%,表明当网格尺寸小于3 mm以后,数值模拟的解与网格尺寸无关。
选择所有模型的第1组网格,在判断这4组网格是否在渐进收敛范围内之后,求解对应解的外推值,置信度为95%收敛解的范围以及上述性价比最高的网格尺寸解的相对误差,总结上述计算结果,见表5
综合以上分析,网格尺寸对应力和疲劳寿命影响较大,应力收敛速度较位移收敛慢,因此,预测准确位移梯度需要比计算准确位移更精细的网格;而疲劳寿命则是根据一个载荷周期内应力和应变的变化历史求得,因此,预测准确的疲劳寿命需要比计算准确的应力应变更加精细的网格。
上述合理的网格尺寸仅适用于单一的车轮模型,本小节尝试针对采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂提出1个无量纲的量,以此扩大上述结论的适用范围。
以模型的网格尺寸与轮毂的名义直径的比值作为该无量纲量,通过比较该值的大小判断此网格尺寸是否适合该轮毂模型的疲劳寿命预测模拟。具体如式(25)所示。
M d = r M d = N f i n e N c o a r s e 3  
式中: M d为网格尺寸与轮毂的名义直径的比值, r M为模型的网格尺寸; d为轮毂的名义直径。
结合前文的结果,可以得到本文径向疲劳仿真模型 M d为0.005 9,弯曲疲劳仿真模型 M d为0.005 9,可以认为如果采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂的径向疲劳仿真模型 M d或弯曲疲劳仿真模型 M d小于该值,即可认为该网格尺寸下得到的结果是该模型网格收敛情况下的结果,为了验证结果的正确性,综合分析了一系列铝合金乘用车轮毂疲劳仿真模拟所采用的轮毂模型和网格尺寸之间的关系,见表6 [17-20]
表6可知,在得到合理结果的条件下,其余轮毂的径向疲劳仿真模型 M d和弯曲疲劳仿真模型 M d均大于0.005 9,这也验证了本文得到的径向疲劳仿真模型 M d和弯曲疲劳仿真模型 M d可以适用于采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂模型。
本文以乘用车车轮为研究对象,研究了仿真计算的网格划分对静力性能以及径向、弯曲疲劳预测精度的影响。结合GCI理论分析,提出了轮毂静力仿真和疲劳仿真模型的网格无关性条件,探究了网格尺寸对位移、应力以及疲劳寿命的不同影响,为疲劳寿命预测的网格无关性理论构建奠定基础,具体结论如下。
1)通过径向静力分析,发现最大应力在轮毂气门孔处,其次是轮辐中部和内轮缘,最大位移在轮毂内轮缘和内轮胎座处;建立弯曲静力工况下装配体三维模型,通过弯曲静力分析,发现最大应力在螺栓孔附近,其次是轮辐中部,最大位移出现在两个轮辐中部等位置。
2)通过预测轮毂的使用寿命和损伤位置,发现弯曲疲劳试验中应力最高的螺栓孔区域不是疲劳危险区域,疲劳危险区域出现在轮辐转角和轮辐中部等位置。螺栓孔应力较高,但变化缓慢,而危险区域应力变化较大。
3)根据对仿真结果和GCI理论分析,验证了GCI理论可较好地指导车轮疲劳寿命预测领域的网格收敛性分析,发现网格尺寸对不同仿真结果的影响:网格尺寸对位移影响最小,对应力影响较大,对疲劳寿命影响最大。径向静力仿真,精确解仿真网格尺寸需在4 mm以内;径向疲劳仿真模拟时,精确解仿真网格尺寸需在3 mm以内;弯曲静力仿真,精确解仿真网格尺寸需在4 mm以内;弯曲疲劳仿真模拟时,精确解仿真网格尺寸需在3 mm以内。
4)根据对多种轮毂疲劳寿命预测仿真结果分析,提出了采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂网格尺寸合理性的判据,并进行了验证分析,结果表明,采用四面体离散化的铝合金乘用车轮毂的径向疲劳仿真模型 M d小于0.005 9,或弯曲疲劳仿真模型 M d小于0.005 9,可认为对应的网格尺寸能达到模型收敛解。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52073030)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
BABUSKA I ODEN J T.Verification and Validation in Computational Engineering and Science:Basic Concepts[J].Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering2004193(36/38):4057-4066.
[2]
OLIVEIRA R A F JUSTI G H LOPES G C.Grid Convergence Study of a Cyclone Separator Using Different Mesh Structures[J].Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly201723(3):311-320.
[3]
MEANA-FERNÁNDEZ A ORO J M F DIAZ K M A,et al.Application of Richardson Extrapolation Method to the CFD Simulation of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines and Analysis of the Flow Field [J].Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics2019(1):359-376.
[4]
BAKER N KELLY G O'SULLIVAN P D.A Grid Con-vergence Index Study of Mesh Style Effect on the Accuracy of the Numerical Results for an Indoor Airflow Profile[J].International Journal of Ventilation202019(1/4):300-314.
[5]
RODRIGUES A L B MEDEIROS J BENTA E S.Grid Convergence Test for a Bi-Dimensional Hypersonic Flow Simulation[J].JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer202335:125-137.
[6]
AYCAN O TOPUZ A KADEM L.Evaluating Uncertainties in CFD Simulations of Patient-Specific Aorta Models Using Grid Convergence Index Method[J].Mechanics Research Communications2023133:104188.1-104188.5.
[7]
ZAINUDDIN N A M JERAI F RAZAK A A,et al.Accuracy of CFD Simulations on Indoor Air Ventilation: Application of Grid Convergence Index on Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) System Design[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering202320(3):199-222.
[8]
SCHWER L E.Is Your Mesh Refined Enough?Estimating Discretization Error Using GCI[J].7th LS-DYNA Anwenderforum20081(1):45-54.
[9]
KWAŚNIEWSKI L.Application of Grid Convergence Index in FE Computation[J].Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences.Technical Sciences201361(1):123-128.
[10]
中国国家标准化管理委员会. 乘用车车轮弯曲和径向疲劳性能要求及试验方法:GB/T 5334—2021[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2021.
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Passenger Car—Wheels—Performance Require-ments and Test Methods for Cornering and Radial Fatigue:GB/T 5334—2021[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2021.(in Chinese).
[11]
GUTKOWSKI W DEMS K.Shape Optimization of a 2D Body Subjected to Several Loading Conditions[J].Engineering Optimization199729(1-4):293-311.
[12]
STEARNS J SRIVATSAN T S PRAKASH A,et al.Modeling the Mechanical Response of an Aluminum Alloy Automotive Rim[J].Materials Science & Engi-neering,A. Structural Materials:Properties,Misrostructure and Processing,2004(2):262-268.
[13]
ROACHE P J.Quantification of Uncertainty in Computational Fluid Dynamics[J].Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics1997(1):123-160.
[14]
RICHARDSON L F GAUNT J A.VIII.The Deferred Approach to the Limit[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series A,Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character1927(266):299-361.
[15]
ALI M S M DOOLAN C J WHEATLEY V.Grid Convergence Study for a Two-Dimensional Simulation of Flow Around a Square Cylinder at Low Reynolds Number[C]//The 7th International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries,Dec.9-11,2009,Melbourne,Australia.2009:1-6.
[16]
郑松林,周亚捷,冯金芝,等.一种新的考虑伪损伤保留的道路载荷模拟试验加速方法[J].机械强度201739(2):410-416.
ZHENG Songlin ZHOU Yajie FENG Jinzhi,et al.A New Spectrum Development Methodology Based on Pseudo Damage Reserving for Road Load Simulation Test [J],Journal of Mechanical Strength201739(2):410-416.(in Chinese)
[17]
刘娜,刘鹏,高媛媛.铝合金轮毂弯曲疲劳寿命预测[J].小型内燃机与车辆技术202352(4):57-61.
LIU Na LIU Peng GAO Yuanyuan.Bending Fatigue Life Prediction of Aluminum Alloy Wheel Hub[J].Small Internal Combustion Engine and Vehicle Technique202352(4):57-61.(in Chinese)
[18]
朱文婧,王永林,章孟军.铝合金车轮有限元仿真分析研究[J].内燃机与配件2021(12):55-56.
ZHU Wenjing WANG Yonglin ZHANG Mengjun.Researches on Finite Element Analysis for Aluminum Alloy Wheel[J].Internal Combustion Engine & Parts2021(12):55-56.(in Chinese)
[19]
吕磊,何钢.基于6 σ方法的铝合金车轮径向疲劳寿命可靠性分析[J].机械设计与制造工程202049(8):1-6.
Lei LYU HE Gang.Reliability Analysis of Radial Fatigue Life of Aluminum Alloy Wheels Based on 6 σ Methods [J].Machine Design and Manufacturing Engineering202049(8):1-6.(in Chinese)
[20]
张荣鑫.铝合金汽车轮毂优化设计与性能分析[D]. 沈阳:沈阳建筑大学,2017.
ZHANG Rongxin.Optimal Design and Property Analysis of Aluminum Alloy Automobile Wheel Hub[D]. Shenyang:Shenyang Jianzhu University,2017.(in Chinese)
2025年第15卷第3期
PDF下载
483
183
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
  • 修回日期:2024-05-26
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52073030)
作者信息
    1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    2 北京理工大学 材料学院,北京 100081
    3 中信戴卡股份有限公司,河北,秦皇岛 066010
    4 北京理工大学 前沿交叉科学研究院,北京 100081

通讯作者:

王俊升(1979-),男,河南舞钢人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为集成计算材料工程,铝合金、镁合金设计、表征与应用基础。 E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcgcxb/CN/10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.12
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏