Article(id=1153797766292689155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.10, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695398400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-23, revisedDate=1699718400000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753016424010, onlineDateStr=2025-07-20, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753016424010, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753016424010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753016424010, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153797763918713083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, year='2024', volume='14', issue='6', pageStart='921', pageEnd='1090', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=0, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753016423444, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757481666824, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172526352126325142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172526352130519447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, issueId=1153797763918713083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1025, endPage=1035, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153797766783422727, articleId=1153797766292689155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, language=EN, title=Development and Validation of an Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Algorithm for In-Vehicle Fuel Systems, columnId=1153797766384963844, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, columnName=Green and Low-Carbon Technologies Seetion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper proposes an intelligent multiclass fault diagnosis algorithm for the diesel engine fuel system based on PCA and ELM. Firstly, a fault diagnosis model is established in Simulink, utilizing real vehicle data to support offline verification. Subsequently, an architecture for the intelligent fault diagnosis algorithm is designed, following the OSACBM standard. Based on this architecture, the online fault diagnosis algorithm is developed in the Simulink and tested using a hardwareintheloop (HIL) platform. The verification results show that the proposed intelligent multiclass fault diagnosis algorithm achieves high accuracy and reliability in both offline simulations and HIL testing, indicating its potential for invehicle applications.

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提出一种基于主成分分析与极限学习机的柴油机燃油系统多分类故障诊断智能算法,以实车数据为基础在Simulink中建立模型实现离线验证。然后参考OSACBM标准建立了在线故障诊断智能算法架构,基于此架构开发柴油机燃油系统在线故障诊断智能算法,并利用硬件在环平台完成故障诊断验证测试。验证结果表明,所开发的燃油系统多分类故障诊断智能算法,在离线与硬件在环平台中均具有较高的准确性与可靠性,可应用于车载。

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黄英(1967-),女,陕西城固人,教授,主要研究方向为车辆动力传动系统控制、内燃机建模及控制、混合动力系统健康管理。Tel:010-68913228, E-mail:
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惠嘉赫(1999-),男,陕西榆林人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动力能源系统健康管理、动力系统控制。Tel:18600490857, E-mail:

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惠嘉赫(1999-),男,陕西榆林人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动力能源系统健康管理、动力系统控制。Tel:18600490857, E-mail:

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惠嘉赫(1999-),男,陕西榆林人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动力能源系统健康管理、动力系统控制。Tel:18600490857, E-mail:

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子工况集 车速/(km/h) 转速/(r/min) 油门开度
L $\left( {0 \sim {30}}\right\rbrack$ (500~900] $\left( {0 \sim {30}}\right\rbrack$
M (30~60) (900~1 300] (30~60)
H 60 以上 1300 以上 60 以上
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994872546276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766292689155, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=实车运行工况参数划分依据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子工况集 车速/(km/h) 转速/(r/min) 油门开度
L $\left( {0 \sim {30}}\right\rbrack$ (500~900] $\left( {0 \sim {30}}\right\rbrack$
M (30~60) (900~1 300] (30~60)
H 60 以上 1300 以上 60 以上
), ArticleFig(id=1153801994952238055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766292689155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原始数据 置信度
计量阀流量 ${3.56}\mathrm{e} - {23}$
轨压 ${3.02}\mathrm{e} - {02}$
喷油量 ${4.53}\mathrm{e} - {10}$
水温 ${5.34}\mathrm{e} - {01}$
机油压力 ${6.20}\mathrm{e} - {01}$
进气流量 ${8.61}\mathrm{e} - {02}$
), ArticleFig(id=1153801995019346919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766292689155, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=样本集各置信度 $p$ 值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原始数据 置信度
计量阀流量 ${3.56}\mathrm{e} - {23}$
轨压 ${3.02}\mathrm{e} - {02}$
喷油量 ${4.53}\mathrm{e} - {10}$
水温 ${5.34}\mathrm{e} - {01}$
机油压力 ${6.20}\mathrm{e} - {01}$
进气流量 ${8.61}\mathrm{e} - {02}$
), ArticleFig(id=1153801995090650090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766292689155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子工况集 轮廓系数
L 0.054 6
M 0.1768
H 0.4464
), ArticleFig(id=1153801995182924780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766292689155, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=各子工况集轮廓系数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子工况集 轮廓系数
L 0.054 6
M 0.1768
H 0.4464
), ArticleFig(id=1153801995241645040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766292689155, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
报文ID 信号名称 数据精度 数据范围 字节数
0x18258510 数据标签 1 $1 \sim 3$ 1
发动机转速/( $\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ) 0.1 0~1 800 2
油门开度 0.01 0~100 2
计量阀流量/(mL/min) 0.1 0~4 000 2
0x18258511 轨压/kPa 0.1 0~155 000 3
喷油量/(mg/cy) 0.01 0~240 2
车速/(km/h) 0.01 0~90 2
), ArticleFig(id=1153801995346502645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1152916057816748034, articleId=1153797766292689155, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=CAN 报文设计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
报文ID 信号名称 数据精度 数据范围 字节数
0x18258510 数据标签 1 $1 \sim 3$ 1
发动机转速/( $\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ) 0.1 0~1 800 2
油门开度 0.01 0~100 2
计量阀流量/(mL/min) 0.1 0~4 000 2
0x18258511 轨压/kPa 0.1 0~155 000 3
喷油量/(mg/cy) 0.01 0~240 2
车速/(km/h) 0.01 0~90 2
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车载燃油系统故障诊断智能算法开发及验证
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惠嘉赫 1 , 隗立国 2 , 黄英 1 , 王健 1 , 李准 1
汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024,14(6): 1025-1035
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汽车工程学报 | 绿色低碳技术专栏 2024, 14(6): 1025-1035
车载燃油系统故障诊断智能算法开发及验证
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惠嘉赫1 , 隗立国2, 黄英1 , 王健1, 李准1
作者信息
  • 1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院 北京 100081
  • 2 北方车辆研究所 北京 100072
  • 惠嘉赫(1999-),男,陕西榆林人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为动力能源系统健康管理、动力系统控制。Tel:18600490857, E-mail:

通讯作者:


黄英(1967-),女,陕西城固人,教授,主要研究方向为车辆动力传动系统控制、内燃机建模及控制、混合动力系统健康管理。Tel:010-68913228, E-mail:
Development and Validation of an Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Algorithm for In-Vehicle Fuel Systems
Jiahe HUI1 , Liguo WEI2, Ying HUANG1 , Jian WANG1, Zhun LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
  • 2 China North Vehicle Research Institute Beijing 100072 China
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.10
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提出一种基于主成分分析与极限学习机的柴油机燃油系统多分类故障诊断智能算法,以实车数据为基础在Simulink中建立模型实现离线验证。然后参考OSACBM标准建立了在线故障诊断智能算法架构,基于此架构开发柴油机燃油系统在线故障诊断智能算法,并利用硬件在环平台完成故障诊断验证测试。验证结果表明,所开发的燃油系统多分类故障诊断智能算法,在离线与硬件在环平台中均具有较高的准确性与可靠性,可应用于车载。

燃油系统  /  在线故障诊断  /  硬件在环  /  智能算法

This paper proposes an intelligent multiclass fault diagnosis algorithm for the diesel engine fuel system based on PCA and ELM. Firstly, a fault diagnosis model is established in Simulink, utilizing real vehicle data to support offline verification. Subsequently, an architecture for the intelligent fault diagnosis algorithm is designed, following the OSACBM standard. Based on this architecture, the online fault diagnosis algorithm is developed in the Simulink and tested using a hardwareintheloop (HIL) platform. The verification results show that the proposed intelligent multiclass fault diagnosis algorithm achieves high accuracy and reliability in both offline simulations and HIL testing, indicating its potential for invehicle applications.

fuel system  /  on-board fault diagnosis  /  hardware in the loop  /  intelligent algorithm
惠嘉赫, 隗立国, 黄英, 王健, 李准. 车载燃油系统故障诊断智能算法开发及验证. 汽车工程学报, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1025 -1035 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.10
Jiahe HUI, Liguo WEI, Ying HUANG, Jian WANG, Zhun LI. Development and Validation of an Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Algorithm for In-Vehicle Fuel Systems[J]. Chinese Journal of Automotive Engineering, 2024 , 14 (6) : 1025 -1035 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.10
作为车辆的动力核心, 动力能源系统由于结构复杂、工作环境恶劣,因此故障率极高。其中,在柴油机停机故障中,因燃油系统引发的故障约占30%[1]。因此,对柴油机燃油系统开展故障诊断对于提高其可靠性, 维持其正常工作, 避免突发故障尤为重要,需要不断深入研究。
燃油系统故障诊断已有较多成果, 目前, 对于喷油器、计量阀、高压油泵等燃油系统部件的研究颇为全面。朱继安等 [ 1 ] 以柴油机高压油管压力信号为特征信号, 采用小波包对油管压力信号进行分解降噪,获取最大喷油压力、喷油器开启压力、喷油时间、峰值因子与脉冲因子 5 个特征参数, 而后将其作为诊断算法的输入, 提出基于 PSO-PNN 的柴油机燃油喷射系统故障诊断方法, 开展柴油机燃油系统喷油嘴积碳、油管接口泄漏与喷油器弹簧折断等故障的研究, 验证结果表明, 该方法可有效诊断柴油机燃油系统故障。李良钰等 [ 2 ] 针对高压共轨柴油机中喷油器电磁阀磨损、喷油器入口处漏油与喷油器延迟漏油等故障, 以经验模态分解提取轨压信号特征,以支持向量机进行故障分类,结果表明此方法具有较高的诊断精度。黄烨鑫等 [ 3 ] 针对喷油量不足、喷油器针阀卡死、喷油器泄露与高压油泵失效 4 类故障, 通过燃油系统高压油管压力波, 利用改进鲸鱼算法优化惩罚因子与核参数的支持向量机进行故障诊断, 并验证了此算法在燃油系统故障诊断中的有效性。刘原宾 [ 4 ] 通过燃油系统高压油管压力, 利用小波变换提取供油量不足、针阀泄露、出油阀失效、针阀卡死 4 类故障中的压力信号作为故障特征, 使用 SOM-BP 串联神经网络进行故障诊断。柯赟等 [ 5 ] 以燃油系统各状态下的轨压数据为特征参数进行层次离散熵处理, 运用 PWFP算法对所得到的层次离散熵进行降维处理, 通过二叉树支持向量机对高压共轨系统喷油器电磁阀失效和喷油器喷嘴堵塞两类故障进行诊断。靳莹等 [ 6 ] 利用深度学习提取喷油压力特征,并进行图像识别分类, 以一维燃油压力波信号图为输入, 建立了基于Res-CNN的燃油系统故障诊断算法模型, 实现单个喷油器堵塞、针阀卡滞等故障的诊断。但这种图像分类诊断方式算法复杂度较高, 难以在线实施。为解决喷油器故障实时在线诊断问题,靳莹等 [ 7 ] 提出一种基于多层双向长短期记忆网络的喷油器故障诊断算法进行故障特征提取, 以 softmax 网络进行喷油器故障分类, 实现了较高的诊断精度。然而, 上述研究主要停留在算法的离线仿真研究阶段, 较少学者利用硬件在环系统进行了燃油系统在线故障诊断的研究,如陈康康等 [ 8 ] 针对计量活门阀芯卡滞与电液伺服阀阀芯卡滞等柴油机燃油系统故障, 通过比较燃油计量活门位移与卡尔曼滤波处理的活门位移得到残差, 利用残差进行故障定位, 将残差数据与算法部署于 LabVIEW 平台上验证了算法在线故障诊断的准确性。
目前, 在硬件在环仿真验证的基础上将算法进行实际应用的案例较少, 主要体现在车载诊断 (On-Board Diagnositics, OBD) 系统中。区别于燃油系统自身健康状态的故障诊断, OBD 系统主要功能是监测与车辆排放相关的部件系统 [ 9 - 10 ] ,功能相对简单。其中, 受监测的燃油系统相关特征参数主要有燃油液位、喷油泵轨道压力与进气温度等, OBD 系统主要用于监测这些特征参数是否超出阈值, 基于智能算法的燃油系统故障诊断方法尚未应用于OBD系统 [ 10 - 12 ]
完成燃油系统在线故障诊断智能算法开发后, 如何将多种诊断智能算法应用于车载, 实现软件轻量化与车辆间数据标准化互通是算法应用过程中需要重点解决的问题。国外对此已逐渐形成了一套标准体系与方法, 建立了一套标准化的故障预测与健康管理(Prognostics and Health Management, PHM)系统验证与确认框架结构, 其基于开放体系架构-视情维修(OSA-CBM)标准建立 [ 13 ] 。OSA-CBM标准包含数据采集、数据处理、状态监测、 故障诊断、健康评估与预测、决策支持等多个层次环节, 针对不同环节展开不同形式的健康管理验证与确认 [ 14 ] 。国内针对该标准的应用目前还处于起步阶段, 在车辆领域的具体应用尚属空白, 主要在航空与装甲装备领域有一定的探索。吕镇邦等 [ 14 ] 提出了一种参考OSA-CBM标准的构件化机载PHM 系统软件设计方法, 描述了机载 PHM 系统的构建接口与核心功能构建, 通过原型系统软件验证了构件化机载PHM系统软件设计和开发方法的正确性。 杨国振等 [ 15 ] 基于OSA-CBM规范初步构建了装甲装备PHM框架, 结合模糊数学的方法对炮控系统进行故障预测分析。
本文旨在参考OSA-CBM标准进行车载燃油系统故障诊断智能算法的开发,通过硬件在环仿真验证其实时性。首先,针对高压共轨燃油系统燃油泵计量阀复位弹簧松弛与喷油器针阀偶件磨损两种故障, 利用实车通过 CAN 总线采集的车速、发动机转速、油门开度、轨压、计量阀流量和喷油量等特征参数与其对应的燃油系统真实健康状态标签, 使用 Matlab/Simulink 建立基于 PCA(Principle Component Analysis)与ELM(Extreme Learning Machine)的燃油系统二分类离线故障诊断模型并验证诊断的正确率。其次,参照OSA-CBM标准建立在线故障诊断智能算法架构, 结合其架构开发燃油系统在线故障诊断模型,并将诊断模型编译下载至硬件在环平台, 完成硬件在环测试准备。最后, 测试基于PCA 与ELM的燃油系统在线故障诊断智能算法的诊断正确率, 验证其可靠性与有效性以及故障诊断智能算法架构的合理性, 为实现算法的车载应用奠定基础。
1
针对燃油泵计量阀复位弹簧松弛与喷油器针阀偶件磨损两种故障, 在 Simulink 平台建立基于 PCA 与ELM的燃油系统故障诊断模型并验证诊断的正确率。其中, 原始数据有车速、发动机转速、油门开度、计量阀流量、轨压、喷油量、水温与进气流量等,所用数据来自同一型号的 3 个玉柴某型号商用车实车传感器, 数据通过 CAN 总线采集, 数据发送周期为 $1\mathrm{\;s},3$ 辆车的燃油系统健康状态分别为燃油系统正常、燃油泵计量阀复位弹簧松弛与喷油器针阀偶件磨损。
图 1 为基于 PCA 与 ELM 的燃油系统故障诊断算法开发流程, 故障诊断模型建立的过程主要包括数据预处理、特征提取、模型训练与模型诊断 4 部分, 其中数据预处理内容为工况划分, 特征提取采用 PCA 进行,训练并用于诊断的算法模型为 ELM。
特征参数对应的实车运行工况参数 (车速、发动机转速与油门开度)随时间变化剧烈,难以实现使采集到的特征参数均在敏感工况内, 因此, 在数据预处理中需对实车参数进行工况划分。数据预处理中工况子空间划分以车速为准, 将数据样本划分为低、中、高车速 $\left( {\mathrm{L}\text{、}\mathrm{M}\text{、}\mathrm{H}}\right) 3$ 个子工况集,具体情况见 表 1 。数据集构建采用层次定比采样方法, 按 3 段发动机转速与 3 段油门开度将 3 个子工况集划分为 9 层, 根据各层数据在子工况集中的占比抽样组成训练数据集。
特征提取前首先需在原始数据中进行特征参数的选择, 主要考虑对应原始数据与故障之间的关系。卡方检验为常用的相关性检验方法, 可以检验两个变量之间有无关联,假设两个变量 $X =$ $\left\{ {{x}_{1},{x}_{2},{x}_{3},\cdots ,{x}_{M}}\right\}$$Y = \left\{ {{y}_{1},{y}_{2},{y}_{3},\cdots ,{y}_{N}}\right\}$ 之间相互独立, 由独立性原则可以得到:
$ P\left( {X = {x}_{i}, Y = {y}_{j}}\right) = P\left( {X = {x}_{i}}\right) P\left( {Y = {y}_{j}}\right) 。 $
式中: $P\left( {X = {x}_{i}}\right)$$P\left( {Y = {y}_{j}}\right)$ 分别为变量 $X = {x}_{i}$$Y = {y}_{j}$ 的概率; $P\left( {X = {x}_{i}, Y = {y}_{j}}\right)$ 为变量 $X = {x}_{i}$ 与变量 $Y = {y}_{j}$ 同时发生的概率。
根据极大似然估计可得 $P\left( {X = {x}_{i}}\right)$$P\left( {Y = {y}_{j}}\right)$ 的值为:
$ P\left( {X = {x}_{i}}\right) = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{n}_{i, j}}{n}。 $
$ P\left( {Y = {y}_{j}}\right) = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{M}{n}_{i, j}}{n}。 $
式中: ${n}_{i, j}$ 为变量 $X = {x}_{i}$$Y = {y}_{j}$ 同时出现的频次; $n$ 为总样本数。结合式 (1) 可得:
$ P\left( {X = {x}_{i}, Y = {y}_{j}}\right) = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{M}{n}_{i, j} \cdot \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{n}_{i, j}}{{n}^{2}}。 $
因此,若 $X$$Y$ 相互独立,则变量 $X = {x}_{i}$ 与变量 $Y = {y}_{j}$ 同时发生的理论频次 ${m}_{i, j}$ 的值为:
$ {m}_{i, j} = n \cdot P\left( {X = {x}_{i}, Y = {y}_{j}}\right) = \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{M}{n}_{i, j} \cdot \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}{n}_{i, j}}{n}。 $
卡方值计算式为:
$ {\chi }^{2} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i, j}}\frac{{\left( {n}_{i, j} - {m}_{i, j}\right) }^{2}}{{m}_{i, j}}。 $
卡方检验首先假设两个变量相互独立, 卡方值越大, 即实际频数与理论频数的差越大, 表明实际与假设差距越大, 卡方检验结果显著, 原假设成立, 两变量相互独立, 反之两变量相关。
卡方检验一般选择置信度 $p$ 来作为判断变量是否独立的依据,选择置信度 0.05 作为阈值。当 $p \geq$ 0.05 时, 则认为该原始数据与故障之间相互独立; 当 $p < {0.05}$ 时,则认为该原始数据与故障之间相关。 将 $p < {0.05}$ 的原始数据作为初步筛选特征参数,根据卡方检验相关计算式, 得到模型输入各原始数据计算出的置信度 $p$ 值,见 表 2
根据卡方检验计算结果, 选择计量阀流量、轨压与喷油量作为故障诊断的初步特征参数。由于实车运行工况复杂, 计量阀流量、轨压与喷油量等特征参数不仅与故障相关, 而且与车辆工况相关。因此, 选择计量阀流量、轨压、喷油量、车速、发动机转速与油门开度组成 6 个故障相关参数。
而后, 运用主成分分析 (PCA) 对故障相关参数进行特征提取, 将特征值按其贡献率由大到小排列, 故障特征选择累积贡献率大于 95% 的主分量以获得 95% 以上的原始数据信息。通过 PCA 融合后得到各特征贡献率如 图 2 所示, 前 3 特征值累积贡献率已达 97.6%,选择前 3 特征值所对应特征向量构建新的特征参数。
不同车速对应的特征参数可分性不同, 轮廓系数的大小直观反映了同类特征参数之间的相似性与不同类特征参数之间的可分性, 其计算如式 (7) 所示。
$ s\left( i\right) = \frac{b\left( i\right) - a\left( i\right) }{\max \left\lbrack {a\left( i\right) , b\left( i\right) }\right\rbrack }。 $
式中: $s\left( i\right)$ 为第 $i$ 类特征的轮廓系数; $a\left( i\right)$ 为类别 $i$ 中同类样本的平均距离, 反映了样本所属类的特征紧密性,越大表示同类样本特征越紧凑; $b\left( i\right)$ 为类别 $i$ 中样本到其他各类样本的平均距离的最小值, 反映了样本所属类与其他类样本的可区分性, 越大表示不同样本特征可分性越好。轮廓系数计算结果见 表 3 ,高车速 (H) 子工况集的轮廓系数远大于低、中车速 $\left( {\mathrm{L}\text{、}\mathrm{M}}\right)$ 子工况集,因此,选择特征可分性更好的高车速(H)子工况集进行故障诊断模型训练。
极限学习机 (ELM) 是一种基于前馈神经网络构建的机器学习系统或方法, 能随机初始化输入权重和偏置,并快速获得相应的输出权重 [ 16 ]
假设有 $N$ 个任意的样本 $\left( {{X}_{i},{T}_{i}}\right)$ ,其中 ${X}_{i} =$ $\left\lbrack {{x}_{i1},{x}_{i2},\cdots ,{x}_{iN}}\right\rbrack ,{T}_{i} = \left\lbrack {{t}_{i1},{t}_{i2},\cdots ,{t}_{iN}}\right\rbrack$ 。一个有 $L$ 个隐层节点的单隐层神经网络可以表示为:
$ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{L}{\beta }_{i}g\left( {{W}_{i}{X}_{i} + {b}_{i}}\right) = {y}_{j}\left( {j = 1,\cdots , N}\right) 。 $
式中: $g\left( x\right)$ 为激活函数; ${W}_{i}$ 为输入权重; ${\beta }_{i}$ 为输出权重; ${b}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 个隐含层单元的偏置。单隐层神经网络学习的目标是使输出的误差最小 [ 17 ] ,可表示为:
$ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{N}\begin{Vmatrix}{{y}_{j} - {t}_{j}}\end{Vmatrix} = 0\text{ 。 } $
即存在 ${W}_{i}\text{、}{\beta }_{i}$${b}_{i}$ ,可得:
$ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{L}{\beta }_{i}g\left( {{W}_{i}{X}_{i} + {b}_{i}}\right) = {t}_{j}\left( {j = 1,\cdots , N}\right) 。 $
可以用矩阵表示为:
$ \mathbf{H}\beta = T\text{。} $
式中: $\mathbf{H}$ 为隐层节点的输出; $\beta$ 为输出权重; $T$ 为期望输出。输出权重 $\beta$ 可由最小二乘法求得:
$ {\beta }^{ + } = {\mathbf{H}}^{ + }T\text{ 。 } $
式中: ${\mathbf{H}}^{ + }$ 为输出矩阵 $\mathbf{H}$ 的广义逆矩阵。
由于最小二乘法能求得唯一解, 所以 ELM 网络使用Moore-Penrose广义逆矩阵。相较于传统神经网络训练方法, 极限学习机算法能极大地提高学习效率。由于高车速工况集的轮廓系数远大于低、 中车速工况集, 训练集数据选自共有 12618 组的高车速工况数据集。根据实车运行工况参数划分依据, 在高车速工况数据集中进一步划分 9 个不同发动机转速与不同油门开度组成的子工况集。为避免不平衡训练样本对训练结果的影响, 在高车速工况数据集中划分的 9 个子工况集里按 80% 比例随机抽取样本组成训练集, 共 10098 组, 建立极限学习机 (ELM) 故障诊断模型。而测试集的数据则由高车速工况数据集中剩余的 20% 数据组成, 共 2520 组。
模型诊断中通过测试数据集, 将真实燃油系统健康状态与模型诊断健康状态对比, 得出诊断正确率, 完成对故障诊断模型性能的验证。故障诊断测试结果如 图 3 所示, 燃油系统健康状态分别有燃油系统正常、燃油泵计量阀复位弹簧松弛与喷油器针阀偶件磨损 3 类, 数据标签分别为 0、1、2。 图 3 表示 ELM 训练集数据与测试集数据各有 10098 组与 2520 组,随机抽样于高车速工况数据集中。其中, 真实标签即蓝色圆圈表示燃油系统真实健康状态, 预测标签即红色圆点表示诊断算法离线仿真所预测的燃油系统健康状态。离散分布的红色圆点为预测标签与真实标签不同的情况, 大多数红色圆点与对应蓝色圆圈重合即预测标签与真实标签相同。 由 图 3 可知, 该组 ELM 训练集的预测精度为 97.296%,测试集的预测精度为 96.865%,满足燃油系统故障诊断精度要求。
本文开发的故障诊断算法选择 ELM, 诊断预测精度如 1.2 节所示具有较高精度。现选择 BP 神经网络作为对比试验以显示其优越性。其中, $\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络的输入输出参数与 ELM 保持一致。 图 4 为高车速工况训练集与测试集 $\mathrm{{BP}}$ 神经网络预测结果对比, 该组 BP 神经网络训练集的预测精度为 ${98.45}\%$ ,测试集的预测精度为 97.82%,可知预测精度均有一定提升,但模型整体训练与预测时长需要 ${4.707}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。而基于 PCA 与 ELM 的燃油系统故障诊断算法整体训练与预测时长仅需要 ${0.2031}\mathrm{\;s}$ 。因为算法模型需要应用于在线故障诊断测试,所以在保证较高预测精度的前提下,快速性是在线诊断算法选择的重要特性。综上所述, 基于 PCA 与 ELM 的燃油系统故障诊断算法更具有在线应用的优越性。
参考OSA-CBM标准, 在线故障诊断智能算法架构主要包括数据采集、数据处理与故障诊断 3 部分, 通过 MATLAB/Simulink 搭建在线故障诊断模型。 图 5 为基于 PCA 与 ELM 的燃油系统在线故障诊断智能算法架构与对应的模型。
其中, 数据采集模块通过 CAN 通讯进行数据采集, 数据处理模块主要包括工况辨识 (筛选敏感子工况集)与 PCA (故障特征提取) 两部分, 故障诊断模块为离线训练完成的ELM故障诊断模型。
图 5 可知, 数据采集模块主要通过 CAN 通讯完成发送端与接收端的数据传递。为完成数据传输, 需要对 CAN 报文进行设计。 表 4 为发送端向接收端发送数据的 CAN 报文设计, 主要发送的参数包括 6 类故障特征参数以及实车数据真值标签, CAN通讯传输周期为 $1\mathrm{\;s}$
数据处理模块主要包括工况辨识与 PCA 特征提取两部分。由于故障诊断模型是通过敏感子工况集进行测试, 因此需要对接收的数据进行判别, 工况辨识部分主要通过 stateflow 模块对车速进行判断, 只有车速大于 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,才会将故障数据发送给后面的特征提取与故障诊断模块。PCA 特征提取部分通过模型离线训练时得到的协方差矩阵特征值和特征向量进行特征提取, 并将提取的特征进行归一化处理。
故障诊断模块主要为离线训练好的 ELM 故障识别模型, 输出的故障识别结果与真实燃油系统健康状态对比得出诊断结果, 以在测试集全部测试完成后计算诊断正确率。
本节将采用硬件在环仿真的方式, 运行基于 PCA与ELM的燃油系统在线故障诊断模型, 来模拟基于 PCA 与 ELM 的燃油系统故障诊断算法实车测试, 测试算法的实时性、准确性与各模块功能。
硬件在环仿真测试选择将故障诊断模型部署在 dSPACE 公司的 MicroAutoBoxII 硬件平台上, 模型主要包含工况辨识、特征提取与故障诊断 3 部分, 同时, 选择 dSPACE 公司的 PX10 平台进行实车数据采集部分的模拟, 通过与 MicroAutoBoxII 之间的 CAN通讯将 6 类故障特征参数以及实车数据真值标签传输到 MicroAutoBoxII 部署的模型中。其中, MicroAutoBoxII 和 PX10 与各自上位机之间采用光纤进行数据传输。
MicroAutoBoxII 上位机与 PX10 上位机均采用 ControlDesk 软件将参与硬件在环测试的模型部署到对应硬件环境中。其中, MicroAutoBoxII 硬件平台上部署的模型每个分模块均会输出对应结果, 实现对部署于MicroAutoBoxII 中模型计算效果的全方位分模块验证确认。
针对燃油系统正常、燃油泵计量阀复位弹簧松弛与喷油器针阀偶件磨损 3 种燃油系统健康状态, 设计了 3 组测试用例, 每组测试用例均离线选取 756 组数据,每秒输入一组数据,从第 10 s 开始输入,直至第 766 s 结束。由于开发的故障诊断算法训练数据来自于高车速工况 (车速大于 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ), 测试用例数据主要为选取的高车速工况数据。同时, 测试用例数据亦包含部分低、中车速工况数据以验证故障诊断模型的工况辨识功能。而为验证所开发故障诊断算法的泛化性, 测试用例选取数据覆盖更多发动机转速与油门开度的工况范围。3 组测试用例的车速随时间变化情况如 图 6 所示, 其中, 红色直线表示速度为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的高车速工况与低、 中车速工况的划分线, 以直观表示不同测试用例车速的工况分布情况。
图 7~9是通过 MicroAutoBoxII 上位机程序获得的不同燃油系统健康状态的特征提取结果, 分别对应燃油系统正常、燃油泵计量阀复位弹簧松弛与喷油器针阀偶件磨损, 蓝、红、绿圆点分别代表第 1、 2、3 特征。其中, 灰色区域表示测试特征参数对应车速不满足高车速工况要求, 测试特征参数未参与硬件在环测试。在不同燃油系统健康状态下, PCA 提取的 3 大特征大小分布区别明显,表现为第 1 、 第 2 特征在燃油系统正常状态下分布较集中, 且第 2 特征大于多数第 3 特征, 第 3 特征大于多数第 1 特征;第 2 特征与第 3 特征在燃油泵计量阀复位弹簧松弛故障下分布范围扩大且多数混叠,第 1 特征分布呈现整体上移;第 3 特征在喷油器针阀偶件磨损故障下分布较集中, 且多数大于第 1 特征与第 2 特征, 相较于燃油系统正常状态与燃油系统燃油泵计量阀复位弹簧松弛故障下第 1 特征分布较集中。 由此可知, PCA 提取的 3 个特征在不同燃油系统健康状态下具有明显区分度。
图 10 为不同燃油系统健康状态的预测标签与真实标签对比, 其中 1、 0、 2 分别代表燃油系统正常、燃油计量阀复位弹簧松弛与喷油器针阀偶件磨损故障的标签,灰色区域表示测试特征参数对应车速不满足高车速工况要求, 未参与硬件在环测试。 图 10 中真实标签即红色圆点纵坐标分别为 1、0、2, 分别表示对应测试用例数据来源实车的燃油系统真实健康状态。离散分布的蓝色 号为预测标签与真实标签不同的情况, 大多数蓝色 号与对应红色圆点重合即预测标签与真实标签相同。
图 10 中对于燃油系统正常的测试数据, 基于硬件在环的柴油机燃油系统故障诊断模型的诊断正确率为 96.4%;对于燃油计量阀复位弹簧松弛故障的测试数据, 基于硬件在环的柴油机燃油系统故障诊断模型的诊断正确率为 92.5%;对于喷油器针阀偶件磨损故障的测试数据, 基于硬件在环的柴油机燃油系统故障诊断模型的诊断正确率为 92.1%。合计 2 268 组测试数据中, 基于硬件在环的柴油机燃油系统故障诊断模型的诊断正确率为 93.6%,可应用于车载。
本文使用 Matlab/Simulink 开发了基于 PCA 与 ELM的高压共轨柴油机燃油系统故障诊断智能算法并测试得出了诊断的正确率, 而后将其模型编译下载到MicroAutoBoxII中,以 PX10 模拟实车柴油机燃油系统, 通过 CAN 通讯将 6 类故障特征参数以及实车数据真值标签传输到MicroAutoBoxII部署的模型中, 实现基于 PCA 与 ELM 的燃油系统在线故障诊断,并得出了诊断的正确率以确认是否满足车载应用, 研究结果如下。
1)本文针对燃油系统正常、燃油泵计量阀复位弹簧松弛与喷油器针阀偶件磨损 3 种燃油系统健康状态, 开发了基于 PCA 与 ELM 的燃油系统多分类离线故障诊断智能算法并验证了训练集与测试集诊断正确率分别为 97.296% 与 96.865%,模型具有较高精度。通过诊断算法的对照试验可知, 在保证较高精度的情况下, 快速性是基于 PCA 与 ELM 的燃油系统多分类离线故障诊断智能算法的重要优势,有利于其在线应用。
2)本文参考 OSA-CBM 标准建立了在线故障诊断智能算法架构,应用此架构建立基于$\mathrm{{PCA}}$与 ELM的燃油系统在线故障诊断模型, 利用硬件在环平台对 3 组测试用例共 2 268 组数据开展测试, 诊断正确率为 93.6%,表明其可应用于车载。
  • 国家级基础科研项目(202020329201)
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2024年第14卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095–1469.2024.06.10
  • 接收时间:2023-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-23
  • 修回日期:2023-11-12
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国家级基础科研项目(202020329201)
作者信息
    1 北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院 北京 100081
    2 北方车辆研究所 北京 100072

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黄英(1967-),女,陕西城固人,教授,主要研究方向为车辆动力传动系统控制、内燃机建模及控制、混合动力系统健康管理。Tel:010-68913228, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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