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This paper investigates the impact characteristics, damage evolution in residual performance, and the damage repair methods of PET foam sandwich structures through a combination of experimental and numerical approaches. The objective is to clarify the mechanisms of impact-induced deformation and damage, the principles for determining damage tolerance and the fundamental structural repair strategies, thereby providing systematic guidance for the application of PET foam sandwich structures. In addition, the successive orthogonal design optimization method is used to perform discrete multi-objective optimization of the structural repair scheme, and a set of optimal repair parameters is obtained for the sandwich structure. These results provide a valuable reference for the effective repair of PET foam sandwich structures.

, articleAbstract=

This paper investigates the impact characteristics, damage evolution in residual performance, and the damage repair methods of PET foam sandwich structures through a combination of experimental and numerical approaches. The objective is to clarify the mechanisms of impact-induced deformation and damage, the principles for determining damage tolerance and the fundamental structural repair strategies, thereby providing systematic guidance for the application of PET foam sandwich structures. In addition, the successive orthogonal design optimization method is used to perform discrete multi-objective optimization of the structural repair scheme, and a set of optimal repair parameters is obtained for the sandwich structure. These results provide a valuable reference for the effective repair of PET foam sandwich structures.

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采用试验和仿真相结合的方法,探究了PET泡沫夹层结构冲击响应特点、损伤剩余性能演化规律以及损伤修复方法,旨在阐明PET泡沫夹层结构冲击变形损伤机理、损伤容限确定原则和结构修复的基本方案,为PET泡沫夹层结构的应用提供系统的指导。此外,采用序列正交设计优化方法对结构修复方案进行了离散多目标的优化工作,获取一组最优的夹层结构修复参数,可为PET泡沫夹层结构的修复提供重要依据。

, articleAbstract=

采用试验和仿真相结合的方法,探究了PET泡沫夹层结构冲击响应特点、损伤剩余性能演化规律以及损伤修复方法,旨在阐明PET泡沫夹层结构冲击变形损伤机理、损伤容限确定原则和结构修复的基本方案,为PET泡沫夹层结构的应用提供系统的指导。此外,采用序列正交设计优化方法对结构修复方案进行了离散多目标的优化工作,获取一组最优的夹层结构修复参数,可为PET泡沫夹层结构的修复提供重要依据。

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霍新涛(1991-),男,安徽阜阳人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为汽车轻量化、安全防护、新材料应用及其修复技术。 E-mail:

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霍新涛(1991-),男,安徽阜阳人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为汽车轻量化、安全防护、新材料应用及其修复技术。 E-mail:

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试样编号 尺寸/mm 冲击能量/J
I-E25J

100×100×33.4

(3次重复试验)

25
I-E50 J 50
I-E75 J 75
I-E100 J 100
I-E120 J 120
), ArticleFig(id=1175545743738814876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022344814645400, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低速冲击试样汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号 尺寸/mm 冲击能量/J
I-E25J

100×100×33.4

(3次重复试验)

25
I-E50 J 50
I-E75 J 75
I-E100 J 100
I-E120 J 120
), ArticleFig(id=1175545743793340829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022344814645400, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号 尺寸/mm 备注
IPC-E0J

100×100×33.4

(3次重复试验)

无冲击
IPC-E25J 冲击能量: 25 J
IPC-E50J 冲击能量: 50 J
IPC-E75J 冲击能量: 75 J
IPC-E100J 冲击能量: 100 J
IPC-E120J 冲击能量: 120 J
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面内压缩试样汇总

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试样编号 尺寸/mm 备注
IPC-E0J

100×100×33.4

(3次重复试验)

无冲击
IPC-E25J 冲击能量: 25 J
IPC-E50J 冲击能量: 50 J
IPC-E75J 冲击能量: 75 J
IPC-E100J 冲击能量: 100 J
IPC-E120J 冲击能量: 120 J
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材料 模量/GPa 屈服应力/MPa 极限强度/MPa I型断裂韧性/(mJ/mm2 II型断裂韧性/(mJ/mm2
Al5754 67.80 156.20 247.20
PET foam 72.10 1.46
Araldite® 2015 1.85 12.63 21.63 0.43 4.70
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组分材料参数汇总

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材料 模量/GPa 屈服应力/MPa 极限强度/MPa I型断裂韧性/(mJ/mm2 II型断裂韧性/(mJ/mm2
Al5754 67.80 156.20 247.20
PET foam 72.10 1.46
Araldite® 2015 1.85 12.63 21.63 0.43 4.70
), ArticleFig(id=1175545744078553505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022344814645400, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
低速冲击工况 面内压缩工况 冲击后压缩工况(能量:120 J)
起始峰值力/N 吸能/J 第2峰值力/N 峰值力/N 吸能/J 峰值力/N 吸能/J
误差/% 6.6 9.0 2.9 1.6 25.0 5.2 0.8
试验结果 6 135 122 5 721 70 494 240 42 650 131
仿真结果 6 541 133 5 885 69 382 301 40 440 132
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仿真与试验结果对比

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低速冲击工况 面内压缩工况 冲击后压缩工况(能量:120 J)
起始峰值力/N 吸能/J 第2峰值力/N 峰值力/N 吸能/J 峰值力/N 吸能/J
误差/% 6.6 9.0 2.9 1.6 25.0 5.2 0.8
试验结果 6 135 122 5 721 70 494 240 42 650 131
仿真结果 6 541 133 5 885 69 382 301 40 440 132
), ArticleFig(id=1175545744216965539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022344814645400, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计变量 变量水平值/mm
上面板挖孔直径(d1 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
下面板挖孔直径(d2 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75
泡沫挖孔直径(d3 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
), ArticleFig(id=1175545744279880100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022344814645400, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

设计变量及其离散取值水平

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设计变量 变量水平值/mm
上面板挖孔直径(d1 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
下面板挖孔直径(d2 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75
泡沫挖孔直径(d3 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
), ArticleFig(id=1175545744338600357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022344814645400, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计变量 变量水平/mm
1 2 3
上面板挖孔直径(d1 38 40 42
下面板挖孔直径(d2 63 65 67
泡沫挖孔直径(d3 28 30 32
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初始设计变量及其具体取值水平

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设计变量 变量水平/mm
1 2 3
上面板挖孔直径(d1 38 40 42
下面板挖孔直径(d2 63 65 67
泡沫挖孔直径(d3 28 30 32
), ArticleFig(id=1175545744489595303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022344814645400, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 设计变量/mm 惩罚后目标函数 接近度系数
d1 d2 d3 f1x)/N f2x)/g
1 42 67 28 66 834 20.0 0.08
2 38 65 32 63 055 18.2 0.67
3 42 63 32 65 914 18.4 0.60
4 38 67 30 64 881 19.0 0.38
5 40 67 32 63 232 19.5 0.18
6 42 65 30 65 977 19.2 0.31
7 40 65 28 63 580 18.7 0.51
8 40 63 30 64 189 17.9 0.80
9 38 63 28 63 975 17.4 0.94
), ArticleFig(id=1175545744573481384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153022344814645400, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

基于初始迭代基准的正交采样结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 设计变量/mm 惩罚后目标函数 接近度系数
d1 d2 d3 f1x)/N f2x)/g
1 42 67 28 66 834 20.0 0.08
2 38 65 32 63 055 18.2 0.67
3 42 63 32 65 914 18.4 0.60
4 38 67 30 64 881 19.0 0.38
5 40 67 32 63 232 19.5 0.18
6 42 65 30 65 977 19.2 0.31
7 40 65 28 63 580 18.7 0.51
8 40 63 30 64 189 17.9 0.80
9 38 63 28 63 975 17.4 0.94
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夹层结构冲击损伤剩余性能与损伤修复方法
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金希红 1 , 霍新涛 2 , 王锴 1 , 毛敏捷 3 , 张豪 3 , 谷先广 2
汽车工程学报 | 安全技术专栏/主编:曹立波 2025,15(3): 306-318
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汽车工程学报 | 安全技术专栏/主编:曹立波 2025, 15(3): 306-318
夹层结构冲击损伤剩余性能与损伤修复方法
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金希红1, 霍新涛2 , 王锴1, 毛敏捷3, 张豪3, 谷先广2
作者信息
  • 1 重载快捷大功率电力机车全国重点实验室,湖南,株洲 412001
  • 2 合肥工业大学 汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230009
  • 3 湖南大学 整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082
  • 霍新涛(1991-),男,安徽阜阳人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为汽车轻量化、安全防护、新材料应用及其修复技术。 E-mail:

On Residual Performance and Repair Strategies of Sandwich Structures After Impact Damage
Xihong JIN1, Xintao HUO2 , Kai WANG1, Minjie MAO3, Hao ZHANG3, Xianguang GU2
Affiliations
  • 1 The State Key Laboratory of Heavy-Duty and Exptress High-Power Electric Locomotive,Zhuzhou 412001,Hunan,China
  • 2 School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering,Hefei University of Technology,Hefei 230009,China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle,Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.04
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采用试验和仿真相结合的方法,探究了PET泡沫夹层结构冲击响应特点、损伤剩余性能演化规律以及损伤修复方法,旨在阐明PET泡沫夹层结构冲击变形损伤机理、损伤容限确定原则和结构修复的基本方案,为PET泡沫夹层结构的应用提供系统的指导。此外,采用序列正交设计优化方法对结构修复方案进行了离散多目标的优化工作,获取一组最优的夹层结构修复参数,可为PET泡沫夹层结构的修复提供重要依据。

泡沫夹层结构  /  低速冲击  /  面内压缩  /  剩余性能  /  结构修复

This paper investigates the impact characteristics, damage evolution in residual performance, and the damage repair methods of PET foam sandwich structures through a combination of experimental and numerical approaches. The objective is to clarify the mechanisms of impact-induced deformation and damage, the principles for determining damage tolerance and the fundamental structural repair strategies, thereby providing systematic guidance for the application of PET foam sandwich structures. In addition, the successive orthogonal design optimization method is used to perform discrete multi-objective optimization of the structural repair scheme, and a set of optimal repair parameters is obtained for the sandwich structure. These results provide a valuable reference for the effective repair of PET foam sandwich structures.

foam sandwich structure  /  low speed impact  /  in plane compression  /  remaining performance  /  structural repair
金希红, 霍新涛, 王锴, 毛敏捷, 张豪, 谷先广. 夹层结构冲击损伤剩余性能与损伤修复方法. 汽车工程学报, 2025 , 15 (3) : 306 -318 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.04
Xihong JIN, Xintao HUO, Kai WANG, Minjie MAO, Hao ZHANG, Xianguang GU. On Residual Performance and Repair Strategies of Sandwich Structures After Impact Damage[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2025 , 15 (3) : 306 -318 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.04
聚合物泡沫夹层结构具有质量轻、弯曲刚度与强度高的结构优势,广泛应用于轨道交通[1-2]、航空航天[3-4]乃至船舶[5-6]等领域,为大型结构的轻量化设计提供了重要解决方案[7-8]。PET泡沫材料具有良好的疲劳耐久性和可回收特性,在汽车车身中具有广泛的应用潜力,可以作为夹层结构芯层材料在车身外覆盖件、地板以及内部隔墙中使用,能实现显著的车身减重效果[9-10]。不仅如此,基于夹层结构的汽车一体化线控滑板底盘具有良好的结构防护性能和超轻的结构特性,是未来电动汽车底盘设计的发展方向。
PET泡沫夹层结构尽管具有良好的轻量化优势,但是作为大面积覆盖件应用时不可避免地要承受来自外界异物的冲击,使结构出现复杂的损伤失效模式从而导致结构性能显著折减,致使泡沫夹层结构无法满足结构性能要求[11-13]。因此,开展对PET泡沫夹层结构抗冲击性能及其冲击后剩余性能的研究是实现夹层结构汽车一体化线控滑板底盘可靠设计的基础。此外,夹层结构在小能量冲击下,结构损伤并不彻底,通过零件更换的结构修复将显著提升使用成本,因此,夹层结构局部损伤修复是其结构低成本应用的关键技术。截至目前,针对PET泡沫夹层结构修复的损伤区域确定、修复原则、修复方案均未形成统一标准,开展PET泡沫夹层结构局部损伤修复相关研究工作对于推动其结构应用具有重要意义。
泡沫夹层结构在不同能量面外冲击工况下表现出复杂的变形失效模式,包括:面板损伤、界面断裂、芯层压痕以及芯层剪切断裂等[14-15],针对不同失效模式应提出不同的修复原则以及修复方案。一般来说,针对夹层结构不同损伤模式和程度,主要的修复方式包括:挖孔修补法[16-17]、局部加强法[18]、贴片修补法[19]和预埋通道注胶修复法[20]等。其中,挖孔修补法工艺简单,容易实现,同时修复效果较好,在工程实际中具有良好的应用潜力。对于挖孔修补法,损伤区域的标定和挖孔形状及尺寸的选择对夹层结构性能修复影响显著,因此,合理的修复匹配方案对于PET泡沫夹层结构的性能恢复具有重要意义。
本研究首先对PET泡沫夹层结构在低速冲击工况下的变形失效机理以及结构冲击响应进行了试验,对结构冲击后面内压缩剩余性能进行了量化分析,揭示了对PET泡沫夹层结构冲击性能与剩余性能的基本响应规律。以此为基础,构建了PET泡沫夹层结构冲击仿真模型以及冲击后缩仿真模型,准确预测了PET泡沫夹层结构抗冲击性能及其冲击后的压缩响应,对于PET泡沫夹层结构修复方案的进一步探究具有重要作用。最后,基于有限元仿真模型对PET泡沫夹层结构的修复方案进行了系统性探讨,分析了挖补修复方法的作用机理和修复效果,并基于序列正交设计优化方法对挖补修复方法的特征修复尺寸进行设计,给出了最优的特征修复尺寸匹配结果,实现了良好的修复效果。本文基于仿真与试验所形成的相关机理与结论,对于PET泡沫夹层结构在汽车车身结构中的应用与修复具有良好的指导作用。
本研究以PET泡沫夹芯与铝合金面板构成的夹层结构为研究对象,开展了结构冲击力学行为与防护性能的研究,并探讨了PET泡沫夹层结构冲击后面内压缩剩余性能与损伤容限。试样的具体结构及其制造工艺如图1所示,采用铝合金Al5754作为夹层结构面板材料,芯层为ArmaForm® PET泡沫材料(密度:150 kg/m3),面板与芯层界面采用环氧基结构胶粘剂Araldite® 2015进行连接。试样制备采用热压工艺实现,考虑到胶粘剂固化特性以及PET泡沫温度软化效应,热压温度设为50 ℃同时压力设置为0.2 MPa,以保证Araldite® 2015实现良好粘接性能,同时避免芯层压溃的情况。此外,鉴于Araldite® 2015的固化特性,保温时间设置为6 h。
为了揭示PET泡沫夹层结构冲击损伤机理,评价其结构抗冲击性能,引入动态落锤试验系统对PET泡沫夹层结构开展低速冲击试验。试验设备及试样如图2所示,方形试样(100 mm×100 mm)由气动夹具加持,夹具中心开孔直径为76 mm;球形冲头(直径:10 mm)以自由落体加速后撞击试样中心位置,配重、传感器以及冲头总质量为17.55 kg。在冲击试验过程中,冲头冲击速度以及冲击能量可以通过冲击头高度进行控制,冲头初速度采用激光传感器进行测量,设计了5个水平(25、50、75、100、120 J)冲击能量以探究夹层结构冲击响应机理,冲击试验中涉及的试样见表1
此外,冲击过程中冲头接触反力由载荷传感器记录,冲头位移则由初速度和载荷信息计算获取,并基于激光传感器数据进行验证。因此,通过试验可准确获取冲击过程中的载荷、位移、速度以及加速度等信息随加载时间的变化规律,可以用于PET泡沫夹层结构冲击响应机理的分析。试样冲击后采用光学扫描设备对其表面变形进行测量,用以评价夹层结构损伤程度,作为后期分析剩余性能机理的支撑数据以及制定结构损伤修复方案的基本依据。
为了评价和分析PET泡沫夹层结构面内压缩性能以及冲击后压缩(CAI)性能,参考ASTM C364试验标准开展了加载端部带约束的面内压缩试验[21]。试验设备及试样如图3所示,矩形试样通过螺纹预紧夹持,夹具上下压板通过4个直线滑轨连接以消除压板之间不必要的相对运动;采用准静态万能试验设备对试样进行加载,加载模式采用位移控制,横梁加载速度为2 mm/min。试验过程中,通过载荷传感器和横梁位移传感器记录压板接触反力和位移,同时引入数字图像相关(DIC)系统测量试样侧面变形信息和记录试样在面内压缩工况下的变形失效模式。面内压缩试验中涉及的试样见表2
采用商业软件ABAQUS/Explicit对PET泡沫夹层结构在低速冲击和面内压缩工况下的力学行为响应进行有限元建模和仿真,并基于该有限元模型探究了挖补修复方法的效果和可行性。对于铝合金面板和PET泡沫芯层,均采用实体单元进行模拟(图4),可以在实现高效计算的同时保证结构力学行为的模拟精度。其中,面板采用各向同性弹-塑性本构,同时考虑了铝合金材料的非线性硬化以及损伤失效,对于金属面板材料的失效行为采用了*Ductile damage损伤准则进行描述;对于PET泡沫材料,采用了各向同性弹性本构结合可压缩泡沫屈服本构(*Crushable Foam)对其弹-塑性行为进行模拟,同时引入*Ductile damage损伤准则对其失效行为进行描述;金属面板与泡沫芯层之间界面引入内聚力单元进行模拟,可准确复现夹层结构界面失效行为;各组分材料之间以及与冲头、夹具之间的接触采用通用接触模型,摩擦因数设为0.15,同时引入内部接触算法以避免因材料删除导致的计算穿透问题。模型中涉及的材料参数见表3,其中,铝合金面板性能采用单轴拉伸试验获取,PET泡沫材料参数由单轴压缩试验获取,Araldite®2015胶粘剂内聚力参数来自参考文献[22-23]
为了全面评价有限元仿真模型的有效性,基于低速冲击和面内压缩两种工况下的结构响应与失效模式对仿真模型进行了试验验证。图5图6分别展示了在低速冲击、面内压缩以及冲击后压缩3种工况下PET泡沫夹层结构仿真与试验响应曲线及变形模式的对比,可以直观地看出,本文提出的有限元仿真建模方法能准确复现PET泡沫夹层结构在不同工况下的结构响应,可以用于代替实际结构支撑其结构损伤修复的相关研究。
表4给出了夹层结构典型性能指标仿真与试验结果对比,可以发现有限元模型在典型力学性能指标方面能达到10%以内的模拟精度,能满足工程实际分析所需的精度要求。但对于面内压缩工况下的结构吸能,仿真模型结果显著高于试验值,误差超过20%,原因在于夹层结构面板进入塑性变形阶段后,其结构屈曲行为受到实际加载约束条件的影响显著,仿真模型中采用了理想的约束加载条件,无法考虑夹层结构实际受载情况,从而导致仿真结果中结构失稳显著延迟,进而使结构仿真在吸能方面较实际情况显著提升。本研究对于PET泡沫夹层结构在面内压缩工况下的性能评价主要以峰值载荷为主,因此,所构建的有限元模型能满足实际分析对模型精度的需求。
需要注意的是,在面外冲击工况下,仿真模型的载荷响应中出现了局部的突变和波动,其原因在于穿刺过程中的泡沫单元删除以及界面裂纹的迅速传播。在当前的商业有限元软件中,采用实体单元对夹层结构进行均匀化建模以模拟其结构的损伤与失效,还无法避免模型接触载荷输出的波动问题。对于面内压缩工况,仿真结果与试验结果在位移上存在一定的偏差,其原因在于仿真模型中未考虑实际试验加载过程中压板的不平行度、试样的缺陷和夹持力的影响等,这就使有限元模型对夹层结构在面内压缩工况下的失稳预测产生了一定误差。
此外,从变形模式对比可以看出,有限元仿真模型能准确复现PET泡沫夹层结构在低速冲击工况下的面板塑性变形和损伤失效,同时也对面内压缩工况下PET泡沫夹层结构面板的屈曲行为实现了有效模拟。对于面外冲击工况,PET泡沫结构在大能量冲击下产生了明显的结构损伤,包括:上下面板塑性变形与断裂、泡沫芯层断裂、胶层破裂以及泡沫/胶层界面处断裂等失效特征。在本研究建模方法模拟下,上述失效模式/特征均被准确复现,因此,本有限元模型能准确模拟PET泡沫夹层结构在面外冲击工况下的变形失效机理。对于面内压缩工况,PET泡沫夹层结构出现了整体屈曲变形模式,同时伴随着泡沫与胶层界面的断裂失效,显然有限元仿真模型准确模拟了PET泡沫夹层结构在面内压缩工况下的变形失效特征。综上所述,本研究采用的PET泡沫夹层结构建模方法能模拟其结构在不同载荷工况下的力学行为与响应,其仿真预测精度能有效支撑后续的损伤修复研究工作。
夹层结构在受到外部低速冲击载荷作用后,会产生不同程度的损伤[24],包括面板失效、胶层失效、芯层失效和胶粘界面失效等。损伤的形成和相互作用极易导致夹层复合材料结构强度和使用寿命显著降低,夹层结构一旦出现损伤就立即报废,将造成巨大的经济损失,因此,对夹层复合材料进行有效的修复是至关重要的。目前对夹层结构的修补方法主要包括机械连接修补法(螺接和铆接)、贴补法、挖补法等。其中,挖补法修复强度较高,且能满足结构表面的气动性要求,适用于夹层结构这种较厚截面结构的修补,因此,本文拟采用挖补法对低速冲击后的PET泡沫夹层结构的修复方案进行研究。结果表明,PET泡沫夹层结构在不同能量冲击后其剩余性能具有显著差异,在小能量(25、50 J)冲击后剩余性能仍高于80%,而在较大能量(75、100、120 J)冲击后,夹层结构剩余性能明显下降(低于60%),此时结构性能显著折减。因此,本节针对大能量(120 J)冲击后的PET泡沫夹层结构开展修复方案研究工作,在冲击能量下,PET泡沫夹层结构损伤最严重,前后铝合金面板均发生穿透。
根据PET泡沫夹层结构在大能量冲击下的失效情况,制定了其结构修复方案,如图7所示。根据冲击试验结果(图7a)可知,PET泡沫夹层结构损伤主要集中于冲头附近区域,其中,上面板在小范围内产生了显著的塑性变形并伴随断裂失效,但上面板与芯层之间未出现胶层界面的大面积失效;而下面板在较大范围内产生了显著的塑性变形,也出现断裂失效行为,不仅如此,下面板与芯层之间出现了胶层界面的大面积失效;芯层泡沫则主要出现穿刺失效断裂,同时芯层泡沫将受到上面板变形导致的压缩,从而产生局部区域压缩变形。在结构修补方案中,应尽可能切除组分材料损伤和大变形部分。因此,本研究针对上下面板和芯层泡沫3个典型区域进行挖孔后修补,如图7b所示。对应上面板、下面板和泡沫芯层的挖孔操作,3个特征尺寸d1d2d3分别代表上面板挖孔直径、下面板挖孔直径和泡沫芯层挖孔直径。根据PET泡沫夹层结构实际冲击损伤区域尺寸,3个特征尺寸取值范围描述为:d1≥30 mm, d2≥55 mm , d3≥20 mm。不仅如此,考虑到下面板变形损伤区域大于上面板,同时上面板变形损伤区域面积大于泡沫芯层,因此,3个特征尺寸之间的关系应保证:d2d1d3。此外,需要注意的是,在加工过程中,控制切削速度,避免对夹层结构造成严重的二次损伤,并要求将两侧泡沫表面残留的胶粘剂去除,从而保证后续修补过程中的粘接修补效果。
夹层结构的补片采用与原本组分材料相同材料,即:上下面板采用铝合金Al5754补片进行修补;泡沫芯层采用密度为150 kg/m3的PET泡沫补片进行修补;补片与原PET泡沫夹层结构采用胶粘连接实现修补,为实现良好的修复效果,采用了与原结构相同的高强度环氧基结构胶Araldite® 2015。PET泡沫夹层结构修补过程采用热压工艺,具体工艺过程及参数与原始夹层结构热压工艺相同,如图1所示。
PET泡沫夹层结构在不同能量冲击工况下的结构力学响应曲线如图8所示,由图可知,PET泡沫夹层结构在不同能量(速度)冲击下的载荷-位移曲线相互之间能吻合一致,这表明在所研究的加载速度范围(小于3.7 m/s)内,PET泡沫夹层结构无明显的应变率效应,同时也说明PET泡沫夹层结构冲击试验重复性良好。与其他相关研究[25]的情况类似,PET泡沫夹层结构冲击响应主要可以分为6个阶段,分别为:弹性变形阶段;上面板塑性变形阶段;上面板断裂阶段;芯层穿刺阶段;芯层压实与下面板塑性变形阶段;下面板断裂阶段。在低速冲击工况下,PET泡沫夹层结构的弹性变形阶段仅仅出现在冲击加载的早期并且历程较短,这表明PET泡沫夹层结构极易产生永久变形与材料损伤,也是夹层结构在大面积覆盖件上应用时需要考虑结构冲击损伤容限及剩余性能的原因。此外,当芯层高度较小时,第4阶段(芯层穿刺阶段)并不一定在结构载荷-位移曲线中能有效体现。
图9给出了PET泡沫夹层结构在不同冲击速度下的变形与失效模式,随着冲击能量的增加,夹层结构变形失效进入了不同的冲击阶段。在PET泡沫夹层结构冲击的不同阶段伴随着组分材料的不同变形模式和程度,并且存在明显的固定顺序,这与冲头在穿刺过程中与夹层结构不同组分材料的接触顺序密切相关。由不同能量冲击后的试样冲击截面可知,当冲击能量为25 J时(A点),铝合金上面板发生了显著的塑性变形,并伴随细小裂纹,但未发生穿透;当冲击能量为50 J时(B点),上面板发生完全断裂,冲头侵入泡沫芯层并进入稳定穿刺过程,此时结构承载主要来自PET泡沫材料的压缩、剪切及其与冲头之间的摩擦作用;当冲击能量为75 J时(C点),PET泡沫材料压缩变形显著,逐渐密实化,因此,载荷迅速上升并传递至下面板,进而导致下面板发生严重塑性变形,此时下面板处结构胶与泡沫芯层界面出现大面积断裂但下面板未出现韧性断裂;当冲击能量为100 J时(D点),下面板塑性变形达到极限,且出现明显裂纹,PET泡沫夹层结构整体完全失去承载能力。PET泡沫夹层结构冲击工况下的结构变形与失效表现出明显的阶段性特征,这将导致冲击后PET泡沫夹层结构的剩余性能也表现出显著的阶梯式特征。
基于面内压缩工况对冲击后PET泡沫夹层结构的剩余性能演化规律进行了探究,图10展示了在不同能量冲击后夹层结构面内压缩载荷响应曲线,其中,每个冲击能量水平均进行了3次重复试验,虚线为重复试验结果。不难发现,冲击后PET泡沫夹层结构压缩试验结果具有良好的一致性。总体上看,冲击后PET泡沫夹层结构的剩余性能演化规律并非渐进式下降,而是呈现阶梯式下降趋势。图11展示了PET泡沫夹层结构在面内压缩工况下峰值载荷随冲击能量增加的演化趋势。以无冲击损伤(冲击能量为0 J)夹层结构为基准,PET泡沫夹层结构剩余性能可由冲击后面内压缩峰值载荷计算获得。基于试验结果可知,当夹层结构受到25 J和50 J能量冲击后,其面内压缩峰值载荷剩余性能约为80%;当夹层结构受到75、100、120 J能量冲击后,其面内压缩峰值载荷剩余性能降至60%左右。
显然,在25 J和50 J能量冲击后的夹层结构具有相似的剩余性能,同时在75、100、120 J能量冲击后的夹层结构也表现出相同结果,其原因在于,PET泡沫夹层结构面内压缩性能主要由金属面板性能决定。在25 J和50 J能量冲击下,PET泡沫夹层结构仅仅产生上面板的变形与损伤,因此,表现出相同的面内压缩剩余性能;而在75、100、120 J能量冲击下,PET泡沫夹层结构的上/下面板均产生了变形和损伤,此时夹层结构剩余性能同样表现出相似水平,并已接近结构剩余性能的极限值。此外,从图11中夹层结构屈曲模式可以看出,由于冲击变形和损伤的引导,冲击后PET泡沫夹层结构均表现出相同的面内压缩变形失效模式,相对而言,未进行冲击损伤的夹层结构试样则表现出随机的屈曲变形方向和模式。
为了改善冲击损伤后夹层结构剩余性能表现,采用挖补法对PET泡沫夹层结构开展修复方案研究工作,具体修复细节如第3节所述。基于仿真方法,选取特征尺寸分别为d1=30 mm、 d2=65 mm 和 d3=20 mm的修补方案对修复效果进行分析,图12展示了修复前后PET泡沫夹层结构面内压缩性能对比结果。由图可知,PET泡沫夹层结构在120 J能量冲击后,其面内压缩性能显著折减,峰值载荷下降至未损伤结构的58%左右,这与上述试验结果能很好地吻合。不难发现,未损伤PET泡沫夹层结构在面内压缩工况下首先出现稳定的压缩变形,结构的整体失稳出现在面板塑性变形之后,并且在结构整体失稳前存在一段较长的面板材料塑性变形区;而对于冲击损伤后的PET泡沫夹层结构,由于已经出现材料的局部失效和永久塑性变形,在面内压缩工况下结构的整体失稳提前出现,所以未出现面板材料大面积的塑性变形阶段,这是导致PET泡沫夹层结构面内压缩性能显著折减的重要因素和机理。
挖补法的核心在于去除PET泡沫夹层结构在冲击过程中产生的失效和塑性变形的部分材料,然后采用相同材料对挖孔后的结构进行修补填充,修补材料及贴片采用高强度结构胶进行连接。该方法能在保证良好修复效果的同时不显著增加结构质量,在工程实际中具有广阔的应用潜力。基于仿真模拟结果可以发现,采用挖补法对结构进行修补能显著提升损伤结构力学性能,使其结构力学性能恢复至未损伤结构的90%以上。如图12所示,修复后PET泡沫夹层结构面内压缩响应曲线形式与未损伤结构基本一致,同样出现了面板材料的大面积屈服和硬化,这表明胶粘剂在修补结构中能有效传递载荷,在很大程度上恢复了夹层结构的完整性。
图13展示了修补后PET泡沫夹层结构在面内压缩工况下的变形过程,结果表明,修补后PET泡沫夹层结构在面内压缩工况下呈现出接近对称的变形模式,此外,需要注意的是修补后PET泡沫夹层结构首先出现胶层界面损伤断裂,而后引起面板整体屈曲。与之不同,未损伤PET泡沫夹层结构在面内压缩工况下则首先出现结构的整体屈曲,而后产生胶层界面损伤断裂。此外,在面内压缩加载过程中,面板处修补胶粘剂在结构整体失稳之前出现了损伤与失效,并且随着加载的不断进行损伤失效面积逐渐增大。这表明所使用的结构胶粘剂强度仍无法满足PET泡沫夹层结构局部高应力的载荷传递需求,因此,基于高强度胶粘剂的夹层结构修补方法无法完全恢复结构性能。但是直至加载结束,面板处修补胶粘剂仍未完全失效,这也反映出高强度胶粘剂在结构修补中发挥了很好的作用。
显然,PET泡沫夹层结构的损伤修复效果将受到3个修补特征尺寸的显著影响,如何获取最优的修补特征尺寸匹配方案以实现最好的结构性能恢复效果,有助于指导工程实际应用中PET泡沫夹层结构损伤修复的具体实施。以上/下面板挖孔直径和泡沫芯层挖孔直径为设计变量,以峰值载荷( f 1 x)和补片总质量( f 2 x)为设计目标,采用序列正交设计优化方法[26-28]进行了PET泡沫夹层结构损伤修复方案的优化。该优化考虑了修补特征尺寸的离散优化,3个特征尺寸变量的离散取值见表5。此外,对于该多目标优化问题,引入熵权法[26]确定不同属性的权重系数以实现正交采样信息的充分利用,同时基于与理想解相似性的排序偏好方法(TOPSIS)对正交采样点进行优劣排序[29-30],以实现多目标属性的寻优。对于特征尺寸变量的取值范围约束问题,通过引入惩罚函数实现约束问题向无约束问题的转化,图14给出了序列正交设计优化方法的基本流程。
优化设计的初始迭代矩阵对于优化至关重要,将显著影响优化迭代的收敛速度,对3个特征尺寸变量均选取其取值的中值(d1=40 mm,d2=65 mm,d3=30 mm)作为构建初始迭代矩阵的基准,这在一定程度上能保证优化迭代的收敛速度。为了减少对有限元模型的采样计算次数,构建初始迭代矩阵时一般进行3水平正交设计采样,表6列出了初始设计变量及其具体取值水平,对应的表7展示了基于初始迭代基准进行的正交采样结果。
根据序列正交设计优化方法处理流程,首先,基于有限元仿真模型计算获取9个不同采样点的目标值,并根据约束条件对目标值进行惩罚操作,以获取惩罚后不同采样点的目标值。随后,根据熵权法确定两个优化目标的权重系数,并基于TOPSIS法计算不同采样点的接近度系数,作为最优解的评价依据。通过均值分析方法获取不同特征尺寸变量最优水平,并以此最优水平作为下一次迭代正交设计采样的基准,从而实现持续的工程迭代,直至满足收敛条件:相邻两次迭代的最优接近度系数残差小于规定值或连续5次迭代的接近度系数无改善。
表7中第1次迭代为例,根据有限元仿真结果与理论计算可以获取不同样本对应的峰值载荷( f 1 x)和总质量( f 2 x);之后可以根据熵权法和TOPSIS法计算获得不同样本点的接近度系数;最后以接近度系数作为评价指标,通过均值分析方法可以选出变量d1d2d3的最优水平分别为:38、63、28 mm,该水平值将设定为下一次迭代时正交设计的基准水平。图15给出了全部优化迭代历程中最优接近度系数演化规律,通过5次迭代之后最优结果对应的接近度系数收敛至接近1,最终最优结果对应的设计变量为:上面板挖孔直径(d1)为30 mm;下面板挖孔直径(d2)为55 mm;泡沫芯层挖孔直径(d3)为24 mm。通过将该最优设计与原始设计(d1=40 mm,d2=65 mm,d3=30 mm)进行对比,发现修复后结构承载性能仅下降3.8%,但补片总质量显著下降了33%,因此,优化后修补特征尺寸参数匹配很好地平衡了修补性能和修补材料成本,具有良好的应用指导价值。
(1)对于低速冲击工况,PET泡沫夹层结构仅在较小能量范围内能保持弹性恢复,因此,PET泡沫夹层结构损伤对低速冲击工况十分敏感。随着冲击能量的逐渐增加,PET泡沫夹层结构变形损伤模式和程度不断恶化,包括:面板塑性变形、面板材料断裂、泡沫芯层压溃以及剪切断裂失效等,这些冲击损伤将显著降低结构整体性能。
(2)对于冲击后剩余性能,PET泡沫夹层结构随着冲击能量的增加表现出显著的阶梯式下降演化规律,剩余性能的两次大幅度下降与夹层结构面板的塑性变形和断裂失效行为密切相关,因此,夹层结构损伤容限的确定应以此为基础。
(3)挖孔修复方法对于PET泡沫夹层结构具有良好的修复效果,根据夹层结构上下面板变形信息确定修复特征尺寸参数,修复后PET泡沫夹层结构剩余性能由58%提升至90%以上,可以很好地满足工程中对结构修复的实际需求。
(4)序列正交设计优化方法能有效处理工程中离散多目标优化问题,能迅速收敛并寻得最优目标,通过优化获得了更优的修复特征尺寸的匹配方案。在该修复特征尺寸的匹配方案下,夹层结构承载性能在仅下降3.8%的同时补片总质量显著下降了33%,有助于平衡修补性能和修补材料成本。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目:曲面型PMI泡沫汽车部件“工艺-性能”一体化设计方法研究(52305254)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金项目:夹层结构类电动汽车底盘防护系统冲击损伤检测与修复方法研究(2308085QE159)
  • 合肥工业大学青年教师科研创新启动专项:聚合物泡沫温度/应变率效应研究(JZ2023HGQA0136)
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2025年第15卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2025.03.04
  • 接收时间:2024-01-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-18
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-04
  • 修回日期:2024-03-14
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目:曲面型PMI泡沫汽车部件“工艺-性能”一体化设计方法研究(52305254)
安徽省自然科学基金项目:夹层结构类电动汽车底盘防护系统冲击损伤检测与修复方法研究(2308085QE159)
合肥工业大学青年教师科研创新启动专项:聚合物泡沫温度/应变率效应研究(JZ2023HGQA0136)
作者信息
    1 重载快捷大功率电力机车全国重点实验室,湖南,株洲 412001
    2 合肥工业大学 汽车与交通工程学院,合肥 230009
    3 湖南大学 整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室,长沙 410082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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