Article(id=1153797766888284693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.11, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716393600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-23, revisedDate=1721145600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753016424151, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753016424151, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753016424151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753016424151, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153797763918713083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='6', pageStart='921', pageEnd='1090', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753016423444, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481666824, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526352126325142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526352130519447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1036, endPage=1047, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153797767404184087, articleId=1153797766888284693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Study on Combustion of Methanol / PODE in High Compression Ratio Spark-Ignition Engines, columnId=1153797766384963844, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green and Low-Carbon Technologies Seetion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In methanol engines, mixedgas compression ignition can be achieved by increasing the compression ratio, using spark ignition, and adopting polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) as the active improved fuel. This approach overcomes the limitations imposed by flame propagation speed on thermal efficiency. Experiments were conducted to investigate and compare the combustion characteristics, thermal efficiency and emission properties of dualfuel sparkassisted compression ignition (SACI) mode and singlefuel methanol ignition at different loads and engine speeds. The main conclusions are as follows: the effect of dualfuel SACI on thermal efficiency varies with the load range. At a BMEP of 0.8 MPa, the thermal efficiency reaches 41.9%, an increase of 1.9% compared to methanol ignition. However, at BMEP levels below 0.4 MPa, the cyclic variability is higher and the thermal efficiency is lower than that of methanol ignition. Dualfuel SACI reduces NO, emissions, achieving a 79% reduction compared to methanol ignition at a BМЕР of 0.8 MPa. Increasing RPM accelerates PODE diffusion, aiding the formation of the initial combustible mixture, decreasing the proportion of compression ignition in combustion, and enhancing the proportion of flame propagation ignition. At low loads, HC emissions decrease with higher RPM. However, high RPM reduces the compression ignition ratio and increases NO, emissions. Low RPM and high load conditions are more favorable for efficiency and emissions. These findings provide valuable support for the application of methanol engines.

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在甲醇发动机中,通过提高压缩比和火花点火,并采用聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)作为活性改进燃料,可实现混合气压燃,突破火焰传播速度对热效率的限制。研究了双燃料火花辅助压燃(SACI)模式与单燃料甲醇点燃在不同负荷和转速下的燃烧特征、热效率和排放特性。结果表明,双燃料SACI对热效率的作用效果与负荷区间相关,BMEP为0.8MPa时,热效率可达到41.9%,相比甲醇点燃提高1.9%,BMEP小于0.4MPa时,循环变动较高,热效率低于甲醇点燃;双燃料 SACI有利于降低NO₁排放,在BMEP为0.8MPa时,NO₁排放比甲醇点燃减少79%;转速提高可加速 PODE扩散,有助于初期可燃混合气形成,燃烧中压燃比例降低,火焰传播引燃比例提高;低负荷时HC排放随转速增加而降低;高转速会导致压燃比例降低,NO排放增加;低速大负荷对效率和排放较有利。

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乔信起(1965-),男,山东烟台人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧与排放控制。Tel:13611973804, E-mail:
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刘宇(1989-),男,山东济南人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧与排放控制。Tel:13162122898, E-mail:

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刘宇(1989-),男,山东济南人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧与排放控制。Tel:13162122898, E-mail:

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刘宇(1989-),男,山东济南人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧与排放控制。Tel:13162122898, E-mail:

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参数 值/方式
缸径/mm×冲程/mm ${82} \times {88}$
排量/L 1.995
压缩比 15 : 1
PODE 供给方式 缸内直喷、喷射压力 ${15}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
甲醇供给方式 电控共轨、进气道多点喷射。 喷油压力 ${0.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
火花塞点火能量/mJ 60
进气门开启正时 20 °CA ATDC
进气门关闭正时 ${80}^{ \circ }\mathrm{{CA}}\mathrm{{ABDC}}$
排气门开启正时 64 °CA BBDC
排气门关闭正时 4 °CA BTDC
), ArticleFig(id=1153801998232179377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766888284693, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=试验发动机参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 值/方式
缸径/mm×冲程/mm ${82} \times {88}$
排量/L 1.995
压缩比 15 : 1
PODE 供给方式 缸内直喷、喷射压力 ${15}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
甲醇供给方式 电控共轨、进气道多点喷射。 喷油压力 ${0.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
火花塞点火能量/mJ 60
进气门开启正时 20 °CA ATDC
进气门关闭正时 ${80}^{ \circ }\mathrm{{CA}}\mathrm{{ABDC}}$
排气门开启正时 64 °CA BBDC
排气门关闭正时 4 °CA BTDC
), ArticleFig(id=1153801998299288242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766888284693, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 PODE3 PODE4 PODE5 甲醇
分子式 ${\mathrm{C}}_{5}{\mathrm{H}}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{14}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ ${\mathrm{C}}_{7}{\mathrm{H}}_{16}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{OH}}$
密度/ $\left( {\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3},{20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 1024 1067 1100 786.3
沸点/ $\left( {{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},1\mathrm{\;{atm}}}\right)$ 156 202 242 64.8
低热值/(MJ/kg) 19.2 18.4 17.9 20.1
辛烷值 111
十六烷值 78 90 100
含氧量/% 47 48 49 50
汽化潜热/(kJ/kg) 1100
), ArticleFig(id=1153801998370591412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766888284693, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=甲醇和 PODE 理化参数[26-27], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 PODE3 PODE4 PODE5 甲醇
分子式 ${\mathrm{C}}_{5}{\mathrm{H}}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{14}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ ${\mathrm{C}}_{7}{\mathrm{H}}_{16}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{OH}}$
密度/ $\left( {\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3},{20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 1024 1067 1100 786.3
沸点/ $\left( {{}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C},1\mathrm{\;{atm}}}\right)$ 156 202 242 64.8
低热值/(MJ/kg) 19.2 18.4 17.9 20.1
辛烷值 111
十六烷值 78 90 100
含氧量/% 47 48 49 50
汽化潜热/(kJ/kg) 1100
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高压缩比点燃式发动机甲醇/PODE燃烧特征研究
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刘宇 , 朱天奎 , 吕钊 , 乔信起 , 黄震
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024,14(6): 1036-1047
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024, 14(6): 1036-1047
高压缩比点燃式发动机甲醇/PODE燃烧特征研究
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刘宇 , 朱天奎, 吕钊, 乔信起, 黄震
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学 新能源动力研究所 上海 200240
  • 刘宇(1989-),男,山东济南人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧与排放控制。Tel:13162122898, E-mail:

通讯作者:


乔信起(1965-),男,山东烟台人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧与排放控制。Tel:13611973804, E-mail:
Study on Combustion of Methanol / PODE in High Compression Ratio Spark-Ignition Engines
Yu LIU , Tiankui ZHU, Zhao LYU, Xinqi QIAO, Zhen HUANG
Affiliations
  • New Energy Power Research Institute Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.11
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在甲醇发动机中,通过提高压缩比和火花点火,并采用聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)作为活性改进燃料,可实现混合气压燃,突破火焰传播速度对热效率的限制。研究了双燃料火花辅助压燃(SACI)模式与单燃料甲醇点燃在不同负荷和转速下的燃烧特征、热效率和排放特性。结果表明,双燃料SACI对热效率的作用效果与负荷区间相关,BMEP为0.8MPa时,热效率可达到41.9%,相比甲醇点燃提高1.9%,BMEP小于0.4MPa时,循环变动较高,热效率低于甲醇点燃;双燃料 SACI有利于降低NO₁排放,在BMEP为0.8MPa时,NO₁排放比甲醇点燃减少79%;转速提高可加速 PODE扩散,有助于初期可燃混合气形成,燃烧中压燃比例降低,火焰传播引燃比例提高;低负荷时HC排放随转速增加而降低;高转速会导致压燃比例降低,NO排放增加;低速大负荷对效率和排放较有利。

PODE  /  甲醇  /  双燃料  /  火花辅助压燃

In methanol engines, mixedgas compression ignition can be achieved by increasing the compression ratio, using spark ignition, and adopting polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) as the active improved fuel. This approach overcomes the limitations imposed by flame propagation speed on thermal efficiency. Experiments were conducted to investigate and compare the combustion characteristics, thermal efficiency and emission properties of dualfuel sparkassisted compression ignition (SACI) mode and singlefuel methanol ignition at different loads and engine speeds. The main conclusions are as follows: the effect of dualfuel SACI on thermal efficiency varies with the load range. At a BMEP of 0.8 MPa, the thermal efficiency reaches 41.9%, an increase of 1.9% compared to methanol ignition. However, at BMEP levels below 0.4 MPa, the cyclic variability is higher and the thermal efficiency is lower than that of methanol ignition. Dualfuel SACI reduces NO, emissions, achieving a 79% reduction compared to methanol ignition at a BМЕР of 0.8 MPa. Increasing RPM accelerates PODE diffusion, aiding the formation of the initial combustible mixture, decreasing the proportion of compression ignition in combustion, and enhancing the proportion of flame propagation ignition. At low loads, HC emissions decrease with higher RPM. However, high RPM reduces the compression ignition ratio and increases NO, emissions. Low RPM and high load conditions are more favorable for efficiency and emissions. These findings provide valuable support for the application of methanol engines.

PODE  /  methanol  /  dual-fuel  /  spark-assisted compression ignition
刘宇, 朱天奎, 吕钊, 乔信起, 黄震. 高压缩比点燃式发动机甲醇/PODE燃烧特征研究. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1036 -1047 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.11
Yu LIU, Tiankui ZHU, Zhao LYU, Xinqi QIAO, Zhen HUANG. Study on Combustion of Methanol / PODE in High Compression Ratio Spark-Ignition Engines[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1036 -1047 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.11
甲醇作为发动机燃料, 因其低碳排放特征而受到关注 [ 1 ] ,同时,甲醇发动机可以实现较高热效率 [ 2 - 3 ] 。NGUYEN 等 [ 4 ] 在沃尔沃 T3 发动机上对比了汽油和甲醇的燃烧。甲醇发动机可以在最大转矩工况下运行, BMEP 可以达到 ${2000}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 且没有爆震,甲醇的有效热效率为 37.9%,相比汽油增幅明显。夏倩等 [ 5 ] 通过仿真模拟研究了甲醇低速机的运行特征,结果表明,柴油引燃甲醇可以得到与原柴油机相近的缸内峰值压力水平。BRUSSTAR 等 [ 6 ] 使用 ${1.9}\mathrm{\;L}$ 涡轮增压柴油机进行了甲醇点燃的研究, 结果表明, 高压缩比点燃模式下, 甲醇的有效热效率可以达到 42%,相比原柴油机提高约 2%。 龚世华等 [ 7 ] 开展了湍流射流点火甲醇发动机研究, 结果表明, 甲醇发动机燃烧稳定性较好, 同时动力性与经济性均有所提升。VANCOILLIE 等 [ 8 ] 的研究表明,甲醇作为燃料时功率和效率均提升约 10%。冯浩等 [ 9 ] 在压缩比 13.8 的点燃式发动机上研究了高压缩比对甲醇热效率的影响, 当量比燃烧有效热效率从 37.4% 提升到 42.6%。
受火焰传播速度影响, 点燃式甲醇发动机效率提高存在限制。ROBERTS 等 [ 10 ] 对甲醇压燃进行了研究,发现将缸内温度提高至 ${1100}\mathrm{\;K}$ 可以实现压燃, 方法是采用涡轮增压和低散热气缸, 并取消进气中冷。SHAMUN 等 [ 11 ] 对甲醇部分预混压燃进行了测试,在 ${27} : 1$ 的压缩比下,可以实现甲醇的部分预混压燃和扩散压燃。在 IMEP 为 ${0.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 和转速为 ${1200}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 时,指示热效率达到 ${52.8}\%$ ,但是高压缩比使进入气缸罅隙的燃料较多, 增加了 $\mathrm{{HC}}$ 排放。目前,甲醇的压燃还存在较多困难。
COULIER 等 [ 12 ] 对柴油/甲醇双燃料压燃进行了综述, 指出用高活性燃料引燃甲醇, 是实现甲醇压燃的重要途径。聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)具有高十六烷值, 极易压燃, 可作为柴油的替代燃料对甲醇进行活性改进 [ 13 - 14 ] 。同时, PODE可以通过清洁方式制备, 符合碳中和发展目标。WANG Dan 等 [ 15 ] 对 PODE 进行了全生命周期评估,证明其可以有效降低碳排放。BURGER 等 [ 16 ] 在 2010 年对 PODE 的应用进行了综述, 指出 PODE 的高含氧量和高挥发性有利于促进燃烧, 同时可有效减少颗粒物排放。WANG Zhi等 [ 17 ] 采用PODE作为燃料研究了发动机均质稀燃模式, 结果表明, 稀燃可以有效降低 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放,但是 $\mathrm{{HC}}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 排放明显增加。刘佳林等 [ 18 ] 将 PODE 与汽油掺混燃烧,研究表明,掺混 20%PODE 可以改善压升率,循环变动从 5% 降低至 2%。
随着发动机性能及排放要求的提高, 低碳燃料与先进燃烧技术结合具有发展潜力。SACI初期作为 $\mathrm{{HCCI}}$ 的改进型被提出,具备高效率以及较宽的负荷区间 [ 19 ] 。SACI在低负荷时通过火花点燃,可避免失火, 高负荷时通过控制燃烧重心和燃烧持续期降低压升率 [ 20 - 21 ] ,对燃烧的干预手段丰富。在 SACI 研究的基础上, 将其与双燃料独立喷射技术相结合,可以实现压燃和引燃比例调节 [ 22 ] ,实现 SACI 宽广负荷区间的燃烧优化。BENAJES 等 [ 23 ] 通过 SACI 同双喷策略相结合的试验, 证明在双喷模式下采用火花辅助点火可有效扩大低负荷的运行边界。XU Kang 等 [ 24 ] 对 SACI 循环变动的研究表明, 层流火焰速度和点火延迟期可有效调节压燃的出现时刻。CHEN Tao 等 [ 25 ] 基于放热率对 SACI 的循环变动进行研究, 结果表明, SACI模式下循环变动处于较低水平,同时可有效降低缸压峰值和压升率。根据已有的甲醇发动机相关研究可发现, 点燃模式受火焰传播速度的影响, 热效率的提升存在限制。活性控制压燃可提高燃烧速度, 但是中低负荷下燃烧稳定性以及燃烧相位的控制还需要进一步研究。PODE/甲醇双燃料的 SACI 模式, 高负荷时提高甲醇比例可减少爆震,中低负荷通过火花点火可保障燃烧稳定性, 进而获得在宽广负荷区间内兼顾效率和排放的控制策略,具有进一步研究的空间。
本文采用发动机台架试验的方法, 对 PODE 和甲醇的 SACI 进行研究。试验平台基于汽油机改造, 两种燃料喷射相互独立。对 PODE/甲醇双燃料的 SACI 进行了不同转速和负荷的运行研究, 并分析了双燃料模式的燃烧特征、发动机性能和排放特性, 可为甲醇发动机的应用提供技术支持。
试验平台建立包括对供油系统、电控装置的改造等。为利于压燃的实现, 对发动机压缩比进行了调整。测试中参考发动机常用工况选择试验参数。
测试发动机基于 GDI 汽油机改造, 保留原机点火系统。进气管路上安装电子增压器、进气恒温装置, 用于控制发动机的进气温度和压力。通过节气门控制过量空气系数。进气歧管安装甲醇喷射装置,采用电控共轨喷射,喷射压力为 ${0.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,通过油耗仪内置油泵提供压力。原缸内直喷供油装置用于 $\mathrm{{PODE}}$ 喷射,喷射压力为 ${15}\mathrm{{MPa}}$图 1 为改造后的试验系统。为提高压缩冲程缸内的温度和压力, 以利于压燃, 更换活塞将发动机压缩比从 10:1 提高至 15:1。改造后的试验发动机参数见 表 1
试验设备包括 CAC265 AC 测功机、2.0T 发动机、数据采集装置等。测功机可以控制发动机转速以及油门踏板位置, 同时可采集功率、温度和压力等信号。采用油耗仪计量甲醇和 PODE 流量,油耗仪核心计量单元为科里奥利流量计。缸压传感器 (Kistler6125C) 采集燃烧信号, 并传输信号给燃烧分析仪 (Kistler Kibox)。采用Horiba尾气分析仪对气态污染物进行浓度测量,以获取未燃 $\mathrm{{HC}}\text{、}{\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 、 CO 等排放数据。电控单元采用 M670 (Dana,
USA)型 ECU,其内部集成了 MPC5674F 芯片 (NXP, USA), ECU的应用层软件为课题组自行开发。燃烧分析仪记录的数据为 400 个循环的平均值。其他参数均通过 CAN 总线传输给上位机电脑, 并记录数据。
甲醇和 PODE 理化参数见 表 2 。台架试验所用 PODE 为混合物, 主要组分为 PODE3、PODE4、 PODE5,摩尔分数分别为 46%、39%、15%。 PODE 具有较高的十六烷值, 可将甲醇发动机的燃烧模式转化为压燃, 较大幅度提高燃烧速度。由于 PODE 具有较高的活性, 通过控制 PODE 喷射可以对混合气分层进行调节, 进而控制燃烧过程。因此, 采用 PODE 缸内直喷, 进气道喷射甲醇的控制方案。
测试前通过热管理系统将冷却液加热至 ${90}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 然后启动发动机, 在机油温度和发动机排气温度稳定后进行测试,测试过程冷却液温度控制在 ${90} \pm$ ${2}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 。通过测功机控制发动机转速,控制 PODE、 甲醇喷射量, 以获取测试转矩。在参数调整后, 保持发动机运行约 $2\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,排气温度稳定后采集数据。 测试中采用进气恒温装置将进气温度控制在 ${40}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 以减少测试中的变量。 $\mathrm{C}{10}$$\mathrm{C}{50}$$\mathrm{C}{90}$ 定义为放热量达到总放热量 10%、50% 和 90% 时对应的曲轴转角。滞燃期为点火时刻和 $\mathrm{C}{10}$ 之间的曲轴转角, 燃烧持续期为 C10 和 C90 之间的曲轴转角。IAT 表示进气温度, $\mathrm{{SOI}}$ 表示 $\mathrm{{PODE}}$ 的喷射时刻, ${P}_{\max }$ 表示缸压峰值, ${R}_{\max }$ 表示压升率, HRR 表示放热率, HRR由燃烧分析仪自动计算得出。 ${R}_{\mathrm{{MOH}}}$ 表示甲醇热量占全部燃料热量的比例。
测试过程中涉及多个转速和负荷, 工况对应的最佳点火时刻不同,为获得高热效率,试验中通过调节点火时刻,将燃烧重心 C50 控制在 5 °CA ATDC。 在 100% 甲醇模式下,采用过量空气系数 1.1 有利于混合气的燃烧, 并获得高热效率。PODE 和甲醇双燃料模式下, PODE燃料活性高,过量空气系数 1.1 不利于高效燃烧, 所以提高过量空气系数到 1.6, 以促进压燃。
在转速 ${2000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,负荷 ${0.2} \sim {0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 区间进行甲醇/PODE双燃料发动机试验研究,甲醇比例为 65%,此时发动机具有较高的燃烧稳定性,同时热效率表现良好。为便于分析双燃料模式的燃烧特征, 同时研究了单燃料甲醇的燃烧, 将其作为对比工况, 如 图 2a所示。
甲醇单燃料模式下, 放热率曲线形态与汽油相似, 表现为火焰传播引燃, 放热率曲线平滑。随着负荷的增加, 燃烧速度加快, 放热率提高, 等容燃烧水平提高, 缸内压力曲线上升。甲醇/PODE 双燃料模式下的缸压和放热率,如 图 2b所示,当 BMEP 小于 ${0.4}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,放热率曲线呈现出两阶段放热, 负荷继续增加, 放热率曲线出现多个拐点呈现出三阶段放热, 同时, 各阶段随 BMEP 的变化规律存在差异。随着负荷增加,上止点之前放热率提高,在 BMEP 超过 ${0.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,上止点之后出现压燃放热的拐点。压燃的出现可以大幅提高缓燃期的燃烧速度,减少 ${20}^{ \circ }\mathrm{{CAATDC}}$ 之后的放热量,提高等容燃烧水平。对比 图 2a和 b 可知,在 BMEP 为 0.2 MPa 时, 由于燃料喷射量少, PODE 对甲醇的引燃效果有限, 全局燃烧阶段未出现压燃, 可以看出双燃料火花辅助压燃的作用效果与负荷区间存在较大关联。
对滞燃期和燃烧持续期的量化研究, 可以补充说明 图 2 的燃烧过程, 如 图 3 所示。PODE 可由火花塞点燃,呈现较短的滞燃期。PODE 缸内直喷可以保障混合气存在高浓度区域, 有利于早期火核的形成。由 图 3a可知, 在不同负荷下, 双燃料模式的滞燃期明显短于单燃料甲醇模式。结合 图 2b图 3b可知, 双燃料模式下, 混合气的分层使燃烧连续性降低, 燃烧持续期延长, 随着负荷的增加, 双燃料模式混合气喷射量增加, 混合气分层程度减小, 燃烧持续期与甲醇单燃料的差异也缩小。
图 4 为不同负荷下的缸压峰值和压升率, 对比单燃料甲醇模式, 双燃料燃烧的缸压峰值更高, 压升率略低。结合 图 2b的放热率曲线可知,双燃料模式在上止点之后出现压燃拐点, 表明火焰传播一定距离后, 缸内温度和压力升高, 火焰锋面未达到的位置出现自燃,燃烧速度提高,缸压峰值增加。 中低负荷时, 受燃料喷射量影响, 压燃放热比例较低, 未出现放热率大幅升高的情况, 因此, 压升率变化幅度有限。负荷较高时, 双燃料模式的燃烧出现多端放热, 燃烧连续性降低, 最大压升率小于单燃料甲醇模式。
对热效率和 IMEP 循环变动的分析, 可以明确甲醇/PODE 双燃料的运行状态,如 图 5 所示。 图 5a中当 $\mathrm{{BMEP}}$ 小于 ${0.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,单燃料甲醇的点燃热效率较高, 双燃料模式的优势主要表现在当 BMEP 大于 ${0.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时。由 图5 $\mathrm{\;b}$ 可知,双燃料模式的循环变动在 $\mathrm{{BMEP}}$ 小于 ${0.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时较高, PODE 的高活性虽然提高了早期燃烧速度, 但是其喷射量及分布范围小, PODE 压燃不明显, 缸内燃烧中火焰传播引燃的比例高于燃料压燃比例。同时,小负荷下气缸边缘混合气以甲醇为主, 混合气浓度过稀造成了循环变动增加, 燃烧稳定性差, 热效率低于单燃料模式。随着 BMEP 增加至 ${0.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 以上,燃料循环喷射量增加,在缸内的分布范围增大,高活性 PODE 对甲醇燃烧的促进效果增强, 同时, 负荷的增加使缸内温度和压力提高, 更容易出现 PODE 压燃, 压燃的燃烧速度快, 放热更加集中, 燃烧等容度好, 有利于获得高热效率和降低循环变动。在 BMEP 为 ${0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,双燃料模式热效率可以达到 41.5%,相比单燃料模式提高 1.9%。
图 6a所示,双燃料模式下多个工况未燃 HC 浓度均超过 ${3000} \times {10}^{-6}$ ,甲醇单燃料模式 $\mathrm{{HC}}$ 排放均小于 ${1350} \times {10}^{-6}$ 。随着负荷增加至 ${0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,双燃料模式燃烧效率提高, HC排放浓度降低至 ${1968} \times {10}^{-6}$ , 但是相比单燃料甲醇1025×10 ${}^{6}$ 仍然高约 1 倍。未燃 HC 排放主要来源于气缸壁面区域和罅隙。直喷 PODE 在缸内会出现分层现象, 气缸中心区域 PODE 浓, 气缸边缘位置 PODE 稀薄, 混合气以甲醇为主。相同负荷下双燃料模式的甲醇喷射量比单燃料模式要低,气缸边缘的混合气浓度更稀薄,燃烧质量差,所以双燃料模式的 $\mathrm{{HC}}$ 排放高于单燃料甲醇模式。 图 6b中,单燃料甲醇模式下,随着 BMEP增加, 缸内温度和压力均提高, 加之甲醇在缸内均质分布减少了富燃,所以 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 排放随负荷增加而降低。双燃料模式下,随着负荷增加对应的 PODE 喷射量也增加,较多 PODE 集中在喷孔周围区域, 形成富燃, 造成 BMEP 增大 CO 排放增加的情况。 图6 c中,双燃料模式相比单燃料甲醇 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放大幅降低。 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 受燃烧温度和高温持续时间的影响, 双燃料模式中压燃的出现有利于降低燃烧温度,同时由于高温持续时间缩短,所以 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 生成量减少。
图 7 所示为转速对燃烧过程的影响, 相比甲醇的点燃, 转速对双燃料 SACI 的影响更加复杂。转速增加可以提高缸内滚流比, 加速火焰传播速度, 同时有利于 PODE 的扩散。当 PODE 喷射量较高时, 扩散程度的增加可以提高预混压燃混合气的比例, 有利于提高燃烧速度, 当负荷较小, PODE喷射量较低时, 扩散程度提高会使混合气浓度降低至压燃极限以下, 造成压燃比例降低。对此, 需协同分析转速和负荷, 明确不同负荷区间转速的提高对压燃比例的作用效果。本文参考发动机常用转速, 选择 ${1600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$${2400}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 作为研究对象,对不同负荷区间的燃烧过程进行研究。
图 7a可知,当转速等于 ${1600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}},\mathrm{{BMEP}}$${0.2}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,燃烧持续时间长,放热率曲线存在 2 个放热峰, 且双峰分离程度高。随着负荷增加, 放热率提高, 但仍然表现为双峰放热, 表明缸内混合气存在较大的浓度梯度。BMEP 增加至 0.8 MPa 时,第一阶段放热量少, $0 \sim {10}^{ \circ }\mathrm{{CA}}$ ATDC区间内放热量占比较高,有利于提高等容燃烧水平,进而提高热效率, 燃烧分离在较高负荷时的影响减弱。 图 7b中当转速提高至 ${2400}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,转速的增加使缸内湍流增大, 混合气均质化程度提高, 燃烧分离影响减弱, 燃烧过程仍然呈现出多阶段, 但是燃烧连续性提高,多个工况下放热率曲线呈现单峰。在 BMEP 为 ${0.2}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,放热率曲线形态与单燃料甲醇模式类似。虽然转速提高使部分 PODE 由压燃转变为引燃, 但是随着负荷增加, PODE 的喷射量增大, 缸内始终存在 PODE 的高浓度区域, 保证了燃烧中存在一定比例的压燃。负荷增加至 ${0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时, 虽然燃烧连续性提高,但是较多放热出现在上止点前, 压缩冲程负功较大, 不利于热效率的提高。转速的作用效果需按照负荷区间进行划分, 下文将对此进行详细分析。
图 8 为不同转速下甲醇/PODE双燃料燃烧的滞燃期和燃烧持续期。由 图 8a可知,转速由 ${1600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 提高到 ${2400}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ,滞燃期小幅缩短,缸内湍流的增加促进了 PODE 扩散, 降低了中心区域 PODE 的浓度, PODE 在气缸内的分布区域扩大, 可燃混合气的形成加速,对于燃料着火有利。同时,高转速促进了初始火核的发展, 有利于早期火焰传播, 所以滞燃期缩短。随着负荷提高,缸内温度和压力增大, 燃烧速度加快, 滞燃期随之缩短。在 BMEP 小于 ${0.3}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,转速 ${2400}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的燃烧持续期更短; 当 $\mathrm{{BMEP}}$ 高于 ${0.4}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,转速 ${1600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 的燃烧持续期随负荷增大快速缩短。转速增加使压燃比例降低效果增大, 压燃比例降低在高负荷时对燃烧持续期的影响明显。当BMEP等于 ${0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,发动机热效率较高, 此时转速主要影响缸内混合气均匀性, 转速提高, 混合气均匀性增加, 压燃比例减小, 火焰传播引燃比例升高, 由此可知, 低速大负荷对双燃料SACI运行有利。
转速变化影响了燃料着火和火焰传播过程, 但对缸压峰值和压升率的影响略小, 如 图 9 所示。结合上文对 图 2图 7 的分析可知, 压燃比例的增加未对压升率产生明显的影响。双燃料模式下, 火花点火可以在缸内温度和压力较低的情况下实现混合气燃烧, 提高火焰传播燃烧的比例, 同时, 火焰传播主要发生在放热率峰值之前,减少了缓燃期放热,有效控制了压升率。 图9 b中,高转速时引燃比例大, 但是压升率略高, 压燃的作用效果受其比例的影响, 虽然放热率存在明显的拐点, 但是引燃比例较高,火焰传播距离长,火焰前锋面接近气缸边缘位置时, 压燃出现在接近缸壁的位置, 此时混合气浓度低,压燃空间分布小,同时受壁面激冷的影响, 压燃无法进一步扩展, 因此, 未对压升率产生明显影响。
转速引起的燃烧过程变化同样对热效率产生影响,如 图 10a所示。 ${1600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 表现出更高的热效率。结合 图 7图 8 的分析可以明确热效率随转速的变化原因, 转速的提高可以促进混合气均匀分布, 进而提高 PODE 对甲醇的引燃效果, 但是气缸中心位置 $\mathrm{{PODE}}$ 浓度的降低使压燃比例减少,不利于提高热效率。同时,高转速时燃烧持续期的延长,降低了等容燃烧水平,同样不利于效率的提高。 图5a图 10a均表现出高压燃比例对应较高的热效率, 这与单燃料甲醇向双燃料 SACI 转变的研究目标一致。随着BMEP提高至0.8 MPa, ${1600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 对应的热效率达到 ${41.7}\%$ ,相比 ${2400}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 提高了 ${1.3}\%$ , 二者均超过 40%,表现出良好的燃烧效果。 图 10b显示转速对循环变动影响略小, BMEP 为 ${0.2}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时, 循环变动超过 3%, 随着负荷增加, 多个工况循环变动处于 2% 以下, 整体燃烧进程较稳定, 满足发动机运行需求。
图 11 为不同转速下污染物的排放情况。 图 11a中,当转速为 ${1600}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 时, PODE集中在喷孔周围,气缸边缘位置混合气浓度低,造成 $\mathrm{{HC}}$ 排放增加。随着 BMEP 增加至 ${0.6}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ , PODE 由于喷射量增加, 其对气缸边缘位置混合气的引燃效果增加, 虽然低转速仍然存在燃烧连续性降低的情况, 但是主燃阶段放热比例高, 弱化了燃烧分离的影响, $\mathrm{{HC}}$ 排放在较高负荷时未随转速出现较大变化。如 图 11b所示, $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 受转速影响略小,在喷射策略和点火策略相同的情况下, 转速的影响主要表现为 PODE 扩散程度的增加, 改善缺氧, 有利于燃料的充分燃烧。与此同时, 在双燃料 SACI 模式下, 会出现压燃比例降低,使燃烧持续期延长,对燃烧不利。二者共同作用决定了 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 的排放水平,当前测试中 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 随转速的变化幅度较小,边界条件改变时, 还有继续深入研究的空间。 图11 c显示在高转速下 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放更高,因为在甲醇/PODE双燃料模式中, 转速提高会使 PODE 扩散程度增加, 能发生压燃的浓混合气区域缩小, 压燃比例降低, 意味着燃烧中火焰传播的比例提高,燃烧持续期延长, ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 生成受到燃烧温度和高温持续时间的影响, 高温持续时间延长使 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放增加。
(1)采用 PODE 引燃甲醇,可以在 BMEP 处于 ${0.2} \sim {0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 区间时有效缩短滞燃期,提高初期燃烧速度, 但燃烧连续性降低会造成燃烧持续期延长。
(2)PODE 和甲醇的双燃料 SACI,可以减少 20°CA ATDC 以后的放热量,提高等容燃烧水平。 BMEP 为 ${0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,双燃料模式热效率可以达到 41.9%,相比甲醇点燃提高 1.9%。BMEP 小于 0.4 $\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,双燃料模式循环变动较高,热效率低于甲醇点燃。
(3)双燃料 SACI 模式相比甲醇点燃会造成 HC 和 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 排放增加,在 $\mathrm{{BMEP}}$${0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,增加幅度分别为 ${92}\%$${252}\%$ 。压燃的出现降低了 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放,减少约 79%。
(4)转速提高可加速 $\mathrm{{PODE}}$ 扩散,对初期可燃混合气的形成有利。同时导致 PODE 浓度降低,火焰传播引燃比例提高。BMEP 为 ${0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,转速 1600 r/min相比 ${2400}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 热效率提高约 1.3%。
(5)低负荷时转速增加可以促进直喷燃料扩散, 从而降低 HC 排放。高转速引起的压燃比例降低会增加 ${\mathrm{{NO}}}_{x}$ 排放。低速大负荷对效率和排放较有利。
  • 国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2017YFE0130800)
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2024年第14卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.11
  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
  • 修回日期:2024-07-17
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国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项(2017YFE0130800)
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    上海交通大学 新能源动力研究所 上海 200240

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乔信起(1965-),男,山东烟台人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为内燃机燃烧与排放控制。Tel:13611973804, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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