Article(id=1153022345737392285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153022343707353180, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.03.10, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739635200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-16, revisedDate=1741708800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752831549343, onlineDateStr=2025-07-18, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752831549343, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752831549343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752831549343, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153022343707353180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2025', volume='15', issue='3', pageStart='263', pageEnd='426', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752831548859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757654056467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1173249406712300330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153022343707353180, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1173249406712300331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153022343707353180, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=375, endPage=384, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153022346077130910, articleId=1153022345737392285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Simulation and Experimental Study on the Heating Performance of a Heat Pump System for Light Commercial Electric Vehicles, columnId=1153756965466530584, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green and Low-Carbon Technologies Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The significant reduction in electric vehicle driving range at low temperatures has limited their widespread adoption in extremely cold regions. To address this industry challenge, this paper proposes an indirect heat pump system for light commercial electric vehicles operating in severe cold climates. The five-way valve design used in the system enables a high level of system integration, and satisfies the thermal demands of various vehicle subsystems under low-temperature conditions. A 1-D simulation model of the vehicle thermal management system was established and validated through bench testing. The low-temperature performance of the system was assessed using climate chamber experiments on the actual vehicle. The heating performance and energy consumption of the proposed system were compared with those of the traditional Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heating mode. The results show that the proposed thermal management system can meet the heating demands at low temperatures, with the average foot outlet temperature reaching 32.3 ℃ at an ambient temperature of -5 ℃. Compared with the traditional PTC heating, the heat pump system proves superior energy-saving performance, reducing system energy consumption by more than 50% and extending the driving range by approximately 15%.

, articleAbstract=

The significant reduction in electric vehicle driving range at low temperatures has limited their widespread adoption in extremely cold regions. To address this industry challenge, this paper proposes an indirect heat pump system for light commercial electric vehicles operating in severe cold climates. The five-way valve design used in the system enables a high level of system integration, and satisfies the thermal demands of various vehicle subsystems under low-temperature conditions. A 1-D simulation model of the vehicle thermal management system was established and validated through bench testing. The low-temperature performance of the system was assessed using climate chamber experiments on the actual vehicle. The heating performance and energy consumption of the proposed system were compared with those of the traditional Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heating mode. The results show that the proposed thermal management system can meet the heating demands at low temperatures, with the average foot outlet temperature reaching 32.3 ℃ at an ambient temperature of -5 ℃. Compared with the traditional PTC heating, the heat pump system proves superior energy-saving performance, reducing system energy consumption by more than 50% and extending the driving range by approximately 15%.

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电动汽车续驶里程在低温下大幅衰减严重影响其在严寒地区的推广应用。针对此行业难题,提出了一种适用于严寒地区的轻型商用电动汽车间接式热泵系统,该系统所采用的五通阀设计实现了系统的高度集成化,能满足低温环境下车辆各子系统的热需求。在此基础上建立了整车热管理系统的一维仿真模型,并通过台架试验进行了模型验证。通过实车环境仓试验,验证了所提出的热管理系统低温性能指标,并与传统PTC系统进行了采暖性能与采暖能耗的对比。结果表明,所提出的热管理系统能满足轻型商用电动汽车低温下的采暖需求,在-5 ℃条件下,平均脚部吹风温度可达到32.3 ℃。相比于传统PTC,热泵系统具有较好的节能效果,能降低50%以上的系统能耗,提升约15%的续驶里程。

, articleAbstract=

电动汽车续驶里程在低温下大幅衰减严重影响其在严寒地区的推广应用。针对此行业难题,提出了一种适用于严寒地区的轻型商用电动汽车间接式热泵系统,该系统所采用的五通阀设计实现了系统的高度集成化,能满足低温环境下车辆各子系统的热需求。在此基础上建立了整车热管理系统的一维仿真模型,并通过台架试验进行了模型验证。通过实车环境仓试验,验证了所提出的热管理系统低温性能指标,并与传统PTC系统进行了采暖性能与采暖能耗的对比。结果表明,所提出的热管理系统能满足轻型商用电动汽车低温下的采暖需求,在-5 ℃条件下,平均脚部吹风温度可达到32.3 ℃。相比于传统PTC,热泵系统具有较好的节能效果,能降低50%以上的系统能耗,提升约15%的续驶里程。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谢鹏(1992-),男,河北河间人,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为新能源车辆热管理。 E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=oljTrbt5AAyTx1Y56eMtYg==, magXml=T2ISH7GQfUq/O+Y/5Wmi2g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=gLK8nAk7b4XBdX0M/ROLIA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hW2lGHnS0NDUHP2XYXIAxQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王锋军(1976-),男,陕西宝鸡人,学士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为整车热管理。 E-mail:

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王锋军(1976-),男,陕西宝鸡人,学士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为整车热管理。 E-mail:

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王锋军(1976-),男,陕西宝鸡人,学士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为整车热管理。 E-mail:

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部件 关键参数
压缩机 排量为34 cm3/r,允许最大转速8 000 r/min
低温散热器 560 mm×560 mm×32 mm
暖风芯体 296 mm×130 mm×26 mm
电池冷却器 135 mm×65 mm(55 pcs)
水冷冷凝器 140 mm×700 mm×760 mm(55 pcs)
冷凝器 586 mm×460 mm×16 mm
蒸发器 225 mm×295 mm×40 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1175545515979719509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022345737392285, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验系统主要零部件结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件 关键参数
压缩机 排量为34 cm3/r,允许最大转速8 000 r/min
低温散热器 560 mm×560 mm×32 mm
暖风芯体 296 mm×130 mm×26 mm
电池冷却器 135 mm×65 mm(55 pcs)
水冷冷凝器 140 mm×700 mm×760 mm(55 pcs)
冷凝器 586 mm×460 mm×16 mm
蒸发器 225 mm×295 mm×40 mm
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轻型商用电动汽车热泵系统制热性能仿真分析与试验研究
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王锋军 1 , 滕海旭 3, 4 , 罗睿林 2 , 时乐 1 , 谢鹏 2
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2025,15(3): 375-384
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2025, 15(3): 375-384
轻型商用电动汽车热泵系统制热性能仿真分析与试验研究
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王锋军1 , 滕海旭3, 4, 罗睿林2, 时乐1, 谢鹏2
作者信息
  • 1 北汽福田汽车股份有限公司,北京 102206
  • 2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 3 吉林大学 汽车工程学院,长春 130022
  • 4 应雪汽车科技(常熟)有限公司,江苏,常熟 215500
  • 王锋军(1976-),男,陕西宝鸡人,学士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为整车热管理。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

谢鹏(1992-),男,河北河间人,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为新能源车辆热管理。 E-mail:
Simulation and Experimental Study on the Heating Performance of a Heat Pump System for Light Commercial Electric Vehicles
Fengjun WANG1 , Haixu TENG3, 4, Ruilin LUO2, Le SHI1, Peng XIE2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beiqi Foton Motor Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 102206,China
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China
  • 3 College of Automotive Engineering,Jilin University,Changchun 130015,China
  • 4 Ethermal Automotive Technology (Changshu)Co.,Ltd.,Changshu 215500,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.03.10
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电动汽车续驶里程在低温下大幅衰减严重影响其在严寒地区的推广应用。针对此行业难题,提出了一种适用于严寒地区的轻型商用电动汽车间接式热泵系统,该系统所采用的五通阀设计实现了系统的高度集成化,能满足低温环境下车辆各子系统的热需求。在此基础上建立了整车热管理系统的一维仿真模型,并通过台架试验进行了模型验证。通过实车环境仓试验,验证了所提出的热管理系统低温性能指标,并与传统PTC系统进行了采暖性能与采暖能耗的对比。结果表明,所提出的热管理系统能满足轻型商用电动汽车低温下的采暖需求,在-5 ℃条件下,平均脚部吹风温度可达到32.3 ℃。相比于传统PTC,热泵系统具有较好的节能效果,能降低50%以上的系统能耗,提升约15%的续驶里程。

热泵空调  /  整车热管理  /  系统性能  /  控制策略

The significant reduction in electric vehicle driving range at low temperatures has limited their widespread adoption in extremely cold regions. To address this industry challenge, this paper proposes an indirect heat pump system for light commercial electric vehicles operating in severe cold climates. The five-way valve design used in the system enables a high level of system integration, and satisfies the thermal demands of various vehicle subsystems under low-temperature conditions. A 1-D simulation model of the vehicle thermal management system was established and validated through bench testing. The low-temperature performance of the system was assessed using climate chamber experiments on the actual vehicle. The heating performance and energy consumption of the proposed system were compared with those of the traditional Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heating mode. The results show that the proposed thermal management system can meet the heating demands at low temperatures, with the average foot outlet temperature reaching 32.3 ℃ at an ambient temperature of -5 ℃. Compared with the traditional PTC heating, the heat pump system proves superior energy-saving performance, reducing system energy consumption by more than 50% and extending the driving range by approximately 15%.

heat pump air conditioning  /  vehicle thermal management  /  system performance  /  control strategy
王锋军, 滕海旭, 罗睿林, 时乐, 谢鹏. 轻型商用电动汽车热泵系统制热性能仿真分析与试验研究. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (3) : 375 -384 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.03.10
Fengjun WANG, Haixu TENG, Ruilin LUO, Le SHI, Peng XIE. Simulation and Experimental Study on the Heating Performance of a Heat Pump System for Light Commercial Electric Vehicles[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (3) : 375 -384 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.03.10
随着可再生能源占比的不断提升,新能源汽车的推广有望实现真正的“绿色交通”,这是顺利达成我国“双碳”目标的有效手段之一[1-2]。发展新能源汽车已成为我国的国家战略[3]。根据中国汽车工业协会发布的2023年度汽车产销数据,新能源汽车销量同比增长36.7%,创下历史新高[4]。然而,相较于乘用车的快速发展,商用车在电动化转型中仍有较大的提升空间。其中,轻型商用车包括轻卡和皮卡等,主要承载市内物流及城际物流,其电动化转型对降低城市空气污染与碳排放具有更重要的意义[5]
目前,轻型商用电动汽车在我国东北、西北等冬季寒冷地区的推广难度较大,主要原因之一是其冬季续驶里程衰减严重[5-6]。电动汽车冬季续驶里程衰减严重主要是由于低温下动力电池容量降低,以及低温下整车供热能耗过高[6-8]。目前,电动商用车主要通过正温度系数电阻加热器(Positive Temperature Coefficient,PTC)加热以及热泵空调系统供热。与PTC加热相比,热泵空调能吸收环境中的热量为乘员舱加热,因此在相同制热功率下能耗更低[9-12]
然而,不同热泵空调系统的能效差异较大,作为电动汽车中除电机外耗能最大的子系统,热泵的能源转换效率对车辆续驶里程至关重要[13-14]。针对如何提高热泵系统在低温时的能效以及优化整车热管理方案,国内外学者进行了大量研究。季宏增等[15]基于热泵系统制热性能试验,提出了一种在制热低效率范围的热泵PTC耦合制热策略。相较于单一热泵制热,在-10 ℃环境温度下,当车内目标温度为20 ℃时,调节过程中能耗最多降低9.4%,稳定后降低2.8%。HOSOZ等[16]建立了一套R134a热泵空调系统模型,并对系统进行了变温度和变压缩机转速系统性能测试。测试发现,在制热模式下,系统㶲损失随着压缩机转速的提高而减小。此外,华若秋等[17]详细研究了电子膨胀阀的开度变化对系统冷凝压力、蒸发压力、过冷度、制热量、压缩机功耗和性能系数的影响,通过改变电子膨胀阀的开度,可以有效调节热泵出风温度,从而获得较高的能效比。HADDAD等[18]提出了一种基于遗传算法的控制策略,以优化热泵系统的性能系数并降低其能耗。该控制策略的能耗相比于电动客车默认控制器,热泵系统的能耗降低了36%。
对于纯电动汽车,环境温度和系统运行方式等因素会对热管理性能产生影响[8]。与传统乘用车不同,商用车因其高负载、复杂的使用路况以及电池电机的余热价值较高,对热管理性能提出了更高的要求[7-9]。因此,开展商用车热管理系统的相关研究具有重要意义,这将大大提升纯电动商用车的热泵空调性能,为用户提供更舒适的驾驶环境。为提高纯电动汽车的能效、整体性能以及在低温环境下的续驶能力,本研究设计了一套集成式商用车热管理系统。该系统能有效回收和再利用电机产生的余热,同时提升系统的集成度,从而降低整车质量和制造成本。此外,利用AMESim和Matlab联合仿真技术建立了整车热管理系统一维仿真模型,分析了低温下的制热性能,并通过台架试验进行验证。最后,对实车进行了低温环境仓试验,验证了集成式热管理系统制热能力的性能指标。最后对比了热泵模式和传统PTC模式在采暖性能和能耗方面的差异。研究结果为进一步提高纯电动轻型商用车采暖性能提供了参考。
为降低热管理系统的空间占有率,目前纯电动车正朝着集成化和智能化的方向不断进步[5]。本研究提出了一套纯电动轻型商用车集成式热管理系统,以便根据不同工况灵活调整热管理策略。
图1所示,热管理系统展示了其与多个子系统相互耦合的关系。通过系统间协作,该系统满足热管理需求,以适应环境和工况的变化。该系统主要由压缩机、电子膨胀阀、暖风芯体、车外换热器、三通阀、五通阀、水泵、气液分离器等部件组成。当系统处于制热工况时,制冷剂经压缩机压缩后变为高温高压的气态制冷剂,进入板式换热器1,高温制冷剂与板式换热器1中的冷却液进行热量交换。经过加热的冷却液在水泵的作用下将热量从空调箱内的暖风芯体吹入乘员舱,以达到为乘员舱供暖的目的。同时,经过板式换热器1的冷媒经电子膨胀阀1后进入冷凝器与室外空气进行热量交换。从冷凝器排出的低温低压制冷剂进入气液分离器,最后被压缩机吸入。当系统处于制冷工况时,制冷剂经压缩机压缩后变为高温高压的气态制冷剂,经电子膨胀阀1进入冷凝器与室外空气进行热量交换,之后制冷剂流入电子膨胀阀3,经过节流后进入蒸发器,吸收乘员舱内的热量,再进入气液分离器,最后回到压缩机,实现车内的制冷循环。不同模式的切换以及电机的余热回收通过控制图中五通阀的通断实现。电池的制热和冷却主要依靠板式换热器与冷媒进行热量交换,而水泵则驱动冷却液进行间接热量传递。同时,电机余热回收模式将热泵系统耦合至电机模块,有效提高制冷剂的温度和压力,减少压缩机的功耗,从而降低能耗。
本研究建立了整车热管理系统一维仿真模型,如图2所示。系统采用的压缩机排量为34 cm3/r,最大压缩机转速为8 000 r/min,其他零部件信息见表1。由于研究重点为系统性能,所以采用等效的压缩机排气效率、等熵效率、机械效率替代压缩机模型。为了更准确地模拟系统的性能,已对各换热部件进行了标定;同时,对模型进行了简化,忽略了各部件之间以及连接管路之间的热交换,将制冷剂在压缩机中的压缩过程简化为绝热压缩,将制冷剂在电子膨胀阀的膨胀过程简化为绝热膨胀[5]
为了简化仿真分析过程,在AMESim软件中构建的压缩机模型主要关注于容积效率、等熵功率和机械效率3个关键因素。为确保模型的准确性,这3个重要参数均通过现有试验数据进行定义。等熵效率ηis记作:
η i s = h d - h s Δ h i s
式中:hd为制冷剂排气焓值,单位kJ/kg;hs为制冷剂吸气焓值,单位kJ/kg;Δhis为经压缩机等熵压缩的理论焓差[19]
换热器内部的制冷剂质量流量me记作:
m e = C v × ρ × S e × 2 Δ P e ρ
式中: me为质量流量系数;Se为换热器流通制冷剂的有效面积,单位m2;ΔPe制冷剂通过换热器前后的压力差,单位Pa[19-20]
电子膨胀阀的质量流量mc记作:
m c = C v × S e v × 2 ρ i n Δ P e v
式中:Sev为电子膨胀阀的有效流通面积,单位m2 ρ i n为制冷剂密度,单位kg/m3;ΔPev为制冷剂流过电子膨胀阀进出口处的压力差,单位Pa[19]
在详细设计阶段,需对整车性能进行验证,与燃油车系统相比,纯电动车的热管理系统存在高度耦合,因此,需要更复杂的控制策略[7-8]。为了降低热管理系统能耗的同时能保证低温下的采暖性能,采用以热泵为主、PTC加热为辅的控制策略,按不同的工况和目标温度,制定热泵与PTC的能量耦合模式。具体工作策略如下:当环境温度介于-5~20 ℃,通过热泵模式进行乘员舱加热;当环境温度<-5 ℃,且电机出水水温<-3 ℃时,PTC与热泵模式同时制热;当环境温度<-5 ℃,且电机出水水温<-12 ℃时,热泵模式退出。具体逻辑如图3所示。
整车热管理方案包含对乘员舱、电池和电机/电控系统的控制回路,但各子系统间对温度的需求不同,因此,对各子系统基于其确定的物理特性,采用分层式控制策略。同时,建立温控优先级仲裁模块以解决温控冲突,从而执行相应的控制策略以实现所设定的功能模式[7]。基于人体舒适性要求,乘员舱温度在冬季控制在18~25 ℃范围内;考虑到电池活性以及充放电效率和环境温度,电池温度控制在20~35 ℃范围内;电机在工作过程中需确保其温度低于最高警戒温度130 ℃,设定其工作温度达到80 ℃时启动冷却系统。
为了验证模型仿真的准确性,本研究对环境温度为-5 ℃、外循环条件下的仿真数据与台架试验数据进行对比分析。台架性能试验如图4所示。仿真分析中将压缩机的压缩过程简化为绝热压缩,但实际过程中并非理想状态,因此,仿真数据略高于试验数据。由图5可知,虽然压缩机功耗和压缩机吸气压力存在一定偏差,但变化趋势基本保持一致;随着时间的增加,两者均呈现增大趋势,且相对误差在10%以内。因此,在后续的开发中可依靠仿真分析进行系统辅助优化,从而加快开发进程。
本研究首先对在环境温度为-5 ℃、外循环、相对湿度为50%,日照为400 W/m2条件下的双制热(电池+乘员舱)工况进行仿真分析。同时,拟定PTC开启功率为2 kW。
图6a可知,压缩机转速在前期呈现出波动上升的趋势。大约在t=300 s时,压缩机转速趋于稳定(5 700 r/min),此时压缩机的排气温度为115.6 ℃,排气压力为1.86 MPa。此后压缩机转速逐渐降低至5 500 r/min,压缩机排气温度和排气压力分别降低到106.8 ℃、1.55 MPa。在本系统调节压缩机转速时,压缩机转速每降低100 r/min,其排气温度可降低4.4 ℃。
图6b可知,随着压缩机转速的不断增大以及PTC的作用,暖风芯体的出风温度也不断上升。在t=2 000 s时,暖风芯体的出风温度达到25.8 ℃,乘员舱内的温度为17.6 ℃,满足了冬季采暖的需求。同时,电池水温随着时间稳步提升。由图6c可知,压缩机功率先逐渐上升后略微下降,最后稳定在2 200 W,PTC功率则为2 000 W。
对环境温度为-25 ℃条件下的乘员舱和电池制热进行了研究。在-25 ℃的低温环境下,压缩机处于关闭状态,此时系统主要依靠PTC进行工作。
图7可知,PTC功率为8 000 W,暖风芯体进水温度在t=150 s左右升至最大值,约为58.7 ℃,之后略微下降,最后在t=3 600 s时为42.5 ℃。同时,出风温度首先上升到41.3 ℃,之后略微下降,最后在t=3 600 s时为29.6 ℃。电池进出水温度也表现出相同的规律,仿真停止时电池进水温度为39.4 ℃,电池出水温度为25.3 ℃。在仿真分析过程中各项指标数据均稳定在正常的工作范围,可以满足纯电动轻型商用车的热管理系统设计要求。
对装有本研究所提出的新型热管理系统的轻型商用电动汽车进行环境仓试验,如图8所示。该试验验证了该热管理系统在低温环境下的采暖性能,并与传统PTC系统进行性能指标、能耗对比。
试验前首先检查了车辆的状态,确认整车气密性满足设计要求,且通风进气口与排气口均无阻塞。同时,实车已完成制冷剂的充注试验,充注量为950 g。随后,对车舱内进行监测点的布置与采集设备的连接与调试。在每辆试验车的出风口、头部和脚部布置了K型热电偶(测量精度± 0.1 ℃),用于温度采集。试验前车辆充满电,按试验工况达到SOC要求,提前浸车至电池温度、油液温度与环境温度相同。由于冬季采暖工况下,汽车空调主要通过脚部出风口出风,所以本研究主要考察了脚部出风温度平均值和脚部温度的平均值,以评价汽车空调制热性能。
在环境温度为-5 ℃,空气湿度为50%,开启吹脚模式进行实车采暖试验,经过数据处理,得到了实车脚部出风温度和脚部温度随时间的变化,如图9所示。
图9a可知,在0~1 700 s时间段内,空调脚部出风温度上升速率相对较快,由-5 ℃上升到38 ℃左右,平均上升速率为0.03 ℃/s。此后,由于压缩机转速的降低,脚部出风温度略微下降,之后逐渐趋于稳定,主驾和副驾的脚部出风温度分别稳定在31.6、32.4 ℃。脚部温度也表现出相同趋势,由图9b可知,平均脚部温度在前期由-5 ℃逐渐上升到23.6 ℃,平均升温速率为0.03 ℃/s,之后略微降低,最后主驾和副驾的平均脚部温度分别稳定在23.7、23.3 ℃。同时,也可看出主驾和副驾的脚部平均出风温度差值较小,能满足乘员的舒适性,且目标热管理系统可满足-5 ℃下的低温采暖需求。
为更好地比较上述设计的轻型商用电动汽车热泵模式与传统PTC供暖模式的性能指标与能耗,在环境模拟实验室选取环境温度为-5 ℃,车速为0 km/h,开启吹脚出风模式及最大风量的工况下,分两组对试验样车进行能耗测试。一组为搭载了目标热管理系统的纯热泵运行模式,另一组为传统PTC模式,以作对比。
试验开始前,车辆均处于满电状态,其他试验条件与制热性能试验保持一致,全程持续采集出风口的空气温度值。由图10可知,经过数据处理,得到了PTC能耗与仅热泵系统的脚部温度和脚部出风温度随时间的变化。
在前期(t=0 ~1 600 s),由于PTC的作用,升温速率较热泵模式更快。之后在PTC的作用下,脚部吹风温度稳定在30.2 ℃。相反,热泵系统虽前期升温速率较慢,但在1 600 s后,脚部出风温度明显较高,最后稳定在32.5 ℃。同样,脚部温度表现出相同的规律;在1 600 s后,热泵系统的平均脚部温度明显高于PTC系统,二者的平均脚部温度分别稳定在23.3 ℃和20.6 ℃。
对比热泵系统下与PTC系统下的能耗,如图11所示。当能耗达到1 kWh时,PTC系统耗时约720 s,热泵系统耗时约3 600 s。这表明,在消耗相同能量的情况下,热泵系统的续驶时间明显优于PTC系统。可以看出,采用热泵模式相比PTC模式能提升续驶里程。
在测试的全过程中R134a压缩机的功率和能耗始终维持在较低水平。当测试终止时,其能耗仅达到约1.1 kWh,上升速率约为0.33 W/s,显示出较高的节能效果。然而,目前冬季制热仍主要依赖PTC加热。PTC在低温工况下的加热功率较大,导致能耗相对增加。PTC在1 h内消耗的能量高达3 800 W,上升速率约为1.05 W/s,是热泵模式能耗的3.2倍。此外,随着运行时间的增加,两者的比值呈逐渐增大趋势。通过对比可以发现,目标热泵系统在冬季采暖过程中更加节能,并显著提高轻型商用车的续驶里程。
本研究提出了一种适用于轻型商用电动汽车的热泵型热管理系统,建立了整车热管理系统的一维仿真模型,并通过台架试验进行模型的验证。通过对实车进行低温环境仓试验,验证了目标热管理系统的采暖性能指标,并与传统PTC供暖模式的采暖性能和能耗进行对比,得出以下结论。
1)提出的热管理系统在轻型商用电动汽车上具有良好的应用效果,能使车辆适应宽温域,同时有效提高电池模组和乘员舱内温度。具体而言,在环境温度为-5 ℃的条件下,脚部平均出风温度和脚部平均温度分别达到约32.3 ℃和23.5 ℃。
2)研究表明,热泵系统对能耗的影响显著,相较于PTC供暖模式,热泵更加节能。PTC供暖模式的能耗上升速率约为热泵模式的3.2倍,且随着运行时间的增加,这一比值有逐渐增大的趋势。这也说明热泵系统在冬季更加节能,并能显著提高轻型商用车的续驶里程。
3)建立的整车热管理系统一维仿真模型能较准确地模拟低温下的采暖性能。在环境温度为-5 ℃时,相比于传统的PTC供暖模式,热泵模式能降低50%以上的系统能耗,并提升约15%的续驶里程。研究结果可为后续优化控制策略,提高系统的制热效率提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52302450)
  • 北京市自然科学基金项目(3232034)
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2025年第15卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095‒1469.2025.03.10
  • 接收时间:2025-02-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-16
  • 修回日期:2025-03-12
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52302450)
北京市自然科学基金项目(3232034)
作者信息
    1 北汽福田汽车股份有限公司,北京 102206
    2 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    3 吉林大学 汽车工程学院,长春 130022
    4 应雪汽车科技(常熟)有限公司,江苏,常熟 215500

通讯作者:

谢鹏(1992-),男,河北河间人,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为新能源车辆热管理。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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